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Lee S, Lee KM, Han SM, Lee HJ, Sung C, Min H, Im H, Han SB, Cha S, Lee J. Comprehensive LC-MS/MS method combined with tandem hybrid hydrolysis for multiple exposure assessment of multiclass environmental pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113053. [PMID: 35240112 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollutants (EPOLs), such as phthalates, volatile organic compounds, phenols, parabens, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrethroids, and environmental tobacco smoke, are highly heterogeneous compounds. Recently, attention has been drawn to the assessment of the combinatory effects of multiple EPs. To correlate multiple exposures with potential health implications, advanced comprehensive analytical methods covering multiclass EPOLs are essential. However, because of several technical problems associated with enzyme hydrolysis, simultaneous extraction, and multiresidue liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, it is difficult to establish a comprehensive method covering a number of EPOLs in a single sample preparation and analytical run. We developed tandem hybrid hydrolysis, modified direct injection, and a comprehensive mobile phase to overcome these technical problems and established a comprehensive analytical method for simultaneous biomonitoring of multiclass EPOLs. Tandem hybrid hydrolysis using β-glucuronidase and consecutive acid hydrolysis allowed selective hydrolysis of glucuronide- and sulfate-conjugated metabolites without phthalate degradation. The comprehensive mobile phase composed of 0.01% acetic acid and acetonitrile enabled us to simultaneously analyze 86 EPOLs, with good chromatographic behavior and ionization efficiency. Modified direct injection allowed a small amount of sample and simultaneous urinary extraction. The method was validated and applied to 39 urine samples from 19 mother-newborn pairs for multiple exposure assessment. Results showed that BP-3, a general component in sunblock products, and monoethyl phthalate, a metabolite of diethyl phthalate, exhibit a clear positive correlation between mothers and newborns. Therefore, the developed method has potential as a novel analytical tool for long-term, large-scale, and data-rich human biomonitoring of EPOLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwa Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Kang Mi Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Sang Moon Han
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Hyeon-Jeong Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Changmin Sung
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Hosub Im
- Institute for Life & Environmental Technology, Smartive Corporation, 155, Misagangbyeon-hangang-ro, Hanam-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974, South Korea
| | - Sangwon Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul, 04620, South Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Doping Control Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, South Korea.
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Habibagahi A, Alderman N, Kubwabo C. A review of the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco and vaping products. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:4276-4302. [PMID: 32853303 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01467b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of exposure to different chemicals from both combustible cigarettes and vaping products is important in providing information on the potential health risks of these products. To assess the exposure to tobacco products, biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) are measured in a variety of biological matrices. In this review paper, current knowledge on analytical methods applied to the analysis of biomarkers of exposure to tobacco products is discussed. Numerous sample preparation techniques are available for the extraction and sample clean up for the analysis of BOEs to tobacco and nicotine delivery products. Many tobacco products-related exposure biomarkers have been analyzed using different instrumental techniques, the most common techniques being gas and liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS, GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS). To assess exposure to emerging tobacco products and study exposure in dual tobacco users, the list of biomarkers analyzed in urine samples has been expanded. Therefore, the current state of the literature can be used in preparing a preferred list of biomarkers based on the aim of each study. The information summarized in this review is expected to be a handy tool for researchers involved in studying exposures to tobacco products, as well as in risk assessment of biomarkers of exposure to vaping products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezoo Habibagahi
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0K9, Canada.
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Hoseini M, Nabizadeh R, Delgado-Saborit JM, Rafiee A, Yaghmaeian K, Parmy S, Faridi S, Hassanvand MS, Yunesian M, Naddafi K. Environmental and lifestyle factors affecting exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the general population in a Middle Eastern area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:781-792. [PMID: 29778814 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate environmental and lifestyle factors affecting exposure to PAHs in the general population in a large city of the Middle East (Tehran) by measuring urinary monohydroxy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) and establishing relationships between PAHs exposure and related factors. Urine samples were collected from 222 randomly chosen subjects who were living in the urban area of Tehran, Iran. Subjects were required to complete a detailed questionnaire aimed to document their personal and sociodemographic information, activities, cooking-related appliances, smoking history/exposure, and consumed foodstuff. Identification and quantification of six OH-PAHs was carried out using a gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The geometric means for 1-OHP, 1-NAP, 2-NAP, 2-FLU, 9-FLU, and 9-PHE for whole population study were 310, 1220, 3070, 530, 330, and 130 ng/g creatinine, respectively. The two naphthalene metabolites contributed on average 77% of the total concentration of six measured OH-PAHs, followed by the 2-FLU, 1-OHP, 9-FLU, and 9-PHE. The most important predictors of urinary PAHs were consumption of grilled/barbecued foods, smoking, and exposure to environmental tobacco smoking. Water pipe smoking was linked to urinary OH-PAH metabolite in a dose-response function. Residential traffic was also related with OH-PAH metabolite concentrations. Other factors including gender, age, exposure to common house insecticides, open burning, and candle burning were found to be statistically associated with the urinary levels of some OH-PAHs. High exposure to PAHs among general population in Middle Eastern large cities and its associated health implications calls for public health measures to reduce PAHs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hoseini
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Juana Maria Delgado-Saborit
- ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Barcelona, Spain; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain; Spanish Consortium for Research on Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ata Rafiee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Parmy
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sasan Faridi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sadegh Hassanvand
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Naddafi
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu S, Liu Q, Ostbye T, Story M, Deng X, Chen Y, Li W, Wang H, Qiu J, Zhang J. Levels and risk factors for urinary metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in children living in Chongqing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:553-561. [PMID: 28454027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Since childhood exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes, the aims of this study were to1) document PAH exposure levels among children in Chongqing, China by measuring urinary concentrations of four PAH metabolites, 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPyr), 2-hydroxynaphthalene (2-OHNap), 2-hydroxyfluorine (2-OHFlu) and 9-hydroxyphenanthrene (9-OHPhe), and 2) assess the associations of urinary concentrations of these PAH metabolites with risk factors related to sources of PAHs inhalation and ingestion exposures and with personal attributes such as sex, age, and BMI. METHODS The present study is a cross-sectional analysis using data drawn from the third follow up of a longitudinal study. Purposive sampling was used with all students in grades one to four in four schools being eligible to participate. The baseline survey included a total of 1237 students 5.8 to 12.2years of age. At the third follow up survey, 1.5years after the baseline survey, 1230 of the children had a physical exam and provided urine samples. Their parents completed a questionnaire including social-demographic information and possible sources of children's exposure to PAHs. Urine samples were measured for the four OH-PAHs using an HPLC-MS/MS technique. Concentrations were corrected by specific gravity. Linear regression analysis was used to investigate factors related to sources of PAHs exposure. RESULTS The urinary concentrations were highest for 9-OHPhe (median at the range of 3661ng/L), followed by 2-OHNap (3189ng/L), 2-OHFlu (1116ng/L), and 1-OHPyr (250ng/L). In multiple linear regressions, being female (P=0.04), school location near a thermal power plant (P=0.02) and higher maternal age at birth (P<0.01) were associated with increased concentrations of urinary 1-OHPyr; no significant associations were found for 2-OHNap; school location near a thermal power plant (P<0.01) and lower family income (P<0.01) were associated with increased concentrations of urinary 2-OHFlu; higher age (P<0.01), school location near a thermal power plant (P=0.01), frequent consumption of smoked foods (P=0.04) and lower family income (P=0.07) were all found to be associated with increased concentrations of 9-OHPhe. CONCLUSIONS Urinary concentrations of OH-PAHs, especially 9-OHPhe, were elevated in Chongqing Children compared to children in other countries. Being female, older age, school location near an industrial site, frequent consumption of smoked foods and lower family income were all associated with higher OH-PAHs concentrations. Further cohort studies are needed to confirm the associations between potential exposure sources and children's exposure to PAHs, in order to provide recommendations to reduce exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudan Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qin Liu
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Truls Ostbye
- Department of Community and Family Medicine and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mary Story
- Department of Community and Family Medicine and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xu Deng
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yiwen Chen
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hong Wang
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jingfu Qiu
- School of Public Health and Management, Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Innovation Center for Social Risk Governance in Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, and Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.; Duke Kunshan University, Kunshan, Jiangsu Province, China
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Maina G, Manzari M, Palmas A, Passini V, Filon FL. Risk assessment of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by means of urinary1-hydroxypyrene. Toxicol Ind Health 2016; 23:55-9. [PMID: 17722740 DOI: 10.1177/0748233707077436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons have mutagenic and carcinogenic properties and some of them are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens. Aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic risk in workers exposed to diesel exaust. Environmental and biological monitoring exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was carried out on fifty-two workers exposed to diesel exhaust. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene was employed as a biomarker of internal dose. Significant urinary 1-hydroxypyrene differences between smokers and non-smokers were found. Twenty per cent of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene values exceeded benchmark level for genotoxic effect, while the results of environmental monitoring excluded the existence of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. In the absence of greater knowledge about the relationship between urinary 1-hydroxypyrene and genotoxic effects under the conditions of very low exposure, extreme caution is recommended when this biomarker of internal dose is employed as an indicator of genotoxic risk. Toxicology and Industrial Health 2007; 23: 55—59.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Maina
- Department of Traumathology, Orthopaedic and Occupational Medicine, University of Torino, Via Zuretti 29, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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Choosong T, Phakthongsuk P, Tekasakul S, Tekasakul P. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels in workers exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon from rubber wood burning. Saf Health Work 2014; 5:86-90. [PMID: 25180139 PMCID: PMC4147236 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) was selected as a biomarker of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to explore the accumulation level in the bodies of workers at rubber smoke sheet factories in southern Thailand. METHODS Spot urine samples were taken from four groups of workers from June 2006 to November 2007. The nonexposure or control groups included habitual cigarette smokers and nonsmokers. The other two groups were workers exposed to particle-bound PAHs from rubber wood smoke and they were nonsmokers. All spot urine samples were analyzed for 1-OHP and creatinine levels. RESULTS The mean ± standard deviation urinary 1-OHP in the control group of habitual smokers and the nonsmokers was 0.24 ± 0.16 μmol/mol creatinine and not-detected to 0.14 μmol/mol creatinine, respectively. In the workers, the 1-OHP levels on workdays had no significant difference from the 1-OHP levels on the days off. The yearly average 1-OHP level was 0.76 ± 0.41 μmol/mol creatinine whereas the average 1-OHP level during 10 consecutive workdays was 1.06 ± 0.29 μmol/mol creatinine (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The urinary 1-OHP levels of workers exposed to PAHs were high. The accumulation of 1-OHP in the body was not clear although the workers had long working hours with few days off during their working experience. Therefore, a regular day off schedule and rotation shift work during high productive RSS should be set for RSS workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thitiworn Choosong
- Occupational Health Unit, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Pitchaya Phakthongsuk
- Occupational Health Unit, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Surajit Tekasakul
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Perapong Tekasakul
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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Ciarrocca M, Rosati MV, Tomei F, Capozzella A, Andreozzi G, Tomei G, Bacaloni A, Casale T, Andrè JC, Fioravanti M, Cuartas MF, Caciari T. Is urinary 1-hydroxypyrene a valid biomarker for exposure to air pollution in outdoor workers? A meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:17-26. [PMID: 23299300 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness and specificity of urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHPu) as a biomarker of the exposure from urban pollution to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) among outdoor workers in a meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis was performed according to standard methods, and the results show that the concentrations of 1-OHPu tend to be higher in exposed workers than in unexposed workers (if we exclude two highly heterogeneous articles), in exposed non-smokers than in unexposed non-smokers and in exposed than in unexposed workers who were carriers of the CYP1A1 genotype and in those with the glutathione-S-transferase M1 (-)genotype. These genotypes enhance the effect of exposure, particularly in non-smokers. Smoking reduces the differences between exposed and unexposed subjects. In conclusion, our results suggest that the use of the 1-OHPu biomarker appears to be reliable for studying occupational exposure to PAHs from urban pollution, as long as environmental and behavioural factors are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Ciarrocca
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Rosati
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Tomei
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Assuntina Capozzella
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Andreozzi
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Tomei
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychological Science, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bacaloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Teodorico Casale
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mario Fioravanti
- Department of Psychiatric and Psychological Science, University of Rome "Sapienza", Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Fernanda Cuartas
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Caciari
- Unit of Occupational Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Medical-Legal and the Orthopedics, University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
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Naufal ZS, Marano KM, Kathman SJ, Wilson CL. Differential exposure biomarker levels among cigarette smokers and smokeless tobacco consumers in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2008. Biomarkers 2011; 16:222-35. [PMID: 21348778 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2010.546013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of biomarkers is an appropriate way to estimate exposure to cigarette mainstream smoke and smokeless tobacco (SLT) constituents in tobacco consumers. Using the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2008), biomarkers of volatile organic compounds, halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (HAHs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), acrylamide, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK), and metals were evaluated. In general, biomarker levels in SLT consumers were significantly lower than in smokers (excluding NNK and some HAHs) and were not significantly different compared with nonconsumers (excluding NNK and some PAHs). These results provide useful information for science-based risk assessment and regulation of tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziad S Naufal
- R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, 950 Reynolds Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27105, USA.
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Tiwari JN, Reddy MMK, Patel DK, Jain SK, Murthy RC, Manickam N. Isolation of pyrene degrading Achromobacter xylooxidans and characterization of metabolic product. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0350-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Degradation of pyrene by an enteric bacterium, Leclercia adecarboxylata PS4040. Biodegradation 2009; 21:59-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-009-9281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Campo L, Buratti M, Fustinoni S, Cirla PE, Martinotti I, Longhi O, Cavallo D, Foà V. Evaluation of Exposure to PAHs in Asphalt Workers by Environmental and Biological Monitoring. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1076:405-20. [PMID: 17119220 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1371.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In the present article we assessed exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Italian asphalt workers (AW, n = 100), exposed to bitumen fumes and diesel exhausts, and in roadside construction workers (CW, n = 47), exposed to diesel exhausts, by means of environmental and biological monitoring. 1-hydroxypyrene (OH-Py) was determined in urine spot samples collected, respectively, after 2 days of vacation (baseline), before, and at the end of the monitored work shift, in the second part of the workweek. Median airborne levels during the work shift of 15 PAHs (both vapor and particulate phases), from naphthalene (NAP) to indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, ranged from below 0.03 to 426 ng/m(3). Median excretion values of OH-Py in baseline, before- and end-shift samples were 228, 402, and 690 ng/L for AW and 260, 304, and 378 ng/L for CW. Lower values were found in nonsmokers compared to smokers (e.g., in AW 565 and 781 versus 252 and 506 ng/L in before-shift and end-shift samples, respectively). In all subjects a weak correlation between personal exposure to the sum of airborne 15 PAHs and OH-Py was observed (r = 0.30). The results of this article show that AW experienced a moderate occupational exposure to airborne PAHs, resulting in a significant increase of urinary OH-Py during the workday and the workweek. The contribution of working activities to internal dose was in the same order of magnitude of the contribution of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campo
- Dept. of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Milan, Fondazione Ospendale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, 8-20122 Milano, Italy.
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Campo L, Addario L, Buratti M, Scibetta L, Longhi O, Valla C, Cirla PE, Martinotti I, Foà V, Fustinoni S. Biological monitoring of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by determination of unmetabolized compounds in urine. Toxicol Lett 2006; 162:132-8. [PMID: 16246508 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this paper we evaluated the possibility to assess occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) measuring unmetabolized PAHs in urine. With this aim, 24 road paving (RP) workers, exposed to bitumen fumes, and 6 road construction workers (CW), exposed to diesel exhausts, were investigated. Median personal exposure to low boiling PAHs (from naphthalene to pyrene) during the work shift ranged from 0.5 to 369 ng/m(3), with naphthalene as the most abundant compound. Three urine samples were collected for each worker: baseline (after 2 days of vacation), before- and end-shift samples (in the second part of the work week). The following urinary compounds were measured by headspace-solid phase microextraction GC/MS: naphthalene (U-NAP), acenaphthylene (U-ACY), acenaphthene (U-ACE), fluorene (U-FLE), phenanthrene (U-PHE), anthracene (U-ANT), fluoranthene (U-FLU), pyrene (U-PYR). Urinary PAHs were detected in almost all samples. Median levels for U-NAP, U-PHE, U-PYR and U-FLE in end-shift samples were 82, 48, 54 and 21 ng/L in RP and 69, 14, 24 and 15 ng/L in CW, respectively. Significant differences in the levels of U-PHE, U-FLU and U-PYR were found between RP and CW (p<0.05). Moreover in RP samples the urinary excretion of most analytes increased during the work shift (p<0.05). These results suggest that urinary PAHs may be useful biomarkers of occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Campo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Milan and Fondazione Ospedale Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Via S. Barnaba, 8-20122 Milan, Italy.
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