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Ladeira C, Møller P, Giovannelli L, Gajski G, Haveric A, Bankoglu EE, Azqueta A, Gerić M, Stopper H, Cabêda J, Tonin FS, Collins A. The Comet Assay as a Tool in Human Biomonitoring Studies of Environmental and Occupational Exposure to Chemicals-A Systematic Scoping Review. TOXICS 2024; 12:270. [PMID: 38668493 PMCID: PMC11054096 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Biomonitoring of human populations exposed to chemical substances that can act as potential mutagens or carcinogens, may enable the detection of damage and early disease prevention. In recent years, the comet assay has become an important tool for assessing DNA damage, both in environmental and occupational exposure contexts. To evidence the role of the comet assay in human biomonitoring, we have analysed original research studies of environmental or occupational exposure that used the comet assay in their assessments, following the PRISMA-ScR method (preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses extension for scoping reviews). Groups of chemicals were designated according to a broad classification, and the results obtained from over 300 original studies (n = 123 on air pollutants, n = 14 on anaesthetics, n = 18 on antineoplastic drugs, n = 57 on heavy metals, n = 59 on pesticides, and n = 49 on solvents) showed overall higher values of DNA strand breaks in the exposed subjects in comparison with the unexposed. In summary, our systematic scoping review strengthens the relevance of the use of the comet assay in assessing DNA damage in human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC-Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL-Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096 Lisbon, Portugal
- NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 1600-560 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, 1172 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department NEUROFARBA, Section Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Goran Gajski
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Anja Haveric
- Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina;
| | - Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, 31009 Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Marko Gerić
- Division of Toxicology, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (G.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; (E.E.B.); (H.S.)
| | - José Cabêda
- Guarda Nacional Republicana, Destacamento Territorial de Vila Franca de Xira, Núcleo de Proteção Ambiental, 1500-124 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda S. Tonin
- Pharmaceutical Care Research Group, Universidad de Granada, 18012 Granada, Spain;
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, University of Oslo, 0316 Oslo, Norway;
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CC16 as a Marker of COE-Induced the Early Change of Blood Composition of Coke Oven Workers: A Case Control Study. J Occup Environ Med 2021; 63:1081-1086. [PMID: 34860205 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This project aims to enhance the occupational health insurance for coke oven workers. METHODS A total of 136 coke oven emissions workers and 61 oxygen plant workers were recruited to receive physical examinations. The coke oven emissions concentration at the workplace was measured by weighing method. The CC16 concentration was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Logistic regression analysis revealed that exposure to coke oven emissions was correlated with CC16. Correlation analysis revealed that CC16 was related to some physical examination indicators. Multivariate general linear models showed that CC16 was indeed positively correlated with albumin after adjusting for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS Coke oven emissions affected multiple tissues and multiple systems. The blood system might be the earliest system affected and could be detected by the CC16 protein concentration.
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Kaur K, Kaur R. Impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the OGG1 and XRCC1 genes on modulation of DNA damage in pesticide-exposed agricultural workers in Punjab, North-West India. Biomarkers 2020; 25:498-505. [PMID: 32643432 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2020.1794040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pesticide-induced DNA damage is primarily repaired by base excision repair (BER) pathway. However, polymorphism in DNA repair genes may modulate individual's DNA repair capacity (DRC) leading to increased genotoxicity and adverse health effects. Our first study in North-West Indian population aimed to evaluate the impact of OGG1 rs1052133 (Ser326Cys; C1245G), XRCC1 rs1799782 (Arg194Trp; C26304T) and XRCC1 rs25487 (Arg399Gln; G28152A) polymorphisms on the modulation of pesticide-induced DNA damage in a total of 450 subjects (225 pesticide-exposed agricultural workers and 225 age- and sex-matched controls). DNA damage was estimated by alkaline comet assay using silver-staining method. Genotyping was carried out by PCR-RFLP using site-specific restriction enzymes. Mann-Whitney U-test revealed elevation in DNA damage parameters (p < 0.01) in pesticide-exposed agricultural workers than controls. Chi-square test showed significant (p < 0.05) differences in the XRCC1 Arg194Trp (C26304T) and Arg399Gln (G28152A) genotypes among two groups. Multivariate logistic-regression analysis revealed that heterozygous genotypes of OGG1 rs1052133 (326Ser/Cys; 1245CA), XRCC1 rs1799782 (194Arg/Trp; 26304CT) and XRCC1 rs25487 (399Arg/Gln; 2815GA) were positively associated (p < 0.05) with elevated DNA damage parameters in pesticide-exposed agricultural workers. Our results strongly indicate significant positive association of variant OGG1 and XRCC1 genotypes with reduced DRC and higher pesticide-induced DNA damage in North-West Indian agricultural workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karashdeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Punjab, India.,Department of Medical Lab Sciences, Gulzar Group of Institutes, Punjab, India
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Punjab, India
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Savchenko YA, Minina VI, Bakanova ML, Glushkov AN. Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Effects of Industrial Factors in Coal Mining and Coal-Processing Industry (Review). RUSS J GENET+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795419060140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zhang Z, Chen L, Xing X, Li D, Gao C, He Z, Li J, Zhu X, Xiao X, Wang S, Wang F, Ren Z, Xiao Y, Dharmage SC, Dong G, Zheng Y, Chen W. Specific histone modifications were associated with the PAH-induced DNA damage response in coke oven workers. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:1193-1201. [PMID: 30090425 PMCID: PMC6062299 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00112b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure is associated with specific histone modifications and whether DNA damage triggers epigenetic alterations, we recruited 190 male workers with occupational exposure to PAHs and 100 male control workers from Benxi Steel Plant, Liaoning province, China. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), DNA damage, specific histone modification levels and the expression of selected DNA damage response (DDR) genes were measured in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLCs) of the subjects. The results showed that trimethylated Lys 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3) and trimethylated Lys 36 of histone H3 (H3K36me3) were elevated in the PAH-exposed group (both P < 0.001), while trimethylated Lys H3 of histone H3 (H3K4me3) was decreased compared to the unexposed group (P < 0.001). Notably, H3K36me3 was positively associated with the level of internal exposure marker 1-OHP (β = 0.197; P < 0.001) and the degree of DNA damage (β = 0.175; P < 0.001) in all subjects, indicating that the PAH-induced DNA damage response might be mediated by H3K36me3 and/or H3K4me3 modifications. Particularly, the ChIP-qPCR assay revealed that the modifications of H3K36me3 were enriched in the gene body of DDR genes, MGMT and MLH1. The up-regulation of MGMT and MLH1 was correlated with the elevated H3K36me3 in the PAH-exposed workers (P < 0.001). Collectively, we revealed that H3K36me3 could be an indicator of PAH exposure and might be involved in the transcriptional regulation of DNA repair genes in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Liping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Xiumei Xing
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Daochuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Chen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Zhini He
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Xiaonian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Xinhua Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Shan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Fangping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Zefang Ren
- Department of Epidemiology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Yongmei Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Allergy and Lung Health Unit , Melbourne School of Population and Global Health , University of Melbourne , Australia
| | - Guanghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
| | - Yuxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health , National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control , Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Beijing , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 10 83132593
| | - Wen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Guangzhou Environmental Pollution and Risk Assessment , Department of Toxicology , School of Public Health , Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China . ; ; Tel: +011 86 20 87330599
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He Z, Duan H, Zhang B, Li M, Chen L, Zhang B, Zhu X, Gao C, Li J, Zhang X, Zhang J, Wang S, Zeng X, Li D, Xing X, Zhang Z, Ma L, Bai Q, Liu C, Xiao Y, Zheng Y, Chen W. CpG site-specific RASSF1a hypermethylation is associated with occupational PAH exposure and genomic instability. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00013k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown an etiologic link between exposure to PAHs and lung cancer development.
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Akhtari M, Bhatt VR, Tandra PK, Krishnamurthy J, Horstman H, Dreessen A, Chen PX, Armitage JO. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in lymphoma patients. Cancer Biol Ther 2013; 14:1077-88. [PMID: 24025414 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.26342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma patients treated with autologous transplantation (ASCT) live an increasingly long life with the recent advancement in therapeutic modalities. This has resulted in an increase in the incidence of therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN), which is one of the leading causes of non-relapse mortality. Several observational studies have linked the development of t-MN after ASCT with the intensity and frequency of chemotherapy, particularly alkylating agents, use of total body irradiation (TBI), and peripheral blood progenitor cells. In addition, role of genetic factors is increasingly being identified. It is postulated that the use of chemotherapy prior to ASCT results in DNA damage of progenitor cells, mitochondrial dysfunction, and altered gene expression related to DNA repair, metabolism as well as hematopoietic regulation. Cytogenetic studies have shown the presence of abnormalities in the peripheral blood progenitor cells prior to ASCT. It is, therefore, likely that the reinfusion of peripheral blood progenitor cells, proliferative stress on infused progenitor cells during hematopoietic regeneration and associated telomere shortening ultimately result in clonal hematopoiesis and blastic transformation. Cytopenias, myelodysplasia, or cytogenetic abnormalities are common and can be transient after ASCT; therefore, only when present together, they do confirm the diagnosis of t-MN. Attempts to reduce the occurrence of t-MN should be directed toward minimizing the exposure to the identified risk factors. Although the median survival is few months to less than a year, studies have shown the promising role of allogeneic transplantation in select young t-MN patients without high-risk cytogenetics. In this review we will explain the recent findings in the field of t-MN in lymphoma patients that have implications for identifying the molecular and genetic mechanisms of leukemogenesis and discuss potential strategies to reduce the risk of t-MN in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Akhtari
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA
| | - Vijaya Raj Bhatt
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA
| | - Pavan Kumar Tandra
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA
| | - Jairam Krishnamurthy
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA
| | - Heidi Horstman
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA
| | - Amy Dreessen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA
| | - Pei Xian Chen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA
| | - James O Armitage
- Division of Hematology and Oncology; Department of Internal Medicine; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA
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Zhai Q, Duan H, Wang Y, Huang C, Niu Y, Dai Y, Bin P, Liu Q, Chen W, Ma J, Zheng Y. Genetic damage induced by organic extract of coke oven emissions on human bronchial epithelial cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 26:752-8. [PMID: 22522113 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Coke oven emissions are known as human carcinogen, which is a complex mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. In this study, we aimed to clarify the mechanism of action of coke oven emissions induced carcinogenesis and to identify biomarkers of early biological effects in a human bronchial epithelial cell line with CYP1A1 activity (HBE-CYP1A1). Particulate matter was collected in the oven area on glass filter, extracted and analyzed by GC/MS. DNA breaks and oxidative damage were evaluated by alkaline and endonucleases (FPG, hOGG1 and ENDO III)-modified comet assays. Cytotoxicity and chromosomal damage were assessed by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-Cyt) assay. The cells were treated with organic extract of coke oven emissions (OE-COE) representing 5, 10, 20, 40μg/mL extract for 24h. We found that there was a dose-effect relationship between the OE-COE and the direct DNA damage presented by tail length, tail intensity and Olive tail moment in the comet assay. The presence of lesion-specific endonucleases in the assays increased DNA migration after OE-COE treatment when compared to those without enzymes, which indicated that OE-COE produced oxidative damage at the level of pyrimidine and purine bases. The dose-dependent increase of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds in exposed cells was significant, indicating chromosomal and genomic damage induced by OE-COE. Based on the cytotoxic biomarkers in CBMN-Cyt assay, OE-COE may inhibit nuclear division, interfere with apoptosis, or induce cell necrosis. This study indicates that OE-COE exposure can induce DNA breaks/oxidative damage and genomic instability in HBE-CYP1A1 cells. The FPG-comet assay appears more specific for detecting oxidative DNA damage induced by complex mixtures of genotoxic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Zhai
- Faculty of Public Health, Weifang Medical University, 7166 Baotongwest street, Weifang 261053, PR China
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Wang Y, Cheng J, Li D, Duan H, Yang H, Bin P, Dai Y, Huang C, Liang X, Leng S, Chen W, Zheng Y. Modulation of DNA repair capacity by ataxia telangiectasia mutated gene polymorphisms among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons-exposed workers. Toxicol Sci 2011; 124:99-108. [PMID: 21873372 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfr216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to address the association between the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to DNA repair capacity (DRC) among polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)-exposed workers. Polymorphisms of ATM were genotyped. DRC was determined by comet assay. Chromosomal damage was detected by cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay. Flow cytometry was used to detect the distributions of cell cycle. Expressions of ATM and rH2AX were determined by immunoblotting analysis. Luciferase assays were performed to determine the functional difference of ATM promoter region allele. Subjects carrying T allele of rs228589 had significantly lower DRC compared with those with AA genotype. Subjects carrying G allele of rs652311 had significantly lower DRC than those with zero copy number of haplotype CGGT. SH ataxia telangiectasia mutated (SHATM) cells had significantly lower DRC than SH green fluorescent protein (SHGFP) cells induced by bleomycin and higher CBMN frequencies treated by benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] than SHGFP cells. After B(a)P treatment, a decrease in the percentage of G1 phase cells was observed in SHATM cells compared with SHGFP cells, rH2AX expressions were increased in SHATM cells and SHGFP cells, but ATM expressions had no change in 16HBE-SHGFP cells and HEK-SHGFP cells. Luciferase expression was not different between rs228589T and rs228589A plasmid constructs. In conclusions, it is suggested that ATM polymorphisms are associated with DRC among PAHs-exposed workers and ATM plays key roles in repair of chromosomal damage and cell cycle control with the treatment of B(a)P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Health, National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, P. R. China
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Guillem VM, Arbona C, Hernández-Boluda JC, Terol MJ, Goterris R, Solano C, Tormo M. An XRCC1 polymorphism is associated with the outcome of patients with lymphoma undergoing autologous stem cell transplant. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:1249-54. [PMID: 21463129 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.564694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
High-dose chemotherapy supported by autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) remains the treatment of choice for patients with lymphoma failing first-line chemotherapy. Recent evidence suggests a relationship between the genetic variations in genes involved in DNA repair and the outcome of patients with a number of malignancies. In this work, we retrospectively evaluated the influence of an XRCC1 polymorphism (rs25487) on the treatment results in a series of 73 patients with lymphoma subjected to ASCT. The factors correlated to overall survival were the disease status at transplant and XRCC1 genotype. Carriers of a mutant A allele had a two-fold higher risk of death than those with the wild-type genotype. In addition, patients harboring one or two copies of the A allele (GA/AA) were 4.5-fold more likely to develop therapy-related acute myeloid (t-AML). Thus, the cumulative probability of t-AML at 10 years was 37 ± 13% in patients with the mutant A allele as compared to 8.5 ± 6% in the remaining cases (p = 0.04). Our findings suggest that genetic variation in the DNA repair gene XRCC1 may play a role in the results of transplant in patients with lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent M Guillem
- Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clinico de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Berquist BR, Singh DK, Fan J, Kim D, Gillenwater E, Kulkarni A, Bohr VA, Ackerman EJ, Tomkinson AE, Wilson DM. Functional capacity of XRCC1 protein variants identified in DNA repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary cell lines and the human population. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:5023-35. [PMID: 20385586 PMCID: PMC2926592 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
XRCC1 operates as a scaffold protein in base excision repair, a pathway that copes with base and sugar damage in DNA. Studies using recombinant XRCC1 proteins revealed that: a C389Y substitution, responsible for the repair defects of the EM-C11 CHO cell line, caused protein instability; a V86R mutation abolished the interaction with POLβ, but did not disrupt the interactions with PARP-1, LIG3α and PCNA; and an E98K substitution, identified in EM-C12, reduced protein integrity, marginally destabilized the POLβ interaction, and slightly enhanced DNA binding. Two rare (P161L and Y576S) and two frequent (R194W and R399Q) amino acid population variants had little or no effect on XRCC1 protein stability or the interactions with POLβ, PARP-1, LIG3α, PCNA or DNA. One common population variant (R280H) had no pronounced effect on the interactions with POLβ, PARP-1, LIG3α and PCNA, but did reduce DNA-binding ability. When expressed in HeLa cells, the XRCC1 variants—excluding E98K, which was largely nucleolar, and C389Y, which exhibited reduced expression—exhibited normal nuclear distribution. Most of the protein variants, including the V86R POLβ-interaction mutant, displayed normal relocalization kinetics to/from sites of laser-induced DNA damage: except for E98K and C389Y, and the polymorphic variant R280H, which exhibited a slightly shorter retention time at DNA breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Berquist
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Jiang S, Yu L, Cheng J, Leng S, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Niu Y, Yan H, Qu W, Zhang C, Zhang K, Yang R, Zhou L, Zheng Y. Genomic damages in peripheral blood lymphocytes and association with polymorphisms of three glutathione S-transferases in workers exposed to formaldehyde. Mutat Res 2009; 695:9-15. [PMID: 19818869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA and chromosome damages in peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated in 151 workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde (FA) and 112 non-FA exposed controls. The effects of polymorphisms in three glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) genes on the DNA and chromosome damages were assessed as well. Alkaline comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay were used to determine DNA and chromosome damages, respectively. The genotypes of GSTP1 (Ile105Val), GSTT1, and GSTM1 were assayed. The mean 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of FA in two plywood factories were 0.83ppm (range: 0.08-6.30ppm). FA-exposed workers had higher olive tail moment (TM) and CBMN frequency compared with controls (Olive TM, 3.54, 95%CI=3.19-3.93 vs. 0.93, 95%CI=0.78-1.10, P<0.01; CBMN frequency, 5.51+/-3.37 vs. 2.67+/-1.32, P<0.01). Olive TM and the CBMN frequency also had a dose-dependent relation with the personal FA exposure. Significant association between FA exposure history and olive TM and CBMN frequency were also identified. The level of olive TM was slightly higher in FA-exposed workers with GSTM1 null genotype than those with non-null genotype (3.86, 95%CI=3.31-4.50 vs. 3.27, 95%CI=2.83-3.78, P=0.07) with adjustment of covariates. We also found that FA-exposed workers carrying GSTP1 Val allele had a slightly higher CBMN frequency compared with workers carrying only the wild-type allele (6.32+/-3.78 vs. 5.01+/-2.98, P=0.05). Our results suggest that the FA exposure in this occupational population increased DNA and chromosome damages and polymorphisms in GSTs genes may modulate the genotoxic effects of FA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoufang Jiang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and DNA damage by industry: a nationwide study in Germany. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:947-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0444-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Duan H, Leng S, Pan Z, Dai Y, Niu Y, Huang C, Bin P, Wang Y, Liu Q, Chen W, Zheng Y. Biomarkers measured by cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay for evaluating genetic damages induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 677:93-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 05/30/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Cheng J, Leng S, Li H, Huang C, Niu Y, Zhang L, Liang X, Lin H, Zheng Y. Suboptimal DNA repair capacity predisposes coke-oven workers to accumulate more chromosomal damages in peripheral lymphocytes. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18:987-93. [PMID: 19240242 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is an essential mechanism for cells to maintain their genomic integrity under endogenous or exogenous assault. Reduced DNA repair capacity (DRC) is associated with increased risk for several environmentally related cancers. The micronucleus in peripheral lymphocytes has been validated as a biomarker of chromosomal damage, increasing cancer risk in human populations. We hypothesized that suboptimal DRC is associated with the increase in chromosomal damage among 94 coke-oven workers and 64 noncoke-oven controls. DRC was evaluated in isolated lymphocytes by comet assay. Chromosomal damage in peripheral lymphocytes was detected by cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Four common coding single nucleotide polymorphisms in the XRCC1 gene were genotyped. Coke-oven workers have significantly increased urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (9.0; 6.8-11.7 microg/L versus 1.5, 1.3-1.7 microg/L; P<0.01) and micronucleus frequency (7.4 per thousand+/-4.3 per thousand versus 3.0 per thousand+/-3.0 per thousand; P<0.01), and decreased DRC (55.9%+/-16.4% versus 63.6%+/-18.5%; P<0.01) compared with controls. Significant correlations between DRC and micronucleus frequency were found in coke-oven workers (r=-0.32; P<0.01; n = 94) and all study subjects (r=-0.32; P<0.001; n=158) but not in controls (r=-0.21; P=0.11; n=64). Variants of the Arg399Gln polymorphism were associated with a decreased DRC in both coke-oven workers (51.6%+/-16.1% versus 60.6%+/-15.7%; P<0.01) and controls (59.1%+/-18.5% versus 68.4%+/-17.5%; P=0.04). The complicated interrelationship of these multiple biomarkers was also identified by path analysis. These findings should facilitate developing a biomarker-based risk assessment model for lung cancer in this occupational population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Cheng
- National Institute for Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 29 Nanwei Road, Beijing 100050, China
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Weng Z, Lu Y, Weng H, Morimoto K. Effects of the XRCC1 gene-environment interactions on DNA damage in healthy Japanese workers. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2008; 49:708-719. [PMID: 18800344 DOI: 10.1002/em.20421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
X-ray repair crosscomplementing group 1 (XRCC1) has a central role in base excision repair (BER) and single-strand break repair (SSBR). XRCC1 gene polymorphisms (codons 194, 280, and 399) have been identified, and in some cases have been reported to contribute to variations in DNA repair capacity and susceptibility to cancer. To further characterize the effects of XRCC1 gene polymorphisms and their possible interactions with environmental factors on individual levels of DNA damage, we investigated the XRCC1 genotypes of 222 healthy Japanese workers and analyzed data with respect to smoking, drinking habits, age, and health practice index (HPI). Our results showed that poor HPI would associate with a higher level of tail moment (TM). Individuals with one or two XRCC1(R280H) variant alleles exhibited significantly higher TM values, and these differences were enhanced by alcohol consumption and aging, whereas smoking and poor HPI may cover up the differences. On the other hand, using a stratified analysis, we found that the XRCC1(R194W) variant was associated with a higher TM value in the 40-50 year-old age group, and the XRCC1(R399Q) variant was associated with a lower TM value in the < or =20 pack-years group or in the 40-50 year-old age group. These data suggest that XRCC1 polymorphisms could influence individual DNA repair capacity by interacting with lifestyle factors, and specifically, the data indicated that the XRCC1(R280H) allele may be more important than codon 194 or 399 alleles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuquan Weng
- Department of Social and Environmental Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
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Hu Y, Li G, Xue X, Zhou Z, Li X, Fu J, Cohen B, Roy N, Li D, Sun J, Nan P, Tang MS, Qu Q. PAH-DNA adducts in a Chinese population: relationship to PAH exposure, smoking and polymorphisms of metabolic and DNA repair genes. Biomarkers 2008; 13:27-40. [PMID: 17896209 DOI: 10.1080/13547500701671895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted in a Chinese population to evaluate the usefulness and sensitivity of PAH-DNA adduct as a biomarker of PAH exposure, and to examine the potential effects of smoking and polymorphisms of responsive genes on DNA adduct formation induced by PAH exposure. The polymorphisms of genes examined include GSTM1, GSTT1, CYP1A1, microsomal epoxide hydrolase (mEH) and excision repair cross-complementary group 2 (ERCC2). A total of 194 subjects with a broad range of PAH exposures were recruited, including 116 occupationally exposed workers, 49 metropolitan residents and 29 suburban gardeners. A significant exposure-response relationship was observed between PAH exposure and DNA adducts in leukocytes across the entire group of subjects (p < 0.0001). The levels of PAH-DNA adducts in the subgroup with lowest occupational exposure to PAHs (< 0.1 microg BaP m(-3)) was significantly higher than that in metropolitan residents and suburban gardeners. However, no significant difference was detected between residents and gardeners, with mean BaP concentrations of 0.028 and 0.011 microg m(-3), respectively. The polymorphisms of genes examined failed to show significant effects on PAH-induced adduct formation except ERCC2 Lys751Gln genotypes. A significantly higher level of PAH-DNA adduct was found in subjects with wild-type ERCC2 than those who have either heterozygous or homozygous variant alleles (p < 0.01). Smoking, age and gender did not substantially contribute to PAH-induced DNA adduct formation in this study. The study suggests that PAH-DNA adducts may serve as a reliable biomarker of PAH exposure in occupational settings but may not be sensitive enough to be used in populations with environmental exposures to PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hu
- Nelson Institute of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY 10987, USA
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Yang X, Yuan J, Sun J, Wang H, Liang H, Bai Y, Guo L, Tan H, Yang M, Wang J, Su J, Chen Y, Tanguay RM, Wu T. Association between heat-shock protein 70 gene polymorphisms and DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes among coke-oven workers. Mutat Res 2008; 649:221-229. [PMID: 17988935 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 09/19/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Hsp70 has been shown to act as a chaperone and be associated with cytoprotection against DNA damage caused by environmental stresses. However, it is unknown whether genetic variation in HSP70 plays a role in stress tolerance and cytoprotection against DNA damage. We determined the frequencies of three polymorphisms, HSP70-1 G190C, HSP70-2 G1267A, and HSP70-hom T2437C from 251 steel-plant workers exposed to coke-oven emission and 130 controls. We estimated the association between the HSP70variants/haplotypes and the levels of DNA damage in their peripheral blood lymphocytes detected by single-cell gel electrophoresis assay. Our results showed that overall coke-oven workers had higher levels of the Olive tail moment (Olive TM) (1.27+/-1.12) than that of the controls (0.56+/-0.99, P<0.001). Coke-oven workers with the HSP70-1 C/C genotype had higher levels of Olive TM (2.19+/-0.65), compared with HSP70-1 G/C and G/G carriers (Olive TM=1.34+/-1.09 and 1.14+/-1.08, respectively, P=0.022 and 0.003, respectively). However, the HSP70-2 G1267A and HSP70-hom T2437C polymorphisms were not associated with the levels of Olive TM (P=0.929 and 0.795, respectively). Haplotype analysis showed that carriers of TCG/TCG haplotype pairs had the highest levels of Olive TM among both the exposed subjects (2.04+/-0.59) and the controls (0.81+/-0.59). Our results suggest that the individuals with the homozygous HSP70-1 C/C genotype among the coke-oven workers may be susceptible to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Yang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
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Wang H, Chen W, Zheng H, Guo L, Liang H, Yang X, Bai Y, Sun J, Su Y, Chen Y, Yuan J, Bi Y, Wei Q, Wu T. Association between plasma BPDE-Alb adduct concentrations and DNA damage of peripheral blood lymphocytes among coke oven workers. Occup Environ Med 2007; 64:753-8. [PMID: 17449561 PMCID: PMC2078419 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2006.030445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Coke oven emissions (COE) containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can induce both benzo[a]pyrene-r-7, t-8, t-9,c-10-tetrahydotetrol-albumin (BPDE-Alb) adducts and DNA damage. However, the relation between these biomarkers for early biological effects is not well documented in coke oven workers. METHODS In this study, the authors recruited 207 male workers exposed to COE and 102 controls not exposed to COE in the same steel plant in northern China. They measured BPDE-Alb adduct concentrations in plasma with reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and DNA damage in peripheral blood lymphocytes with alkaline comet assay. RESULTS The results showed that the median concentration of BPDE-Alb adducts in the exposed group (34.36 fmol/mg albumin) was significantly higher than that in the control group (21.90 fmol/mg albumin, p = 0.012). The mean Olive tail moment (Olive TM) of DNA damage in the exposed and control groups were 1.20 and 0.63, respectively (p = 0.000). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the odds ratio (OR) for BPDE-Alb adduct and Olive TM associated with the exposure were 1.72 (95% CI 1.06 to 2.81) and 1.96 (95% CI 1.20 to 3.19), respectively. These results show significant correlations between the concentrations of BPDE-Alb adduct and Olive TM levels in exposed group (r = 0.235, p = 0.001) but not in control group (r = 0.093, p = 0.353). CONCLUSION The results suggest that occupational exposure to COE may induce both BPDE-Alb adducts and DNA damage in the lymphocytes of coke oven workers and that these two markers are useful for monitoring exposure to COE in the workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Institute of Occupational Medicine and The Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Qiu L, Leng S, Wang Z, Dai Y, Zheng Y, Wang Z. Path Analysis of Biomarkers of Exposure and Early Biological Effects among Coke-Oven Workers Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007; 16:1193-9. [PMID: 17548684 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-07-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many host factors or biomarkers are involved in the process of early DNA damage induced by occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) as seen in coke-oven workers. This paper aimed to identify complicated causal interrelationship of various biomarkers using the path analysis. In this analysis, we included 235 subjects (166 coke-oven workers and 69 nonexposed controls) whose data on the comet assay (e.g., Olive tail moment) and cytogenetic analysis of peripheral blood lymphocytes as well as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) were available. The path analysis showed that coke-oven exposure and tobacco smoke were both significant predictors of the concentrations of urinary 1-OHP (P < 0.05), with a coefficient of determination of 0.75. The factors having significant influence on the Olive tail moment were in the following order: urinary 1-OHP > XRCC1-exon 9 variant genotype > ERCC2-exon 10 variant genotype > XRCC1-exon 6 variant genotype, with a coefficient of determination of 0.22. The variables of relative importance in influencing on cytokinesis-block micronucleus frequencies were in the following order: coke-oven exposure > urinary 1-OHP > age > mEH3 variant genotype > ERCC2-exon 10 variant genotype > XRCC1-exon 6 variant genotype, with a coefficient of determination of 0.27. These results indicated that exogenous agents, especially the coke-oven exposure, played a more important role than the genotypes in the induction of early genetic damage. In conclusion, the path analysis seemed to be an alternative statistical approach for the ascertainment of complicated association among related biomarkers for the assessment of occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qiu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030 Wuhan, PR China
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Shen J, Desai M, Agrawal M, Kennedy DO, Senie RT, Santella RM, Terry MB. Polymorphisms in nucleotide excision repair genes and DNA repair capacity phenotype in sisters discordant for breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:1614-9. [PMID: 16985021 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-06-0218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Interindividual differences in DNA repair capacity (DRC) may play a critical role in breast cancer risk. Previously, we determined that DRC measured via removal of in vitro-induced benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide-DNA adducts in lymphoblastoid cell lines was lower in cases compared with controls among sisters discordant for breast cancer from the Metropolitan New York Registry of Breast Cancer Families. We have now determined genotypes for seven single nucleotide polymorphisms in five nucleotide excision repair genes, including Xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A (XPA +62T>C), group C (XPC Lys939Gln and Ala499Val), group D (XPD Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln), and group G (XPG His1104Asp) and ERCC1 (8092 C>A) in a total of 160 sister pairs for whom DRC phenotype data were available. Overall, there were no statistically significant differences in average DRC for most of the genotypes. A final multivariate conditional logistic model, including three single nucleotide polymorphisms (XPA +62T>C, XPC Ala499Val, and XPG His1104Asp) and smoking status, only modestly predicted DRC after adjusting for case-control status and age of blood donation. The overall predictive accuracy was 61% in the model with a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 39%. These findings suggest that those polymorphisms we have investigated to date in nucleotide excision repair pathway genes explain only a small amount of the variability in DRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 701 West 168th Street, Room 505, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Liu AL, Lu WQ, Wang ZZ, Chen WH, Lu WH, Yuan J, Nan PH, Sun JY, Zou YL, Zhou LH, Zhang C, Wu TC. Elevated levels of urinary 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine, lymphocytic micronuclei, and serum glutathione S-transferase in workers exposed to coke oven emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2006; 114:673-7. [PMID: 16675419 PMCID: PMC1459918 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.8562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
To investigate associations among occupational exposure to coke oven emissions (COEs), oxidative stress, cytogenotoxic effects, change in the metabolizing enzyme glutathione S-transferase (GST), and internal levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in coke oven workers, we recruited 47 male coke oven workers and 31 male control subjects from a coke oven plant in northern China. We measured the levels of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) and 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in urine, micronucleated binucleated cells (BNMNs) in peripheral blood lymphocyte, and GST in serum. Our results showed that the group exposed to COEs had significantly increased levels of 1-OHP [median 5.7; interquartile range (IQR), 1.4-12.0 micromol/mol creatinine] compared with the control group (3; 0.5-6.4 micromol/mol creatinine). In addition, the median levels (IQR) of 8-OHdG, BNMNs, and GST were markedly increased in the exposed [1.9 (1.4-15.4) micromol/mol creatinine; 6 (2-8) per thousand ; 22.1 (14.9-31.2) U/L, respectively] compared with controls [1.3 (1.0-4.0) micromol/mol creatinine, 2 (0-4) per thousand; and 13.1 (9.5-16.7) U/L, respectively]. These results appeared to be modified by smoking. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that exposure to COEs had the highest odds ratio among variables analyzed and that smoking was not a significant confounder of the levels of studied biomarkers. Overall, the present findings suggest that COE exposure led to increased internal PAH burden, genetic damage, oxidative stress, and GST activity. The consequences of the changes in these biomarkers, such as risk of cancer, warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Lin Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health and Ministry of Education Key Lab for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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Hoffmann H, Högel J, Speit G. The effect of smoking on DNA effects in the comet assay: a meta-analysis. Mutagenesis 2005; 20:455-66. [PMID: 16280345 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gei064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The comet assay (alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis, SCG or SCGE) is frequently used in biomonitoring to detect genotoxic effects in humans exposed at the workplace or in their environment. Because of its ready accessibility, blood is most frequently used in such studies. Many studies investigated cigarette smoking either as a genotoxic exposure itself or as a potential confounding factor in occupational studies. However, although smoking is considered to be a relevant exposure towards various genotoxins, conflicting results have been reported in the comet assay studies. The actual reasons for this discrepancy are not known. To further evaluate evidence for smoking-related DNA effects in the comet assay, we now used a meta-analysis approach based on a literature search. We identified 38 studies from 37 publications which were suited for a formal meta-analysis based on the standardized mean difference (SMD) between the study groups. The evaluation of these 38 studies indicated higher levels of DNA damage in smokers than in non-smokers [under a random effects model, SMD = 0.55, 95% confidence interval = (0.16-0.93)]. Subdividing these studies into studies investigating the effect of smoking as a genotoxic exposure (Type A studies, n = 12) and studies investigating smoking as a potential confounder in occupational studies (Type B, n = 26) indicated a significant difference only in Type A studies but not in Type B studies. Furthermore, studies using image analysis or image length measurements (n = 23) only indicated a tendency for a genotoxic effect of smoking, whereas studies using an arbitrary score (n = 15) found a significantly higher level of DNA damage in smokers.
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