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Rani A, Ergün S, Karnati S, Jha HC. Understanding the link between neurotropic viruses, BBB permeability, and MS pathogenesis. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:22-38. [PMID: 38189894 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can infiltrate the CNS by crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) through various mechanisms including paracellular, transcellular, and "Trojan horse" mechanisms during leukocyte diapedesis. These viruses belong to several families, including retroviruses; human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), flaviviruses; Japanese encephalitis (JEV); and herpesviruses; herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and mouse adenovirus 1 (MAV-1). For entering the brain, viral proteins act upon the tight junctions (TJs) between the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). For instance, HIV-1 proteins, such as glycoprotein 120, Nef, Vpr, and Tat, disrupt the BBB and generate a neurotoxic effect. Recombinant-Tat triggers amendments in the BBB by decreasing expression of the TJ proteins such as claudin-1, claudin-5, and zona occludens-1 (ZO-1). Thus, the breaching of BBB has been reported in myriad of neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Neurotropic viruses also exhibit molecular mimicry with several myelin sheath proteins, i.e., antibodies against EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) aa411-426 cross-react with MBP and EBNA1 aa385-420 was found to be associated with MS risk haplotype HLA-DRB1*150. Notably, myelin protein epitopes (PLP139-151, MOG35-55, and MBP87-99) are being used to generate model systems for MS such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to understand the disease mechanism and therapeutics. Viruses like Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) are also commonly used to generate EAE. Altogether, this review provide insights into the viruses' association with BBB leakiness and MS along with possible mechanistic details which could potentially use for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Rani
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Süleyman Ergün
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, 97070, Germany
| | - Hem Chandra Jha
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.
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Davydovskaya MV, Khachanova NV, Evdoshenko EP, Pronin IN, Boiko AN, Zakharova MN, Alifirova VM, Turova EA, Malkova NA, Sivertseva SA, Tsukurova LA, Skoromets AA, Solodun IY. [Recommendations on the algorithms for drug choice and risk management plan in the treatment of patients with remitting multiple sclerosis with natalizumab]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2017; 116:79-97. [PMID: 28139616 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201611610279-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M V Davydovskaya
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Center of Coordination and Clinical Examination of Medical Drugs, Moscow Department of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - N V Khachanova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Center of Coordination and Clinical Examination of Medical Drugs, Moscow Department of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - E P Evdoshenko
- Center of Coordination and Clinical Examination of Medical Drugs, Moscow Department of Public Health, Moscow, Russia; City Center of Multiple Sclerosis And Autoimmune Diseases at Hospital #31, Moscow, Russia
| | - I N Pronin
- Burdenko Research Institute of Neurosurgery, Moscow, Russia
| | - A N Boiko
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - E A Turova
- Siberian Regional Hospital #1, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - N A Malkova
- Novosibirsk State Medical University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | | | - L A Tsukurova
- Research Institute - Ochapovsky Regional Hospital #1, Krasnodar, Russia
| | - A A Skoromets
- Pavlov St. Petersburg State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - I Yu Solodun
- Center of Coordination and Clinical Examination of Medical Drugs, Moscow Department of Public Health, Moscow, Russia
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Trofe J, Gordon J, Roy-Chaudhury P, Koralnik IJ, Atwood WJ, Alloway RR, Khalili K, Woodle ES. Polyomavirus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplantation. Prog Transplant 2016; 14:130-40; quiz 141-2. [PMID: 15264457 DOI: 10.1177/152692480401400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyomavirus nephropathy has become an important complication in kidney transplantation, with a prevalence of 1% to 8%. Unfortunately, the risk factors for polyomavirus nephropathy and renal allograft loss are not well defined. The definitive diagnosis is made through assessment of a kidney transplant biopsy. Recently, noninvasive urine and serum markers have been used to assist in polyomavirus nephropathy diagnosis and monitoring. Primary treatment is immunosuppression reduction, but must be balanced with the risks of rejection. No antiviral treatments for polyomavirus nephropathy have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Although cidofovir has shown in vitro activity against murine polyomaviruses, and has been effective in some patients, it is associated with significant nephrotoxicity. Graft loss due to polyomavirus nephropathy should not be a contraindication to retransplantation; however, experience is limited. This review presents potential risk factors, screening, diagnostic and monitoring methods, therapeutic management, and retransplantation experience for polyomavirus nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Trofe
- University of Cincinnati, Division of Transplantation, Ohio, USA
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Papa N, Zanotta N, Knowles A, Orzan E, Comar M. Detection of Malawi polyomavirus sequences in secondary lymphoid tissues from Italian healthy children: a transient site of infection. Virol J 2016; 13:97. [PMID: 27287743 PMCID: PMC4901423 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The novel Malawi polyomavirus (MWPyV) was initially detected in stool specimens from healthy children and children with gastrointestinal symptoms, mostly diarrhea, indicating that MWPyV might play a role in human gastroenteric diseases. Recently, MWPyV sequences were additionally identified in respiratory secretions from both healthy and acutely ill children suggesting that MWPyV may have a tropism for different human tissues. This study was designed to investigate the possible sites of latency/persistence for MWPyV in a cohort of healthy Italian children. Methods Specimens (n° 500) of tonsils, adenoids, blood, urines and feces, from 200 healthy and immunocompetent children (age range: 1–15 years) were tested for the amplification of the MWPyV LT antigen sequence by quantitative real-time PCR. Samples (n° 80) of blood and urines from 40 age-matched children with autoimmune diseases, were screened for comparison. Polyomaviruses JC/BK and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) were also tested as markers of infection in all samples using the same molecular technique. Results In our series of healthy children, MWPyV was detected only in the lymphoid tissues showing a prevalence of 6 % in tonsils and 1 % in adenoids, although with a low viral load. No JCPyV or BKPyV co-infection was found in MWPyV positive samples, while EBV showed a similar percentage of both in tonsils and adenoids (38 and 37 %). Conversely, no MWPyV DNA was detected in stool from babies with gastroenteric syndrome. With regards to autoimmune children, neither MWPyV nor BKPyV were detected in blood, while JCPyV viremia was observed in 15 % (6/40) of children treated with Infliximab. Urinary BKPyV shedding was observed in 12.5 % (5/40) while JCPyV in 100 % of the samples. Conclusions The detection of MWPyV sequences in tonsils and adenoids of healthy children suggests that secondary lymphoid tissues can harbour MWPyV probably as transient sites of persistence rather than actual sites of latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Papa
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - N Zanotta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Knowles
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - E Orzan
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65, 34137, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Comar
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Via dell'Istria 65, 34137, Trieste, Italy. .,Medical Sciences Department, University of Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34128, Trieste, Italy.
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White MK, Sariyer IK, Gordon J, Delbue S, Pietropaolo V, Berger JR, Khalili K. Diagnostic assays for polyomavirus JC and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Rev Med Virol 2015; 26:102-14. [PMID: 26663440 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a devastating and often fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system for which effective therapies are lacking. It is caused by the replication of polyomavirus JC (JCV) in the oligodendrocytes and astrocytes leading to their cytolytic death and loss of myelin from the subcortical white matter. While the virus is very common in human populations worldwide, the incidence of the disease is very low and confined almost exclusively to individuals with some form of immunological dysfunction. However, the number of people who constitute the at-risk population is growing larger and includes individuals with HIV-1/AIDS and patients receiving immunomodulatory therapies such as multiple sclerosis patients treated with natalizumab. Further adding to the public health significance of this disease are the difficulties encountered in the diagnosis of PML and the lack of useful biomarkers for PML progression. In this review, we examine the diagnostic assays that are available for different aspects of the JCV life cycle, their usefulness and drawbacks, and the prospects for improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ilker K Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer Gordon
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Serena Delbue
- Department of Health Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology and Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Seguin SP, Ireland AW, Gupta T, Wright CM, Miyata Y, Wipf P, Pipas JM, Gestwicki JE, Brodsky JL. A screen for modulators of large T antigen's ATPase activity uncovers novel inhibitors of Simian Virus 40 and BK virus replication. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:70-81. [PMID: 22898086 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
New polyomaviruses are continually being identified, and it is likely that links between this virus family and disease will continue to emerge. Unfortunately, a specific treatment for polyomavirus-associated disease is lacking. Because polyomaviruses express large Tumor Antigen, TAg, we hypothesized that small molecule inhibitors of the essential ATPase activity of TAg would inhibit viral replication. Using a new screening platform, we identified inhibitors of TAg's ATPase activity. Lead compounds were moved into a secondary assay, and ultimately two FDA approved compounds, bithionol and hexachlorophene, were identified as the most potent TAg inhibitors known to date. Both compounds inhibited Simian Virus 40 replication as assessed by plaque assay and quantitative PCR. Moreover, these compounds inhibited BK virus, which causes BKV Associated Nephropathy. In neither case was host cell viability compromised at these concentrations. Our data indicate that directed screening for TAg inhibitors is a viable method to identify polyomavirus inhibitors, and that bithionol and hexachlorophene represent lead compounds that may be further modified and/or ultimately used to combat diseases associated with polyomavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandlin P Seguin
- Department of Biological Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Reid CE, Li H, Sur G, Carmillo P, Bushnell S, Tizard R, McAuliffe M, Tonkin C, Simon K, Goelz S, Cinque P, Gorelik L, Carulli JP. Sequencing and analysis of JC virus DNA from natalizumab-treated PML patients. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:237-44. [PMID: 21673034 PMCID: PMC3114470 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in natalizumab-treated MS patients is linked to JC virus (JCV) infection. JCV sequence variation and rearrangements influence viral pathogenicity and tropism. To better understand PML development, we analyzed viral DNA sequences in blood, CSF and/or urine of natalizumab-treated PML patients. Methods. Using biofluid samples from 17 natalizumab-treated PML patients, we sequenced multiple isolates of the JCV noncoding control region (NCCR), VP1 capsid coding region, and the entire 5 kb viral genome. Results. Analysis of JCV from multiple biofluids revealed that individuals were infected with a single genotype. Across our patient cohort, multiple PML-associated NCCR rearrangements and VP1 mutations were present in CSF and blood, but absent from urine-derived virus. NCCR rearrangements occurred in CSF of 100% of our cohort. VP1 mutations were observed in blood or CSF in 81% of patients. Sequencing of complete JCV genomes demonstrated that NCCR rearrangements could occur without VP1 mutations, but VP1 mutations were not observed without NCCR rearrangement. Conclusions. These data confirm that JCV in natalizumab-PML patients is similar to that observed in other PML patient groups, multiple genotypes are associated with PML, individual patients appear to be infected with a single genotype, and PML-associated mutations arise in patients during PML development.
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9
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Loyo M, Guerrero-Preston R, Brait M, Hoque MO, Chuang A, Kim MS, Sharma R, Liégeois NJ, Koch WM, Califano JA, Westra WH, Sidransky D. Quantitative detection of Merkel cell virus in human tissues and possible mode of transmission. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2991-6. [PMID: 19588496 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Merkel Cell Virus (MCV) is a newly discovered polyomavirus, recently found in a rare skin cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). However, MCV has also been detected in some normal tissue samples. We tested and compared the relative quantity of the MCV in a set of diverse human tissue samples with the MCC samples. The levels of MCV in MCCs were over 60 times higher than the highest values in all other tissues. Low quantities of MCV were detected in diverse tissue samples independently of malignant or benign histologic status. Higher levels of the virus were found in the upper aerodigestive tract, digestive system, and saliva compared to the lung and genitourinary system samples. These results confirm that MCV is widespread in the human body and suggest a possible fecal-oral transmission route similar to the Hepatitis A virus. Despite widespread presence of the virus, it appears that only neuroendocrine skin cells are susceptible to transformation by MCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Loyo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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Wright CM, Seguin SP, Fewell SW, Zhang H, Ishwad C, Vats A, Lingwood CA, Wipf P, Fanning E, Pipas JM, Brodsky JL. Inhibition of Simian Virus 40 replication by targeting the molecular chaperone function and ATPase activity of T antigen. Virus Res 2009; 141:71-80. [PMID: 19200446 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses such as BK virus and JC virus have been linked to several diseases, but treatments that thwart their propagation are limited in part because of slow growth and cumbersome culturing conditions. In contrast, the replication of one member of this family, Simian Virus 40 (SV40), is robust and has been well-characterized. SV40 replication requires two domains within the viral-encoded large tumor antigen (TAg): The ATPase domain and the N-terminal J domain, which stimulates the ATPase activity of the Hsp70 chaperone. To assess whether inhibitors of polyomavirus replication could be identified, we examined a recently described library of small molecules, some of which inhibit chaperone function. One compound, MAL2-11B, inhibited both TAg's endogenous ATPase activity and the TAg-mediated activation of Hsp70. MAL2-11B also reduced SV40 propagation in plaque assays and compromised DNA replication in cell culture and in vitro. Furthermore, the compound significantly reduced the growth of BK virus in a human kidney cell line. These data indicate that pharmacological inhibition of TAg's chaperone and ATPase activities may provide a route to combat polyomavirus-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Wright
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Jiang M, Abend JR, Johnson SF, Imperiale MJ. The role of polyomaviruses in human disease. Virology 2008; 384:266-73. [PMID: 18995875 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human polyomaviruses, BK virus and JC virus, have long been associated with serious diseases including polyomavirus nephropathy and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Both viruses establish ubiquitous, persistent infections in healthy individuals. Reactivation can occur when the immune system is impaired, leading to disease progression. Recently, the human polyomavirus family has expanded with the identification of three new viruses (KI, WU and Merkel cell polyomavirus), all of which may prove to be involved in human disease. This review describes the general aspects of human polyomavirus infections and pathogenicity. Current topics of investigation and future directions in the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxi Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, 48109, USA
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12
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Chakravarty EF. Viral infection and reactivation in autoimmune disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:2949-57. [DOI: 10.1002/art.23883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Li J, Wagner JL, Mookerjee B. Characterization of Non-Conserved HLA-A *0201 Binding T cell Epitopes of JC Virus T Antigen. Virology (Auckl) 2008. [DOI: 10.4137/vrt.s957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
JC virus-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes are associated with a favorable outcome in patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. However, very few JC virus T cell epitopes restricted to MHC class I have been defined. Of the two HLA-A*0201-restricted JCV epitopes, VP1p36 and VP1p100, studies have shown that they are conserved T cell epitopes of polyomaviruses. The cross-recognition associated to these epitopes has complicated the efforts of understanding the dynamics of immune response to JC virus. Based on the previously identified HLA-A*0201 binding T cell epitope of Simian virus 40 T antigen P281–289 (KCDDVLLLL) and BK virus T antigen P558–566 (SLQNSEFLL), T cell epitopes of JC Virus T antigen P282–290 (KCEDVFLLM) and P557–565 (SLSCSEYLL) were identified. In this report, we demonstrated that JC Virus P282–290 and P557–565 were able to stimulate T cell responses in healthy donors’ PBMCs and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes raised with both peptides could recognize and lyse their targets. Most importantly, there were no T cell cross-recognitions between JC Virus, BK Virus and SV40 virus. Therefore, JCV T-ag epitopes P282–290 and P557–565 could be better antigen epitopes compared to VP1p36 and VP1p100 to study the dynamics of cellular immune response to JCV in PML patients. In addition, as a HLA-A*0201 binding T cell epitope, both peptides could be a valuable component of immunotherapies aiming at increasing the cellular immune response against JCV for the treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongming Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, 1024 Curtis Building, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - John L. Wagner
- Department of Medical Oncology, 1024 Curtis Building, Thomas Jefferson University, 1015 Walnut St., Philadelphia, PA 19107
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Internally controlled triplex quantitative PCR assay for human polyomaviruses JC and BK. J Clin Microbiol 2008; 46:2829-36. [PMID: 18614652 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00844-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a triplex TaqMan-based quantitative PCR assay for the human polyomaviruses JC (JCPyV) and BK (BKPyV). The assay simultaneously detects and quantifies both JCPyV and BKPyV in human clinical samples, and it includes an internal amplification control consisting of murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) plasmid DNA. We developed the assay for the Roche LightCycler 480 platform with the reporter dyes VIC, 6-FAM, and Cy5 for MuPyV, BKPyV, and JCPyV, respectively. The assay had a high specificity for BKPyV and JCPyV when either viral genome was present alone or in mixed samples over a range of 10(1) to 10(7) copy numbers per reaction. The analytical sensitivity was 50 copies for BKPyV and 10 copies for JCPyV. The use of the MuPyV internal control ensured monitoring of the quality of the extraction and of PCR inhibition, even in samples such as cerebrospinal fluid and plasma in which controls based on host genes cannot be effectively used. In addition, we developed a similar assay using a different dye configuration (6-FAM, VIC, and NED) that could be used on an ABI 7500 Fast platform. This assay had sensitivities similar to those of the LightCycler 480 configuration for BKPyV and JCPyV when either viral genome was present alone, but the sensitivity of detection of BKPyV was greatly decreased when an excess of JCPyV (>100-fold) was present in the sample. This internally controlled combined assay offers greater convenience and cost-effectiveness compared to separate assays for each virus and can also detect unexpected PyV activations by testing for both viruses in all samples.
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Khalili K, Sariyer IK, Safak M. Small tumor antigen of polyomaviruses: role in viral life cycle and cell transformation. J Cell Physiol 2008; 215:309-19. [PMID: 18022798 PMCID: PMC2716072 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.21326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The regulatory proteins of polyomaviruses, including small and large T antigens, play important roles, not only in the viral life cycle but also in virus-induced cell transformation. Unlike many other tumor viruses, the transforming proteins of polyomaviruses have no cellular homologs but rather exert their effects mostly by interacting with cellular proteins that control fundamental processes in the regulation of cell proliferation and the cell cycle. Thus, they have proven to be valuable tools to identify specific signaling pathways involved in tumor progression. Elucidation of these pathways using polyomavirus transforming proteins as tools is critically important in understanding fundamental regulatory mechanisms and hence to develop effective therapeutic strategies against cancer. In this short review, we will focus on the structural and functional features of one polyomavirus transforming protein, that is, the small t-antigen of the human neurotropic JC virus (JCV) and the simian virus, SV40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Khalili
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ilker Kudret Sariyer
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mahmut Safak
- Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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McLaughlin-Drubin ME, Munger K. Viruses associated with human cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2008; 1782:127-50. [PMID: 18201576 PMCID: PMC2267909 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2007.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 12/13/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that viral infections contribute to 15-20% of all human cancers. As obligatory intracellular parasites, viruses encode proteins that reprogram host cellular signaling pathways that control proliferation, differentiation, cell death, genomic integrity, and recognition by the immune system. These cellular processes are governed by complex and redundant regulatory networks and are surveyed by sentinel mechanisms that ensure that aberrant cells are removed from the proliferative pool. Given that the genome size of a virus is highly restricted to ensure packaging within an infectious structure, viruses must target cellular regulatory nodes with limited redundancy and need to inactivate surveillance mechanisms that would normally recognize and extinguish such abnormal cells. In many cases, key proteins in these same regulatory networks are subject to mutation in non-virally associated diseases and cancers. Oncogenic viruses have thus served as important experimental models to identify and molecularly investigate such cellular networks. These include the discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, identification of regulatory networks that are critical for maintenance of genomic integrity, and processes that govern immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E McLaughlin-Drubin
- The Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, 8th Floor, 181 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Bergallo M, Costa C, Margio S, Sidoti F, Segoloni GP, Ponzi AN, Cavallo R. Detection and typing of BKV, JCV, and SV40 by multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction. Mol Biotechnol 2007; 35:243-52. [PMID: 17652788 DOI: 10.1007/bf02686010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/1999] [Revised: 11/30/1999] [Accepted: 11/30/1999] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for detecting and differentiating simultaneously the DNA of polyomaviruses JC, BK, and SV40 in a single tube. In the first amplification step the same set of primers was used to amplify a conserved DNA region of the large T antigen gene of JCV, BKV, and SV40. The second round was carried out using a set of primers designed to obtain products of different size for each related virus. Subsequently, the sensitivity of the multiplex nested PCR was maximized by optimizing parameters such as primer, magnesium, and dNTP concentrations. The sensitivity of the method ranged between 1 and 10 copies of the polyomavirus genome. The assay was then used for detecting polyomavirus DNA in urine, serum, and biopsy specimens from renal transplant recipients. Based on the results obtained, the multiplex nested PCR developed in our study represents a useful tool for supporting the diagnosis of polyomavirus infection and could be used for epidemiological purposes and to better define the role of polyomaviruses in human pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Bergallo
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, Virology Unit, University of Turin, Via Santena 9 - 10126, Turin, Italy
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18
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Chang YY, Lan MY, Peng CH, Wu HS, Chang D, Liu JS. Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in an Immunocompetent Taiwanese Patient. J Formos Med Assoc 2007; 106:S60-4. [PMID: 17493899 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-6646(09)60355-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a deadly demyelinating brain disease caused by JC virus (JCV). Genomic analysis of viral isolates in these cases often shows prototype-like JCV and its variants, which is a virulent strain compared to the latent archetype virions mostly found in the kidney. Here, we report a 57-year-old man who suffered from a subacute course of cognitive impairment and multiple neurologic deficits. Neuroimaging, pathology, and virology studies showed multifocal leukoencephalopathy and the presence of JCV deoxyribonucleic acid in the cerebrospinal fluid. The prototype type 1 (Mad-1) strain of JCV was identified on viral genotyping obtained from brain tissue. No immune deficits were found. He responded poorly to alpha-interferon and antiviral treatment. This case suggests that lack of immune deficiency cannot exclude the possibility of PML as a cause of subacute leukoencephalopathy. Accumulated data with respect to the disease course, pathologic feature, and viral genomic subtyping may pave the way for future treatment against this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Yee Chang
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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19
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Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy. Neurobiol Dis 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012088592-3/50019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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20
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Kaniowska D, Kaminski R, Amini S, Radhakrishnan S, Rappaport J, Johnson E, Khalili K, Del Valle L, Darbinyan A. Cross-interaction between JC virus agnoprotein and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat modulates transcription of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat in glial cells. J Virol 2006; 80:9288-99. [PMID: 16940540 PMCID: PMC1563897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02138-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The human polyomavirus JC virus (JCV) is the causative agent of the fatal demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is commonly seen in AIDS patients. The bicistronic viral RNA, which is transcribed at the late phase of infection, is responsible for expressing the viral capsid proteins and a small regulatory protein, agnoprotein. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue from subjects with AIDS/PML revealed colocalization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transactivator, Tat, and JCV agnoprotein in nucleus and cytoplasm of "bizarre" astrocytes. In accord with this observation, we detected the copresence of agnoprotein and Tat in human astrocytes upon infection with JCV and HIV-1 or in astrocytic cells expressing these proteins after transfection. Interestingly, results from infection of human astrocytes with HIV-1 and JCV showed a decrease in the level of HIV-1 replication in cells that are coinfected with JCV. Conversely, a slight increase in the level of JCV replication was observed in the presence of HIV-1. The copresence of JCV and HIV-1 in astrocytes prompted us to investigate the possible cross-interaction of agnoprotein with Tat and its impact on HIV-1 gene transcription. Our results demonstrate that agnoprotein through its N-terminal domain associates with Tat and the interaction causes the suppression of Tat-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 promoter activity in these cells. Results from RNA and protein binding assays showed that agnoprotein can inhibit the association of Tat with its target RNA sequence, TAR, and with cyclin T1. Furthermore, agnoprotein is able to interfere with cross-interaction of Tat with the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB and Sp1, whose functions are critical for Tat activation of the long terminal repeat. These observations unravel a new pathway for the molecular interaction of these two viruses in biologically relevant cells in the brains of AIDS/PML patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kaniowska
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, 1900 North 12th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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21
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Abstract
The question of whether Simian Virus 40 (SV40) can cause human tumors has been one of the most highly controversial topics in cancer research during the last 50 years. The longstanding debate began with the discovery of SV40 as a contaminant in poliovirus vaccine stocks that were used to inoculate approximately 100 million children and adults in the United States between 1955 and 1963, and countless more throughout the world. Concerns regarding the potential health risk of SV40 exposure were reinforced by studies demonstrating SV40's potential to transform human cells and promote tumor growth in animal models. Many studies have attempted to assess the relationship between the potential exposure of humans to SV40 and cancer incidence. Reports of the detection of SV40 DNA in a variety of cancers have raised serious concerns as to whether the inadvertent inoculation with SV40 has led to the development of cancer in humans. However, inconsistent reports linking SV40 with various tumor types has led to conflicting views regarding the potential of SV40 as a human cancer virus. Several recent studies suggest that older detection methodologies were flawed, and the limitations of these methods could account for most, if not all, of the positive correlations of SV40 in human tumors to date. Although many people may have been exposed to SV40 by polio vaccination, there is inadequate evidence to support widespread SV40 infection in the population, increased tumor incidence in those individuals who received contaminated vaccine, or a direct role for SV40 in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L Poulin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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22
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Abstract
Many human neurological diseases involve demyelination of the central and/or peripheral nervous systems. These include the hereditary leukodystrophies--which have a genetic basis; multiple sclerosis (MS)--where the underlying cause of demyelination remains unknown; and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)--where the etiology is well-established as being viral. The human neurotropic polyomavirus--JC virus (JCV)--is the etiologic agent of PML, a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that occurs mainly in immunosuppressed patients, especially those with HIV/AIDS. JCV belongs to the polyomavirus family of tumor viruses that are characterized by non-enveloped icosahedral capsids containing small, circular, double-stranded DNA genomes. Serological studies have shown that JCV is widespread throughout the human population, but infections are usually restricted by the immune system, particularly cell-mediated immunity, causing the virus to enter a latent phase. An important corollary of this is that situations of severe immunosuppression may permit JCV to replicate and are thus a risk factor for PML.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Khalili
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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23
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Roskopf J, Trofe J, Stratta RJ, Ahsan N. Pharmacotherapeutic options for the management of human polyomaviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 577:228-54. [PMID: 16626040 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses [BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV) and simian virus 40 (SV40)] have been known to be associated with diseases in humans for over thirty years. BKV-associated nephropathy and JCV-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) were for many years rare diseases occurring only in patients with underlying severe impaired immunity. Over the past decade, the use of more potent immunosuppression (IS) in transplantation, and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, have coincided with a significant increase in the prevalence of these viral complications. Prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for human polyomavirus diseases are limited by our current understanding of polyomaviral pathogenesis. Clinical trials are limited by small numbers of patients affected with clinically significant diseases, lack of defined risk factors and disease definitions, no proven effective treatment and the overall significant morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. This chapter will focus on a review of the current and future research related to therapeutic targets and interventions for polyomavirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Roskopf
- Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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24
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Muñoz-Mármol AM, Mola G, Ruiz-Larroya T, Fernández-Vasalo A, Vela E, Mate JL, Ariza A. Rarity of JC virus DNA sequences and early proteins in human gliomas and medulloblastomas: the controversial role of JC virus in human neurooncogenesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2006; 32:131-40. [PMID: 16599942 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2006.00711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV), the agent of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML), exerts an oncogenic effect in several laboratory animal models. Moreover, JCV genomic DNA and early viral protein T-antigen have been detected in various types of human central nervous system (CNS) neoplasms. To further explore this association we have studied paraffin-embedded brain biopsy tissue from 60 neoplasms (55 gliomas and five medulloblastomas) and 15 reactive gliosis cases for the presence of JCV DNA sequences and proteins. Four post mortem cases of HIV-associated PML were used as positive controls. Samples were assessed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of early (large T antigen) and late (virion protein 3) sequences and immunohistochemistry (IHC) with both PAb 2024 and anti-SV40 large T antigen monoclonal antibodies. Five cases (three neoplasms and two reactive gliosis instances) showed low viral DNA levels when PCR-tested for VP3 or large T, while no case was immunoreactive for any of the two antibodies used. The four PML cases yielded positive results with both PCR and IHC. Additionally, IHC with both antibodies was applied to a tissue micro-array including 109 CNS tumours and 21 reactive gliosis samples. No immunoreactivity was detected in any of these tissue micro-array samples. The rarity of JCV DNA sequences and early proteins in our brain tumours enriches the controversy over the role of JCV in human neurooncogenesis, whose clarification is in need of further molecular and epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Muñoz-Mármol
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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25
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HHV-6 and the Central Nervous System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-7069(06)12016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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26
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McNees AL, White ZS, Zanwar P, Vilchez RA, Butel JS. Specific and quantitative detection of human polyomaviruses BKV, JCV, and SV40 by real time PCR. J Clin Virol 2005; 34:52-62. [PMID: 16087125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Revised: 12/29/2004] [Accepted: 12/31/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The polyomaviruses that infect humans, BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV), and simian virus 40 (SV40), typically establish subclinical persistent infections. However, reactivation of these viruses in immunocompromised hosts is associated with renal nephropathy and hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) caused by BKV and with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) caused by JCV. Additionally, SV40 is associated with several types of human cancers including primary brain and bone cancers, mesotheliomas, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Advancements in detection of these viruses may contribute to improved diagnosis and treatment of affected patients. OBJECTIVE To develop sensitive and specific real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) assays for the detection of T-antigen DNA sequences of the human polyomaviruses BKV, JCV, and SV40 using the ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System. STUDY DESIGN Assays for absolute quantification of the viral T-ag sequences were designed and the sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. A quantitative assay to measure the single copy human RNAse P gene was also developed and evaluated in order to normalize viral gene copy numbers to cell numbers. RESULTS Quantification of the target genes is sensitive and specific over a 7 log dynamic range. Ten copies each of the viral and cellular genes are reproducibly and accurately detected. The sensitivity of detection of the RQ-PCR assays is increased 10- to 100-fold compared to conventional PCR and agarose gel protocols. The primers and probes used to detect the viral genes are specific for each virus and there is no cross reactivity within the dynamic range of the standard dilutions. The sensitivity of detection for these assays is not reduced in human cellular extracts; however, different DNA extraction protocols may affect quantification. CONCLUSION These assays provide a technique for rapid and specific quantification of polyomavirus genomes per cell in human samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L McNees
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS BCM-385, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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27
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Mischitelli M, Fioriti D, Videtta M, Degener AM, Antinori A, Cinque P, Giordano A, Pietropaolo V. Investigation on the role of cell transcriptional factor Sp1 and HIV-1 TAT protein in PML onset or development. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:913-8. [PMID: 15828018 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
JC virus (JCV) causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), characterized by multiple areas of demyelination and attendant loss of brain function. PML is often associated with immunodepression and it is significantly frequent in AIDS patients. The viral genome is divided into early and late genes, between which lies a non-coding control region (NCCR) that regulates JCV replication and presents a great genetic variability. The NCCR of JCV archetype (CY strain) is divided into six regions: A-F containing binding sites for cell factors involved in viral transcription. Deletions and enhancements of these binding sites characterize JCV variants, which could promote viral gene expression and could be more suitable for the onset or development of PML. Therefore, we evaluated by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) the presence of JCV genome in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of HIV positive and negative subjects both with PML and after sequencing, we analyzed the viral variants found focusing on Sp1 binding sites (box B and D) and up-TAR sequence (box C). It is known that Sp1 activates JCV early promoter and can contribute in maintaining methylation-free CpG islands in active genes, while up-TAR sequence is important for HIV-1 Tat stimulation of JCV late promoter. Our results showed that in HIV-positive subjects all NCCR structures presented enhancements of up-TAR element, whereas in HIV-negative subjects both Sp1 binding sites were always retained. Therefore, we can support the synergism HIV-1/JCV in CNS and we can hypothesize that both Sp1 binding sites could be important to complete JCV replication cycle in absence of HIV-coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mischitelli
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
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28
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White MK, Gordon J, Reiss K, Del Valle L, Croul S, Giordano A, Darbinyan A, Khalili K. Human polyomaviruses and brain tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 50:69-85. [PMID: 15982744 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2004] [Revised: 04/12/2005] [Accepted: 04/21/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are DNA tumor viruses with small circular genomes. Three polyomaviruses have captured attention with regard to their potential role in the development of human brain tumors: JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV), and simian vacuolating virus 40 (SV40). JCV is a neurotropic polyomavirus that is the etiologic agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system occurring mainly in AIDS patients. BKV is the causative agent of polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVN) which occurs after renal transplantation when BKV reactivates from a latent state during immunosuppressive therapy to cause allograft failure. SV40, originating in rhesus monkeys, gained notoriety when it entered the human population via contaminated polio vaccines. All three viruses are highly oncogenic when injected into the brain of experimental animals. Reports indicate that these viruses, especially JCV, are associated with brain tumors and other cancers in humans as evidenced from the analysis of clinical samples for the presence of viral DNA sequences and expression of viral proteins. Human polyomaviruses encode three non-capsid regulatory proteins: large T-antigen, small t-antigen, and agnoprotein. These proteins interact with a number of cellular target proteins to exert effects that dysregulate pathways involved in the control of various host cell functions including the cell cycle, DNA repair, and others. In this review, we describe the three polyomaviruses, their abilities to cause brain and other tumors in experimental animals, the evidence for an association with human brain tumors, and the latest findings on the molecular mechanisms of their actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1900 North 12th Street, 015-96, Room 203, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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29
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Swain JM, Hudson NPH, Rhind SM, Baird PM, Mayhew IG. A novel, progressive, sclerosing panencephalitis in a horse. Equine Vet J 2005; 37:276-80. [PMID: 15892241 DOI: 10.2746/0425164054530623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J M Swain
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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30
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Muñoz-Mármol AM, Mola G, Fernández-Vasalo A, Vela E, Mate JL, Ariza A. JC virus early protein detection by immunohistochemistry in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a comparative study with in situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2004; 63:1124-30. [PMID: 15581180 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/63.11.1124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In situ hybridization (ISH) for JC virus (JCV) is generally applied for the diagnosis of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). To explore the usefulness of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for JCV early proteins, 14 paraffin-embedded postmortem brain specimens with histologic features compatible with PML were tested for the presence of JCV by means of DNA-DNA ISH with a biotinylated probe corresponding to the entire JCV genome, for JCV early proteins IHC with both PAb 2003 and anti-SV40 large T antigen monoclonal antibodies, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of JCV virion protein 3 (VP3) and transcriptional control region (TCR) sequences. ISH was positive in 13 cases and IHC in all 14 cases, the number of IHC-positive cells generally being far in excess of ISH-positive cells. Of the 2 monoclonal antibodies used, PAb 2003 proved to be more sensitive than anti-SV40 large T antigen. Occasional neuronal nuclei were positive for JCV early proteins in 5 cases. As for PCR, VP3 was amplified in all 14 cases and TCR in 9 cases. Consequently, PAb 2003 IHC for JCV early proteins seems to be a powerful tool for viral demonstration in PML and may well become the diagnostic recourse of choice in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Muñoz-Mármol
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Trofe J, Gordon J, Roy-Chaudhury P, Koralnik IJ, Atwood WJ, Alloway RR, Khalili K, Woodle ES. Polyomavirus nephropathy in kidney transplantation. Prog Transplant 2004. [PMID: 15264457 DOI: 10.7182/prtr.14.2.6r72583266835340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyomavirus nephropathy has become an important complication in kidney transplantation, with a prevalence of 1% to 8%. Unfortunately, the risk factors for polyomavirus nephropathy and renal allograft loss are not well defined. The definitive diagnosis is made through assessment of a kidney transplant biopsy. Recently, noninvasive urine and serum markers have been used to assist in polyomavirus nephropathy diagnosis and monitoring. Primary treatment is immunosuppression reduction, but must be balanced with the risks of rejection. No antiviral treatments for polyomavirus nephropathy have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Although cidofovir has shown in vitro activity against murine polyomaviruses, and has been effective in some patients, it is associated with significant nephrotoxicity. Graft loss due to polyomavirus nephropathy should not be a contraindication to retransplantation; however, experience is limited. This review presents potential risk factors, screening, diagnostic and monitoring methods, therapeutic management, and retransplantation experience for polyomavirus nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Trofe
- University of Cincinnati, Division of Transplantation, Ohio, USA
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32
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Darbinyan A, Siddiqui KM, Slonina D, Darbinian N, Amini S, White MK, Khalili K. Role of JC virus agnoprotein in DNA repair. J Virol 2004; 78:8593-600. [PMID: 15280468 PMCID: PMC479055 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.16.8593-8600.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The late region of human neurotropic JC virus encodes a small 71-amino-acid agnoprotein that is also found in the polyomaviruses simian virus 40 and BK virus. Several functions of agnoprotein have been identified, including roles in regulating viral transcription and virion maturation. Earlier studies showed that agnoprotein expressed alone induced p21/WAF-1 expression and caused cells to accumulate in the G(2)/M stage of the cell cycle. Here we report that agnoprotein expression sensitized cells to the cytotoxic effects of the DNA-damaging agent cisplatin. Agnoprotein reduced the viability of cisplatin-treated cells and increased chromosome fragmentation and micronucleus formation. Whereas cisplatin-treated control cells accumulated in S phase, cells expressing agnoprotein did not, instead becoming aneuploid. Agnoprotein expression correlated with impaired double-strand-break repair activity in cellular extracts and reduced expression of the Ku70 and Ku80 DNA repair proteins. After agnoprotein expression, much of the Ku70 protein was located in the perinuclear space, where agnoprotein was also found. Results from binding studies showed an interaction of agnoprotein with Ku70 which was mediated by the N terminus. The ability of agnoprotein to inhibit double-strand break repair activity when it was added to cellular extracts was also mediated by the N terminus. We conclude that agnoprotein inhibits DNA repair after DNA damage and interferes with DNA damage-induced cell cycle regulation. Since Ku70 is a subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase that is responsible both for double-strand break repair and for signaling damage-induced cell cycle arrest, the modulation of Ku70 and/or Ku80 by agnoprotein may represent an important event in the polyomavirus life cycle and in cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armine Darbinyan
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, 1900 N. 12th St., 015-96, Room 203, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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33
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White MK, Khalili K. Polyomaviruses and human cancer: molecular mechanisms underlying patterns of tumorigenesis. Virology 2004; 324:1-16. [PMID: 15183048 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2004] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are DNA tumor viruses with small circular genomes encoding only six proteins including three structural capsid proteins. Despite this simplicity, our understanding of the mechanisms of polyomavirus-mediated tumorigenesis is far from complete. The archetypal primate polyomavirus, SV40, was isolated more than 40 years ago and has been used extensively as a model system for the study of basic eukaryotic cellular processes such as DNA replication and transcription. Two human polyomaviruses have been isolated from clinical samples: JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV). In this review, SV40, JCV, and BKV will be compared based on what is known about their molecular biology from experiments performed in vitro, in cell culture and in laboratory animals. The association of these viruses with clinical tumors is discussed along with the possible roles of these polyomaviruses in the etiology of human malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn K White
- Center for Neurovirology and Cancer Biology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA.
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