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Gillespie KM, White MJ, Kemps E, Moore H, Dymond A, Bartlett SE. The Impact of Free and Added Sugars on Cognitive Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 38201905 PMCID: PMC10780393 DOI: 10.3390/nu16010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A relationship between excessive sugar consumption and cognitive function has been described in animal models, but the specific effects of sugars in humans remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the current knowledge, research characteristics, and quality of evidence of studies investigating the impacts of free and added sugars on human cognition in healthy participants. The review identified 77 studies (65 experimental trials, n = 3831; 9 cross-sectional studies, n = 11,456; and 3 cohort studies, n = 2059). All cohort studies and eight of the nine cross-sectional studies found significant positive correlations between added sugar consumption and risk of cognitive impairment. Four studies identified reduced risk of cognitive impairment associated with natural fructose-containing foods. The majority of randomised control trials assessed short-term glucose facilitation effects on cognitive outcomes. The results from these studies suggest the need for a tightly regulated blood glucose level, dependent on individualised physiological factors, for optimal cognitive function. A meta-analysis of a subset of studies that assessed the impact of glucose on recall found improvements in immediate free recall compared to controls (p = 0.002). The findings highlight the potentially detrimental effect of excessive, long-term, or prenatal added sugar consumption on cognitive function. Further research is needed to examine the specific effects of free and added sugars on cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri M. Gillespie
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Melanie J. White
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
| | - Eva Kemps
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5042, Australia;
| | - Halim Moore
- Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), Université Clermont Auvergne, 63170 Clermont-Ferrand, France;
| | - Alexander Dymond
- Mental Health and Specialist Services, Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Selena E. Bartlett
- School of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059, Australia;
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2
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Giovana Maciel Reis C, Rocha-Gomes A, Escobar Teixeira A, Gomes de Oliveira D, Mainy Oliveira Santiago C, Alves da Silva A, Regina Riul T, de Jesus Oliveira E. Short-term Cafeteria Diet Is Associated with Fat Mass Accumulation, Systemic and Amygdala Inflammation, and Anxiety-like Behavior in Adult Male Wistar Rats. Neuroscience 2023; 515:37-52. [PMID: 36773840 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is linked to metabolic, hormonal and biochemical alterations, and is also a risk factor for behavioral disorders. Evidence suggests that these disorders may be related to the consumption of hypercaloric diets, fat mass accumulation and changes in inflammation and redox status. Although much is known about the chronic effects of hypercaloric diets on mental health, few studies have evaluated the consequences of short-term exposure of these diets on behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate nutritional, behavioral (anxiety-like), inflammatory and redox status parameters in adult male Wistar rats exposed to short-term cafeteria diet. Adult Wistar male rats (90 days-old; n = 12/group) received, during 14 days, the diets: Control- standard diet; Simple Cafeteria Diet (SCD)- homogeneous cafeteria diet. Varied Cafeteria Diet (VCD)- cafeteria diet with rotation and variation. Nutritional analyzes and tests for anxiety-like behaviors were performed, in addition to inflammatory and redox status measurements in blood and amygdala. The SCD group showed higher fat energy intake, while the VCD group consumed more energy from carbohydrates. SCD and VCD showed higher fat mass accumulation, in addition to higher levels of TNFα, INFγ, TBARS and FRAP in the blood. Also, SCD and VCD groups reported high levels of TNFα in the amygdala. Regarding behavioral evaluations, SCD and VCD groups showed anxiogenesis in the elevated plus maze, light-dark box, and open field tests. Therefore, the two cafeteria diets induced obesity and systemic inflammation, which in turn, resulted in an increase in amygdala TNFα levels and anxiety-like behaviors in Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Giovana Maciel Reis
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil
| | - Arthur Rocha-Gomes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Brazil
| | - Amanda Escobar Teixeira
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil
| | - Dalila Gomes de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil; Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil
| | - Camilla Mainy Oliveira Santiago
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Alves da Silva
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil
| | - Tania Regina Riul
- Laboratório de Nutrição Experimental - LabNutrex - Departamento de Nutrição. Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Nutrição, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de Jesus Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina-MG, Brazil.
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The Impact of Free Sugar on Human Health-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040889. [PMID: 36839247 PMCID: PMC9966020 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of nutrition in human health has been understood for over a century. However, debate is ongoing regarding the role of added and free sugars in physiological and neurological health. In this narrative review, we have addressed several key issues around this debate and the major health conditions previously associated with sugar. We aim to determine the current evidence regarding the role of free sugars in human health, specifically obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cognition, and mood. We also present some predominant theories on mechanisms of action. The findings suggest a negative effect of excessive added sugar consumption on human health and wellbeing. Specific class and source of carbohydrate appears to greatly influence the impact of these macronutrients on health. Further research into individual effects of carbohydrate forms in diverse populations is needed to understand the complex relationship between sugar and health.
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The impact of glycaemic load on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis and guiding principles for future research. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104824. [PMID: 35963545 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of breakfast glycaemic load (GL) on cognition was systematically examined. Randomised and non-randomised controlled trials were identified using PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library (up to May 2022). 15 studies involving adults (aged 20 - 80 years) were included. Studies had a low risk, or some concerns, of bias. A random-effects meta-analysis model revealed no effect of GL on cognition up to 119 min post-consumption. However, after 120 min, immediate episodic memory scores were better following a low-GL compared to a high-GL (SMD = 0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.00 to 0.32, p = 0.05, I2 = 5%). Subgroup analyses indicated that the benefit was greater in younger adults (<35 years) and those with better GT. A qualitative synthesis of 16 studies involving children and adolescents (aged 5 - 17 years) suggested that a low-GL breakfast may also benefit episodic memory and attention after 120 min. Methodological practises were identified which could explain a failure to detect benefits in some studies. Consequently, guiding principles were developed to optimise future study design.
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García CR, Piernas C, Martínez-Rodríguez A, Hernández-Morante JJ. Effect of glucose and sucrose on cognition in healthy humans: a systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. Nutr Rev 2021; 79:171-187. [PMID: 32585003 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuaa036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Evidence suggests that plasma glucose levels may influence cognitive performance, but this has not been systematically reviewed and quantified. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review was to investigate the potential effects of glucose and sucrose, compared with placebo, on cognition in healthy humans. DATA SOURCES The electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science were searched up to December 2019. Reference lists of selected articles were checked manually. STUDY SELECTION Randomized controlled trials or crossover trials that compared glucose or sucrose with placebo for effects on cognition were eligible. DATA EXTRACTION Potentially eligible articles were selected independently by 2 authors. Risk of bias was assessed through the Cochrane Collaboration tool. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were obtained from random-effects meta-analyses for a subsample of studies that reported the same outcomes. RESULTS Thirty-seven trials were identified, of which 35 investigated the effect of glucose consumption compared with placebo on cognition. Two studies found no effect of glucose on cognition, while the others found mixed results. Only 3 of the 37 studies investigated the effects of sucrose intake, reporting mixed results. Meta-analyses revealed a significantly positive effect of glucose compared with control, but only when a verbal performance test (immediate word recall) was used in parallel-design studies (SMD = 0.61; 95%CI, 0.20-1.02; I2 = 0%). Twenty-four studies were classified as having high risk of bias for the selection procedure. CONCLUSIONS A limited body of evidence shows a beneficial effect of glucose in individuals performing immediate verbal tasks. High-quality trials with standardized cognitive measurements are needed to better establish the effect of glucose or sucrose on cognition. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number CRD42019122939.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carmen Piernas
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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López-Meza MS, Otero-Ojeda G, Estrada JA, Esquivel-Hernández FJ, Contreras I. The impact of nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners on the central nervous system: preliminary study. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:1623-1632. [PMID: 33641634 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1885239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human consumption of food and beverages containing added nutritive or non-nutritive sweeteners has increased worldwide. OBJECTIVE The present study evaluated the possible impact of frequent sweetener consumption on human CNS activity and functions through neuropsychological testing and EEG/qEEG analysis. METHODS A sample of 23 women and 16 men, aged 18-35, with a body mass index between 18 and 24.9 kg/m2 was evaluated. Participants underwent a 1-week washout period in which food with added sugars or sweeteners was restricted from their diet. Initial assessment of cognitive functions was performed with a validated neuropsychological test and EEG/qEEG analysis, prior to supplementation. Sucrose, sucralose, or steviol glycosides, in commercially available presentations, were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of 13 participants each. Sweeteners were supplemented in fixed amounts, daily, for six weeks. After supplementation, neurological tests were repeated and the initial and final results were compared. RESULTS The results show no significant changes between final and initial measures in the steviol glycosides group. However, a significant decrease in encoding memory was found in the sucrose group in the final evaluation. Strikingly, the sucralose group showed a significant decrease in overall memory, encoding memory, and executive functions after supplementation. Furthermore, qEEG analysis showed an increase in theta wave absolute and relative power at the final evaluation in the same group. CONCLUSION These data show that frequent consumption of specific sweeteners is accompanied by measurable changes in EEG/qEEG activity and neuropsychological test performance in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sagrario López-Meza
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Gloria Otero-Ojeda
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - José Antonio Estrada
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
| | - Francisco José Esquivel-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Neurometría, Unidad de Investigación Interdisciplinaria en Ciencias de la Salud y la Educación (UIICE), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Irazú Contreras
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, México
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van de Rest O, van der Zwaluw NL, de Groot LCPGM. Effects of glucose and sucrose on mood: a systematic review of interventional studies. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:108-116. [PMID: 29228399 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nux065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Glucose is the main energy source for the brain, and as such, manipulation of glucose supply may affect brain function. It has been suggested that a change in blood glucose may influence mood. Objective The aim of this review was to investigate the potential effects of glucose and sucrose, compared with placebo, on mood. Data Sources The electronic databases PubMed and Scopus were searched. Reference lists of selected articles were checked manually. Data Extraction Randomized controlled trials or crossover trials comparing the effects of glucose or sucrose on mood that were published up to May 2017 were eligible. Potentially eligible articles were selected independently by 2 reviewers. Results In total, 19 studies were found. Thirteen studies investigated the effects of glucose consumption compared with placebo on mood. Seven of these 13 studies found no effect of glucose on mood. The other 6 studies found small and partial effects that may also be due to other factors like palatability and expectation. Seven of the 19 studies investigated the effects of sucrose ingestion versus placebo on mood. None of these studies found a positive effect on mood, and 1 study observed an adverse effect. One of the studies investigated the effects of both glucose and sucrose. Conclusions The results from this review show limited effects of glucose ingestion on mood and no effect of sucrose on mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondine van de Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Chong CP, Shahar S, Haron H, Din NC. Habitual sugar intake and cognitive impairment among multi-ethnic Malaysian older adults. Clin Interv Aging 2019; 14:1331-1342. [PMID: 31413554 PMCID: PMC6662517 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s211534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Sugar is widely consumed in Malaysia, and the excessive intake of sugar has been associated with cognitive functions. However, the association between sugar intake and cognitive impairment among Malaysian older adults is yet to be determined. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between types and sources of sugar intake and cognitive functions and to identify their risk in predicting cognitive impairment (MMSE score <24). Subjects and methods: A total of 1,209 subjects aged ≥60 years were recruited through multi-stage random sampling from selected states in Malaysia. Dietary intake was derived using a 7-day dietary history questionnaire and supplemented with a quantitative food frequency questionnaire for added sugar intake. Results: The prevalence of cognitive impairment as defined by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) less than 24 was 31.9%, while the prevalence of mild cognitive
impairment was 13.1%. The median (IQR) for total sugar intake was 44.60 g/day (26.21–68.81) or 8 tsp, and free sugar intake was 33.08 g/day (17.48–57.26) or 6 tsp. The higher intake of total sugars, free sugars, sucrose, lactose, sugar-sweetened beverages, sugar-sweetened cakes, and dessert was found to be significantly associated with a lower MMSE score, after adjusting for covariates. On the other hand, the consumption of cooked dishes and fruits was significantly associated with a better MMSE score. The adjusted OR for risk of cognitive impairment (MMSE score <24) was 3.30 (95% CI 2.15–5.08) for total sugars and 3.58 (95% CI 2.32–5.52) for free sugars, comparing the highest with the lowest intake percentiles. Conclusion: Excessive sugar consumption among older adults showed a notable association with poor cognitive functions, but longitudinal studies and clinical trials are further needed to clarify the direction of causality and to investigate the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Chong
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - S Shahar
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - H Haron
- Centre for Healthy Aging and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - N Che Din
- Psychology Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Mantantzis K, Schlaghecken F, Sünram-Lea SI, Maylor EA. Sugar rush or sugar crash? A meta-analysis of carbohydrate effects on mood. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:45-67. [PMID: 30951762 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of carbohydrate (CHO) consumption on mood is much debated, with researchers reporting both mood improvements and decrements following CHO ingestion. As global consumption of sugar-sweetened products has sharply increased in recent years, examining the validity of claims of an association between CHOs and mood is of high importance. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between acute CHO ingestion and mood. We examined the time-course of CHO-mood interactions and considered the role of moderator variables potentially affecting the CHO-mood relationship. Analysis of 176 effect sizes (31 studies, 1259 participants) revealed no positive effect of CHOs on any aspect of mood at any time-point following their consumption. However, CHO administration was associated with higher levels of fatigue and less alertness compared with placebo within the first hour post-ingestion. These findings challenge the idea that CHOs can improve mood, and might be used to increase the public's awareness that the 'sugar rush' is a myth, inform health policies to decrease sugar consumption, and promote healthier alternatives.
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10
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Bernard BN, Louise LC, Louise D. The Effects of Carbohydrates, in Isolation and Combined with Caffeine, on Cognitive Performance and Mood-Current Evidence and Future Directions. Nutrients 2018; 10:E192. [PMID: 29425182 PMCID: PMC5852768 DOI: 10.3390/nu10020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
This review examines the effects of carbohydrates, delivered individually and in combination with caffeine, on a range of cognitive domains and subjective mood. There is evidence for beneficial effects of glucose at a dose of 25 g on episodic memory, but exploration of dose effects has not been systematic and the effects on other cognitive domains is not known. Factors contributing to the differential sensitivity to glucose facilitation include age, task difficulty/demand, task domain, and glucoregulatory control. There is modest evidence to suggest modulating glycemic response may impact cognitive function. The evidence presented in this review identifies dose ranges of glucose and caffeine which improve cognition, but fails to find convincing consistent synergistic effects of combining caffeine and glucose. Whilst combining glucose and caffeine has been shown to facilitate cognitive performance and mood compared to placebo or glucose alone, the relative contribution of caffeine and glucose to the observed effects is difficult to ascertain, due to the paucity of studies that have appropriately compared the effects of these ingredients combined and in isolation. This review identifies a number of methodological challenges which need to be considered in the design of future hypothesis driven research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyle Neil Bernard
- Leeds Nutrition and Behaviour Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Lawton Clare Louise
- Leeds Nutrition and Behaviour Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Dye Louise
- Leeds Nutrition and Behaviour Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Ginieis R, Franz EA, Oey I, Peng M. The “sweet” effect: Comparative assessments of dietary sugars on cognitive performance. Physiol Behav 2018; 184:242-247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Zanchi D, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Schmidt A, Suenderhauf C, Depoorter A, Drewe J, Beglinger C, Wölnerhanssen BK, Borgwardt S. Acute Effects of Glucose and Fructose Administration on the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Functioning in Healthy Subjects: A Pilot Study. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:71. [PMID: 29593582 PMCID: PMC5857887 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The present randomized double-blinded cross-over study aims to extensively study the neural correlates underpinning cognitive functions in healthy subjects after acute glucose and fructose administration, using an integrative multimodal neuroimaging approach. Five minutes after glucose, fructose, or placebo administration through a nasogastric tube, 12 participants underwent 3 complementary neuroimaging techniques: 2 task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sequences to assess working memory (N-back) and response inhibition (Go/No-Go) and one resting state fMRI sequence to address the cognition-related fronto-parietal network (FPN) and salience network (SN). During working memory processing, glucose intake decreased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) relative to placebo, while fructose decreased activation in the ACC and sensory cortex relative to placebo and glucose. During response inhibition, glucose and fructose decreased activation in the ACC, insula and visual cortex relative to placebo. Resting state fMRI indicated increased global connectivity strength of the FPN and the SN during glucose and fructose intake. The results demonstrate that glucose and fructose lead to partially different partially overlapping changes in regional brain activities that underpin cognitive performance in different tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Zanchi
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Antoinette Depoorter
- Division of Neuropediatrics and Developmental Medicine, University Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Drewe
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Bettina Karin Wölnerhanssen
- Department of Research, St. Clara Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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van der Zwaluw NL, van de Rest O, Kessels RPC, de Groot LCPGM. Effects of glucose load on cognitive functions in elderly people. Nutr Rev 2016; 73:92-105. [PMID: 26024496 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is the main fuel for the brain, and manipulation of the glucose supply may consequently affect brain function. The present review was conducted to provide an overview of studies that investigated the acute effects of glucose load on memory and other cognitive functions in elderly people. The effects of sucrose on cognition and suggested mechanisms were also explored. A total of twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. In the majority of studies, episodic memory was investigated and a beneficial role for glucose in that specific cognitive domain was suggested. Other cognitive domains, i.e., working memory, semantic memory, visual memory, information-processing speed, attention, executive function, and visual/spatial function, have been studied less frequently and evidence for a beneficial effect of glucose was equivocal. Mechanisms are suggested to be mainly related to the human body's need for glucose as a metabolic substrate for physiological mechanisms in both central and peripheral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita L van der Zwaluw
- Affiliations: NL van der Zwaluw, O. van de Rest, and LCPGM de Groot are with the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. RPC Kessels is with the Department of Geriatrics, the Department of Medical Psychology, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands. NikitavanderZwaluw@gmail
| | - Ondine van de Rest
- Affiliations: NL van der Zwaluw, O. van de Rest, and LCPGM de Groot are with the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. RPC Kessels is with the Department of Geriatrics, the Department of Medical Psychology, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Affiliations: NL van der Zwaluw, O. van de Rest, and LCPGM de Groot are with the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. RPC Kessels is with the Department of Geriatrics, the Department of Medical Psychology, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisette C P G M de Groot
- Affiliations: NL van der Zwaluw, O. van de Rest, and LCPGM de Groot are with the Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands. RPC Kessels is with the Department of Geriatrics, the Department of Medical Psychology, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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