1
|
Chen Q, Lesnefsky EJ. Heart mitochondria and calpain 1: Location, function, and targets. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:2372-8. [PMID: 26259540 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Calpain 1 is an ubiquitous Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine protease. Although calpain 1 has been found in cardiac mitochondria, the exact location within mitochondrial compartments and its function remain unclear. The aim of the current review is to discuss the localization of calpain 1 in different mitochondrial compartments in relationship to its function, especially in pathophysiological conditions. Briefly, mitochondrial calpain 1 (mit-CPN1) is located within the intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. Activation of the mit-CPN1 within intermembrane space cleaves apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), whereas the activated mit-CPN1 within matrix cleaves complex I subunits and metabolic enzymes. Inhibition of the mit-CPN1 could be a potential strategy to decrease cardiac injury during ischemia-reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Chen
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States.
| | - Edward J Lesnefsky
- Department of Medicine (Division of Cardiology, Pauley Heart Center), Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; Department of Physiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States; McGuire VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA 23249, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Franko A, von Kleist-Retzow JC, Neschen S, Wu M, Schommers P, Böse M, Kunze A, Hartmann U, Sanchez-Lasheras C, Stoehr O, Huntgeburth M, Brodesser S, Irmler M, Beckers J, de Angelis MH, Paulsson M, Schubert M, Wiesner RJ. Liver adapts mitochondrial function to insulin resistant and diabetic states in mice. J Hepatol 2014; 60:816-23. [PMID: 24291365 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS To determine if diabetic and insulin-resistant states cause mitochondrial dysfunction in liver or if there is long term adaptation of mitochondrial function to these states, mice were (i) fed with a high-fat diet to induce obesity and T2D (HFD), (ii) had a genetic defect in insulin signaling causing whole body insulin resistance, but not full blown T2D (IR/IRS-1(+/-) mice), or (iii) were analyzed after treatment with streptozocin (STZ) to induce a T1D-like state. METHODS Hepatic lipid levels were measured by thin layer chromatography. Mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) levels and function were determined by Western blot, spectrophotometric, oxygen consumption and proton motive force analysis. Gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR and microarray. RESULTS HFD caused insulin resistance and hepatic lipid accumulation, but RC was largely unchanged. Livers from insulin resistant IR/IRS-1(+/-) mice had normal lipid contents and a normal RC, but mitochondria were less well coupled. Livers from severely hyperglycemic and hypoinsulinemic STZ mice had massively depleted lipid levels, but RC abundance was unchanged. However, liver mitochondria isolated from these animals showed increased abundance and activity of the RC, which was better coupled. CONCLUSIONS Insulin resistance, induced either by obesity or genetic manipulation and steatosis do not cause mitochondrial dysfunction in mouse liver. Also, mitochondrial dysfunction is not a prerequisite for liver steatosis. However, severe insulin deficiency and high blood glucose levels lead to an enhanced performance and better coupling of the RC. This may represent an adaptation to fuel overload and the high energy-requirement of an unsuppressed gluconeogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andras Franko
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany; Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen-Christoph von Kleist-Retzow
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany; Department of Pediatrics, University of Köln, 50924 Köln, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Susanne Neschen
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Moya Wu
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Schommers
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Marlen Böse
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Alexander Kunze
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Ursula Hartmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany
| | - Carmen Sanchez-Lasheras
- Department of Mouse Genetics and Metabolism, Institute for Genetics, University of Köln, 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Oliver Stoehr
- Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Michael Huntgeburth
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany
| | - Susanne Brodesser
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Köln, 50935 Köln, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, WZW - Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Chair of Experimental Genetics, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Technische Universität München, WZW - Center of Life and Food Science Weihenstephan, Chair of Experimental Genetics, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Mats Paulsson
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany; Department of Biochemistry, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50674 Köln, Germany
| | - Markus Schubert
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany; Center for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine, University of Köln, 50937 Köln, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50674 Köln, Germany.
| | - Rudolf J Wiesner
- Center for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Vegetative Physiology, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany; Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC, University of Köln, 50931 Köln, Germany; Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50674 Köln, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Impact of high altitude on the hepatic fatty acid oxidation and synthesis in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:574-9. [PMID: 24613835 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
High altitude (HA) affects energy metabolism. The impact of acute and chronic HA acclimatization on the major metabolic pathways is still controversial. In this study, we aimed to unveil the impact of HA on the key enzymes involved in the fatty acid (FA) metabolism in liver. Rats were exposed to an altitude of 4300 m for 30 days and the expressions of two key proteins involved in FA β-oxidation (carnitine palmitoyl transferase I, CPT-I; and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, PPARα), two proteins involved in FA synthesis (acetyl CoA carboxylase-1, ACC-1; and AMP-activated protein kinase, AMPK), as well as the total ketone body in the liver and the plasma FFAs were examined. Rats without HA exposure were used as controls. We observed that the acute exposure of rats to HA (3 days) led to a significant increase in the expressions of CPT-I and PPARα and in the total hepatic ketone body. Longer exposure (15 days) caused a marked decrease in the expression of CPT-I and PPARα. By 30 days after HA exposure, the expression levels of CPT-I and PPARα returned to the control level. The hepatic ACC-1 level showed a significant increase in rats exposed to HA for 1 and 3 days. In contrast, the hepatic level of AMPK showed a significant reduction throughout the experimental period. Plasma FFA concentrations did not show any significant changes following HA exposure. Thus, increased hepatic FA oxidation and synthesis in the early phase of HA exposure may be among the important mechanisms for the rats to respond to the hypoxic stress in order to acclimatize themselves to the stressful environments.
Collapse
|
5
|
3,5-Diiodo-L-thyronine administration to hypothyroid rats rapidly enhances fatty acid oxidation rate and bioenergetic parameters in liver cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52328. [PMID: 23308110 PMCID: PMC3537720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that, among triiodothyronine derivatives, 3,5 diiodo-L-thyronine (T(2)) plays an important role in energy metabolism and fat storage. In the present study, short-term effects of T(2) administration to hypothyroid rats on fatty acid oxidation rate and bioenergetic parameters were investigated. Within 1 h following T(2) injection, state 3 and state 4 respiration rates, which were reduced in hypothyroid mitochondria, were noticeably increased particularly in succinate- with respect to glutamate/malate-energized mitochondria. Maximal respiratory activity, observed when glutamate/malate/succinate were simultaneously present in the respiratory medium, was significantly stimulated by T(2) treatment. A T(2)-induced increase in respiratory rates was also observed when palmitoyl-CoA or L-palmitoylcarnitine were used as substrates. No significant change in respiratory control index and ADP/O ratio was observed. The activities of the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, especially Complex II, were increased in T(2)-treated rats. In the latter, Complex V activities, assayed in both ATP synthesis and hydrolysis direction, were enhanced. The rate of fatty acid oxidation, followed by conversion of [(14)C]palmitate to CO(2) and ketone bodies, was higher in hepatocytes isolated from T(2)-treated rats. This increase occurs in parallel with the raise in the activity of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-I, the rate limiting enzyme of fatty acid β-oxidation, assayed in situ in digitonin-permeabilized hepatocytes. Overall, these results indicate that T(2) rapidly increases the ability of mitochondria to import and oxidize fatty acids. An emerging idea in the literature is the ability of T(2) to reduce adiposity and dyslipidemia and to prevent the development in liver steatosis. The results of the present study, showing a rapid T(2)-induced increase in the ability of mitochondria to import and oxidize fatty acids, may contribute to understand the biochemical mechanisms of T(2)-metabolic effects.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ceccarelli SM, Chomienne O, Gubler M, Arduini A. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase (CPT) Modulators: A Medicinal Chemistry Perspective on 35 Years of Research. J Med Chem 2011; 54:3109-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm100809g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona M. Ceccarelli
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH- 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Odile Chomienne
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH- 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Gubler
- Pharmaceuticals Division, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH- 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sae-Tan S, Grove KA, Kennett MJ, Lambert JD. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate increases the expression of genes related to fat oxidation in the skeletal muscle of high fat-fed mice. Food Funct 2011; 2:111-6. [PMID: 21779555 DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00155d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol in green tea, has been shown to prevent the development of obesity in rodent models. Here, we examined the effect of EGCG on markers of fat oxidation in high fat-fed C57bl/6J mice. High fat-fed mice treated with 0.32% dietary EGCG for 16 weeks had reduced body weight gain and final body weight (19.2% and 9.4%, respectively) compared to high fat-fed controls. EGCG-treatment decreased fasting blood glucose, plasma insulin, and insulin resistance by 18.5%, 25.3%, and 33.9%, respectively. EGCG treatment also reduced markers of obesity-related fatty liver disease in high fat-fed mice. Gene expression analysis of skeletal muscle showed that EGCG increased mRNA levels of nuclear respiratory factor (nrf)1, medium chain acyl coA decarboxylase (mcad), uncoupling protein (ucp)3, and peroxisome proliferator responsive element (ppar)α by 1.4-1.9-fold compared to high fat-fed controls. These genes are all related to mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation. In addition, EGCG increased fecal excretion of lipids in high fat-fed mice. In summary, it appears that EGCG modulates body weight gain in high fat-fed mice both by increasing the expression of genes related fat oxidation in the skeletal muscle and by modulating fat absorption from the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudathip Sae-Tan
- Department of Food Science, The Pennsylvania State University, 332 Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
L-carnitine is essential to beta-oxidation of quarried fatty acid from mitochondrial membrane by PLA(2). Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 342:95-100. [PMID: 20443048 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0472-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial beta-oxidation is an important system involved in the energy production of various cells. In this system, the function of L-carnitine is essential for the uptake of fatty acids to mitochondria. However, it is unclear whether or not endogenous respiration, ADP-induced O(2) consumption without substrates, is caused by L-carnitine treatment. In this study, we investigated whether L-carnitine is essential to the beta-oxidation of quarried fatty acids from the mitochondrial membrane by phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) using isolated mitochondria from the liver of rats. Intact mitochondria were incubated in a medium containing Pi, CoA and L-carnitine. The effect of L-carnitine treatment on ADP-induced mitochondrial respiration was observed without exogenous respiratory substrate. Increase in mitochondrial respiration was induced by treatment with L-carnitine in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment with rotenone, a complex I blocker, completely inhibited ADP-induced oxygen consumption even in the presence of L-carnitine. Moreover, the L-carnitine dependent ADP-induced mitochondrial oxygen consumption did not increase when PLA(2) inhibitors were treated before ADP treatment. The L-carnitine-dependent ADP-induced oxygen consumption did contribute to ATP productions but not heat generation via an uncoupling system. These results suggest that L-carnitine might be essential to the beta-oxidation of quarried fatty acids from the mitochondrial membrane by PLA(2).
Collapse
|