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Mu L, Zhu N, Zhang J, Xing F, Li D, Wang X. Type 2 diabetes, insulin treatment and prognosis of breast cancer. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017; 33. [PMID: 27184049 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study was to investigate whether pre-existing type 2 diabetes and insulin therapy have an impact on the prognosis of breast cancer patients. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 462 type 2 diabetic breast cancer patients and 1644 non-diabetic breast cancer patients treated in our institute from January 2005 to August 2010. Patients were divided by diabetes status and insulin use. The clinicopathological characteristics and clinical outcomes of patients within 5 years following breast cancer diagnosed were analysed. RESULTS Diabetic patients tended to have higher body mass index and higher histological grade tumours. Five-year disease-free survival and overall survival were reduced in diabetic patients (P < 0.001), and diabetes was an independent predictor for an increased risk of breast cancer relapse and death within 5 years (P < 0.001). Insulin treatment was associated with reduced 5-year disease-free survival and overall survival (P < 0.05); the risk of 5-year relapse and breast cancer mortality in the insulin group increased compared to that of non-insulin group after adjusting for age, tumour size, histological grade, oestrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, chemotherapy and hormone therapy (P < 0.05). After adjusting for age and other factors, the risk of breast cancer relapse was also increased in the insulin subgroup, while the risk of breast cancer mortality did not increase statistically. CONCLUSIONS Type 2 diabetes and insulin treatment might be independently associated with poorer prognosis of breast cancer. However, caution is needed when interpreting our results, and further investigations are needed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Mu
- First Department of Breast Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Nannan Zhu
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- First Department of Breast Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Fang Xing
- First Department of Breast Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Daiqing Li
- 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Wang
- First Department of Breast Tumor, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Breast Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300060, China
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Bronsveld HK, ter Braak B, Karlstad Ø, Vestergaard P, Starup-Linde J, Bazelier MT, De Bruin ML, de Boer A, Siezen CLE, van de Water B, van der Laan JW, Schmidt MK. Treatment with insulin (analogues) and breast cancer risk in diabetics; a systematic review and meta-analysis of in vitro, animal and human evidence. Breast Cancer Res 2015; 17:100. [PMID: 26242987 PMCID: PMC4531810 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-015-0611-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several studies have suggested that anti-diabetic insulin analogue treatment might increase cancer risk. The aim of this study was to review the postulated association between insulin and insulin analogue treatment and breast cancer development, and plausible mechanisms. METHOD A systematic literature search was performed on breast cell-line, animal and human studies using the key words 'insulin analogue' and 'breast neoplasia' in MEDLINE at PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science databases. A quantitative and qualitative review was performed on the epidemiological data; due to a limited number of reported estimates, a meta-analysis was performed for glargine only. A comprehensive overview was composed for in vitro and animal studies. Protein and gene expression was analysed for the cell lines most frequently used in the included in vitro studies. RESULTS In total 16 in vitro, 5 animal, 2 in vivo human and 29 epidemiological papers were included. Insulin AspB10 showed mitogenic properties in vitro and in animal studies. Glargine was the only clinically available insulin analogue for which an increased proliferative potential was found in breast cancer cell lines. However, the pooled analysis of 13 epidemiological studies did not show evidence for an association between insulin glargine treatment and an increased breast cancer risk (HR 1.04; 95 % CI 0.91-1.17; p=0.49) versus no glargine in patients with diabetes mellitus. It has to be taken into account that the number of animal studies was limited, and epidemiological studies were underpowered and suffered from methodological limitations. CONCLUSION There is no compelling evidence that any clinically available insulin analogue (Aspart, Determir, Glargine, Glulisine or Lispro), nor human insulin increases breast cancer risk. Overall, the data suggests that insulin treatment is not involved in breast tumour initiation, but might induce breast tumour progression by up regulating mitogenic signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen K Bronsveld
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Bas ter Braak
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Øystein Karlstad
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Peter Vestergaard
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Endocrinology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
| | - Jakob Starup-Linde
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Endocrinology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine (MEA), Aarhus University Hospital THG, Aarhus, Denmark.
| | - Marloes T Bazelier
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Marie L De Bruin
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | - Anthonius de Boer
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
| | | | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan Willem van der Laan
- Division of Toxicology, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Medicines Evaluation Board (MEB), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjanka K Schmidt
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Tokajuk A, Krzyżanowska-Grycel E, Tokajuk A, Grycel S, Sadowska A, Car H. Antidiabetic drugs and risk of cancer. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 67:1240-50. [PMID: 26481548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antidiabetic drugs are an important group of medications used worldwide. They differ from each other in the mechanisms of lowering blood glucose as well as in adverse effects that may affect the course of the treatment and its efficacy. In recent years, new drugs have been discovered in order to improve the maintenance of proper blood glucose level and to reduce unwanted effects of these drugs. Their growing administration is related to the increasing incidence of diabetes observed in all countries in the world. Epidemiological data indicate that diabetes increases the risk of cancer, as well as the risk of death linked with neoplasms. It is still unknown whether this is an effect of antidiabetic drugs or just the effect of diabetes itself. In recent years there have been numerous investigations and meta-analyzes, based on both comparative and cohort studies trying to establish the relationship between antidiabetic pharmacotherapy and the incidence and mortality due to cancer. According to their findings, most of antidiabetic drugs increase the risk of cancer while only few of them show antitumor properties. Different mechanisms of action of glucose-lowering drugs may be responsible for these effects. However, most of the published studies concerning the influence of these drugs on cancer incidence were designed with some limitations and differed from each other in the approach. In this review, we discuss the association between antidiabetic drugs used in monotherapy or polytherapy and cancer risk, and consider potential mechanisms responsible for the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tokajuk
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland.
| | | | - Adrian Tokajuk
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Grycel
- Department of Diabetology, Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, J. Sniadecki Hospital, Białystok, Poland
| | - Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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Lundby A, Bolvig P, Hegelund AC, Hansen BF, Worm J, Lützen A, Billestrup N, Bonnesen C, Oleksiewicz MB. Surface-expressed insulin receptors as well as IGF-I receptors both contribute to the mitogenic effects of human insulin and its analogues. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:842-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Lundby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 3 2200 Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - Pernille Bolvig
- Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S; Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | | | - Bo F. Hansen
- Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S; Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Jesper Worm
- Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S; Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Anne Lützen
- Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S; Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Nils Billestrup
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Blegdamsvej 3 2200 Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - Christine Bonnesen
- Diabetes Research Unit, Novo Nordisk A/S; Novo Nordisk Park 2760 Maaloev Denmark
| | - Martin B. Oleksiewicz
- Centre for Biosecurity and Biopreparedness; Statens Serum Institute; Artillerivej 5 2300 Copenhagen S Denmark
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Abstract
AIMS This review is aimed at highlighting the potential mitogenic/tumour growth-promoting or antimitogenic/tumour growth-inhibiting effects of the main antihyperglycaemic drug classes. METHODS We review and discuss the most current studies evaluating the association between antidiabetic medications used in clinical practice and malignancies as described so far. RESULTS Metformin seems to be the only antidiabetic drug to exert protective effects both on monotherapy and also when combined with other oral antidiabetic drugs or insulins in several site-specific cancers. In contrast, several other drug classes may increase cancer risk. Some reason for concern remains regarding sulphonylureas and also the incretin-based therapies regarding pancreas and thyroid cancers and the sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors as well as pioglitazone regarding bladder cancer. The majority of meta-analyses suggest that there is no evidence for a causal relationship between insulin glargine and elevated cancer risk, although the studies have been controversially discussed. For α-glucosidase inhibitors and glinides, neutral or only few data upon cancer risk exist. CONCLUSION Although the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood, a potential risk of mitogenicity and tumour growth promotion cannot be excluded in case of several antidiabetic drug classes. However, more large-scale, randomized, well-designed clinical studies with especially long follow-up time periods are needed to get reliable answers to these safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Z Lutz
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany Division of Nutritional and Preventive Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Vascular Disease, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany German Centre for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Centre Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Calcagnini G, Censi F, Maffia M, Mainetti L, Mattei E, Patrono L, Urso E. Evaluation of thermal and non-thermal effects of UHF RFID exposure on biological drugs. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN BIOMEDICINE : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY 2012; 16:1051-57. [PMID: 22717524 DOI: 10.1109/titb.2012.2204895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology promises to improve several processes in the healthcare scenario, especially those related to traceability of people and things. Unfortunately, there are still some barriers limiting the large-scale deployment of these innovative technologies in the healthcare field. Among these, the evaluation of potential thermal and non-thermal effects due to the exposure of biopharmaceutical products to electromagnetic fields is very challenging, but still slightly investigated. This paper aims to setup a controlled RF exposure environment, in order to reproduce a worst-case exposure of pharmaceutical products to the electromagnetic fields generated by the UHF RFID devices placed along the supply chain. Radiated powers several times higher than recommended by current normative limits were applied (10 W and 20 W). The electric field strength at the exposed sample location, used in tests, was as high as 100 V/m. Non-thermal effects were evaluated by chromatography techniques and in vitro assays. The results obtained for a particular case study, the ActrapidTM human insulin preparation, showed temperature increases lower than 0.5 °C and no significant changes in the structure and performance of the considered drug.
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D’Aleo V, Mancarella R, Del Guerra S, Boggi U, Filipponi F, Marchetti P, Lupi R. Direct effects of rapid-acting insulin analogues on insulin signaling in human pancreatic islets in vitro. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2011; 37:324-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Werner H, Chantelau EA. Differences in bioactivity between human insulin and insulin analogues approved for therapeutic use- compilation of reports from the past 20 years. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2011; 3:13. [PMID: 21714872 PMCID: PMC3160352 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-3-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to provide comprehensive information on the differences in bioactivity between human insulin and insulin analogues, published in vitro comparisons of human insulin and the rapid acting analogues insulin lispro (Humalog®), insulin aspart ( NovoRapid®), insulin glulisine (Apidra®), and the slow acting analogues insulin glargine (Lantus®), and insulin detemir (Levemir®) were gathered from the past 20 years (except for receptor binding studies). A total of 50 reports were retrieved, with great heterogeneity among study methodology. However, various differences in bioactivity compared to human insulin were obvious (e.g. differences in effects on metabolism, mitogenesis, apoptosis, intracellular signalling, thrombocyte function, protein degradation). Whether or not these differences have clinical bearings (and among which patient populations) remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Ernst A Chantelau
- Formerly Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf/Germany, Holthorster Weg 16, 28717 Bremen, Germany
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Werner H, Weinstein D, Yehezkel E, Laron Z. Controversies in the use of insulin analogues. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 11:199-209. [PMID: 21219237 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2011.540233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent years, insulin analogues have been developed in order to improve the pharmacological parameters of insulin and to better mimic endogenous insulin output. Given that some of the modifications introduced into insulin analogues are located in a domain involved in a potential interaction with the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), it has been postulated that certain analogues may display IGF-I-like activities. AREAS COVERED We review the recent literature investigating the risk of malignant neoplasms and mortality in diabetic patients treated either with human insulin or with one of three insulin analogues (lispro, aspart, and glargine). We examine how critical analyses are consistent with the notion that the use of insulin glargine is associated with a possible increased risk of tumors in humans. EXPERT OPINION The introduction of insulin analogues has had a major impact in diabetes care. However, the benefit of some of these new insulins for the patient has yet to be demonstrated. Furthermore, research is needed to clarify whether insulin glargine is more strongly associated with cancer risk compared with other insulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haim Werner
- Tel Aviv University, Sackler School of Medicine, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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Diabetes, Insulin Resistance, and Cancer: An Update. CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-010-0136-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mayer D, Chantelau E. Treatment with insulin glargine (Lantus) increases the proliferative potency of the serum of patients with type-1 diabetes: a pilot study on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Arch Physiol Biochem 2010; 116:73-8. [PMID: 20199195 DOI: 10.3109/13813451003631439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Insulin glargine (Lantus) stimulates growth of MCF-7 cells stronger than human insulin. We investigated if serum from diabetic patients treated with glargine versus human insulin may display a similar effect. METHODS Pairs of serum samples from 31 C-peptide negative type-1 diabetic patients were investigated. In cross-over fashion, 23 patients were treated with glargine plus rapid-acting insulin analogues, and similar doses of human NPH and rapid-acting insulin. For comparison, eight patients were treated with insulin detemir (Levemir) and human NPH. MCF-7 cells were incubated with 10% serum and proliferation was assessed after 72 hours. RESULTS Serum containing insulin glargine was 1.11(95% CI 1.05-1.18) fold more mitogenic than human insulin-containing serum (p < 0.005); mitogenicity of serum containing detemir was 0.99(95% CI 0.98-1.02) fold that of human insulin-containing serum. CONCLUSION The serum of diabetic patients was slightly stronger mitogenic when using glargine as compared to human insulin or detemir for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris Mayer
- Hormones and Signal Transduction Group, German Cancer Research Centre, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Kazda C, Slieker L, Ilag L, Byrd R, Rees T, Prince M. Appraising the mitogenicity of insulin analogues relative to human insulin-response to: Weinstein D, Simon M, Yehezkel E, Laron Z, Werner H. Insulin analogues display IGF-I-like mitogenic and anti-apoptotic activity in cultured cancer cells. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2009; 25(1): 41-9. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2010; 26:145-9. [PMID: 20474066 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Interest in mitogenic and potentially carcinogenic effects of insulin and insulin analogues has been renewed by several recent publications that have examined the relationship between cancer and insulin analogues. Actions mediated through the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor in a hyperinsulinaemic state have been implicated mechanistically. Both type 2 diabetes and endogenously elevated insulin-like growth factor-I have been epidemiologically linked to malignancies. Therefore, in vitro mitogenic effects and binding affinities of the various analogues have been analysed. A recent publication by Weinstein et al. studied the in vitro mitogenic and anti-apoptotic activities of insulin analogues, and their conclusion asserts that insulins glargine, detemir, and lispro displayed proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects in a number of malignant cell lines. However, their conclusions are not supported by the data which are not complete and lack clear statistical significance. This data should be interpreted cautiously in light of all other presently available scientific evidence. Prospective, randomized clinical trials will best address any direct relationship between insulin analogues and cancer. Until those studies are designed and completed, clinicians should consider the demonstrated strong benefit of glycaemic control in balance with any alleged risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kazda
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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