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El Leithy AA, Abozaid M, Al-Karmalawy AA, Mahmoud Allam R, Nourelden AZ, Amer RM, Abd El Azeem NH, Abo-Zeid FS. Spirulina versus metformin for controlling some insulin signaling pathway genes in induced polycystic ovary syndrome rat model. Gene 2024; 921:148524. [PMID: 38735598 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrinologic and gynecologic disorder that affects women of reproductive age; besides, insulin resistance (IR) occurs in 50-70 % of PCOS cases. Metformin (Met) is commonly prescribed for IR management; however, it does not affect IR with some gastrointestinal symptoms. Spirulina platensis (SP) is a blue-green alga that may increase insulin sensitivity. Therefore, our study aims to evaluate SP as an alternative treatment to Met for improving glucose homeostasis by assessing the expression of 11 crucial genes involved in the insulin signaling pathway. After induction of the PCOS model using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (60 mg/kg bwt) for 30 consecutive days, rats were allocated into six groups. Relative liver weight, glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) serum levels, glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), and insulin were determined. Furthermore, the gene expression of Ins1, Irs1, Pik3ca, Prkcz, Foxo1, Srebf1, Ppargc1a, Pklr, Gk, G6pc, and Pepck in the rat's liver tissue was determined using qRT-PCR. Treatment of the PCOS control group with Met or SP revealed a decrease in all these parameters compared with the PCOS model. Additionally, we found a statistically significant difference in the expression of both the Gk and Prkcz genes. To summarize our study results, SP or Met supplementation to PCOS rats had almost the same effect on assessed relative liver weight, GOT, GPT, and insulin levels compared with PCOS control rats. If further studies confirm and detect more impact of SP on IR in PCOS, SP could be used instead of Met since the latter causes many side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa A El Leithy
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Abozaid
- Department of Medical Genetics & Genomics School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Ahmed A Al-Karmalawy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ahram Canadian University, 12566, 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Rasha Mahmoud Allam
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Biostatistics National Cancer Institute, Cairo University (CU), Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Rodina M Amer
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Giza, Egypt
| | - Nesreen H Abd El Azeem
- College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), Giza, Egypt
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Fakhoury-Sayegh N, Hamdan A, Lebbos S, Itani T, Trak-Smayra V, Khazzaka A, Dagher-Hamalian C, Sayegh LN, Mallah M, Obeid O, Sayegh R. Spirulina ( Arthrospira platensis) Improved Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Characteristics and Microbiota and Did Not Affect Organ Fibrosis Induced by a Fructose-Enriched Diet in Wistar Male Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:1701. [PMID: 38892633 PMCID: PMC11174493 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) is reported to play a role in improving nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and intestinal microbiota (IM). To study spirulina's effects in the improvement of NAFLD characteristics, IM, and pancreatic-renal lesions induced by a fructose-enriched diet, 40 Wistar healthy male rats, weighing 200-250 g, were randomly divided into four groups of 10, and each rat per group was assigned a diet of equal quantities (20 g/day) for 18 weeks. The first control group (CT) was fed a standardized diet, the second group received a 40% fructose-enriched diet (HFr), and the third (HFr-S5) and fourth groups (HFr-S10) were assigned the same diet composition as the second group but enriched with 5% and 10% spirulina, respectively. At week 18, the HFr-S10 group maintained its level of serum triglycerides and had the lowest liver fat between the groups. At the phylae and family level, and for the same period, the HFr-S10 group had the lowest increase in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and the Ruminococcaceae and the highest fecal alpha diversity compared to all other groups (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that at a 10% concentration, spirulina could be used in nutritional intervention to improve IM, fatty liver, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters associated with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Fakhoury-Sayegh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Street, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5076, Lebanon;
| | - Aya Hamdan
- Department of Human Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar;
| | - Sarah Lebbos
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Street, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5076, Lebanon;
| | - Tarek Itani
- Laboratory of Enteric Virus Infections, Federal Budgetary Institution of Science Federal Scientific Research Institute of Viral Infections «Virome», Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing, 620030 Yekaterinburg, Russia;
| | - Viviane Trak-Smayra
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Street, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5076, Lebanon;
| | - Aline Khazzaka
- Department of Surgical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Street, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5076, Lebanon;
| | - Carole Dagher-Hamalian
- Department of Pathology, Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon;
| | - Lea Nicole Sayegh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA;
| | - May Mallah
- Department of Microbiology Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Street, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5076, Lebanon;
| | - Omar Obeid
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut P.O. Box 11-0236, Lebanon;
| | - Raymond Sayegh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Damascus Street, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5076, Lebanon;
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Rahim A, Sibaoueih M, Essamadi A, El Amiri B. An interventional clinical trial investigating the effects of Spirulina platensis on dental fluorosis and antioxidant system in lambs reared in endemic areas. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16858. [PMID: 37803131 PMCID: PMC10558506 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44058-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Spirulina platensis primary against dental fluorosis and secondary against oxidative stress in lambs reared in endemic fluorosis areas. Forty-eight lambs aged 5 months were divided into four equal groups (each one including 6 males and 6 females). Groups I and II served as controls belonging respectively to fluorosis-free (Settat) and endemic fluorosis (El Fokra) areas, while the other two Groups III and IV (belonging to El Fokra) received respectively a fixed daily intake of 250 and 500 mg/kg bodyweight (BW) of Spirulina platensis. The experiment was carried out for 13 months until the adult incisors appeared for all animals. According to the Dean's Fluorosis Index (DFI), 500 mg/kg BW/day of Spirulina platensis (Group IV) protected against dental fluorosis. Moreover, in both male and female lambs, this dose significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the plasmatic levels of fluoride, proteins, GSH, and MDA compared to the Group II. Furthermore, enzymatic activities of catalase and SOD increased significantly (p < 0.0001) in male and female lambs of the Group IV as compared to Group II. In conclusion, our findings support the potential use of Spirulina platensis as a valuable solution for addressing fluorosis in sheep, warranting further clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellatif Rahim
- Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue EnnasrRabat Principal, P.O. Box 415, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, P.O. Box 577, 26000, Settat, Morocco
| | - Mounia Sibaoueih
- Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue EnnasrRabat Principal, P.O. Box 415, 10090, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Adekhalid Essamadi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Hassan First University of Settat, P.O. Box 577, 26000, Settat, Morocco
| | - Bouchra El Amiri
- Animal Production Unit, Regional Center Agricultural Research of Settat, National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Avenue EnnasrRabat Principal, P.O. Box 415, 10090, Rabat, Morocco.
- African Sustainable Agriculture Research Institute (ASARI), Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), 70000, Laayoune, Morocco.
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Abo-Shady AM, Gheda SF, Ismail GA, Cotas J, Pereira L, Abdel-Karim OH. Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Activity of Algae. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020460. [PMID: 36836817 PMCID: PMC9964347 DOI: 10.3390/life13020460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, algae arouse a growing interest in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic area due to the fact that they have a great diversity of bioactive compounds with the potential for pharmacological and nutraceutical applications. Due to lifestyle modifications brought on by rapid urbanization, diabetes mellitus, a metabolic illness, is the third largest cause of death globally. The hunt for an efficient natural-based antidiabetic therapy is crucial to battling diabetes and the associated consequences due to the unfavorable side effects of currently available antidiabetic medications. Finding the possible advantages of algae for the control of diabetes is crucial for the creation of natural drugs. Many of algae's metabolic processes produce bioactive secondary metabolites, which give algae their diverse chemical and biological features. Numerous studies have demonstrated the antioxidant and antidiabetic benefits of algae, mostly by blocking carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzyme activity, such as α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Additionally, bioactive components from algae can lessen diabetic symptoms in vivo. Therefore, the current review concentrates on the role of various secondary bioactive substances found naturally in algae and their potential as antioxidants and antidiabetic materials, as well as the urgent need to apply these substances in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saly Farouk Gheda
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Gehan Ahmed Ismail
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - João Cotas
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Leonel Pereira
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET—Aquatic Research Network, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.P.); or (O.H.A.-K.)
| | - Omnia Hamdy Abdel-Karim
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
- Bioprocess Engineering & AlgaePARC, Wageningen University and Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (L.P.); or (O.H.A.-K.)
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Antidiabetic Potential and Antioxidant Activity of Olea europaea subsp. Cuspidata (Indian Olive) Seed Extracts. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:5164985. [PMID: 36217432 PMCID: PMC9547684 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5164985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and antidiabetic potential of Indian olive seed extracts. Plant seeds were sequentially extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, methanol, and water. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and alpha-amylase inhibitory activities of extracts were carried out. Olea europaea methanolic extract (MEOE) and aqueous extract (AEOE) were orally administered to normoglycemic and alloxan-treated diabetic rats so as to determine their hypoglycemic effect. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed gallic acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, and vanillic acid in MEOE. It was found that the methanolic and aqueous extracts exhibited the maximum DPPH and alpha-amylase inhibition activities, respectively. MEOE and AEOE exerted a significant decline in the fasting blood sugar in diabetic animals (p < 0.05); however, they did not cause hypoglycemia in nondiabetic animals. Treatment with MEOE and AEOE reduced the aggravated liver and kidney function biomarkers. Aggravated levels of oxidative stress biomarkers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were restored by treatment with MEOE. Moreover, MEOE improved the count of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas, fatty changes, and enlarged sinusoidal spaces in the liver and necrosis of the glomerulus and tubular cells of the kidney in diabetic rats. This study showed that the African olive seed extract effectively managed experimental diabetes and restored the normal functions and histology of the liver and kidney in diabetic rats through the reduction of oxidative stress.
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Abdel-Karim OH, Abo-Shady AM, Ismail GA, Gheda SF. Potential effect of Turbinaria decurrens acetone extract on the biochemical and histological parameters of alloxan-induced diabetic rats. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:1447-1468. [PMID: 33678072 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2021.1888895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Upon Seeking natural and safe alternatives for synthetic medicines to treat many chronic diseases, seaweeds have offered a promising resource to produce numerous bioactive secondary metabolites. Through in vivo investigations, Turbinaria decurrens acetone extract (AE) revealed its antidiabetic activity against alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Treatment of rats with T. decurrens AE at 300 and 150 mg/Kg doses revealed antihyperglycemic activity by reducing the elevated blood glucose level. A remarkable decrease in the liver, kidney functions, and hyperlipidemia related to diabetes were also detected. Administration of the same extract also showed a recovery in body weight loss, total protein, albumin, and haemoglobin levels compared with untreated diabetic rats. Furthermore, treatment of rats with the same extract improved liver and pancreas histopathological disorders related to diabetes. These effects may be attributed to the presence of bioactive phytochemicals and antioxidant components in T. decurrens AE mainly cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl, and cyclic diterpene 3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-ol (phytol alcohol). Besides, other valuable secondary metabolites, as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroid and glycosides, which were documented and published by the same authors in a previous study. The obtained results in the present study recommended using T. decurrens AE in developing medicinal preparations for treatment of diabetes and its related symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia Hamdy Abdel-Karim
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Atef Mohamed Abo-Shady
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Gehan Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
| | - Saly Farouk Gheda
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, 31527, Egypt
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7
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A. Gabr G, El-Sayed SM, M. Alharth K, Devanathad V, M.M. Hassa N. Hepatoprotective Effect of Spirulina platensis on Liver Functions of Diabetic Rats via TNF-α and IL-6 Pathway. INT J PHARMACOL 2022. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2022.915.923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Üstün‐Aytekin Ö, Çoban I, Aktaş B. Nutritional value, sensory properties, and antioxidant activity of a traditional kefir produced with
Arthrospira platensis. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Üstün‐Aytekin
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences University of Health Sciences Istanbul Turkey
| | - Işık Çoban
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering Science and Advanced Technologies Research Center Istanbul Medeniyet University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Betül Aktaş
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences University of Health Sciences Istanbul Turkey
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Mazloomi SM, Samadi M, Davarpanah H, Babajafari S, Clark CCT, Ghaemfar Z, Rezaiyan M, Mosallanezhad A, Shafiee M, Rostami H. The effect of Spirulina sauce, as a functional food, on cardiometabolic risk factors, oxidative stress biomarkers, glycemic profile, and liver enzymes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients: A randomized double-blinded clinical trial. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:317-328. [PMID: 35154670 PMCID: PMC8825726 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to investigate the effect of Spirulina on cardiometabolic risk factors, oxidative stress biomarkers, glycemic profile, and liver enzymes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients. METHODS This randomized, double-blind clinical trial was performed on 46 NAFLD patients. Subjects were allocated to consume either Spirulina sauce or placebo, each 20 g/day for 8 weeks. Fatty liver grade, liver enzymes, anthropometric parameters, blood pressure, and serum lipids, glucose, insulin, malondialdehyde, and antioxidant capacity were assessed pre- and postintervention. RESULTS Fatty liver grade was significantly different between the two groups. A significant change for ALT (alanine aminotransferase) and AST (aspartate aminotransferase) was seen between the two groups (p = .03 and .02, respectively), while ALP (alkaline phosphatase) serum levels were not significantly different within or between groups. Pertaining to glycemic profile, all variables, except HOMA-IR, were not significantly different within or between groups. Finally, statistically significant changes were seen in both MDA (malondialdehyde) and TAC (total antioxidant capacity) among the groups (p = .04 and <.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Spirulina may improve fatty liver grade by modifying liver enzymes, oxidative stress, and some lipid profiles; however, there was effect of Spirulina on anthropometric characteristics and blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Mazloomi
- Nutrition Research CenterDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality ControlSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- Exercise Physiology Research Center, Life Style InstituteBaqiyatallah University of Medical sciencesTehranIran
| | - Hajar Davarpanah
- Nutrition Research CenterDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality ControlSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Siavash Babajafari
- Nutrition Research CentreDepartment of Clinical NutritionSchool of Food and Nutrition SciencesShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | | | - Zohreh Ghaemfar
- Nutrition Research CentreDepartment of Clinical NutritionSchool of Food and Nutrition SciencesShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Mojtaba Rezaiyan
- Nutrition Research CentreDepartment of Clinical NutritionSchool of Food and Nutrition SciencesShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Abdolhamid Mosallanezhad
- Nutrition Research CenterDepartment of Food Hygiene and Quality ControlSchool of Nutrition and Food SciencesShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Maryam Shafiee
- Nephro‐Urology Research CenterShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Hosein Rostami
- Health Research Center, Life Style InstituteBaqiyatallah University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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Fujihara Y, Kodo Y, Miyoshi SI, Watanabe R, Toyoda H, Mankura M, Kabuto H, Takayama F. Spirulina platensis and its ingredient biopterin glucoside improved insulin sensitivity in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2021; 69:151-157. [PMID: 34616107 PMCID: PMC8482380 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.20-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is the chronic liver disease leading to cirrhosis and cancer and its prevalence is increasing. Some agents are under clinical trials for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis treatment. We previously reported Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis effectively prevented non-alcoholic steatohepatitis progression in our model rats. The contribution of phycocyanin, an ingredient of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis, was limited. We, therefore, have looked for more active components of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. In this study, we pursued the effect of biopterin glucoside, another bioactive ingredient of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis. We found Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis and biopterin glucoside oral administrations effectively alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation and insulin signal failure, and prevented fibroblast growth factor 21 gene overexpression in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis rat livers. We concluded biopterin glucoside is a major component of Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Fujihara
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Kodo
- Spirulina BioLab. Co., Ltd., 1-13-6 Nishinakajima, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0011, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Miyoshi
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Watanabe
- Okayama Kyoritsu General Hospital, 8-10 Akasakahonmachi, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8288, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Toyoda
- Okayama Kyoritsu General Hospital, 8-10 Akasakahonmachi, Naka-ku, Okayama 703-8288, Japan
| | - Mitsumasa Mankura
- Kurashiki Sakuyo University, 3515 Tamashima Nagao, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0292, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kabuto
- Kagawa Prefectural College of Health Sciences, 281-1 Murechohara, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0123, Japan
| | - Fusako Takayama
- Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 1-1-1 Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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11
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Mohamed NA, Hashem MAM, Alzahrani AM, Abdel-Moneim AM, Abdou HM. Hepatoprotective effect of Spirulina platensis against carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in male rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1562-1570. [PMID: 34387320 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Spirulina platensis (SP) is an edible Cyanobacterium with ethnomedicinal significance. This study aims at evaluating the beneficial effect of SP against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver toxicity in male rats. METHODS Rats received intraperitoneal injections of CCl4 (2 ml/kg body weight [b.w.] per every other day) for 40 days, alone or in combination with oral treatments of SP (400 mg/kg b.w. per day). KEY FINDINGS SP attenuated haematological disturbances, serum liver markers, hepatic necrosis and inflammation, and dyslipidemia in CCl4-intoxicated rats. SP also reduced CCl4-induced oxidative stress by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase and glutathione content, and inhibiting lipid peroxidation products and nitric oxide levels in the rat liver. Further investigations revealed that SP counteracted CCl4-induced increased hepatic levels of Ki-67 (a parameter of cell proliferation), interleukin-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha and cyclooxygenase-2 messenger RNA expression. Noticeably, the supplementation of SP restored the decrease of proapoptotic p53 protein levels in the liver of rats treated with CCl4. CONCLUSIONS SP prevented liver damage in CCl4-treated rats via augmentation of antioxidant defense mechanisms and inhibition of inflammatory cytokines/mediators and antiproliferative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nema A Mohamed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Hashem
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abdullah M Alzahrani
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Heba M Abdou
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Li J, Zhang Y, Yang S, Lu Z, Li G, Liu J, Zhou B, Wu D, Wang L. Isolation, Purification, Characterization, and Immunomodulatory Activity Analysis of α-Glucans from Spirulina platensis. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:21384-21394. [PMID: 34471742 PMCID: PMC8387993 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Crude polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis (SP) were isolated by maceration with a hot alkali solution and further fractionated by DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 chromatography into two purified fractions PSP-1 and PSP-2. The monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that SP was mainly composed of rhamnose and glucose, while PSP-1 and PSP-2 were composed only of glucose. The composition analysis of PSP-1 and PSP-2 by HPLC, FT-IR, and NMR showed that PSP-1 and PSP-2 were branching dextran, and their structures were (1 → 4)-linked-α-D-Glcp as the main chain, and C-6 replaced the single α-D-Glcp as the linear structure of the branch chain. The glucans (SP/PSP-1/PSP-2) can significantly improve the phagocytic ability of macrophages, enhance iNOS activity, promote NO production, and increase IL-6 mRNA expression, so they may possess certain immunomodulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Yaqi Zhang
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Shen Yang
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Lu
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Guiling Li
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Liu
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Department
of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, P. R. China
| | - Daren Wu
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Fujian
Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Marine Functional
Food, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- College
of Food and Biological Engineering, Jimei
University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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13
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Ghanbari F, Amerizadeh A, Behshood P, Moradi S, Asgary S. Effect of Microalgae Arthrospira on Biomarkers of Glycemic Control and Glucose Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 47:100942. [PMID: 34538515 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.100942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and a higher rate of CVD-related death. In this study, the effects of Arthrospira (Spirulina) a blue-green algae supplementation on biomarkers of glycemic control and glucose metabolism has been evaluated. PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science were searched systematically of English human subjects and PubMed for pre-clinical animal studies (rats and mice) from January 2008 until November 2020. The pooled weighted mean difference (MD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated and pooled using a random-effect model. Seven clinical and 27 preclinical studies were included. Pooled results of the clinical studies showed that Arthrospira supplementation significantly reduced the fasting blood sugar (FBS): (0.63- 2.90-) 1.77-, total cholesterol (TC): (0.46- ، 4.61-) 2.54-, triglycerides (TG): (0.89- ، 6.54-) 3.71- and increased the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C): (3.86 ، 0.67) 2.27; however, Arthrospira was not significantly effective in terms of reducing the glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1C): (1.04 ، 2.23-) 0.59- and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Pooled results of preclinical studies showed that Arthrospira supplementation reduced FBS [-10.31 (-12.49, -8.13)] and HbA1C [-5.12 (-8.06, -2.19)] significantly in diabetic animals. Sub-group analysis of clinical studies showed that intervention duration less than 2 months [-2.52 (-4.37, -0.67)] and the dose less than 2 gram [-3.22 (-5.67, -0.76)] showed significant improvement in terms of reducing the FBS in humans. It can be concluded that Arthrospira can be considered as an effective FBS, TG, TC, and HDL-C adjusting nutraceutical agent for diabetes mellitus. Due to the differences in the results of clinical and animal studies in terms of HbA1c, more studies are needed for a definitive conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Ghanbari
- Student research committee, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Atefeh Amerizadeh
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Parisa Behshood
- Department of Microbiology, Young Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sajjad Moradi
- Nutritional Sciences Department, School of Nutritional Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah
| | - Sedigheh Asgary
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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14
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Mehdinezhad N, Aryaeian N, Vafa M, Saeedpour A, Ebrahimi A, Mobaderi T, Fahimi R, Sajadi Hezaveh Z. Effect of spirulina and chlorella alone and combined on the healing process of diabetic wounds: an experimental model of diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 20:161-169. [PMID: 34222063 PMCID: PMC8212205 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00723-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using chemical agents to cure diabetes mellitus and its complications may be accompanied by complications. New natural agents, such as spirulina and chlorella, could be used as alternative choices in this case. METHODS 65 male Wistar rats were allocated to 5 groups: A (healthy control), B (diabetic rats with a normal diet), C (diabetic rats supplemented with 50 g/kg/day spirulina), D (diabetic rats supplemented with 50 g/kg/day chlorella) and E (diabetic rats supplemented with 25 g/kg/day chlorella and 25 g/kg/day spirulina). After 21 days, wounds were inflicted on the back of rats. Assessment of blood sugar (BS), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), granulation tissue formation, vascularization, epithelialization, and percentage of wound healing were determined along with macroscopic examinations. RESULTS The microscopic changes at days 3, 7, 14, and 21 showed significant evidence of improved angiogenesis, epithelial proliferation, and granulation tissue formation in the spirulina and chlorella treated rats compared with the controls (p˂0.05). Both spirulina and chlorella treatments of diabetic rats resulted in a significant reduction in BS and weight (p˂0.05), but VEGF and hs-CRP levels did not significantly change (p > 0.05). Percentage of wound healing was 100% on day 21 in all groups, except the control group B (97.8 ± 1.15%). CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that supplementation with spirulina and chlorella alone and combined could improve wound healing indices in diabetic rats and could therefore be recommended for the management of diabetic ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeim Mehdinezhad
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naheed Aryaeian
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atoosa Saeedpour
- Department of Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolali Ebrahimi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Imam Hossein Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tofigh Mobaderi
- Department of Biostatistics, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Fahimi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Sajadi Hezaveh
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Laela N, Legowo AM, Fulyani F. The effect of kefir-spirulina on glycemic status and antioxidant activity in hyperglycemia rats. POTRAVINARSTVO 2021. [DOI: 10.5219/1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. It is caused by impaired insulin secretion or by insulin receptor insensitivity. DM and its complications are often related to increases in the level of oxidative stress. Spirulina is a nutrient-dense food that contains an abundance of antioxidant compounds. In combination with kefir, it may serve as both a nutrient-rich diet and an antioxidant agent that can prevent complications of diabetes. This study aims to investigate the nutritional content of kefir-spirulina and its effect on glycemic status and antioxidant activity in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetic rats. A total of 30 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups: normal control (K1), diabetic control (K2), pioglitazone treatment (K3), kefir combined with 1% spirulina treatment (P1), and kefir combined with 2% spirulina treatment (P2). All rats were induced by STZ-NA, except for the normal control. Before and after the 28 days of intervention, blood samples were taken and analyzed for fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose, and SOD activity. The nutritional content, ethanol content, and total antioxidant capacity of kefir-spirulina were also analyzed. The diabetic rats that were fed with kefir-spirulina (P1 and P2) had a significant decrease in both fasting and postprandial plasma glucose (p <0.001) compared to the diabetic control rats. The decrease of plasma glucose in K2 is comparable to the control rats treated with the diabetic drug pioglitazone (K3). The activity of SOD in diabetic rats fed in P1 and P2 were higher (p <0.001) than in untreated diabetic rats (K2). The IC50 of kefir-spirulina was 42 – 43 ppm. It was concluded that kefir combined with spirulina has high nutrition and antioxidant capacity, which is proven to be capable of controlling glycemic status and enhancing antioxidant status in a diabetic rat model.
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16
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Ramos-Romero S, Torrella JR, Pagès T, Viscor G, Torres JL. Edible Microalgae and Their Bioactive Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Metabolic Alterations. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020563. [PMID: 33572056 PMCID: PMC7916042 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine and freshwater algae and their products are in growing demand worldwide because of their nutritional and functional properties. Microalgae (unicellular algae) will constitute one of the major foods of the future for nutritional and environmental reasons. They are sources of high-quality protein and bioactive molecules with potential application in the modern epidemics of obesity and diabetes. They may also contribute decisively to sustainability through carbon dioxide fixation and minimization of agricultural land use. This paper reviews current knowledge of the effects of consuming edible microalgae on the metabolic alterations known as metabolic syndrome (MS). These microalgae include Chlorella, Spirulina (Arthrospira) and Tetraselmis as well as Isochrysis and Nannochloropsis as candidates for human consumption. Chlorella biomass has shown antioxidant, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, antihypertensive, and antihyperlipidemic effects in humans and other mammals. The components of microalgae reviewed suggest that they may be effective against MS at two levels: in the early stages, to work against the development of insulin resistance (IR), and later, when pancreatic -cell function is already compromised. The active components at both stages are antioxidant scavengers and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators such as carotenoids and -3 PUFAs (eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid; EPA/DHA), prebiotic polysaccharides, phenolics, antihypertensive peptides, several pigments such as phycobilins and phycocyanin, and some vitamins, such as folate. As a source of high-quality protein, including an array of bioactive molecules with potential activity against the modern epidemics of obesity and diabetes, microalgae are proposed as excellent foods for the future. Moreover, their incorporation into the human diet would decisively contribute to a more sustainable world because of their roles in carbon dioxide fixation and reducing the use of land for agricultural purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ramos-Romero
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.T.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-021-556
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.T.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Teresa Pagès
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.T.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (J.R.T.); (T.P.); (G.V.)
| | - Josep Lluís Torres
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain;
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Nacer W, Baba Ahmed FZ, Merzouk H, Benyagoub O, Bouanane S. Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of the microalgae Nannochloropsis gaditana in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2020; 19:1483-1490. [PMID: 33553035 PMCID: PMC7843831 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00681-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of N. gaditana on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar rats. METHODS Diabetes was induced in male Wistar rats by single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (45 mg/kg). Male rats were fed on control diet supplemented or not with N. gaditana (10%) for a period of 2 months. At the end of the experiment, biochemical parameters and oxidant/antioxidant markers in liver and pancreas tissues, as well as mitochondria isolated from liver of rats, were determined. RESULTS It was notice that levels of glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipid profile, kidney functions and liver enzymes in addition to markers of the inflammatory reactions interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) increased significantly (P < 0.05) in diabetic rats. Moreover, undesirable alterations of oxidative stress markers of tissue and mitochondria isolated from the liver were noted in these rats. N. gaditana supplementation was shown effective in lowering the levels of glucose, HbA1c and improving the renal and hepatic function and also in attenuating the oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetic rats. CONCLUSION N. gaditana possesses antioxidant properties that might have beneficial effect in treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassila Nacer
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Fatima Zohra Baba Ahmed
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Hafida Merzouk
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Ouahiba Benyagoub
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Samira Bouanane
- Laboratory of Physiology, Physiopathology and Biochemistry of Nutrition, Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Earth and Universe, University Abou-Bekr Belkaïd, 13000 Tlemcen, Algeria
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Are Cyanotoxins the Only Toxic Compound Potentially Present in Microalgae Supplements? Results from a Study of Ecological and Non-Ecological Products. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12090552. [PMID: 32872271 PMCID: PMC7551278 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food supplements with microalgae are becoming increasingly abundant and can be easily found anywhere. The most popular products are based on cyanophytes, such as Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Arthrospira platensis and Limnospira maxima, or on chlorophytes, such as Chlorella or Haematoccus. Although they are all advertised as being very beneficial for health, these products might be harmful because they may contain cyanotoxins and other contaminants, and no information on production methods or strain origins is usually provided. While legislation on the presence of microcystins in waters for different uses is clear, toxicological analyses are not compulsory for food supplements, nor for analyzing anatoxins. Given the potential risk of eating contaminated food, cyanotoxins, heavy metals and the presence of other contaminant organisms were analyzed in 10 microalgae food supplements. Microcystin-LR and anatoxin-a were detected in three analyzed products, and in both cyanophyte- and chlorophyte-based products. The light microscope study revealed the presence of different potentially harmful microbial contaminants. The ICP (OES) analyses detected high concentrations of some heavy metals, especially Pb. The results emphasize the need to promote the better control of food products containing microalgae, and to develop standard methodologies to analyze cyanotoxins and potential toxic compounds to protect consumer health.
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Abu-Taweel GM, Mohsen G AM, Antonisamy P, Arokiyaraj S, Kim HJ, Kim SJ, Park KH, Kim YO. Spirulina consumption effectively reduces anti-inflammatory and pain related infectious diseases. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12:777-782. [PMID: 31126833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and pain triggers several pathological illnesses. Synthetic drugs used for the controlling of inflammatory conditions convey significant toxic effects. Global scientific community continually attempt to improve effective, economic and harmless naturally derived remedies against inflammation and pain. The present study aimed to quantify the phytochemical constituents of the freshly cultivated Spirulina and targeted to examining the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Spirulina extract (SE) derived from Arthrospira platensis. METHODS The anti-inflammatory effect of SE was evaluated in animal models including carrageenan-induced rat hind paw oedema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation. Analgesic effects of SE were evaluated by acetic acid induced writhing response and hot plate test. RESULTS Phytochemical quantification guided to identify seven carbohydrates, thirteen amino acids, eleven fatty acids and polyphenolic compounds respectively. The results indicated that SE significantly attenuated carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma. Preliminary molecular mechanistic studies established that SE decreased the productions of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, PGE2 and NO, and suppressed the activities of COX-2 and iNOS. CONCLUSION These results provide a strong scientific foundation for the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of SE against different studies in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gasem Mohammad Abu-Taweel
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2375 , Dammam - 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Al-Mutary Mohsen G
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Education, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 2375 , Dammam - 31451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paulrayer Antonisamy
- Department of Korean Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Korean Medicine, 460 Iksan-daero, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Selvaraj Arokiyaraj
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Sejong University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sun-Ju Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseung-Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Hun Park
- Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54875, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Department of Bio-Environmental Chemistry, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-Ro, Yuseung-Gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
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20
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Hu S, Fan X, Qi P, Zhang X. Identification of anti-diabetes peptides from Spirulina platensis. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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21
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Mahmoud YI, Abd El-Ghffar EA. Spirulina ameliorates aspirin-induced gastric ulcer in albino mice by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:314-321. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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22
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Antioxidant activity of Spirulina platensis alleviates doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and reprotoxicity in male rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-018-0314-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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23
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Khafaga AF, El-Sayed YS. Spirulina ameliorates methotrexate hepatotoxicity via antioxidant, immune stimulation, and proinflammatory cytokines and apoptotic proteins modulation. Life Sci 2018; 196:9-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Sadek KM, Lebda MA, Nasr SM, Shoukry M. Spirulina platensis prevents hyperglycemia in rats by modulating gluconeogenesis and apoptosis via modification of oxidative stress and MAPK-pathways. Biomed Pharmacother 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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