Pharmacokinetic interaction between rhynchopylline and pellodendrine via CYP450 enzymes and P-gp

Advanced researches of traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of medical Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Medical Uncariae Ramulus Cum Uncis consists of Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Miq. ex Havil, Uncaria macrophylla Wall, Uncaria sinensis (Oliv.) Havil, Uncaria hirsuta Havil, and Uncaria sessilifructus Roxb, which belongs to the species widely used in the genus Uncaria. These species resource widely distributed in China and abroad, and the hook-bearing stem is the primary constituent enrichment site. There are many different forms and architectures of chemicals, depending on the extraction site. Traditional remedies employing URCU had been used widely in antiquity and were first compiled in renowned ancient masterpiece 'Mingyi Bielu ()' written by Hongjing Tao. In modern pharmacological studies, both the total extracts and the phytoconstituents isolated from URCU have been shown to have neuroprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, and autophagy-enhancer properties.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This review concentrates on the traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, toxicology, and nanomaterials studies of URCU, with a perspective to assist with further research and advance.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The Chinese and English literature studies of this review are based on these database searches including Science Direct, CNKI, Wiley online library, Spring Link, Web of Science, PubMed, Medalink, Google scholar, Elsevier, ACS Publications, iPlant, Missouri Botanical Garden, Plant of the World Online. The pertinent data on URCU was gathered.

RESULTS

Based on the examination of the genus Uncaria, 107 newly marked chemical compositions have been identified from URCU from 2015 to present, including alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, steroids, and others. Pharmacological studies have demonstrated that URCU has a variety of benefits in diseases such as neurodegenerative diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and migraine, due to its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-tumor, anti-bacterial and anti-viral properties. According to metabolic and toxicological studies, the dosage, frequency, and interactions of the drugs that occur in vivo are of great significance for determining whether the organic bodies can perform efficacy or produce toxicity. The research on URCU-mediated nanomaterials is expanding and increasing in order to address the inadequacies of conventional Chinese medicine. The alkaloids in URCU have the capability to self-assemble with other classes of components in addition to being biologically active.

CONCLUSION

URCU plants are widely distributed, abundant in chemical constituents, and widely used in both traditional and modern medicine for a variety of pharmacological effects. The utilization of herbal medicines can be raised by assessing the pharmacological distinctions among several species within the same genus and may accelerate the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. Controlling the concentration of drug administration, monitoring metabolic markers, and inventing novel nanotechnologies are effective strategies for synergistic influence and detoxification to alleviate the main obstacles that toxicity, low bioavailability, and poor permeability. This review can assist further research and advances.

Pharmacokinetic study of the interaction between luteolin and magnoflorine in rats

Both luteolin and magnoflorine have been reported to regulate the development of breast cancer, which makes them easier to co-administrate. Luteolin was co-administrated with magnoflorine to evaluate their potential interaction. The pharmacokinetic study was performed on male Sprague-Dawley rats randomly grouped as the single administration of luteolin and the co-administration of luteolin and magnoflorine with six rats of each. CaCO-2 cell transwell assay was employed for transport evaluation, and the metabolic stability of luteolin and CYP3A activity were assessed in rat liver microsomes. The effect of luteolin on MDA-MB-231 cells was assessed with CCK8 assay. Magnoflorine significantly changed the pharmacokinetic profile of luteolin with increased area under the curve (AUC), prolonged t1/2 , and reduced clearance rate. Magnoflorine also suppressed the efflux ratio and improved the in vitro metabolic stability of luteolin. Magnoflorine also enhanced the inhibitory effect of luteolin on MDA-MB-231 cells. Magnoflorine significantly inhibited CYP3A activity with the IC50 of 18.99 μM. Magnoflorine prolonged the system exposure, enhanced the metabolic stability, and enhanced the anti-tumor effect of luteolin through inactivating CYP3A.

Effect of ophiopogonin D on the pharmacokinetics and transport of cryptotanshinone during their co-administration and the potential mechanism

Cryptotanshinone and ophiopogonin D are sourced from herbs with similar indications. It is necessary to evaluate their interaction to provide a reference for their clinical prescriptions. The co-administration of cryptotanshinone (30 and 60 mg/kg) and ophiopogonin D was carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats and the pharmacokinetics of cryptotanshinone were analyzed. The Caco-2 cells were employed to evaluate the transport of cryptotanshinone, and the metabolic stability was studied in the rat liver microsomes. Ophiopogonin D significantly increased the Cmax (from 5.56 ± 0.26 to 8.58 ± 0.71 μg/mL and from 15.99 ± 1.81 to 185.12 ± 1.43 μg/mL), half-life (21.72 ± 10.63 vs. 11.47 ± 3.62 h and 12.58 ± 5.97 vs. 8.75 ± 2.71 h) and decreased the clearance rate (0.697 ± 0.36 vs. 1.71 ± 0.15 L/h/kg) and (60 mg/kg and 0.101 ± 0.02 vs. 0.165 ± 0.05 L/h/kg) of cryptotanshinone. In vitro, ophiopogonin D significantly suppressed the transport of cryptotanshinone with the decreasing efflux rate and enhanced the metabolic stability with the reducing intrinsic clearance. The combination of cryptotanshinone and ophiopogonin D induced prolonged exposure and suppressed the transport of cryptotanshinone, which indicated the decreased bioavailability of cryptotanshinone.

Mitochondrial Lipid Peroxidation and Microsomal Drug-metabolizing Enzyme Activity of Rat Hepatotoxicity under Heavy Metals from Slag Waste Exposure

Heavy metals from slag waste (HMSWs) have attracted much attention because of their serious toxicity to the environment and human organs, especially hepatotoxicity. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of different HMSWs exposure on mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, microsomal drug metabolizing enzyme activities as well as their relationship in the rat liver injury. Based on toxicogenomic analysis, heavy metals including iron, copper, cobalt, nickel and manganese, might interfere with pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress, cell death, and energy metabolism regulation in vivo, and participate in the regulation of HIF-1 signaling pathway, peroxisomes, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, ferroptosis, and other signaling pathways. HMSWs exposure caused weight loss, and significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) in different groups of rat liver, suggesting the presence of mitochondrial lipid peroxidation damage. In addition, the ratios of AST/ALT and ALT/LDH were down-regulated, especially the ALT/LDH ratios were less than 1, indicating that hepatic ischemic injury occurred in the process of liver injury. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) activities in rats also showed significant decreases, indicating the occurrence of hepatic oxidative/antioxidant dysfunction imbalance. Further decision tree analysis of live biochemical abnormalities suggested that AST > 58.78 U/gprot and MDA > 173.2 nmol/mgprot could be used for hepatotoxicity warning. Liver microsomal cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) and 3A1 (CYP3A1) enzymes were also involved in the hepatotoxic process of heavy metals. These results suggest that lipid peroxidation damage and metabolic damage in liver mitochondria and peroxisomes, may be one of the key events in heavy metal-induced liver injury.