1
|
Ishii H, Leung GNW, Yamashita S, Nagata SI, Kushiro A, Sakai S, Toju K, Okada J, Kawasaki K, Kusano K, Kijima-Suda I. Comprehensive metabolic study of nicotine in equine plasma and urine using liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry for the identification of unique biomarkers for doping control. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1190:123100. [PMID: 35032890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is classified as a stimulant, and its use is banned in horse racing and equestrian sports by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities and the Fédération Équestre Internationale, respectively. Because nicotine is a major alkaloid of tobacco leaves, there is a potential risk that doping control samples may be contaminated by tobacco cigarettes or smoke during sample collection. In order to differentiate the genuine doping and sample contamination with tobacco leaves, it is necessary to monitor unique metabolites as biomarkers for nicotine administration and intake. However, little is known about the metabolic fate of nicotine in horses. This is the first report of comprehensive metabolism study of nicotine in horses. Using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry, we identified a total of 17 metabolites, including one novel horse-specific metabolite (i.e., 4-hydroxy-4-(3-pyridyl)-N-methylbutanamide), in post-administration urine samples after nasoesophageal administration of nicotine to three thoroughbred mares; eight of these compounds were confirmed based on reference standards. Among these metabolites, N-hydroxymethylnorcotinine was the major urinary metabolite in equine, but it could only be tentatively identified by mass spectral interpretation due to the lack of reference material. In addition, we developed simultaneous quantification methods for the eight target analytes in plasma and urine, and applied them to post-administration samples to establish elimination profiles of nicotine and its metabolites. The quantification results revealed that trans-3'-hydroxycotinine could be quantified for the longest period in both plasma (72 h post-administration) and urine (96 h post-administration). Therefore, this metabolite is the most appropriate monitoring target for nicotine exposure for the purpose of doping control due to its long detection times and the availability of its reference material. Further, we identified trans-3'-hydroxycotinine as a unique biomarker allowing differentiation between nicotine administration and sample contamination with tobacco leaves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Ishii
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University Hospital, 1-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Gary Ngai-Wa Leung
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shozo Yamashita
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichi Nagata
- Genetic Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| | - Asuka Kushiro
- Equine Research Institute, Research Planning & Coordination Division, JRA, 1400-4, Shiba, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0412, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, 2500-2, Oaza-Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Kota Toju
- Race Horse Hospital, Miho Training Center, JRA, 2500-2, Oaza-Mikoma, Miho-mura, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki 300-0493, Japan
| | - Jun Okada
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kawasaki
- Veterinarian Section, Equine Department, JRA, 6-11-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Kanichi Kusano
- Race Horse Hospital, Ritto Training Center, JRA, 1028, Misono, Ritto, Shiga 520-3085, Japan
| | - Isao Kijima-Suda
- Drug Analysis Department, Laboratory of Racing Chemistry, 1731-2 Tsuruta-machi, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-0851, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Taghavi T, Arger CA, Heil SH, Higgins ST, Tyndale RF. Longitudinal Influence of Pregnancy on Nicotine Metabolic Pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 364:238-245. [PMID: 29158210 PMCID: PMC5774213 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.245126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine metabolism increases in pregnancy, which may contribute to the difficulties that pregnant women have in quitting smoking. We aimed to determine the extent and timing of changes in nicotine metabolic pathways, including C-oxidation, N-glucuronidation, and the pregnancy-induced influences on the activity of enzymes mediating these pathways (CYP2A6 and UGT2B10, respectively). Current smoking pregnant women (n = 47) provided a urine sample during early pregnancy (12.5 weeks), late pregnancy (28.9 weeks), and 6 months postpartum. Concentrations of urinary nicotine and metabolites were analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and compared using general linear repeated measures analyses. Nicotine C-oxidation was 1.07-fold (P = 0.12) and 1.11-fold (P < 0.001) higher at early and late pregnancy, respectively, compared with postpartum. Nicotine N-glucuronidation was 1.33-fold (P = 0.06) and 1.67-fold (P = 0.003) higher at early and late pregnancy, respectively, compared with postpartum. The CYP2A6 phenotype ratio (total 3'-hydroxycotinine/cotinine) was significantly higher at early and late pregnancy compared with postpartum (all P < 0.05) and correlated with nicotine C-oxidation (all P < 0.001), suggesting CYP2A6 activity is induced during pregnancy. The UGT2B10 phenotype ratio (nicotine glucuronide/nicotine) was higher at early and late pregnancy compared with postpartum (P = 0.07 and P < 0.05, respectively) and correlated with a second UGT2B10 phenotype ratio (cotinine glucuronide/cotinine) (all P < 0.001), suggesting UGT2B10 activity is induced during pregnancy. In conclusion, pregnancy-induced increases in nicotine metabolism start by 12 weeks gestation and continue as pregnancy progresses most likely due to induction of CYP2A6 and UGT2B10, resulting in potential reductions in the effectiveness of nicotine replacement therapies and an increase in metabolism of other CYP2A6 and UGT2B10 substrates during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taraneh Taghavi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (T.T., R.F.T.) and Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Burlington, Vermont (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.); Departments of Psychiatry (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.) and Psychological Science (S.H.H., S.T.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T.)
| | - Christopher A Arger
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (T.T., R.F.T.) and Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Burlington, Vermont (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.); Departments of Psychiatry (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.) and Psychological Science (S.H.H., S.T.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T.)
| | - Sarah H Heil
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (T.T., R.F.T.) and Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Burlington, Vermont (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.); Departments of Psychiatry (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.) and Psychological Science (S.H.H., S.T.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T.)
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (T.T., R.F.T.) and Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Burlington, Vermont (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.); Departments of Psychiatry (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.) and Psychological Science (S.H.H., S.T.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T.)
| | - Rachel F Tyndale
- Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology (T.T., R.F.T.) and Psychiatry (R.F.T.), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; University of Vermont Center on Tobacco Regulatory Science, Burlington, Vermont (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.); Departments of Psychiatry (C.A.A., S.H.H., S.T.H.) and Psychological Science (S.H.H., S.T.H.), University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont; and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (R.F.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ton AT, Biet M, Delabre JF, Morin N, Dumaine R. In-utero exposure to nicotine alters the development of the rabbit cardiac conduction system and provides a potential mechanism for sudden infant death syndrome. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3947-3960. [PMID: 28593499 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In-utero exposure to tobacco smoke remains the highest risk factor for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). To alleviate the risks, nicotine replacement therapies are often prescribed to women who wish to quit smoking during their pregnancy. Cardiac arrhythmias is considered the final outcome leading to sudden death. Our goal in this study was to determine if exposing rabbit fetus to nicotine altered the cardiac conduction system of newborn kittens in a manner susceptible to cause SIDS. Using neuronal markers and a series of immunohistological and electrophysiological techniques we found that nicotine delayed the development of the cardiac pacemaker center (sinoatrial node) and decreased its innervation. At the molecular level, nicotine favored the expression of cardiac sodium channels with biophysical properties that will tend to slow heart rate and diminish electrical conduction. Our results show that alterations of the cardiac sodium current may contribute to the bradycardia, conduction disturbances and other cardiac arrhythmias often associated to SIDS and raise awareness on the use of replacement therapy during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Tuan Ton
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th ave, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Biet
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th ave, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Francois Delabre
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th ave, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Morin
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th ave, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Robert Dumaine
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12th ave, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|