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Xu W, Yang Y, Li N, Hua J. Interaction between Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Immune Cells during Bone Injury Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14484. [PMID: 37833933 PMCID: PMC10572976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fractures are the most common large organ trauma in humans. The initial inflammatory response promotes bone healing during the initial post-fracture phase, but chronic and persistent inflammation due to infection or other factors does not contribute to the healing process. The precise mechanisms by which immune cells and their cytokines are regulated in bone healing remain unclear. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cellular therapy of bone injuries is a novel clinical treatment approach. Bone progenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but also interact with the immune system to promote the healing process. We review in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system and bone marrow MSCs in bone healing and their interactions. A deeper understanding of this paradigm may provide clues to potential therapeutic targets in the healing process, thereby improving the reliability and safety of clinical applications of MSCs to promote bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Na Li
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (W.X.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jinlian Hua
- Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang 712100, China; (W.X.); (Y.Y.)
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Pizzuti V, Donadei C, Balducelli E, Conte D, Gessaroli E, Paris F, Bini C, Demetri M, Di Nunzio M, Corradetti V, Alviano F, La Manna G, Comai G. Urine-Derived Renal Epithelial Cells (URECs) from Transplanted Kidneys as a Promising Immunomodulatory Cell Population. Cells 2023; 12:1630. [PMID: 37371100 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney transplantation is a lifesaving procedure for patients with end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Organs derived from donation after cardiac death (DCD) are constantly increasing; however, DCD often leads to ischaemia-reperfusion (IR) and Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) events. These phenomena increase kidney cell turnover to replace damaged cells, which are voided in urine. Urine-derived renal epithelial cells (URECs) are rarely present in the urine of healthy subjects, and their loss has been associated with several kidney disorders. The present study aimed to characterize the phenotype and potential applications of URECs voided after transplant. The results indicate that URECs are highly proliferating cells, expressing several kidney markers, including markers of kidney epithelial progenitor cells. Since the regulation of the immune response is crucial in organ transplantation and new immunoregulatory strategies are needed, UREC immunomodulatory properties were investigated. Co-culture with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) revealed that URECs reduced PBMC apoptosis, inhibited lymphocyte proliferation, increased T regulatory (Treg) cells and reduced T helper 1 (Th1) cells. URECs from transplanted patients represent a promising cell source for the investigation of regenerative processes occurring in kidneys, and for cell-therapy applications based on the regulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pizzuti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Donadei
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emma Balducelli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Diletta Conte
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Gessaroli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Paris
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Bini
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello Demetri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Miriam Di Nunzio
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Corradetti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Alviano
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Comai
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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Giacomini C, Granéli C, Hicks R, Dazzi F. The critical role of apoptosis in mesenchymal stromal cell therapeutics and implications in homeostasis and normal tissue repair. Cell Mol Immunol 2023; 20:570-582. [PMID: 37185486 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively tested for the treatment of numerous clinical conditions and have demonstrated good safety but mixed efficacy. Although this outcome can be attributed in part to the heterogeneity of cell preparations, the lack of mechanistic understanding and tools to establish cell pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, as well as the poorly defined criteria for patient stratification, have hampered the design of informative clinical trials. We and others have demonstrated that MSCs can rapidly undergo apoptosis after their infusion. Apoptotic MSCs are phagocytosed by monocytes/macrophages that are then reprogrammed to become anti-inflammatory cells. MSC apoptosis occurs when the cells are injected into patients who harbor activated cytotoxic T or NK cells. Therefore, the activation state of cytotoxic T or NK cells can be used as a biomarker to predict clinical responses to MSC treatment. Building on a large body of preexisting data, an alternative view on the mechanism of MSCs is that an inflammation-dependent MSC secretome is largely responsible for their immunomodulatory activity. We will discuss how these different mechanisms can coexist and are instructed by two different types of MSC "licensing": one that is cell-contact dependent and the second that is mediated by inflammatory cytokines. The varied and complex mechanisms by which MSCs can orchestrate inflammatory responses and how this function is specifically driven by inflammation support a physiological role for tissue stroma in tissue homeostasis, and it acts as a sensor of damage and initiator of tissue repair by reprogramming the inflammatory environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Giacomini
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Cecilia Granéli
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D Cell Therapy Department, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ryan Hicks
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D Cell Therapy Department, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Dazzi
- School of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine & Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- BioPharmaceuticals R&D Cell Therapy Department, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal, and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Peripheral HLA-G/ILT-2 immune checkpoint axis in acute and convalescent COVID-19 patients. Hum Immunol 2023:S0198-8859(23)00043-5. [PMID: 36925435 PMCID: PMC10011044 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The immunosuppressive non-classical human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) can elicits pro-viral activities by down-modulating immune responses. We analysed soluble forms of HLA-G, IL-6 and IL-10 as well as on immune effector cell expression of HLA-G and its cognate ILT-2 receptor in peripheral blood obtained from hospitalised and convalescent COVID-19 patients. Compared with convalescents (N = 202), circulating soluble HLA-G levels (total and vesicular-bound molecules) were significantly increased in hospitalised patients (N = 93) irrespective of the disease severity. During COVID-19, IL-6 and IL-10 levels were also elevated. Regarding the immune checkpoint expression of HLA-G/ILT-2 on peripheral immune effector cells, the frequencies of membrane-bound HLA-G on CD3+ and CD14+ cells were almost identical in patients during and post COVID-19, while the frequency of ILT-2 receptor on CD3+ and CD14+ cells was increased during acute infection. A multi-parametric correlation analysis of soluble HLA-G forms with IL-6, IL-10, activation markers CD25 and CD154, HLA-G, and ILT-2 expression on immune cells revealed a strong positive correlation of soluble HLA-G forms with membrane-bound HLA-G molecules on CD3+/CD14+ cells only in convalescents. During COVID-19, only vesicular-bound HLA-G were positively correlated with the activation marker CD25 on T cells. Thus, our data suggest that the elevated levels of soluble HLA-G in COVID-19 are due to increased expression in organ tissues other than circulating immune effector cells. The concomitant increased expression of soluble HLA-G and ILT-2 receptor frequencies supports the concept that the immune checkpoint HLA-G/ILT-2 plays a role in the immune-pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Perinatal Stem Cell Therapy to Treat Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Never-Say-Die Story of Differentiation and Immunomodulation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314597. [PMID: 36498923 PMCID: PMC9738084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human term placenta and other postpartum-derived biological tissues are promising sources of perinatal cells with unique stem cell properties. Among the massive current research on stem cells, one medical focus on easily available stem cells is to exploit them in the design of immunotherapy protocols, in particular for the treatment of chronic non-curable human diseases. Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells and perinatal cells can be harnessed both to generate insulin-producing cells for beta cell replenishment and to regulate autoimmune mechanisms via immunomodulation capacity. In this study, the strong points of cells derived from amniotic epithelial cells and from umbilical cord matrix are outlined and their potential for supporting cell therapy development. From a basic research and expert stem cell point of view, the aim of this review is to summarize information regarding the regenerative medicine field, as well as describe the state of the art on possible cell therapy approaches for diabetes.
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Mallis P, Chatzistamatiou T, Dimou Z, Sarri EF, Georgiou E, Salagianni M, Triantafyllia V, Andreakos E, Stavropoulos-Giokas C, Michalopoulos E. Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery as a potential therapeutic strategy against COVID-19: Promising evidence from in vitro results. World J Biol Chem 2022; 13:47-65. [PMID: 35432769 PMCID: PMC8966500 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v13.i2.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which was initiated in December 2019. COVID-19 is characterized by a low mortality rate (< 6%); however, this percentage is higher in elderly people and patients with underlying disorders. COVID-19 is characterized by mild to severe outcomes. Currently, several therapeutic strategies are evaluated, such as the use of anti-viral drugs, prophylactic treatment, monoclonal antibodies, and vaccination. Advanced cellular therapies are also investigated, thus representing an additional therapeutic tool for clinicians. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), which are known for their immunoregulatory properties, may halt the induced cytokine release syndrome mediated by SARS-CoV-2, and can be considered as a potential stem cell therapy.
AIM To evaluate the immunoregulatory properties of MSCs, upon stimulation with COVID-19 patient serum.
METHODS MSCs derived from the human Wharton’s Jelly (WJ) tissue and bone marrow (BM) were isolated, cryopreserved, expanded, and defined according to the criteria outlined by the International Society for Cellular Therapies. Then, WJ and BM-MSCs were stimulated with a culture medium containing 15% COVID-19 patient serum, 1% penicillin-streptomycin, and 1% L-glutamine for 48 h. The quantification of interleukin (IL)-1 receptor a (Ra), IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-a, fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) was performed using commercial ELISA kits. The expression of HLA-G1, G5, and G7 was evaluated in unstimulated and stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs. Finally, the interactions between MSCs and patients’ macrophages were established using co-culture experiments.
RESULTS Thawed WJ and BM-MSCs exhibited a spindle-shaped morphology, successfully differentiated to “osteocytes”, “adipocytes”, and “chondrocytes”, and in flow cytometric analysis were characterized by positivity for CD73, CD90, and CD105 (> 95%) and negativity for CD34, CD45, and HLA-DR (< 2%). Moreover, stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs were characterized by increased cytoplasmic granulation, in comparison to unstimulated cells. The HLA-G isoforms (G1, G5, and G7) were successfully expressed by the unstimulated and stimulated WJ-MSCs. On the other hand, only weak expression of HLA-G1 was identified in BM-MSCs. Stimulated MSCs secreted high levels of IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-β1, FGF, VEGF, PDGF, and IDO in comparison to unstimulated cells (P < 0.05) after 12 and 24 h. Finally, macrophages derived from COVID-19 patients successfully adapted the M2 phenotype after co-culturing with stimulated WJ and BM-MSCs.
CONCLUSION WJ and BM-MSCs successfully produced high levels of immunoregulatory agents, which may efficiently modulate the over-activated immune responses of critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Mallis
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Zetta Dimou
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eirini-Faidra Sarri
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Eleni Georgiou
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Salagianni
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Triantafyllia
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Evangelos Andreakos
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | | | - Efstathios Michalopoulos
- Hellenic Cord Blood Bank, Biomedical Research Foundation Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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Khalil F, Alwan A, Ralph P, Soliman S, Abdelrahim EA, Abdelhafez EA, Opara EC. Effect of Alginate Microbead Encapsulation of Placental Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Their Immunomodulatory Function. Ann Biomed Eng 2022; 50:291-302. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-022-02920-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sharma S, Jeyaraman M, Muthu S. Role of stem cell therapy in neurosciences. ESSENTIALS OF EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE OF NEUROANESTHESIA AND NEUROCRITICAL CARE 2022:163-179. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821776-4.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
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Zhuang B, Shang J, Yao Y. HLA-G: An Important Mediator of Maternal-Fetal Immune-Tolerance. Front Immunol 2021; 12:744324. [PMID: 34777357 PMCID: PMC8586502 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.744324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal-fetal immune-tolerance occurs throughout the whole gestational trimester, thus a mother can accept a genetically distinct fetus without immunological aggressive behavior. HLA-G, one of the non-classical HLA class I molecules, is restricted-expression at extravillous trophoblast. It can concordantly interact with various kinds of receptors mounted on maternally immune cells residing in the uterus (e.g. CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells) for maintaining immune homeostasis of the maternal-fetus interface. HLA-G is widely regarded as the pivotal protective factor for successful pregnancies. In the past 20 years, researches associated with HLA-G have been continually published. Indeed, HLA-G plays a mysterious role in the mechanism of maternal-fetal immune-tolerance. It can also be ectopically expressed on tumor cells, infected sites and other pathologic microenvironments to confer a significant local tolerance. Understanding the characteristics of HLA-G in immunologic tolerance is not only beneficial for pathological pregnancy, but also helpful to the therapy of other immune-related diseases, such as organ transplant rejection, tumor migration, and autoimmune disease. In this review, we describe the biological properties of HLA-G, then summarize our understanding of the mechanisms of fetomaternal immunologic tolerance and the difference from transplant tolerance. Furthermore, we will discuss how HLA-G contributes to the tolerogenic microenvironment during pregnancy. Finally, we hope to find some new aspects of HLA-G in fundamental research or clinical application for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baimei Zhuang
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Shang
- Medical School of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanqing Yao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Medical Centre, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Raghav A, Ali SG, Jeong GB, Gautam KA, Banday S, Mateen QN, Tripathi P, Giri R, Agarwal S, Singh M, Khan HM. Newer Horizon of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy in the Management of SARS-CoV-2-Associated Mucormycosis: A Safe Hope for Future Medicine. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:738983. [PMID: 34707590 PMCID: PMC8543035 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.738983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-infected patients are reported to show immunocompromised behavior that gives rise to a wide variety of complications due to impaired innate immune response, cytokine storm, and thrombo-inflammation. Prolonged use of steroids, diabetes mellitus, and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are some of the factors responsible for the growth of Mucorales in such immunocompromised patients and, thus, can lead to a life-threatening condition referred to as mucormycosis. Therefore, an early diagnosis and cell-based management cosis is the need of the hour to help affected patients overcome this severe condition. In addition, extended exposure to antifungal drugs/therapeutics is found to initiate hormonal and neurological complications. More recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been used to exhibit immunomodulatory function and proven to be beneficial in a clinical cell-based regenerative approach. The immunomodulation ability of MSCs in mucormycosis patient boosts the immunity by the release of chemotactic proteins. MSC-based therapy in mucormycosis along with the combination of short-term antifungal drugs can be utilized as a prospective approach for mucormycosis treatment with promising outcomes. However, preclinical and in mucormyIn mucormycosis, the hyphae of clinical trials are needed to establish the precise mechanism of MSCs in mucormycosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Raghav
- Multidiscplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, MoHFW, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India
| | - Syed Ghazanfar Ali
- Viral Research Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Goo-Bo Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Getbeol-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea
| | - Kirti Amresh Gautam
- Multidiscplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, MoHFW, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India
| | - Shahid Banday
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Qazi Noorul Mateen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Richa Giri
- Department of Medicine, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India
| | | | - Manish Singh
- Department of Neurosciences, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur, India
| | - Haris M Khan
- Viral Research Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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TNF-α and IFN-γ Participate in Improving the Immunoregulatory Capacity of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Importance of Cell-Cell Contact and Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179531. [PMID: 34502453 PMCID: PMC8431422 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have an immunoregulatory capacity and have been used in different clinical protocols requiring control of the immune response. However, variable results have been obtained, mainly due to the effect of the microenvironment on the induction, increase, and maintenance of MSC immunoregulatory mechanisms. In addition, the importance of cell–cell contact for MSCs to efficiently modulate the immune response has recently been highlighted. Because these interactions would be difficult to achieve in the physiological context, the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) and their participation as intermediaries of communication between MSCs and immune cells becomes relevant. Therefore, this article focuses on analyzing immunoregulatory mechanisms mediated by cell contact, highlighting the importance of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and the participation of EVs. Moreover, the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), the main cytokines involved in MSC activation, are examined. These cytokines, when used at the appropriate concentrations and times, would promote increases in the expression of immunoregulatory molecules in the cell and allow the acquisition of EVs enriched with these molecules. The establishment of certain in vitro activation guidelines will facilitate the design of conditioning protocols to obtain functional MSCs or EVs in different pathophysiological conditions.
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Zha K, Li X, Yang Z, Tian G, Sun Z, Sui X, Dai Y, Liu S, Guo Q. Heterogeneity of mesenchymal stem cells in cartilage regeneration: from characterization to application. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:14. [PMID: 33741999 PMCID: PMC7979687 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00122-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is susceptible to damage but hard to self-repair due to its avascular nature. Traditional treatment methods are not able to produce satisfactory effects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown great promise in cartilage repair. However, the therapeutic effect of MSCs is often unstable partly due to their heterogeneity. Understanding the heterogeneity of MSCs and the potential of different types of MSCs for cartilage regeneration will facilitate the selection of superior MSCs for treating cartilage damage. This review provides an overview of the heterogeneity of MSCs at the donor, tissue source and cell immunophenotype levels, including their cytological properties, such as their ability for proliferation, chondrogenic differentiation and immunoregulation, as well as their current applications in cartilage regeneration. This information will improve the precision of MSC-based therapeutic strategies, thus maximizing the efficiency of articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangkang Zha
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xu Li
- Musculoskeletal Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Innovative Orthopaedic Biomaterial and Drug Translational Research Laboratory, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangzhao Tian
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, Beijing, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yongjing Dai
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, Beijing, China.
| | - Quanyi Guo
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopaedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, PLA, Beijing, China.
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Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz S, Alipour S, Ranjbarvan P, Azari A, Babaei G, Golchin A. Critical roles of TLRs on the polarization of mesenchymal stem cells for cell therapy of viral infections: a notice for COVID-19 treatment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:119-128. [PMID: 33551714 PMCID: PMC7846495 DOI: 10.1007/s00580-021-03209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as one of the leading cell-based therapy, have provided a strong link between clinical investigation and basic research. MSCs have been successfully employed in treating graft versus host disease (GvHD), autoimmune disease, and several other diseases, particularly with high immune activity. Recently, MSCs have attracted attention to treating untreatable viral infections such as severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given that the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are directly able to detect internal and external hazard signals, and their stimulation has an intense effect on the ability to grow, differentiate, migrate, and maintain MSCs, it seems stimulation of these receptors can have a direct impact on the interaction of MSCs and immune cells, altering the ability to modify immune system responses. Hence, this mini-review focused on TLRs’ critical roles in the polarization of MSCs for developing MSC-based therapy in viral infections. Consequently, according to the literature review, a polarization process, mediated by TLRs concerning anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory phenotype, may be considered for MSC-therapy against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Gholizadeh-Ghaleh Aziz
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahriar Alipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Parviz Ranjbarvan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Arezo Azari
- Department of Tissue engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghader Babaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Ali Golchin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Regenerative Medicine Group (REMED), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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14
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Lin F, Ichim TE, Pingle S, Jones LD, Kesari S, Ashili S. Mesenchymal stem cells as living anti-inflammatory therapy for COVID-19 related acute respiratory distress syndrome. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1067-1079. [PMID: 33178392 PMCID: PMC7596438 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i10.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a pandemic disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), is growing at an exponential rate worldwide. Manifestations of this disease are heterogeneous; however, advanced cases often exhibit various acute respiratory distress syndrome-like symptoms, systemic inflammatory reactions, coagulopathy, and organ involvements. A common theme in advanced COVID-19 is unrestrained immune activation, classically referred to as a “cytokine storm”, as well as deficiencies in immune regulatory mechanisms such as T regulatory cells. While mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) themselves are objects of cytokine regulation, they can secrete cytokines to modulate immune cells by inducing anti-inflammatory regulatory Treg cells, macrophages and neutrophils; and by reducing the activation of T and B cells, dendritic and nature killer cells. Consequently, they have therapeutic potential for treating severe cases of COVID-19. Here we discuss the unique ability of MSCs, to act as a “living anti-inflammatory”, which can “rebalance” the cytokine/immune responses to restore equilibrium. We also discuss current MSC trials and present different concepts for optimization of MSC therapy in patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lin
- Research and Development, CureScience, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Thomas E Ichim
- Research and Development, CureScience, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Sandeep Pingle
- Research and Development, CureScience, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Lawrence D Jones
- Research and Development, CureScience, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
| | - Santosh Kesari
- Cancer Center, John Wayne Cancer Institute and Pacific Neuroscience Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, United States
| | - Shashaanka Ashili
- Research and Development, CureScience, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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15
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Steens J, Unger K, Klar L, Neureiter A, Wieber K, Hess J, Jakob HG, Klump H, Klein D. Direct conversion of human fibroblasts into therapeutically active vascular wall-typical mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3401-3422. [PMID: 31712992 PMCID: PMC7426315 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell-based therapies using adult stem cells are promising options for the treatment of a number of diseases including autoimmune and cardiovascular disorders. Among these, vascular wall-derived mesenchymal stem cells (VW-MSCs) might be particularly well suited for the protection and curative treatment of vascular damage because of their tissue-specific action. Here we report a novel method for the direct conversion of human skin fibroblasts towards MSCs using a VW-MSC-specific gene code (HOXB7, HOXC6 and HOXC8) that directs cell fate conversion bypassing pluripotency. This direct programming approach using either a self-inactivating (SIN) lentiviral vector expressing the VW-MSC-specific HOX-code or a tetracycline-controlled Tet-On system for doxycycline-inducible gene expressions of HOXB7, HOXC6 and HOXC8 successfully mediated the generation of VW-typical MSCs with classical MSC characteristics in vitro and in vivo. The induced VW-MSCs (iVW-MSCs) fulfilled all criteria of MSCs as defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). In terms of multipotency and clonogenicity, which are important specific properties to discriminate MSCs from fibroblasts, iVW-MSCs behaved like primary ex vivo isolated VW-MSCs and shared similar molecular and DNA methylation signatures. With respect to their therapeutic potential, these cells suppressed lymphocyte proliferation in vitro, and protected mice against vascular damage in a mouse model of radiation-induced pneumopathy in vivo, as well as ex vivo cultured human lung tissue. The feasibility to obtain patient-specific VW-MSCs from fibroblasts in large amounts by a direct conversion into induced VW-MSCs could potentially open avenues towards novel, MSC-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Steens
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, Ger-45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Kristian Unger
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics and Clinical Cooperation Group "Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lea Klar
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, Ger-45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Anika Neureiter
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Karolin Wieber
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, Ger-45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Julia Hess
- Research Unit Radiation Cytogenetics and Clinical Cooperation Group "Personalized Radiotherapy in Head and Neck Cancer, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Heinz G Jakob
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, West-German Heart and Vascular Center Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Hannes Klump
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Diana Klein
- Institute for Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University Hospital Essen, Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstr. 173, Ger-45122, Essen, Germany.
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Yen BL, Hwa HL, Hsu PJ, Chen PM, Wang LT, Jiang SS, Liu KJ, Sytwu HK, Yen ML. HLA-G Expression in Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) Is Related to Unique Methylation Pattern in the Proximal Promoter as well as Gene Body DNA. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145075. [PMID: 32708387 PMCID: PMC7404323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multipotent human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) harbor clinically relevant immunomodulation, and HLA-G, a non-classical MHC class I molecule with highly restricted tissue expression, is one important molecule involved in these processes. Understanding of the natural regulatory mechanisms involved in expression of this elusive molecule has been difficult, with near exclusive reliance on cancer cell lines. We therefore studied the transcriptional control of HLA-G in primary isolated human bone marrow- (BM), human embryonic stem cell-derived (hE-), as well as placenta-derived MSCs (P-MSCs), and found that all 3 types of MSCs express 3 of the 7 HLA-G isoforms at the gene level; however, fibroblasts did not express HLA-G. Protein validation using BM- and P-MSCs demonstrated expression of 2 isoforms including a larger HLA-G-like protein. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulation upregulated both gene and protein expression in MSCs but not the constitutively expressing JEG-3 cell line. Most interestingly in human MSCs and placental tissue, hypomethylation of CpG islands not only occurs on the HLA-G proximal promoter but also on the gene body as well, a pattern not seen in either of the 2 commonly used choriocarcinoma cell lines which may contribute to the unique HLA-G expression patterns and IFN-γ-responsiveness in MSCs. Our study implicates the importance of using normal cells and tissues for physiologic understanding of tissue-specific transcriptional regulation, and highlight the utility of human MSCs in unraveling the transcriptional regulation of HLA-G for better therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Linju Yen
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital Shiji, Taipei 221, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (B.L.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 37501) (B.L.Y.); +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 71560) (M.-L.Y.); Fax: +886-37-587-408 (B.L.Y); +886-2-2391-1302 (M.-L.Y.)
| | - Hsiao-Lin Hwa
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (P.-M.C.); (L.-T.W.)
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, NTU, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Ju Hsu
- Regenerative Medicine Research Group, Institute of Cellular & System Medicine, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Min Chen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (P.-M.C.); (L.-T.W.)
| | - Li-Tzu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (P.-M.C.); (L.-T.W.)
| | - Shih-Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Zhunan 350, Taiwan; (S.-S.J.); (K.-J.L.)
| | - Ko-Jiunn Liu
- National Institute of Cancer Research, NHRI, Zhunan 350, Taiwan; (S.-S.J.); (K.-J.L.)
| | - Huey-Kang Sytwu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, NHRI, Zhunan 350, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Men-Luh Yen
- Department of Obstetrics/Gynecology, National Taiwan University (NTU) Hospital & College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (H.-L.H.); (P.-M.C.); (L.-T.W.)
- Correspondence: (B.L.Y.); (M.-L.Y.); Tel.: +886-37-246-166 (ext. 37501) (B.L.Y.); +886-2-2312-3456 (ext. 71560) (M.-L.Y.); Fax: +886-37-587-408 (B.L.Y); +886-2-2391-1302 (M.-L.Y.)
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17
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Das M, Mayilsamy K, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for the treatment of traumatic brain injury: progress and prospects. Rev Neurosci 2020; 30:839-855. [PMID: 31203262 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2019-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of injury-related mortality and morbidity in the USA and around the world. The survivors may suffer from cognitive and memory deficits, vision and hearing loss, movement disorders, and different psychological problems. The primary insult causes neuronal damage and activates astrocytes and microglia which evokes immune responses causing further damage to the brain. Clinical trials of drugs to recover the neuronal loss are not very successful. Regenerative approaches for TBI using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) seem promising. Results of preclinical research have shown that transplantation of MSCs reduced secondary neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation, promoted neurogenesis and angiogenesis, and improved functional outcome in the experimental animals. The functional improvement is not necessarily related to cell engraftment; rather, immunomodulation by molecular factors secreted by MSCs is responsible for the beneficial effects of this therapy. However, MSC therapy has a few drawbacks including tumor formation, which can be avoided by the use of MSC-derived exosomes. This review has focused on the research works published in the field of regenerative therapy using MSCs after TBI and its future direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasweta Das
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Karthick Mayilsamy
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Shyam S Mohapatra
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Subhra Mohapatra
- James A. Haley Veterans Hospital, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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18
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Zhang X, Hubal MJ, Kraus VB. Immune cell extracellular vesicles and their mitochondrial content decline with ageing. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2020; 17:1. [PMID: 31911808 PMCID: PMC6942666 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-019-0172-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Although the mechanisms of action are not fully understood, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key indicators and effectors of immune function. Characterizing circulating EVs associated with stem and immune cells across the lifespan of healthy individuals could aid an understanding of immunosenescence, a process of age-related decline of cells in both adaptive and innate immune systems. Results Using high resolution multicolor flow cytometry, we identified three major subsets of EVs of varying sizes in healthy control (HC) plasma. Multiple plasma EVs associated with immune cells declined with ageing in HCs. In addition, we observed age-associated declines of respiring mitochondria cargo in EVs of several types of immune cells, suggesting that these parent cells may experience a decline in mitophagy or a mitochondrial dysfunction-induced immunosenescence. By contrast, the number of CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell-associated EVs were high and carried respiring mitochondria, which did not decline with age. Conclusion As demonstrated here, multicolor flow cytometry simultaneously measures plasma EV size, surface markers and cargo that reflect biological processes of specific cell types. The distinct surface markers and cytokine cargo of plasma EVs suggest that they may carry different bio-messages and originate by different biogenesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- 1Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701 USA.,2Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
| | - Monica Jeanne Hubal
- 3School of Health and Human Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana USA
| | - Virginia Byers Kraus
- 1Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27701 USA.,4Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina USA
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19
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Jiang W, Xu J. Immune modulation by mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Prolif 2019; 53:e12712. [PMID: 31730279 PMCID: PMC6985662 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be derived from various adult tissues with multipotent and self‐renewal abilities. The characteristics of presenting no major ethical concerns, having low immunogenicity and possessing immune modulation functions make MSCs promising candidates for stem cell therapies. MSCs could promote inflammation when the immune system is underactivated and restrain inflammation when the immune system is overactivated to avoid self‐overattack. These cells express many immune suppressors to switch them from a pro‐inflammatory phenotype to an anti‐inflammatory phenotype, resulting in immune effector cell suppression and immune suppressor cell activation. We would discuss the mechanisms governing the immune modulation function of these cells in this review, especially the immune‐suppressive effects of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Anatomy, Histology & Developmental Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianyong Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Anatomy, Histology & Developmental Biology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Immunology, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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20
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Human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate orbital adipogenesis in female mice models of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:246. [PMID: 31399042 PMCID: PMC6688254 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is a complication of Graves’ disease (GD), in which orbital connective tissues become inflamed and increase in volume and orbital fibroblasts within the orbital fat and extraocular muscles differentiate into adipocytes in vitro when stimulated by hormones, several cytokines, and growth factors including TSH, IGF-1, IL-1, interferon γ, and platelet-derived growth factor. Human placental mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) have immunomodulatory effects in disease pathogenesis. Although a number of studies have reported that hPMSCs can elicit therapeutic effects, these are not sufficient. Therefore, we constructed a GO animal model in order to find out the hPMSCs recovery effect. Methods We investigated their anti-adipogenic effects in in vitro cultures of orbital fibroblasts established from GO patients. Primary orbital fibroblasts were exposed to differentiation medium for 10 days. After being co-cultured with hPMSCs, the characteristics of orbital fibroblast were determined by Oil Red O stain and real-time PCR. Then, we explored the in vivo regulatory effects of hPMSCs in an experimental mouse model of GO. We developed the GO mouse model using immunization by leg muscle electroporation of pTriEx1.1Neo-hTSHR A-subunit plasmid. Human PMSC injection was performed into the left orbit. We also analyzed the effects of hPMSCs in the GO animal model. Result We found that hPMSCs inhibited a lipid accumulation and activated factors, such as ADIPONECTIN, PPARγ, C/EBPα, and TGFβ2 genes in adipogenesis-induced primary orbital fibroblasts from GO patients. Moreover, hPMSCs were highly effective at ameliorating adipogenesis in the orbital tissue of the model. Conclusion These data indicate that hPMSCs recover pathogenic activation of orbital fibroblasts in animals undergoing experimental GO and confirm the feasibility of applying hPMSCs as a novel treatment for GO patients.
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21
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Nomura S, Ito T, Katayama Y, Ota S, Hayashi K, Fujita S, Satake A, Ishii K. Effects of recombinant thrombomodulin therapy and soluble human leukocyte antigen-G levels during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2018; 53:28-33. [PMID: 30543860 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conditioning chemotherapies for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), especially those that include total body irradiation, can result in serious complications such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is a non-classical class I molecule with multiple immunoregulatory functions. METHODS We measured interleukin (IL)-10, transforming growth factor (TGF)β1, and soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in HSCT patients and examined the relationship between sHLA-G levels and acute GVHD (aGVHD). Additionally, we investigated the effect of recombinant soluble thrombomodulin (rTM) therapy on sHLA-G levels. Our study cohort included 135 patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at several institutions in Japan. RESULTS Serum levels of IL-10 and TGFβ1 exhibited no significant changes following HSCT. In contrast, levels of sHLA-G were significantly increased at days 21 and 28 post-HSCT. For patients with confirmed complications, the frequency of aGVHD was significantly lower in those with a > 2.8-fold increase in sHLA-G levels at day 28 relative to day 7 post-HSCT. sHLA-G levels in patients who received rTM therapy were significantly higher at days 21 and 28 post-HSCT compared with those in patients who did not receive rTM therapy. CONCLUSION These data suggest that HLA-G/sHLA-G participate in prevention of GVHD, and that rTM may prevent aGVHD following HSCT by promoting elevation of sHLA-G.
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Salami F, Tavassoli A, Mehrzad J, Parham A. Immunomodulatory effects of mesenchymal stem cells on leukocytes with emphasis on neutrophils. Immunobiology 2018; 223:786-791. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Bortolotti D, Rossignoli F, Rotola A, Campioni D, Cultrera R, Grisendi G, Dominici M, Rizzo R. Human Herpes simplex 1 virus infection of endometrial decidual tissue-derived MSC alters HLA-G expression and immunosuppressive functions. Hum Immunol 2018; 79:800-808. [PMID: 30118778 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells have immunosuppressive functions. Our previous results demonstrated that one of the players of this immunomodulation can be ascribed to the Human Leukocyte Antigen-G. HLA-G, a non classical HLA class I antigen, is involved in immune tolerance during pregnancy, organ transplantation, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. In this study we wanted to verify whether human endometrial decidual tissue derived (EDT)-MSC could express HLA-G. Additionally we assessed the permissivity to Human Herpesvirus infections, using HSV-1 as a model, and the possible effect on EDT-MSC immunosuppressive functions towards peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proliferation. METHODS We analyzed immune-inhibitory functions and HLA-G expression in human EDT-MSC before and after HSV-1 infection. RESULTS We observed that EDT-MSC express HLA-G molecules, that partly are responsible for the immune-inhibitory functions of EDT-MSC towards PBMC proliferation. EDT-MSC are permissive for a productive infection by HSV-1, that decreases HLA-G expression and affects EDT-MSC immune-inhibitory functions. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that EDT-MSC are susceptible to HSV-1 infection, that reduces HLA-G expression and their immune-inhibitory function. These data could have a clinical implication in the use of EDT-MSC as an immunosuppressant, in particular in steroid-refractory GvHD after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and in autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Bortolotti
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossignoli
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Antonella Rotola
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Diana Campioni
- Department of Specialist Biomedical and Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rosario Cultrera
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Laboratory of Cellular Therapy, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children & Adults, University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Roberta Rizzo
- Section of Microbiology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Tissue regeneration: The crosstalk between mesenchymal stem cells and immune response. Cell Immunol 2017; 326:86-93. [PMID: 29221689 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exist in almost all tissues with the capability to differentiate into several different cell types and hold great promise in tissue repairs in a cell replacement manner. The study of the bidirectional regulation between MSCs and immune response has ushered an age of rethinking of tissue regeneration in the process of stem cell-based tissue repairs. By sensing damaged signals, both endogenous and exogenous MSCs migrate to the damaged site where they involve in the reconstitution of the immune microenvironment and empower tissue stem/progenitor cells and other resident cells, whereby facilitate tissue repairs. This MSC-based therapeutic manner is conferred as cell empowerment. In this process, MSCs have been found to exert extensive immunosuppression on both innate and adaptive immune response, while such regulation needs to be licensed by inflammation. More importantly, the immunoregulation of MSCs is highly plastic, especially in the context of pathological microenvironment. Understanding the immunoregulatory properties of MSCs is necessary for appropriate application of MSCs. Here we review the current studies on the crosstalk of MSCs and immune response in disease pathogenesis and therapy.
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25
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Volarevic V, Gazdic M, Simovic Markovic B, Jovicic N, Djonov V, Arsenijevic N. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived factors: Immuno-modulatory effects and therapeutic potential. Biofactors 2017; 43:633-644. [PMID: 28718997 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is considered to be a new hope in transplantation medicine. Among stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are, due to their differentiation and immuno-modulatory characteristics, the most commonly used as therapeutic agents in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases. MSCs migrate to the site of inflammation and modulate immune response. The capacity of MSC to alter phenotype and function of immune cells are largely due to the production of soluble factors which expression varies depending on the pathologic condition to which MSCs are exposed. Under inflammatory conditions, MSCs-derived factors suppress both innate and adaptive immunity by attenuating maturation and capacity for antigen presentation of dendritic cells, by inducing polarization of macrophages towards alternative phenotype, by inhibiting activation and proliferation of T and B lymphocytes and by reducing cytotoxicity of NK and NKT cells. In this review, we emphasized current findings regarding immuno-modulatory effects of MSC-derived factors and emphasize their potential in the therapy of immune-mediated diseases. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(5):633-644, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Volarevic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Gazdic
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Bojana Simovic Markovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nemanja Jovicic
- Department of Histology and embryology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Valentin Djonov
- Department of Topographic and Clinical Anatomy, Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nebojsa Arsenijevic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Chow L, Johnson V, Coy J, Regan D, Dow S. Mechanisms of Immune Suppression Utilized by Canine Adipose and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:374-389. [PMID: 27881051 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from rodents and humans have been shown to suppress T cells by distinct primary pathways, with nitric oxide (NO)-dependent pathways dominating in rodents and indoleamine 2,3-deoxygenase (IDO)-dependent pathways dominating in humans. However, the immune suppressive pathways utilized by canine MSC have not been thoroughly studied, nor have bone marrow-derived MSC (BM-MSC) and adipose-derived MSC (Ad-MSC) been directly compared for their immune modulatory potency or pathway utilization. Therefore, canine BM-MSC and Ad-MSC were generated in vitro and their potency in suppressing T cell proliferation and cytokine production was compared, and differential gene expression. Mechanisms of T cells suppression were also investigated for both MSC types. We found that BM-MSC and Ad-MSC were roughly equivalent in terms of their ability to suppress T cell activation. However, the two MSC types used both shared and distinct biochemical pathways to suppress T cell activation. Ad-MSC utilized TGF-β signaling pathways and adenosine signaling to suppress T cell activation, whereas BM-MSC used cyclooxygenase, TGF-β and adenosine signaling pathways to suppress T cell activation. These results indicate that canine MSC are distinct from human and rodent MSC terms of their immune suppressive pathways, relying primarily on cyclooxygenase and TGF-β pathways for T cell suppression, rather than on NO or IDO-mediated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndah Chow
- 1 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado.,2 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Valerie Johnson
- 1 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado.,2 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Jonathan Coy
- 1 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado.,2 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Dan Regan
- 1 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado.,2 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado
| | - Steven Dow
- 1 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado.,2 Center for Immune and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University , Ft. Collins, Colorado
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27
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Morandi F, Pozzi S, Carlini B, Amoroso L, Pistoia V, Corrias MV. Soluble HLA-G and HLA-E Levels in Bone Marrow Plasma Samples Are Related to Disease Stage in Neuroblastoma Patients. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7465741. [PMID: 27610393 PMCID: PMC5004009 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7465741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of nonclassical HLA-class Ib molecules HLA-G and HLA-E in the progression of Neuroblastoma (NB), the most common pediatric extracranial solid tumor, has been characterized in the last years. Since BM infiltration by NB cells is an adverse prognostic factor, we have here analyzed for the first time the concentration of soluble (s)HLA-G and HLA-E in bone marrow (BM) plasma samples from NB patients at diagnosis and healthy donors. sHLA-G and sHLA-E are present in BM plasma samples, and their levels were similar between NB patients and controls, thus suggesting that these molecules are physiologically released by resident or stromal BM cell populations. This hypothesis was supported by the finding that sHLA-G and sHLA-E levels did not correlate with BM infiltration and other adverse prognostic factors (MYCN amplification and age at diagnosis). In contrast, BM plasma levels of both molecules were higher in patients with metastatic disease than in patients with localized NB, thus suggesting that concentration of these molecules might be correlated with disease progression. The prognostic role of sHLA-G and sHLA-E concentration in the BM plasma for NB patients will be evaluated in future studies, by analyzing the clinical outcome of the same NB patients at follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Morandi
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Sarah Pozzi
- Centro Cellule Staminali, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Barbara Carlini
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Loredana Amoroso
- UOC Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Valeria Corrias
- Laboratorio di Oncologia, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Via Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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Du WJ, Reppel L, Leger L, Schenowitz C, Huselstein C, Bensoussan D, Carosella ED, Han ZC, Rouas-Freiss N. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived from Human Bone Marrow and Adipose Tissue Maintain Their Immunosuppressive Properties After Chondrogenic Differentiation: Role of HLA-G. Stem Cells Dev 2016; 25:1454-69. [PMID: 27465875 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have emerged as alternative sources of stem cells for regenerative medicine because of their multipotency and strong immune-regulatory properties. Also, human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G) is an important mediator of MSC-mediated immunomodulation. However, it is unclear whether MSC retain their immune-privileged potential after differentiation. As promising candidates for cartilage tissue engineering, the immunogenic and immunomodulatory properties of chondro-differentiated MSC (chondro-MSC) require in-depth exploration. In the present study, we used the alginate/hyaluronic acid (Alg/HA) hydrogel scaffold and induced both bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived MSC into chondrocytes in three-dimensional condition. Then, MSC before and after chondrocyte differentiation were treated or not with interferon γ and tumor necrosis factor α mimicking inflammatory conditions and were compared side by side using flow cytometry, mixed lymphocyte reaction, and immunostaining assays. Results showed that chondro-MSC were hypoimmunogenic and could exert immunosuppression on HLA-mismatched peripheral blood mononuclear cells as well as undifferentiated MSC did. This alloproliferation inhibition mediated by MSC or chondro-MSC was dose dependent. Meanwhile, chondro-MSC exerted inhibition on natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis. Also, we showed that HLA-G expression was upregulated in chondro-MSC under hypoxia context and could be boosted in allogenic settings. Besides, the Alg/HA hydrogel scaffold was hypoimmunogenic and its addition for supporting MSC chondrocyte differentiation did not modify the immune properties of MSC. Finally, considering their chondro-regenerative potential and their retained immunosuppressive capacity, MSC constitute promising allogenic sources of stem cells for cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Du
- 1 CEA, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Therapies Innovantes (IMETI), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hopital Saint-Louis , IUH, Paris, France .,2 The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease , Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Loic Reppel
- 3 Cell and Tissue Banking Unit and Research Federation FR 3209, Nancy University Hospital , Nancy, France .,4 UMR CNRS 7365 and FR 3209 CNRS-INSERM-UL-CHU, Lorraine University , Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France .,5 Microbiology-Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorraine University , Nancy, France
| | - Léonore Leger
- 3 Cell and Tissue Banking Unit and Research Federation FR 3209, Nancy University Hospital , Nancy, France .,4 UMR CNRS 7365 and FR 3209 CNRS-INSERM-UL-CHU, Lorraine University , Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France .,5 Microbiology-Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorraine University , Nancy, France
| | - Chantal Schenowitz
- 1 CEA, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Therapies Innovantes (IMETI), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hopital Saint-Louis , IUH, Paris, France .,6 Sorbonne Paris Cite, IUH, Hopital Saint-Louis, UMR_E5, Universite Paris Diderot , Paris, France
| | - Celine Huselstein
- 4 UMR CNRS 7365 and FR 3209 CNRS-INSERM-UL-CHU, Lorraine University , Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France
| | - Danièle Bensoussan
- 3 Cell and Tissue Banking Unit and Research Federation FR 3209, Nancy University Hospital , Nancy, France .,4 UMR CNRS 7365 and FR 3209 CNRS-INSERM-UL-CHU, Lorraine University , Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France .,5 Microbiology-Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lorraine University , Nancy, France
| | - Edgardo D Carosella
- 1 CEA, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Therapies Innovantes (IMETI), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hopital Saint-Louis , IUH, Paris, France .,6 Sorbonne Paris Cite, IUH, Hopital Saint-Louis, UMR_E5, Universite Paris Diderot , Paris, France
| | - Zhong-Chao Han
- 2 The State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Hospital of Blood Disease , Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Nathalie Rouas-Freiss
- 1 CEA, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Institut des Maladies Emergentes et des Therapies Innovantes (IMETI), Service de Recherche en Hemato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hopital Saint-Louis , IUH, Paris, France .,6 Sorbonne Paris Cite, IUH, Hopital Saint-Louis, UMR_E5, Universite Paris Diderot , Paris, France
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Fontaine MJ, Shih H, Schäfer R, Pittenger MF. Unraveling the Mesenchymal Stromal Cells' Paracrine Immunomodulatory Effects. Transfus Med Rev 2015; 30:37-43. [PMID: 26689863 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last 10 years, the role of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in modulating inflammatory and immune responses has been characterized using both in vitro studies and in vivo models of immune disorders. Mesenchymal stromal cell immunomodulatory properties have been linked to various paracrine factors which expression varies depending on the pathologic condition to which the MSCs are exposed. These factors may directly impact key cells of the adaptive immune system, such as T cells. Indeed, coculturing MSCs with T cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction assay inhibits T-cell proliferation through the secretion of immunomodulatory cytokines. However, in a context of inflammation, MSCs may secrete paracrine factors that influence other immune cell subpopulations such as dendritic cells and macrophages and polarize them toward a tolerogenic phenotype. In vivo, these same immunomodulatory factors are shown to be increased in the serum of animal models presenting with inflammatory diseases treated with MSC administration. In light of the results from these landmark studies, we review the main MSC secreted factors identified to play a role in modulating inflammatory immune responses either in vitro or in vivo, and we assess the impact of these factors on the therapeutic applications of MSC-based cell therapies in immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hank Shih
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | - Richard Schäfer
- Institute for TransfusionMedicine and Immunohaematology, German Red Cross Blood Donor Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen gGmbH, Goethe University Hospital, Frankfurt amMain, Germany
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30
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Ravelli A, Reuben JM, Lanza F, Anfossi S, Cappelletti MR, Zanotti L, Gobbi A, Senti C, Brambilla P, Milani M, Spada D, Pedrazzoli P, Martino M, Bottini A, Generali D. Breast cancer circulating biomarkers: advantages, drawbacks, and new insights. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:6653-65. [PMID: 26307395 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3944-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As of today, the level of individualization of cancer therapies has reached a level that 20 years ago would be considered visionary. However, most of the diagnostic, prognostic, and therapy-predictive procedures which aim to improve the overall level of personalization are based on the evaluation of tumor tissue samples, therefore requiring surgical operations with consequent low compliance for patients and high costs for the hospital. Hence, the research of a panel of circulating indicators which may serve as source of information about tumor characteristics and which may be obtainable by a simple withdrawal of peripheral blood today represents a growing field of interest. This review aims to objectively summarize the characteristics of the currently available breast cancer circulating biomarkers, also providing an overview about the multitude of novel potential soluble predictors which are still under evaluation. Specifically, the usefulness of a so-called "liquid biopsy" will be discussed in terms of improvements of diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy-prediction, but an overview will be given also on the potentiality of the molecular characterization arising from the isolation of circulating biomarkers and cells. Although this review will focus on the specific case of the breast, in the future liquid biopsies will hopefully be available for virtually any type of neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravelli
- U.O. Ematologia e CTMO, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - James M Reuben
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Francesco Lanza
- U.O. Ematologia e CTMO, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Simone Anfossi
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Rosa Cappelletti
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Laura Zanotti
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Angela Gobbi
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Chiara Senti
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Paola Brambilla
- U.O. Ematologia e CTMO, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Manuela Milani
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Daniele Spada
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Paolo Pedrazzoli
- S.C Oncologia, Dipartimento di Onco-Ematologia, Policlinico IRCCS San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Martino
- U.O. Ematologia con Trapianto di Midollo Osseo e Terapia Intensiva, Dipartimento di Oncologia, AZ. Ospedaliera Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli, 89100, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Alberto Bottini
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy
| | - Daniele Generali
- U.O. Multidisciplinare di Patologia Mammaria, U.S. Terapia Molecolare e Farmacogenomica, AZ. Istituti Ospitalieri di Cremona, Viale Concordia 1, 26100, Cremona, Italy.
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31
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Djurisic S, Skibsted L, Hviid TVF. A Phenotypic Analysis of Regulatory T Cells and Uterine NK Cells from First Trimester Pregnancies and Associations with HLA-G. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015; 74:427-44. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Djurisic
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI); Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde); University of Copenhagen; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Lillian Skibsted
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology; Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde); Roskilde Denmark
| | - Thomas Vauvert F. Hviid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry; Centre for Immune Regulation and Reproductive Immunology (CIRRI); Copenhagen University Hospital (Roskilde); University of Copenhagen; Roskilde Denmark
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32
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Interactions between MSCs and immune cells: implications for bone healing. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:752510. [PMID: 26000315 PMCID: PMC4427002 DOI: 10.1155/2015/752510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that, of the 7.9 million fractures sustained in the United States each year, 5% to 20% result in delayed or impaired healing requiring therapeutic intervention. Following fracture injury, there is an initial inflammatory response that plays a crucial role in bone healing; however, prolonged inflammation is inhibitory for fracture repair. The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. Some cytokines are reported to be proosteogenic while others inhibit bone healing. Cell-based therapy utilizing mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) is an attractive option for augmenting the fracture repair process. Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. Insight into this paradigm can provide valuable clues in identifying cellular and noncellular targets that can potentially be modulated to enhance both natural bone healing and bone repair augmented by the exogenous addition of MSCs.
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Immunoregulation by mesenchymal stem cells: biological aspects and clinical applications. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:394917. [PMID: 25961059 PMCID: PMC4417567 DOI: 10.1155/2015/394917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells capable of differentiation into mesenchymal lineages and that can be isolated from various tissues and easily cultivated in vitro. Currently, MSCs are of considerable interest because of the biological characteristics that confer high potential applicability in the clinical treatment of many diseases. Specifically, because of their high immunoregulatory capacity, MSCs are used as tools in cellular therapies for clinical protocols involving immune system alterations. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge about the capacity of MSCs for the immunoregulation of immunocompetent cells and emphasize the effects of MSCs on T cells, principal effectors of the immune response, and the immunosuppressive effects mediated by the secretion of soluble factors and membrane molecules. We also describe the mechanisms of MSC immunoregulatory modulation and the participation of MSCs as immune response regulators in several autoimmune diseases, and we emphasize the clinical application in graft versus host disease (GVHD).
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Abstract
Fractures are the most common large-organ, traumatic injuries to humans. The repair of bone fractures is a postnatal regenerative process that recapitulates many of the ontological events of embryonic skeletal development. Although fracture repair usually restores the damaged skeletal organ to its pre-injury cellular composition, structure and biomechanical function, about 10% of fractures will not heal normally. This article reviews the developmental progression of fracture healing at the tissue, cellular and molecular levels. Innate and adaptive immune processes are discussed as a component of the injury response, as are environmental factors, such as the extent of injury to the bone and surrounding tissue, fixation and the contribution of vascular tissues. We also present strategies for fracture treatment that have been tested in animal models and in clinical trials or case series. The biophysical and biological basis of the molecular actions of various therapeutic approaches, including recombinant human bone morphogenetic proteins and parathyroid hormone therapy, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Einhorn
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University Medical Centre, Doctor's Office Building Suite 808, 720 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Louis C Gerstenfeld
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, E243, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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35
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Teklemariam T, Purandare B, Zhao L, Hantash BM. Inhibition of DNA methylation enhances HLA-G expression in human mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 452:753-9. [PMID: 25204503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.08.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are immunosuppressive multipotent cells under investigation for potential therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine and prevention of graft-versus-host disease. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G contributes to the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs. HLA-G expression in MSCs is very low and diminishes during in vitro expansion. Epigenetic regulation activates HLA-G expression in some cancer cell lines but not in MSCs. In the present study, adipose- and bone marrow-derived MSCs were exposed to the DNA demethylating agent 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC) and histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) and HLA-G mRNA levels assessed using semi-quantitative reverse-transcription PCR. Exposure to 5-aza-dC resulted in HLA-G1 and -G3 upregulation in both early and late passage MSCs. VPA treatment did not induce HLA-G expression in both bone marrow and adipose derived MSCs. Our results provide the first evidence that HLA-G3 could be expressed in MSCs and that methylation-mediated repression is partly responsible for the observed low levels of HLA-G expression in MSCs. Our findings provide insight that treatment of MSCs with specific epigenetic regulatory modulators may improve their immunoregulatory capability for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Longmei Zhao
- Escape Therapeutics, Inc., San Jose, CA, United States
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36
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Melief SM, Geutskens SB, Fibbe WE, Roelofs H. Multipotent stromal cells skew monocytes towards an anti-inflammatory function: the link with key immunoregulatory molecules. Haematologica 2014; 98:e121-2. [PMID: 24006414 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.093864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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37
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Campioni D, Bortolotti D, Baricordi OR, Rizzo R. Multipotent stromal cells skew monocytes towards an anti-inflammatory function: a role for HLA-G molecules. Haematologica 2014; 98:e114. [PMID: 24006410 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2013.090092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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38
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Perez-Sepulveda A, Torres MJ, Khoury M, Illanes SE. Innate immune system and preeclampsia. Front Immunol 2014; 5:244. [PMID: 24904591 PMCID: PMC4033071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Normal pregnancy is considered as a Th2 type immunological state that favors an immune-tolerance environment in order to prevent fetal rejection. Preeclampsia (PE) has been classically described as a Th1/Th2 imbalance; however, the Th1/Th2 paradigm has proven insufficient to fully explain the functional and molecular changes observed during normal/pathological pregnancies. Recent studies have expanded the Th1/Th2 into a Th1/Th2/Th17 and regulatory T-cells paradigm and where dendritic cells could have a crucial role. Recently, some evidence has emerged supporting the idea that mesenchymal stem cells might be part of the feto-maternal tolerance environment. This review will discuss the involvement of the innate immune system in the establishment of a physiological environment that favors pregnancy and possible alterations related to the development of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Perez-Sepulveda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes , Santiago , Chile
| | - Maria Jose Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes , Santiago , Chile
| | - Maroun Khoury
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes , Santiago , Chile ; Cells for Cells , Santiago , Chile
| | - Sebastian E Illanes
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes , Santiago , Chile
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Osteodifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow and adipose tissue express HLA-G and display immunomodulatory properties in HLA-mismatched settings: implications in bone repair therapy. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:230346. [PMID: 24877156 PMCID: PMC4022112 DOI: 10.1155/2014/230346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that can be obtained from several sources such as bone marrow and adipose tissue. Depending on the culture conditions, they can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes, or neurons. In this regard, they constitute promising candidates for cell-based therapy aimed at repairing damaged tissues. In addition, MSCs display immunomodulatory properties through the expression of soluble factors including HLA-G. We here analyse both immunogenicity and immunosuppressive capacity of MSCs derived from bone marrow and adipose tissue before and after osteodifferentiation. Results show that HLA-G expression is maintained after osteodifferentiation and can be boosted in inflammatory conditions mimicked by the addition of IFN-γ and TNF-α. Both MSCs and osteodifferentiated MSCs are hypoimmunogenic and exert immunomodulatory properties in HLA-mismatched settings as they suppress T cell alloproliferation in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Finally, addition of biomaterials that stimulate bone tissue formation did not modify MSC immune properties. As MSCs combine both abilities of osteoregeneration and immunomodulation, they may be considered as allogenic sources for the treatment of bone defects.
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40
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van den Berk LCJ, Jansen BJH, Snowden S, Siebers-Vermeulen KGC, Gilissen C, Kögler G, Figdor CG, Wheelock CE, Torensma R. Cord blood mesenchymal stem cells suppress DC-T Cell proliferation via prostaglandin B2. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1582-93. [PMID: 24649980 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune suppression is a very stable property of multipotent stromal cells also known as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). All cell lines tested showed robust immune suppression not affected by a long culture history. Several mechanisms were described to account for this capability. Since several of the described mechanisms were not causing the immune suppression, the expression pattern of cord-blood-derived MSCs by microarray experiments was determined. Dendritic cells cocultured with cord blood MSCs were compared with cord blood MSCs. Putative immune suppressive candidates were tested to explain this inhibition. We find that cord blood MSCs themselves are hardly immunogenic as tested with allogeneic T-cells. Dendritic cells cocultured with second-party T-cells evoked abundant proliferation that was inhibited by third-party cord blood MSCs. Optimal inhibition was seen with one cord blood MSC for every dendritic cell. Blocking human leukocyte antigen G only saw partial recovery of proliferation. Several cytokines, gangliosides, enzymes like arginase, NO synthase, and indole amine 2,3-dioxygenase as well as the induction of Treg were not involved in the inhibition. The inhibiting moiety was identified as prostaglandin B2 by lipid metabolite analysis of the culture supernatant and confirmed with purified prostaglandin B2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke C J van den Berk
- 1 Department of Tumor Immunology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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41
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Ma S, Xie N, Li W, Yuan B, Shi Y, Wang Y. Immunobiology of mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:216-25. [PMID: 24185619 PMCID: PMC3890955 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 544] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be isolated from almost all tissues and effectively expanded in vitro. Although their true in situ properties and biological functions remain to be elucidated, these in vitro expanded cells have been shown to possess potential to differentiate into specific cell lineages. It is speculated that MSCs in situ have important roles in tissue cellular homeostasis by replacing dead or dysfunctional cells. Recent studies have demonstrated that in vitro expanded MSCs of various origins have great capacity to modulate immune responses and change the progression of different inflammatory diseases. As tissue injuries are often accompanied by inflammation, inflammatory factors may provide cues to mobilize MSCs to tissue sites with damage. Before carrying out tissue repair functions, MSCs first prepare the microenvironment by modulating inflammatory processes and releasing various growth factors in response to the inflammation status. In this review, we focus on the crosstalk between MSCs and immune responses and their potential clinical applications, especially in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ma
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - N Xie
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - W Li
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - B Yuan
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Y Shi
- 1] Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China [2] Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA
| | - Y Wang
- Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 225 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200025, China
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Deschaseaux F, Gaillard J, Langonné A, Chauveau C, Naji A, Bouacida A, Rosset P, Heymann D, De Pinieux G, Rouas‐Freiss N, Sensébé L. Regulation and function of immunosuppressive molecule human leukocyte antigen G5 in human bone tissue. FASEB J 2013; 27:2977-87. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-227264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Deschaseaux
- Stromalab Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS)‐Pyrénées‐Méditerranée ToulouseToulouseFrance
- EFS Centre‐AtlantiqueToursFrance
| | - Julien Gaillard
- EFS Centre‐AtlantiqueToursFrance
- Université François RabelaisToursFrance
| | | | - Christophe Chauveau
- Physiopathologie des Maladies Osseuses InflammatoiresPôles de Recherche et d'Enseignement Supérieur (PRES) Université Lille Nord de FranceBoulogne sur MerFrance
| | - Abderrahim Naji
- Service de Recherches en Hemato‐Immunologie‐Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)‐Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)‐Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMET)ParisFrance
| | - Amina Bouacida
- Stromalab Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS)‐Pyrénées‐Méditerranée ToulouseToulouseFrance
- Université François RabelaisToursFrance
| | - Philippe Rosset
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) TrousseauToursFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses PrimitivesUniversité de NantesNantesFrance
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses PrimitivesUniversité de NantesNantesFrance
| | - Gonzague De Pinieux
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) TrousseauToursFrance
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses PrimitivesUniversité de NantesNantesFrance
| | - Nathalie Rouas‐Freiss
- Service de Recherches en Hemato‐Immunologie‐Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA)‐Direction des Sciences du Vivant (DSV)‐Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies (IMET)ParisFrance
| | - Luc Sensébé
- Stromalab Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Université Paul Sabatier (UPS)/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS)‐Pyrénées‐Méditerranée ToulouseToulouseFrance
- EFS Centre‐AtlantiqueToursFrance
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Campioni D, Bardi MA, Cavazzini F, Tammiso E, Pezzolo E, Pregnolato E, Volta E, Cuneo A, Lanza F. Cytogenetic and molecular cytogenetic profile of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in chronic and acute lymphoproliferative disorders. Ann Hematol 2012; 91:1563-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00277-012-1500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Umbilical cord blood CD34(+)cell-derived progeny produces human leukocyte antigen-G molecules with immuno-modulatory functions. Hum Immunol 2011; 73:150-5. [PMID: 22178696 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood units (UCBs) are an alternative source in allogeneic-stem-cell transplantation. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-G is a tolerogenic molecule with a possible implication in UCB immunoregulatory effect. HLA-G expression was observed in UCB myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells; in contrast, CD34(+) cells did not produce this molecule. CD34(+) cells are primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells that are present in UCB and are necessary for long-term engraftment via production of immunoregulatory molecules and a hematopoietic progeny that supports cellular recovery. The role of these cells in UCB transplantation needs further evaluation of HLA-G expression in CD34(+) cells and their hematopoietic progeny. We confirmed the absence of HLA-G expression in CD34(+) cells, whereas CD34(+)-derived progeny secreted HLA-G molecules and expressed HLA-G mRNA in in vitro cultures. Furthermore, soluble HLA (sHLA)-G molecules purified from the culture supernatants of CD34(+)-derived progeny were able to suppress lymphoproliferative response in an HLA-G dose-dependent manner. Overall these results identify CD34(+)-derived hematopoietic progeny as producers of HLA-G molecules and support a role of this antigen as an immuno-modulatory factor in UCB.
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45
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Zhao J, Guo Y, Yan Z, Zhang J, Bushkin Y, Liang P. Soluble MHC I and soluble MIC molecules: potential therapeutic targets for cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2011; 30:35-43. [PMID: 21235324 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2010.543711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
It has become clear that soluble MHC I (sMHC I) and soluble MIC (sMIC), which are highly elevated in sera of cancer patients, can be viewed to be tolerogenic, and that metalloproteinases are involved in their generation process. In this review, an overview is provided of the recent progress made in the sMHC I and sMIC fields, with emphasis on their structure, formation, and function, and the key-questions that still await answers are addressed. Understanding better their formation mechanism, it will become more feasible to modulate the immune responses in cancer patients by targeting molecules involved in their generation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Pharmacogenomics, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Long-lasting inhibitory effects of fetal liver mesenchymal stem cells on T-lymphocyte proliferation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19988. [PMID: 21625521 PMCID: PMC3098287 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) are multipotent progenitor cells that have transient immunomodulatory properties on Natural Killer (NK) cells, Dendritic Cells (DC), and T cells. This study compared the use of MSC isolated from bone marrow and fetal liver (FL-MSC) to determine which displayed the most efficient immunosuppressive effects on T cell activation. Although both types of MSC exhibit similar phenotype profile, FL-MSC displays a much more extended in vitro life-span and immunomodulatory properties. When co-cultured with CD3/CD28-stimulated T cells, both BM-MSC and FL-MSC affected T cell proliferation by inhibiting their entry into the cell cycle, by inducing the down-regulation of phospho-retinoblastoma (pRb), cyclins A and D1, as well as up-regulating p27kip1expression. The T cell inhibition by MSC was not due to the soluble HLA-G5 isoform, but to the surface expression of HLA-G1, as shown by the need of cell-cell contact and by the use of neutralizing anti-HLA-G antibodies. To note, in a HLA-G-mediated fashion, MSC facilitated the expansion of a CD4low/CD8low T subset that had decreased secretion of IFN-γ, and an induced secretion of the immunomodulatory cytokine IL-10. Because of their longer lasting in vitro immunosuppressive properties, mainly mediated by HLA-G, and their more efficient induction of IL-10 production and T cell apoptosis, fetal liver MSC could be considered a new tool for MSC therapy to prevent allograft rejection.
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47
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Fainardi E, Castellazzi M, Stignani M, Morandi F, Sana G, Gonzalez R, Pistoia V, Baricordi OR, Sokal E, Peña J. Emerging topics and new perspectives on HLA-G. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:433-51. [PMID: 21080027 PMCID: PMC11114687 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0584-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the Fifth International Conference on non-classical HLA-G antigens (HLA-G), held in Paris in July 2009, we selected some topics which focus on emerging aspects in the setting of HLA-G functions. In particular, HLA-G molecules could play a role in: (1) various inflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, intracerebral hemorrhage, gastrointestinal, skin and rheumatic diseases, and asthma, where they may act as immunoregulatory factors; (2) the mechanisms to escape immune surveillance utilized by several viruses, such as human cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus type 1, rabies virus, hepatitis C virus, influenza virus type A and human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1); and (3) cytokine/chemokine network and stem cell transplantation, since they seem to modulate cell migration by the downregulation of chemokine receptor expression and mesenchymal stem cell activity blocking of effector cell functions and the generation of regulatory T cells. However, the immunomodulatory circuits mediated by HLA-G proteins still remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Fainardi
- Neuroradiology Unit, Department of Neurosciences and Rehabilitation, Azienda Ospedaliera-Universitaria, Arcispedale S. Anna, Corso della Giovecca 203, 44100 Ferrara, Italy.
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48
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Rizzo R, Lanzoni G, Stignani M, Campioni D, Alviano F, Ricci F, Tazzari PL, Melchiorri L, Scalinci SZ, Cuneo A, Bonsi L, Lanza F, Bagnara GP, Baricordi OR. A simple method for identifying bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells with a high immunosuppressive potential. Cytotherapy 2010; 13:523-7. [PMID: 21171826 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.542460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS The beneficial activity of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) in allogeneic hematopietic stem cell transplantation requires correct use in terms of cell dose and timing of infusion and the identification of biomarkers for selection. The immunosuppressive bone marrow (BM)-derived MSC (BM-MSC) functions have been associated with the production of soluble HLA-G molecules (sHLA-G) via interleukin (IL)-10. We have established a reliable method for evaluating BM-MSC HLA-G expression without the influence of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). METHODS Thirteen BM-MSC from donors were activated with recombinant IL-10 or co-cultured with 10 different phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-treated PBMC (PHA-PBMC). Membrane-bound and sHLA-G expression was evaluated by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively; lymphoproliferation was measured by (methyl-(3)H)thymidine. RESULTS The results demonstrated the ability of IL-10 to stimulate both membrane-bound and sHLA-G production by BM-MSC. The levels of HLA-G expression induced by IL-10 in BM-MSC were associated with the inhibition of PHA-PBMC proliferation (sHLA-G, P = 0.0008, r = 0.9308; membrane HLA-G, P = 0.0005, r = 0.9502). CONCLUSIONS We propose the evaluation of sHLA-G production in IL-10-treated BM-MSC cultures as a possible marker of immunoregulatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rizzo
- Department of Experimental and Diagnostic Medicine, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Section of Medical Genetics, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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Waterman RS, Tomchuck SL, Henkle SL, Betancourt AM. A new mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) paradigm: polarization into a pro-inflammatory MSC1 or an Immunosuppressive MSC2 phenotype. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10088. [PMID: 20436665 PMCID: PMC2859930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 887] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Our laboratory and others reported that the stimulation of specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) affects the immune modulating responses of human multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs). Toll-like receptors recognize “danger” signals, and their activation leads to profound cellular and systemic responses that mobilize innate and adaptive host immune cells. The danger signals that trigger TLRs are released following most tissue pathologies. Since danger signals recruit immune cells to sites of injury, we reasoned that hMSCs might be recruited in a similar way. Indeed, we found that hMSCs express several TLRs (e.g., TLR3 and TLR4), and that their migration, invasion, and secretion of immune modulating factors is drastically affected by specific TLR-agonist engagement. In particular, we noted diverse consequences on the hMSCs following stimulation of TLR3 when compared to TLR4 by our low-level, short-term TLR-priming protocol. Principal Findings Here we extend our studies on the effect on immune modulation by specific TLR-priming of hMSCs, and based on our findings, propose a new paradigm for hMSCs that takes its cue from the monocyte literature. Specifically, that hMSCs can be polarized by downstream TLR signaling into two homogenously acting phenotypes we classify here as MSC1 and MSC2. This concept came from our observations that TLR4-primed hMSCs, or MSC1, mostly elaborate pro-inflammatory mediators, while TLR3-primed hMSCs, or MSC2, express mostly immunosuppressive ones. Additionally, allogeneic co-cultures of TLR-primed MSCs with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) predictably lead to suppressed T-lymphocyte activation following MSC2 co-culture, and permissive T-lymphocyte activation in co-culture with MSC1. Significance Our study provides an explanation to some of the conflicting reports on the net effect of TLR stimulation and its downstream consequences on the immune modulating properties of stem cells. We further suggest that MSC polarization provides a convenient way to render these heterogeneous preparations of cells more uniform while introducing a new facet to study, as well as provides an important aspect to consider for the improvement of current stem cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth S. Waterman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Suzanne L. Tomchuck
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Henkle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Aline M. Betancourt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane Center for Gene Therapy, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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50
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Lanzoni G, Alviano F, Marchionni C, Bonsi L, Costa R, Foroni L, Roda G, Belluzzi A, Caponi A, Ricci F, Luigi Tazzari P, Pagliaro P, Rizzo R, Lanza F, Roberto Baricordi O, Pasquinelli G, Roda E, Paolo Bagnara G. Isolation of stem cell populations with trophic and immunoregulatory functions from human intestinal tissues: potential for cell therapy in inflammatory bowel disease. Cytotherapy 2010; 11:1020-31. [PMID: 19929466 DOI: 10.3109/14653240903253840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Bone marrow (BM)- and adipose tissue (AT)-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are currently under evaluation in phase III clinical trials for inflammatory bowel disease and other intestinal disease manifestations. The therapeutic efficacy of these treatments may derive from a combination of the differentiation, trophic and immunomodulatory abilities of the transplanted cells. We investigated intestinal tissues as sources of MSC: such cells may support tissue-specific functions and hold advantages for engraftment and contribution in the gastrointestinal environment. METHODS Intestinal specimens were collected, and the mucosa and submucosa mechanically separated and enzymatically digested. Mesenchymal stromal populations were isolated, expanded and characterized under conditions commonly used for MSC. The differentiation potential, trophic effect and immunomodulatory ability were investigated. Results We successfully isolated and extensively expanded populations showing the typical MSC profile: CD29+, CD44+, CD73+, CD105+ and CD166+, and CD14(-), CD34(-) and CD45(-). Intestinal mucosal (IM) MSC were also CD117+, while submucosal cultures (ISM MSC) showed CD34+ subsets. The cells differentiated toward osteogenic, adipogenic and angiogenic commitments. Intestinal-derived MSC were able to induce differentiation and organization of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) in three-dimensional collagen cultures. Immunomodulatory activity was evidenced in co-cultures with normal heterologous phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Conclusions Multipotent MSC can be isolated from intestinal mucosal and submucosal tissues. IM MSC and ISM MSC are able to perform trophic and immunomodulatory functions. These findings could open a pathway for novel approaches to intestinal disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Lanzoni
- Department of Histology, Embryology and Applied Biology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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