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vom Saal FS, Antoniou M, Belcher SM, Bergman A, Bhandari RK, Birnbaum LS, Cohen A, Collins TJ, Demeneix B, Fine AM, Flaws JA, Gayrard V, Goodson WH, Gore AC, Heindel JJ, Hunt PA, Iguchi T, Kassotis CD, Kortenkamp A, Mesnage R, Muncke J, Myers JP, Nadal A, Newbold RR, Padmanabhan V, Palanza P, Palma Z, Parmigiani S, Patrick L, Prins GS, Rosenfeld CS, Skakkebaek NE, Sonnenschein C, Soto AM, Swan SH, Taylor JA, Toutain PL, von Hippel FA, Welshons WV, Zalko D, Zoeller RT. The Conflict between Regulatory Agencies over the 20,000-Fold Lowering of the Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) for Bisphenol A (BPA) by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2024; 132:45001. [PMID: 38592230 PMCID: PMC11003459 DOI: 10.1289/ehp13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) recommended lowering their estimated tolerable daily intake (TDI) for bisphenol A (BPA) 20,000-fold to 0.2 ng / kg body weight ( BW ) / day . BPA is an extensively studied high production volume endocrine disrupting chemical (EDC) associated with a vast array of diseases. Prior risk assessments of BPA by EFSA as well as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have relied on industry-funded studies conducted under good laboratory practice protocols (GLP) requiring guideline end points and detailed record keeping, while also claiming to examine (but rejecting) thousands of published findings by academic scientists. Guideline protocols initially formalized in the mid-twentieth century are still used by many regulatory agencies. EFSA used a 21st century approach in its reassessment of BPA and conducted a transparent, but time-limited, systematic review that included both guideline and academic research. The German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) opposed EFSA's revision of the TDI for BPA. OBJECTIVES We identify the flaws in the assumptions that the German BfR, as well as the FDA, have used to justify maintaining the TDI for BPA at levels above what a vast amount of academic research shows to cause harm. We argue that regulatory agencies need to incorporate 21st century science into chemical hazard identifications using the CLARITY-BPA (Consortium Linking Academic and Regulatory Insights on BPA Toxicity) nonguideline academic studies in a collaborative government-academic program model. DISCUSSION We strongly endorse EFSA's revised TDI for BPA and support the European Commission's (EC) apparent acceptance of this updated BPA risk assessment. We discuss challenges to current chemical risk assessment assumptions about EDCs that need to be addressed by regulatory agencies to, in our opinion, become truly protective of public health. Addressing these challenges will hopefully result in BPA, and eventually other structurally similar bisphenols (called regrettable substitutions) for which there are known adverse effects, being eliminated from all food-related and many other uses in the EU and elsewhere. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13812.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick S. vom Saal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael Antoniou
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Scott M. Belcher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ake Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ramji K. Bhandari
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Linda S. Birnbaum
- Scientist Emeritus and Former Director, National Toxicology Program (NTP), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
- Scholar in Residence, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aly Cohen
- Integrative Rheumatology Associates, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Terrence J. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- Comparative Physiology Laboratory, Natural History Museum, Paris, France
| | - Anne Marie Fine
- Environmental Medicine Education International, Mancos, Colorado, USA
| | - Jodi A. Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana—Champaign, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Veronique Gayrard
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - William H. Goodson
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Andrea C. Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Jerrold J. Heindel
- Healthy Environment and Endocrine Disruptor Strategies, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Patricia A. Hunt
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Christopher D. Kassotis
- Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Andreas Kortenkamp
- Centre for Pollution Research and Policy, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Robin Mesnage
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King’s College London School of Medicine, London, UK
| | - Jane Muncke
- Food Packaging Forum Foundation, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Angel Nadal
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and CIBERDEM, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Retha R. Newbold
- Scientist Emeritus, NTP, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paola Palanza
- Unit of Neuroscience, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Parmigiani
- Unit of Evolutionary and Functional Biology, Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lyn Patrick
- Environmental Medicine Education International, Mancos, Colorado, USA
| | - Gail S. Prins
- Department of Urology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Cheryl S. Rosenfeld
- Biomedical Sciences, Thompson Center for Autism and Neurobehavioral Disorders, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
- MU Institute of Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Niels E. Skakkebaek
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carlos Sonnenschein
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana M. Soto
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shanna H. Swan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Julia A. Taylor
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Pierre-Louis Toutain
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
- NTHERES, INRAE, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Frank A. von Hippel
- Department of Community, Environment & Policy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Wade V. Welshons
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri—Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Daniel Zalko
- ToxAlim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - R. Thomas Zoeller
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
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Al Musaimi O. Peptide Therapeutics: Unveiling the Potential against Cancer-A Journey through 1989. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1032. [PMID: 38473389 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved a plethora of peptide-based drugs as effective drugs in cancer therapy. Peptides possess high specificity, permeability, target engagement, and a tolerable safety profile. They exhibit selective binding with cell surface receptors and proteins, functioning as agonists or antagonists. They also serve as imaging agents for diagnostic applications or can serve a dual-purpose as both diagnostic and therapeutic (theragnostic) agents. Therefore, they have been exploited in various forms, including linkers, peptide conjugates, and payloads. In this review, the FDA-approved prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) peptide antagonists, peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT), somatostatin analogs, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogs, and other peptide-based anticancer drugs are analyzed in terms of their chemical structures and properties, therapeutic targets and mechanisms of action, development journey, administration routes, and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al Musaimi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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Malar DS, Verma K, Prasanth MI, Tencomnao T, Brimson JM. Network analysis-guided drug repurposing strategies targeting LPAR receptor in the interplay of COVID, Alzheimer's, and diabetes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4328. [PMID: 38383841 PMCID: PMC10882047 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has greatly affected global health. Emerging evidence suggests a complex interplay between Alzheimer's disease (AD), diabetes (DM), and COVID-19. Given COVID-19's involvement in the increased risk of other diseases, there is an urgent need to identify novel targets and drugs to combat these interconnected health challenges. Lysophosphatidic acid receptors (LPARs), belonging to the G protein-coupled receptor family, have been implicated in various pathological conditions, including inflammation. In this regard, the study aimed to investigate the involvement of LPARs (specifically LPAR1, 3, 6) in the tri-directional relationship between AD, DM, and COVID-19 through network analysis, as well as explore the therapeutic potential of selected anti-AD, anti-DM drugs as LPAR, SPIKE antagonists. We used the Coremine Medical database to identify genes related to DM, AD, and COVID-19. Furthermore, STRING analysis was used to identify the interacting partners of LPAR1, LPAR3, and LPAR6. Additionally, a literature search revealed 78 drugs on the market or in clinical studies that were used for treating either AD or DM. We carried out docking analysis of these drugs against the LPAR1, LPAR3, and LPAR6. Furthermore, we modeled the LPAR1, LPAR3, and LPAR6 in a complex with the COVID-19 spike protein and performed a docking study of selected drugs with the LPAR-Spike complex. The analysis revealed 177 common genes implicated in AD, DM, and COVID-19. Protein-protein docking analysis demonstrated that LPAR (1,3 & 6) efficiently binds with the viral SPIKE protein, suggesting them as targets for viral infection. Furthermore, docking analysis of the anti-AD and anti-DM drugs against LPARs, SPIKE protein, and the LPARs-SPIKE complex revealed promising candidates, including lupron, neflamapimod, and nilotinib, stating the importance of drug repurposing in the drug discovery process. These drugs exhibited the ability to bind and inhibit the LPAR receptor activity and the SPIKE protein and interfere with LPAR-SPIKE protein interaction. Through a combined network and targeted-based therapeutic intervention approach, this study has identified several drugs that could be repurposed for treating COVID-19 due to their expected interference with LPAR(1, 3, and 6) and spike protein complexes. In addition, it can also be hypothesized that the co-administration of these identified drugs during COVID-19 infection may not only help mitigate the impact of the virus but also potentially contribute to the prevention or management of post-COVID complications related to AD and DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dicson Sheeja Malar
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanika Verma
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, ICMR- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), New Delhi, India.
| | - Mani Iyer Prasanth
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tewin Tencomnao
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - James Michael Brimson
- Natural Products for Neuroprotection and Anti-Ageing Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Research Unit for Innovation and International Affairs, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Blow TA, Murthy A, Grover R, Schwitzer E, Nanus DM, Halpenny D, Plodkowski AJ, Jones LW, Goncalves MD. Profiling of Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Depots in Men with Advanced Prostate Cancer Receiving Different Forms of Androgen Deprivation Therapy. EUR UROL SUPPL 2023; 57:1-7. [PMID: 38020528 PMCID: PMC10658404 DOI: 10.1016/j.euros.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a common treatment modality for men with prostate cancer. Increases in adipose tissue mass and decreases in skeletal muscle mass are known on-target adverse effects of standard ADT. The effects of newer agents such as abiraterone acetate (ABI) and enzalutamide (ENZA) on body composition and how these compare with standard luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists (aLHRHs) are unclear. Objective To assess the effects of different forms of androgen deprivation therapy on body composition in men with prostate cancer. Design setting and participants Using a retrospective design, 229 patients receiving aLHRHs alone (n = 120) or in combination with ABI (n = 53) or ENZA (n = 56) were studied. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Muscle, visceral adipose tissue (VAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were assessed at baseline, 6 mo, and 18 mo after initiating therapy using a cross-sectional densitometry analysis performed on standard of care computed tomography images. Response trajectories for all treatment groups were calculated via a two-way analysis of variance post hoc test, for both within-group and between-group differences. Results and limitations Treatment with aLHRHs, ABI, and ENZA was associated with a median muscle volume loss of -1.4%, -4.8%, and -5.5% at 6 mo, and -7.1%, -8.1%, and -8.3% at 18 mo, respectively. Therapy with aLHRHs was associated with minimal changes in VAT (0.3% at 6 mo and -0.1% at 18 mo). ABI therapy was associated with significant increases in VAT at 6 mo (4.9%) but not at 18 mo (0.5%), and ENZA therapy was associated with significant decreases in VAT (-4.6% at 6 mo and -5.4% at 18 mo). With respect to SAT, treatment with aLHRHs was associated with increases over time (8.6% at 6 mo and 4.7% at 18 mo), ABI was associated with decreases over time (-3.6% at 6 mo and -6.8% at 18 mo), and ENZA had no clear effects (1.7% at 6 mo and 3.3% at 18 mo). Conclusions ADT regimens cause significant short-term losses in muscle mass, with the most rapid effects occurring with ABI and ENZA. The three regimens have disparate effects on SAT and VAT, suggesting distinct roles of androgens in these tissues. Patient summary Androgen deprivation therapy alters body composition in men with prostate cancer. Abiraterone and enzalutamide are associated with losses in muscle mass compared with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists. These treatments impact subcutaneous and visceral fat mass, suggesting distinct roles of androgens in these tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lee W. Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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Yang L, Huang W, Bai X, Wang H, Wang X, Xiao H, Li Y. Androgen dihydrotestosterone promotes bladder cancer cell proliferation and invasion via EPPK1-mediated MAPK/JUP signalling. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:363. [PMID: 37328487 PMCID: PMC10275919 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of bladder cancer (BLCA) in men is higher than that in women. Differences in androgen levels between men and women are considered the main causes of incidence rate differences. In this study, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) significantly increased the proliferation and invasion of BLCA cells. In addition, BLCA formation and metastatic rates were higher in N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN)-treated male mice than in female and castrated male mice in vivo. However, immunohistochemistry showed that androgen receptor (AR) was expressed at low levels in normal and BLCA tissues of men and women. The classical AR pathway considers that DHT binds to AR and induces it to enter the nucleus, where it functions as a transcription factor. Here, a non-AR combination pathway of androgen that promoted BLCA development was investigated. The EPPK1 protein was bombarded with DHT, as determined by biotinylated DHT-binding pull-down experiments. EPPK1 was highly expressed in BLCA tissues, and EPPK1 knockdown significantly inhibited BLCA cell proliferation and invasion promoted by DHT. Moreover, JUP expression was elevated in DHT-treated high-EPPK1 expressing cells, and JUP knockdown inhibited cell proliferation and invasion. EPPK1 overexpression increased tumour growth and JUP expression in nude mice. Furthermore, DHT increased the expression of the MAPK signals p38, p-p38, and c-Jun, and c-Jun could bind to the JUP promoter. However, the promotion of p38, p-p38, and c-Jun expression by DHT was not observed in EPPK1 knockdown cells, and a p38 inhibitor suppressed the DHT-induced effects, indicating that p38 MAPK may be involved in the regulation of DHT-dependent EPPK1-JUP-promoted BLCA cell proliferation and invasion. The growth of bladder tumours in BBN-treated mice was inhibited by the addition of the hormone inhibitor goserelin. Our findings indicated the potential oncogenic role and mechanism of DHT in BLCA pathogenesis through a non-AR pathway, which may serve as a novel therapeutic target for BLCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Bai
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoyu Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huiyuan Xiao
- Department of Urology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yanlei Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
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Casati L, Ciceri S, Maggi R, Bottai D. Physiological and Pharmacological overview of the Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115553. [PMID: 37075816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone (GnRH) is a decapeptide responsible for the control of the reproductive functions. It shows C- and N-terminal aminoacid modifications and two other distinct isoforms have been so far identified. The biological effects of GnRH are mediated by binding to high-affinity G-protein couple receptors (GnRHR), showing characteristic very short C tail. In mammals, including humans, GnRH-producing neurons originate in the embryonic nasal compartment and during early embryogenesis they undergo rapid migration towards the hypothalamus; the increasing knowledge of such mechanisms improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to infertility. The pharmacological use of GnRH, or its synthetic peptide and non-peptide agonists or antagonists, provides a valid tool for reproductive disorders and assisted reproduction technology (ART). The presence of GnRHR in several organs and tissues indicates additional functions of the peptide. The identification of a GnRH/GnRHR system in the human endometrium, ovary, and prostate has extended the functions of the peptide to the physiology and tumor transformation of such tissues. Likely, the activity of a GnRH/GnRHR system at the level of the hippocampus, as well as its decreased expression in mice brain aging, raised interest in its possible involvement in neurogenesis and neuronal functions. In conclusion, GnRH/GnRHR appears to be a fascinating biological system that exerts several possibly integrated pleiotropic actions in the complex control of reproductive functions, tumor growth, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. This review aims to provide an overview of the physiology of GnRH and the pharmacological applications of its synthetic analogs in the management of reproductive and non-reproductive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Casati
- Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Samuele Ciceri
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
| | - Roberto Maggi
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy.
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Sciences (DISFARM), Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano Italy
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Michael P, Roversi G, Brown K, Sharifi N. Adrenal Steroids and Resistance to Hormonal Blockade of Prostate and Breast Cancer. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqac218. [PMID: 36580423 PMCID: PMC10091490 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer and breast cancer are sex-steroid-dependent diseases that are driven in major part by gonadal sex steroids. Testosterone (T) is converted to 5α-dihydrotestosterone, both of which stimulate the androgen receptor (AR) and prostate cancer progression. Estradiol is the major stimulus for estrogen receptor-α (ERα) and proliferation of ERα-expressing breast cancer. However, the human adrenal provides an alternative source for sex steroids. A number of different androgens are produced by the adrenals, the most abundant of which is dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate. These precursor steroids are subject to metabolism by peripherally expressed enzymes that are responsible for the synthesis of potent androgens and estrogens. In the case of prostate cancer, the regulation of one of these enzymatic steps occurs at least in part by way of a germline-encoded missense in 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (3βHSD1), which regulates potent androgen biosynthesis and clinical outcomes in men with advanced prostate cancer treated with gonadal T deprivation. The sex steroids that drive prostate cancer and breast cancer require a common set of enzymes for their generation. However, the pathways diverge once 3-keto, Δ4-androgens are generated and these steroids are either turned into potent androgens by steroid-5α-reductase, or into estrogens by aromatase. Alternative steroid receptors have also emerged as disease- and treatment-resistance modifiers, including a role for AR in breast cancer and glucocorticoid receptor both in breast and prostate cancer. In this review, we integrate the commonalities of adrenal steroid physiology that regulate both prostate and breast cancer while recognizing the clear distinctions between these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Michael
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Gustavo Roversi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Kristy Brown
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center and Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Cost-effectiveness analysis of androgen deprivation therapy with relugolix for the treatment of advanced prostate cancer. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2022; 63:817-824.e3. [PMID: 36653276 DOI: 10.1016/j.japh.2022.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relugolix treatment of advanced prostate cancer (APC), like other gonadotropin-releasing hormone-antagonists, results in rapid decrease in testosterone concentrations without the risk of flare, as seen in leuprolide. Despite this benefit over leuprolide, no economic evaluation assessment to ascertain the cost-effectiveness of relugolix has been conducted. Therefore, this study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) with 120 mg relugolix against 7.5 mg leuprolide for the treatment of APC. METHODS A Markov model was used to assess and compare the costs of APC treatment from a health care payer's perspective and the effectiveness of ADT with relugolix and leuprolide at the three lines of APC treatment among modified intent-to-treat patients. Relative progression-free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) rates were estimated. Outcomes measured in the analyses included costs of the drugs and therapies, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), cost-effectiveness acceptability, and probability curves. RESULTS The cost-effectiveness analysis showed the ICER for ADT with relugolix to be US $49,571.1 per QALY. At the ICER value, the sensitivity analysis indicated that ADT with leuprolide was dominant in 100% of the simulations. ADT acceptance with relugolix was 100% when a willingness-to-pay threshold was set at US $100,000/QALY. At 5-years, the relative PFS and OS rates for relugolix at the first line of therapy were 72.7% and 86.0%, respectively, compared to 61.0% and 85.90% for leuprolide. CONCLUSION Though the influence of adverse events was not considered in the analysis, ADT with relugolix was not a cost-effective choice for APC management. While the analysis revealed a slight chance of sustaining testosterone suppression with relugolix, ADT with relugolix provided no significant survival advantages over ADT with leuprolide. Therefore, this analysis confirms no need for further assessment of APC interventions to make informed decisions beneficial to the APC patients, oncologists, and other stakeholders.
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Castellón EA, Indo S, Contreras HR. Cancer Stemness/Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Axis Influences Metastasis and Castration Resistance in Prostate Cancer: Potential Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314917. [PMID: 36499245 PMCID: PMC9736174 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a leading cause of cancer death in men, worldwide. Mortality is highly related to metastasis and hormone resistance, but the molecular underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We have studied the presence and role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and the Epithelial-Mesenchymal transition (EMT) in PCa, using both in vitro and in vivo models, thereby providing evidence that the stemness-mesenchymal axis seems to be a critical process related to relapse, metastasis and resistance. These are complex and related processes that involve a cooperative action of different cancer cell subpopulations, in which CSCs and mesenchymal cancer cells (MCCs) would be responsible for invading, colonizing pre-metastatic niches, initiating metastasis and an evading treatments response. Manipulating the stemness-EMT axis genes on the androgen receptor (AR) may shed some light on the effect of this axis on metastasis and castration resistance in PCa. It is suggested that the EMT gene SNAI2/Slug up regulates the stemness gene Sox2, and vice versa, inducing AR expression, promoting metastasis and castration resistance. This approach will provide new sight about the role of the stemness-mesenchymal axis in the metastasis and resistance mechanisms in PCa and their potential control, contributing to develop new therapeutic strategies for patients with metastatic and castration-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A. Castellón
- Correspondence: (E.A.C.); (H.R.C.); Tel.: +56-229-786-863 (E.A.C.); +56-229-786-862 (H.R.C.)
| | | | - Héctor R. Contreras
- Correspondence: (E.A.C.); (H.R.C.); Tel.: +56-229-786-863 (E.A.C.); +56-229-786-862 (H.R.C.)
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10
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Foryś U, Nahshony A, Elishmereni M. Mathematical model of hormone sensitive prostate cancer treatment using leuprolide: A small step towards personalization. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263648. [PMID: 35167616 PMCID: PMC8846544 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we present a new version of a mathematical model of Elishmereni et al. describing androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for hormone sensitive prostate cancer patients (HSPC). We first focus on the detail description of the model, and then we present mathematical analysis of the proposed model, starting from the simplified model without resistance and ending on the full model with two resistance mechanisms present. We make a step towards personalization proposing an underlying tumor growth law base on a cohort of patients from Mayo hospital. We conclude that the model is able to reflect reality, that is in clinical scenarios the level of testosterone in HSPC patients inevitably rises leading to the failure of ADT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Foryś
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Mechanics, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute for Medical Biomathematics, Bene Ataroth, Israel
- * E-mail:
| | - Alon Nahshony
- Institute for Medical Biomathematics, Bene Ataroth, Israel
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11
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Therapeutic peptides: current applications and future directions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:48. [PMID: 35165272 PMCID: PMC8844085 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-00904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide drug development has made great progress in the last decade thanks to new production, modification, and analytic technologies. Peptides have been produced and modified using both chemical and biological methods, together with novel design and delivery strategies, which have helped to overcome the inherent drawbacks of peptides and have allowed the continued advancement of this field. A wide variety of natural and modified peptides have been obtained and studied, covering multiple therapeutic areas. This review summarizes the efforts and achievements in peptide drug discovery, production, and modification, and their current applications. We also discuss the value and challenges associated with future developments in therapeutic peptides.
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12
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Guryanov I, Orlandin A, Viola A, Biondi B, Badocco D, Formaggio F, Ricci A, Cabri W. Overcoming Chemical Challenges in the Solid-Phase Synthesis of High-Purity GnRH Antagonist Degarelix. Part 1. Org Process Res Dev 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Guryanov
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Srl, Via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskij Pr. 26, Saint Petersburg, Peterhof 198504, Russia
| | - Andrea Orlandin
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Srl, Via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Angelo Viola
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Srl, Via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Barbara Biondi
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Denis Badocco
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- ICB, Padova Unit, CNR, Department of Chemistry, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Antonio Ricci
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Srl, Via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Fresenius Kabi iPSUM Srl, Via San Leonardo 23, Villadose, Rovigo 45010, Italy
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13
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Mutuku SM, Trim PJ, Prabhala BK, Irani S, Bremert KL, Logan JM, Brooks DA, Stahl J, Centenera MM, Snel MF, Butler LM. Evaluation of Small Molecule Drug Uptake in Patient-Derived Prostate Cancer Explants by Mass Spectrometry. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15008. [PMID: 31628408 PMCID: PMC6802206 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Patient-derived explant (PDE) culture of solid tumors is increasingly being applied to preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics and for biomarker discovery. In this technique, treatments are added to culture medium and penetrate the tissue via a gelatin sponge scaffold. However, the penetration profile and final concentrations of small molecule drugs achieved have not been determined to date. Here, we determined the extent of absorption of the clinical androgen receptor antagonist, enzalutamide, into prostate PDEs, using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). In a cohort of 11 PDE tissues from eight individual patients, LC-MS/MS quantification of PDE homogenates confirmed enzalutamide (10 µM) uptake by all PDEs, which reached maximal average tissue concentration of 0.24-0.50 ng/µg protein after 48 h culture. Time dependent uptake of enzalutamide (50 µM) in PDEs was visualized using MALDI MSI over 24-48 h, with complete penetration throughout tissues evident by 6 h of culture. Drug signal intensity was not homogeneous throughout the tissues but had areas of markedly high signal that corresponded to drug target (androgen receptor)-rich epithelial regions of tissue. In conclusion, application of MS-based drug quantification and visualization in PDEs, and potentially other 3-dimensional model systems, can provide a more robust basis for experimental study design and interpretation of pharmacodynamic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadrack M Mutuku
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Bala K Prabhala
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, København, Denmark
| | - Swati Irani
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Kayla L Bremert
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jessica M Logan
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Douglas A Brooks
- Mechanisms in Cell Biology and Disease Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jürgen Stahl
- Clinpath Laboratories, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Margaret M Centenera
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Marten F Snel
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia. .,Prostate Cancer Research Group, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia. .,Freemasons Foundation Centre for Men's Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.
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14
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Junco JA, Rodríguez R, Fuentes F, Baladrón I, Castro MD, Calzada L, Valenzuela C, Bover E, Pimentel E, Basulto R, Arteaga N, Cid-Arregui A, Sariol F, González L, Porres-Fong L, Medina M, Rodríguez A, Garay AH, Reyes O, López M, de Quesada L, Alvarez A, Martínez C, Marrero M, Molero G, Guerra A, Rosales P, Capote C, Acosta S, Vela I, Arzuaga L, Campal A, Ruiz E, Rubio E, Cedeño P, Sánchez MC, Cardoso P, Morán R, Fernández Y, Campos M, Touduri H, Bacardi D, Feria I, Ramirez A, Cosme K, Saura PL, Quintana M, Muzio V, Bringas R, Ayala M, Mendoza M, Fernández LE, Carr A, Herrera L, Guillén G. Safety and Therapeutic Profile of a GnRH-Based Vaccine Candidate Directed to Prostate Cancer. A 10-Year Follow-Up of Patients Vaccinated With Heberprovac. Front Oncol 2019; 9:49. [PMID: 30859088 PMCID: PMC6397853 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heberprovac is a GnRH based vaccine candidate containing 2.4 mg of the GnRHm1-TT peptide as the main active principle; 245 μg of the very small size proteoliposomes adjuvant (VSSP); and 350 μL of Montanide ISA 51 VG oil adjuvant. The aim of this study was to assess the safety and tolerance of the Heberprovac in advanced prostate cancer patients as well as its capacity to induce anti-GnRH antibodies, the subsequent effects on serum levels of testosterone and PSA and the patient overall survival. The study included eight patients with histologically-proven advanced prostate cancer with indication for hormonal therapy, who received seven intramuscular immunizations with Heberprovac within 18 weeks. Anti-GnRH antibody titers, testosterone and PSA levels, as well as clinical parameters were recorded and evaluated. The vaccine was well tolerated. Significant reductions in serum levels of testosterone and PSA were seen after four immunizations. Castrate levels of testosterone were observed in all patients at the end of the immunization schedule, which remained at the lowest level for at least 20 months. In a 10-year follow-up three out of six patients who completed the entire trial survived. In contrast only one out eight patients survived in the same period in a matched randomly selected group receiving standard anti-hormonal treatment. Heberprovac vaccination showed a good security profile, as well as immunological, biochemical and, most importantly, clinical benefit. The vaccinated group displayed survival advantage compared with the reference group that received standard treatment. These results warrant further clinical trials with Heberprovac involving a larger cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús A. Junco
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Camaguey, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Ranfis Rodríguez
- Uro-oncology Department of National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology (INOR), Havana, Cuba
| | - Franklin Fuentes
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Camaguey, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Idania Baladrón
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Maria D. Castro
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Camaguey, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Lesvia Calzada
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Camaguey, Camagüey, Cuba
| | | | - Eddy Bover
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Camaguey, Camagüey, Cuba
| | | | - Roberto Basulto
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Camaguey, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Niurka Arteaga
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Camaguey, Camagüey, Cuba
| | | | | | | | | | - María Medina
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Ayni Rodríguez
- Department of Pharmacology of Camaguey Medical University, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - A. Hilda Garay
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Osvaldo Reyes
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Matilde López
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alfredo Guerra
- Department of Pharmacology of Camaguey Medical University, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Pedro Rosales
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Carlos Capote
- Amalia Simoni Clinical-Surgical Hospital, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Sahily Acosta
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Idania Vela
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Lina Arzuaga
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Ana Campal
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Camaguey, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Erlán Ruiz
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Elier Rubio
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Pável Cedeño
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - María Carmen Sánchez
- Clinical Laboratory of the Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Pedro Cardoso
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Rolando Morán
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology of Camaguey, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Yairis Fernández
- Department of Pharmacology of Camaguey Medical University, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Magalys Campos
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Henio Touduri
- Department of Pharmacology of Camaguey Medical University, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Dania Bacardi
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Indalecio Feria
- Clinical Trials Department of Oncologic Hospital Marie Curie of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Amilcar Ramirez
- Department of Pharmacology of Camaguey Medical University, Camagüey, Cuba
| | - Karelia Cosme
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Verena Muzio
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ricardo Bringas
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Marta Ayala
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Mario Mendoza
- Oncologic Hospital of Camaguey, Marie Curie, Camagüey, Cuba
| | | | | | - Luis Herrera
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
- BioCubafarma, Havana, Cuba
| | - Gerardo Guillén
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana, Cuba
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15
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Slominsky PA, Shadrina MI. Peptide Pharmaceuticals: Opportunities, Prospects, and Limitations. MOLECULAR GENETICS MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.3103/s0891416818010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Zhang N, Qiu J, Zheng T, Zhang X, Hua K, Zhang Y. Goserelin promotes the apoptosis of epithelial ovarian cancer cells by upregulating forkhead box O1 through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2017; 39:1034-1042. [PMID: 29286125 PMCID: PMC5802025 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.6159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gonadotropins, including luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), are conducive to the growth of ovarian cancer based on the ‘gonadotropin theory’ and are regulated by gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of goserelin, a GnRH agonist, on the apoptosis of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells and the underlying in vitro and in vivo mechanisms. Through flow cytometry, Hoechst staining and TUNEL staining, we demonstrated that goserelin promoted the apoptosis of EOC cells both in vitro and in vivo. Through human apoptosis gene PCR array, we verified that the promotion of EOC cell apoptosis by goserelin was linked to the upregulation of members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and TNF receptor superfamilies, which have been identified as downstream targets of forkhead box O1 (FOXO1). Goserelin enhanced FOXO1 expression, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of FOXO1 abrogated the induction of apoptosis by goserelin. Moreover, goserelin decreased AKT activity, and FOXO1 upregulation by goserelin was dependent on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway. In vivo, the expression of key factors in the PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway was consistent with that observed in vitro. In conclusion, our data suggested that goserelin may promote EOC cell apoptosis by upregulating FOXO1 through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. We believe that GnRH agonists may be potential antitumor agents, and key factors in the PI3K/AKT-FOXO1 pathway may also be novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of EOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Junjun Qiu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodan Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Keqin Hua
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, P.R. China
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17
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Lappano R, Maggiolini M. Pharmacotherapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors in Oncology: Examples of Approved Therapies and Emerging Concepts. Drugs 2017; 77:951-965. [PMID: 28401445 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-017-0738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are involved in numerous physio-pathological processes, including the stimulation of cancer progression. In this regard, it should be mentioned that although GPCRs may represent major pharmaceutical targets, only a few drugs acting as GPCR inhibitors are currently used in anti-tumor therapies. For instance, certain pro-malignancy effects mediated by GPCRs are actually counteracted by the use of small molecules and peptides that function as receptor antagonists or inverse agonists. Recently, humanized monoclonal antibodies targeting GPCRs have also been developed. Here, we review the current GPCR-targeted therapies for cancer treatment, summarizing the clinical studies that led to their official approval. We provide a broad overview of the mechanisms of action of the available anti-cancer drugs targeting gonadotropin-releasing hormone, somatostatin, chemokine, and Smoothened receptors. In addition, we discuss the anti-tumor potential of novel non-approved molecules and antibodies able to target some of the aforementioned GPCRs in different experimental models and clinical trials. Likewise, we focus on the repurposing in cancer patients of non-oncological GPCR-based drugs, elucidating the rationale behind this approach and providing clinical evidence on their safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosamaria Lappano
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
| | - Marcello Maggiolini
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy.
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