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Bellanca CM, Augello E, Di Benedetto G, Burgaletto C, Cantone AF, Cantarella G, Bernardini R, Polosa R. A web-based scoping review assessing the influence of smoking and smoking cessation on antidiabetic drug meabolism: implications for medication efficacy. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1406860. [PMID: 38957391 PMCID: PMC11217182 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1406860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently 1.3 billion individuals globally engage in smoking, leading to significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among diabetic patients. There is urgent need for a better understanding of how smoking influences antidiabetic treatment efficacy. The review underscores the role of cigarette smoke, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), in modulating the metabolic pathways of antidiabetic drugs, primarily through the induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes and uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), thus impacting drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the review addresses the relatively uncharted territory of how smoking cessation influences diabetes treatment, noting that cessation can lead to significant changes in drug metabolism, necessitating dosage adjustments. Special attention is given to the interaction between smoking cessation aids and antidiabetic medications, a critical area for patient safety and effective diabetes management. This scoping review aims to provide healthcare professionals with the knowledge to better support diabetic patients who smoke or are attempting to quit, ensuring tailored and effective treatment strategies. It also identifies gaps in current research, advocating for more studies to fill these voids, thereby enhancing patient care and treatment outcomes for this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Bellanca
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Egle Augello
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giulia Di Benedetto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Burgaletto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Anna Flavia Cantone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Cantarella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Clinical Toxicology Unit, University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Centre of Excellence for the Acceleration of HArm Reduction (CoEHAR), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), University Hospital of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Li L, Liang J, Zhang C, Liu T, Zhang C. Peripheral actions and direct central-local communications of melanocortin 4 receptor signaling. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 12:45-51. [PMID: 33621697 PMCID: PMC9923399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), the most important monogenetic cause of human metabolic disorders, has been of great interest to many researchers in the field of energy homeostasis and public health. Because MC4R is a vital pharmaceutical target for maintaining controllable appetite and body weight for professional athletes, previous studies have mainly focused on the central, rather than the peripheral, roles of MC4R. Thus, the local expression of MC4R and its behavioral regulation remain unclear. In an attempt to shed light on different directions for future studies of MC4R signaling, we review a series of recent and important studies exploring the peripheral functions of MC4R and the direct physiological interaction between peripheral organs and central MC4R neurons in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jinye Liang
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Cong Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tiemin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, and School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Translational Medical Center for Stem Cell Therapy and Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Pathophysiology of obesity and its associated diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Tchang BG, Aras M, Wu A, Aronne LJ, Shukla AP. Long‐term weight loss maintenance with obesity pharmacotherapy: A retrospective cohort study. Obes Sci Pract 2022; 8:320-327. [PMID: 35664243 PMCID: PMC9159566 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the association of anti‐obesity medications (AOMs) with weight loss maintenance over 2 years. Methods This is a retrospective observational cohort study of adults treated for obesity between 1 April 2014 and 1 April 2016 at a tertiary academic weight management center and who completed 2 years of follow‐up. Main outcome measures were mean percent weight loss, percent of individuals who achieved clinically significant long‐term weight loss (≥5% weight loss over 2 years), and long‐term weight loss maintenance (achievement of ≥5% weight loss at 1 year and maintenance of the ≥5% reduction for the second year). Results Of the 1566 new patients, 421 completed 1‐ and 2‐year follow‐up appointments. Patients were mostly female and on average 51 years old; they weighed 100.1 kg and had a BMI of 35.8 kg/m2 at initial visit. Mean weight losses at 1 and 2 years were 10.1% and 10.2%, respectively. The proportion of patients who experienced ≥5% weight loss was 75.5% at 1 year and 72.9% at 2 years. Long‐term weight loss maintenance was achieved by 65.3% of patients. Almost all (96.2%) were on ≥1 AOM at 2 years, with metformin, phentermine, and topiramate among the most prescribed. AOM usage and older age demonstrated trends toward predicting weight loss maintenance over 2 years. Conclusions Long‐term weight loss maintenance was observed among adults with medically managed obesity who completed 2 years of follow‐up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly G. Tchang
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Comprehensive Weight Control Center Weill Cornell Medicine New York New York USA
| | - Mohini Aras
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Comprehensive Weight Control Center Weill Cornell Medicine New York New York USA
| | - Alan Wu
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department of Healthcare Policy & Research Weill Cornell Medicine New York New York USA
| | - Louis J. Aronne
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Comprehensive Weight Control Center Weill Cornell Medicine New York New York USA
| | - Alpana P. Shukla
- Department of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Comprehensive Weight Control Center Weill Cornell Medicine New York New York USA
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5
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Costa GC, Montagnoli TL, Da Silva JS, de Alencar AKN, Reina Gamba LE, Alves BEO, da Silva MMC, Trachez MM, do Nascimento JHM, Pimentel-Coelho PM, Mendez-Otero R, Lima LM, Barreiro EJ, Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G. New Benzofuran N-Acylhydrazone Reduces Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Obese Rats by Blocking TNF-Alpha Synthesis. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:3337-3350. [PMID: 32884238 PMCID: PMC7443037 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s258459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Diabetic obese patients are susceptible to the development of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension and cardiac dysfunction culminating in diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC), which represents a life-threatening health problem with increased rates of morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study is to characterize the effects of a new benzofuran N-acylhydrazone compound, LASSBio-2090, on metabolic and cardiovascular alterations in Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats presenting DC. Methods Male non-diabetic lean Zucker rats (ZL) and ZDF rats treated with vehicle (dimethylsulfoxide) or LASSBio-2090 were used in this study. Metabolic parameters, cardiovascular function, left ventricle histology and inflammatory protein expression were analyzed in the experimental groups. Results LASSBio-2090 administration in ZDF rats reduced glucose levels to 85.0 ± 1.7 mg/dL (p < 0.05). LASSBio-2090 also lowered the cholesterol and triglyceride levels from 177.8 ± 31.2 to 104.8 ± 5.3 mg/dL and from 123.0 ± 11.4 to 90.9 ± 4.8 mg/dL, respectively, in obese diabetic rats (p < 0.05). LASSBio-2090 normalized plasma insulin, insulin sensitivity and endothelial function in aortas from diabetic animals (p < 0.05). It also enhanced systolic and diastolic left-ventricular function and reverted myocardial remodeling by blocking the threefold elevation of TNF-α levels in hearts from ZDF rats. Conclusion LASSBio-2090 alleviates metabolic disturbance and cardiomyopathy in an obese and diabetic rat model, thus representing a novel strategy for the treatment of cardiovascular complications in obesity-associated type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizele Cabral Costa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina (Cardiologia), Instituto do Coração Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Tadeu Lima Montagnoli
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline Soares Da Silva
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Allan Kardec Nogueira de Alencar
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luis Eduardo Reina Gamba
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bryelle Eccard Oliveira Alves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina (Cardiologia), Instituto do Coração Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.,Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marina Moraes Carvalho da Silva
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Margarete Manhães Trachez
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - José Hamilton M do Nascimento
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Pedro Moreno Pimentel-Coelho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Rosália Mendez-Otero
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Lidia Moreira Lima
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Roberto Takashi Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Gisele Zapata-Sudo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina (Cardiologia), Instituto do Coração Edson Saad, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.,Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Muzurović E, Dragnić S, Medenica S, Smolović B, Bulajić P, Mikhailidis DP. Weight-centric pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes mellitus - An essential component of cardiovascular disease prevention. J Diabetes Complications 2020; 34:107619. [PMID: 32499116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity and overweight are contributing factors for diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and ultimately, cardiovascular (CV) disease. Obesity is imposing an increasing health burden in rich and poor nations, with almost 30% of people globally now either obese or overweight - a staggering 2.1 billion. The link between obesity and T2DM is widely held to involve two adverse effects: obesity-induced insulin resistance and β-cell failure. This "unified field theory" raises questions about whether defects favoring progressive weight gain and metabolic impairment also contribute to β-cell decompensation. The concept of weight-centric management of T2DM is considered justified because of the strong negative impact of obesity on the effects of treatment of diabetes. Two pharmacotherapy options are considered: drugs developed primarily for blood glucose control that also exert a favorable effect on body weight and drugs developed primarily to induce weight loss that also have a favorable effect on glycemia. Treating hunger counter-regulatory mechanisms will have an additional effect on glucose control in T2DM. This narrative review addresses advances in pharmacotherapy for the management of obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities, with a focus on T2DM. It is also important to identify the correct balance between weight-centric and glucose-centric management of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Muzurović
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Kruševac bb, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro.
| | - Siniša Dragnić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Kruševac bb, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Sanja Medenica
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro; Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Kruševac bb, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Brigita Smolović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montenegro, Kruševac bb, 81000, Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Predrag Bulajić
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology Section, Clinical Center of Montenegro, Ljubljanska bb, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), Pond Street, London NW3 2QG, UK
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Gimeno RE, Briere DA, Seeley RJ. Leveraging the Gut to Treat Metabolic Disease. Cell Metab 2020; 31:679-698. [PMID: 32187525 PMCID: PMC7184629 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
25 years ago, the future of treating obesity and diabetes focused on end organs known to be involved in energy balance and glucose regulation, including the brain, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas. Today, the most effective therapies are focused around the gut. This includes surgical options, such as vertical sleeve gastrectomy and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, that can produce sustained weight loss and diabetes remission but also extends to pharmacological treatments that simulate or amplify various signals that come from the gut. The purpose of this Review is to discuss the wealth of approaches currently under development that seek to further leverage the gut as a source of novel therapeutic opportunities with the hope that we can achieve the effects of surgical interventions with less invasive and more scalable solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Gimeno
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Daniel A Briere
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46225, USA
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Heymsfield SB, Raji A, Gallo S, Liu J, Pong A, Hannachi H, Terra SG. Efficacy and Safety of Ertugliflozin in Patients with Overweight and Obesity with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2020; 28:724-732. [PMID: 32202075 PMCID: PMC7217180 DOI: 10.1002/oby.22748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate ertugliflozin in patients with overweight and obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS Data from three placebo-controlled, randomized, Phase 3 studies were pooled. Patients with baseline BMI ≥ 25 (1,377/1,544; 89%) were assessed with a stratification by BMI subgroup. RESULTS At week 26, reductions from baseline in glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose, body weight (BW), and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were greater with ertugliflozin versus placebo. For placebo, ertugliflozin 5 mg, and ertugliflozin 15 mg, respectively, least squares mean change was 0.1%, -0.8%, and -0.9% for HbA1c and -1.2 kg, -3.1 kg, and -3.2 kg for BW. HbA1c reductions were consistent across BMI subgroups. For ertugliflozin 5 mg and 15 mg, least squares mean change (placebo adjusted) in absolute BW was -1.4 kg and -1.2 kg for BMI 25 to < 30, -1.8 kg and -1.9 kg for BMI 30 to < 35, and -2.5 kg and -2.9 kg for BMI ≥ 35. Percent BW changes were similar across BMI subgroups. Incidence of adverse events was 52.5%, 44.6%, and 50.1% with placebo, ertugliflozin 5 mg, and ertugliflozin 15 mg, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Meaningful reductions in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose, BW, and SBP were observed with ertugliflozin in patients with overweight and obesity with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ertugliflozin improved HbA1c and SBP and reduced BW across BMI subgroups. Ertugliflozin was generally well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jie Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc.KenilworthNew JerseyUSA
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Tchang BG, Abel B, Zecca C, Saunders KH, Shukla AP. An up-to-date evaluation of lorcaserin hydrochloride for the treatment of obesity. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2019; 21:21-28. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2019.1685496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beverly G. Tchang
- Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Katherine H. Saunders
- Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alpana P. Shukla
- Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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Kwak SH, Kim YH. Zaluzanin C Inhibits Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes into Mature Adipocytes. J Obes Metab Syndr 2019; 28:105-111. [PMID: 31294342 PMCID: PMC6604843 DOI: 10.7570/jomes.2019.28.2.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An excess storage of body fat causes obesity. Since obesity increases risk of chronic diseases, it is important to inhibit excessive storage of fat. Zaluzanin C is a sesquiterpene lactone isolated from Ainsliaea acerifolia. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the effect of zaluzanin C on differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes into mature adipocytes. Methods The cytotoxicity of zaluzanin C and its effect on cell proliferation was determined. For the induction of adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with differentiating medium containing 10 μg/mL insulin, 115 μg/mL methylisobutylxanthine, and 1 μM dexamethasone. Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were subjected to Oil red O solution or used for Western blot analysis. Zaluzanin C was added to the cell culture medium at concentrations of 0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 μM. Results Zaluzanin C did not inhibit cell proliferation and showed no cytotoxicity at 10 μM concentration in 3T3-L1 cells. Therefore, concentration range of 0–10 μM zaluzanin C was used for subsequent experiments. Zaluzanin C inhibited accumulation of lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. To understand the underlying mechanism of zaluzanin C, expression of adipogenesis regulators was determined by Western blot analysis. Zaluzanin C suppressed peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression, an adipogenesis related transcription factor, and inhibited aP2/fatty acid-binding protein-4 expression, a target gene of PPARγ. However, it did not affect expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha related with acquisition of insulin sensitivity. Conclusion These data suggest that inhibitory effect of zaluzanin C on adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 adipocytes could be partially caused by suppressing PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hee Kwak
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea.,Research Institute of Anti-Aging, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea.,Institute of Industrial and Technology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan, Korea
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Hurren KM, Dunham MW. Understanding the impact of commonly utilized, non-insulin, glucose-lowering drugs on body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2018; 19:1087-1095. [PMID: 29958007 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2018.1494727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The majority of patients with type 2 diabetes also have obesity. Obesity increases the risk of developing diabetes and is associated with worsened glycemic control and increased morbidity and mortality in individuals with diabetes. Sustained weight loss is associated with improved glycemic control, potential for diabetes remission, and decreased medical expenditures. AREAS COVERED Herein, the impact of commonly utilized, non-insulin, glucose-lowering drugs on body weight in patients with type 2 diabetes is discussed. The weight change magnitudes, mechanisms, and any within-class differences are also explored. EXPERT OPINION The weight impact of diabetes medications should be considered when designing treatment regimens, especially in patients who are overweight or have obesity. Lifestyle modification is paramount for optimal diabetes management. Therapeutic regimens should ideally be designed to maximize weight loss and at least minimize or avoid weight gain. Future glucose-lowering medications should continue to offer improvement in cardiovascular risk factors, including weight, in order to be accepted into the armamentarium of diabetes therapy. Therapeutic regimens should be designed to help patients with diabetes and obesity achieve both glycemic and weight goals. Management of these disease states is expected to become increasingly integrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Hurren
- a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Ambulatory Care , Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Marissa W Dunham
- a Clinical Pharmacy Specialist, Department of Ambulatory Care , Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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