1
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Mohajeri M, Salehi P, Heidari B, Rafati H, Asghari SM, Behboudi H, Iranpour P. PEGylated Pemetrexed and PolyNIPAM Decorated Gold Nanoparticles: A Biocompatible and Highly Stable CT Contrast Agent for Cancer Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 39120942 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
This study describes a multifunctional nanoparticle platform for targeted CT imaging and therapy of cancers. Pemetrexed (conjugated with polyethylene glycol, MW 2000 Da) and polyNIPAM (PEGylated) were designed for targeted delivery to folate receptors and thermally ablated tumors, respectively. These moieties were coated on gold nanoparticles (7 and 30 nm), and the prepared compounds were characterized using 1H NMR, FT-IR, CHNS, DLS, TEM, TGA, and UV-vis. The resulting agents exhibited 2-4 times higher X-ray attenuation compared to Visipaque and demonstrated specific accumulation in tumor tissue (4T1 xenograft model) 90 min after injection in mice. The nanoparticles displayed anticancer activity against 4T1 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells (IC50: 182.87 and 206.18 μg/mL) and good biocompatibility. Importantly, the platform showed excellent stability over a year and at pH 2-12 and temperature range of -78 to 40 °C, and a water-dichloromethane extraction method was optimized for efficient purification, facilitating large-scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mohajeri
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin 1983963113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Peyman Salehi
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin 1983963113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Heidari
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Evin 1983963113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Hasan Rafati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113 Tehran, Iran
| | - S Mohsen Asghari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran 13145-1384, Iran
| | - Hossein Behboudi
- Department of Biology, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, 1983963113 Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooya Iranpour
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71936-13311, Iran
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2
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Mili M, Bachu V, Kuri PR, Singh NK, Goswami P. Improving synthesis and binding affinities of nucleic acid aptamers and their therapeutics and diagnostic applications. Biophys Chem 2024; 309:107218. [PMID: 38547671 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2024.107218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Nucleic acid aptamers have captivated the attention of analytical and medicinal scientists globally due to their several advantages as recognition molecules over conventional antibodies because of their small size, simple and inexpensive synthesis, broad target range, and high stability in varied environmental conditions. These recognition molecules can be chemically modified to make them resistant to nuclease action in blood serum, reduce rapid renel clearance, improve the target affinity and selectivity, and make them amenable to chemically conjugate with a support system that facilitates their selective applications. This review focuses on the development of efficient aptamer candidates and their application in clinical diagnosis and therapeutic applications. Significant advances have been made in aptamer-based diagnosis of infectious and non-infectious diseases. Collaterally, the progress made in therapeutic applications of aptamers is encouraging, as evident from their use in diagnosing cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, microbial infection, and in imaging. This review also updates the progress on clinical trials of many aptamer-based products of commercial interests. The key development and critical issues on the subject have been summarized in the concluding remarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malaya Mili
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vinay Bachu
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Pooja Rani Kuri
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | | | - Pranab Goswami
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, IIT Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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3
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Jin W, Zheng M, Chen Y, Xiong H. Update on the development of TGR5 agonists for human diseases. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116462. [PMID: 38691888 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) or TGR5 is widely distributed across organs, including the small intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, and gallbladder. Many studies have established strong correlations between TGR5 and glucose homeostasis, energy metabolism, immune-inflammatory responses, and gastrointestinal functions. These results indicate that TGR5 has a significant impact on the progression of tumor development and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus and obesity. Targeting TGR5 represents an encouraging therapeutic approach for treating associated human ailments. Notably, the GLP-1 receptor has shown exceptional efficacy in clinical settings for diabetes management and weight loss promotion. Currently, numerous TGR5 agonists have been identified through natural product-based approaches and virtual screening methods, with some successfully progressing to clinical trials. This review summarizes the intricate relationships between TGR5 and various diseases emphasizing recent advancements in research on TGR5 agonists, including their structural characteristics, design tactics, and biological activities. We anticipate that this meticulous review could facilitate the expedited discovery and optimization of novel TGR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangrui Jin
- Institute for Advanced Study, and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650500, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, The Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Hai Xiong
- Institute for Advanced Study, and College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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4
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Wang H, Song M, Xu J, Liu Z, Peng M, Qin H, Wang S, Wang Z, Liu K. Long-Acting Strategies for Antibody Drugs: Structural Modification, Controlling Release, and Changing the Administration Route. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2024; 49:295-316. [PMID: 38635015 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-024-00891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Because of their high specificity, high affinity, and targeting, antibody drugs have been widely used in the treatment of many diseases and have become the most favored new drugs for research in the world. However, some antibody drugs (such as small-molecule antibody fragments) have a short half-life and need to be administered frequently, and are often associated with injection-site reactions and local toxicities during use. Increasing attention has been paid to the development of antibody drugs that are long-acting and have fewer side effects. This paper reviews existing strategies to achieve long-acting antibody drugs, including modification of the drug structure, the application of drug delivery systems, and changing their administration route. Among these, microspheres have been studied extensively regarding their excellent tolerance at the injection site, controllable loading and release of drugs, and good material safety. Subcutaneous injection is favored by most patients because it can be quickly self-administered. Subcutaneous injection of microspheres is expected to become the focus of developing long-lasting antibody drug strategies in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhenjing Liu
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Mingyue Peng
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Haoqiang Qin
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shaoqian Wang
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ziyang Wang
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kehai Liu
- College of Food, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Hucheng Ring Road, Nanhui New Town, Pudong New Area, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Marine Biomedical Science and Technology Innovation Platform of Lin-gang Special Area, Shanghai Ocean University, Hucheng Ring Road, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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5
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Chen J, Zhou X, Dai N, Liu X, Liu S, Zhang H, Kong L, Ma H. The Long-Acting Serine Protease Inhibitor mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16 Alleviates LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4567. [PMID: 38674153 PMCID: PMC11049807 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory drugs have become the second-largest class of common drugs after anti-infective drugs in animal clinical care worldwide and are often combined with other drugs to treat fever and viral diseases caused by various factors. In our previous study, a novel serine protease inhibitor-encoding gene (MDSPI16) with improved anti-inflammatory activity was selected from a constructed suppressive subducted hybridization library of housefly larvae. This protein could easily induce an immune response in animals and had a short half-life, which limited its wide application in the clinic. Thus, in this study, mPEG-succinimidyl propionate (mPEG-SPA, Mw = 5 kDa) was used to molecularly modify the MDSPI16 protein, and the modified product mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16, which strongly inhibited elastase production, was purified. It had good stability and safety, low immunogenicity, and a long half-life, and the IC50 for elastase was 86 nM. mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16 effectively inhibited the expression of neutrophil elastase and decreased ROS levels. Moreover, mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16 exerted anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the MAPK signaling pathway in neutrophils. It also exerted therapeutic effects on a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model. In summary, mPEG-SPA-MDSPI16 is a novel anti-inflammatory protein modified with PEG that has the advantages of safety, nontoxicity, improved stability, and strong anti-inflammatory activity in vivo and in vitro and is expected to become an effective anti-inflammatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrui Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China;
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xinjun Zhou
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Nan Dai
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Shihan Liu
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
- The Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Lingcong Kong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China;
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China;
- The Key Laboratory of New Veterinary Drug Research and Development of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Life Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China; (X.Z.); (N.D.); (S.L.); (H.Z.)
- The Engineering Research Center of Bioreactor and Drug Development, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng Street No. 2888, Changchun 130118, China
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6
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Bento C, Katz M, Santos MMM, Afonso CAM. Striving for Uniformity: A Review on Advances and Challenges To Achieve Uniform Polyethylene Glycol. Org Process Res Dev 2024; 28:860-890. [PMID: 38660381 PMCID: PMC11036406 DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is the polymer of choice in drug delivery systems due to its biocompatibility and hydrophilicity. For over 20 years, this polymer has been widely used in the drug delivery of small drugs, proteins, oligonucleotides, and liposomes, improving the stability and pharmacokinetics of many drugs. However, despite the extensive clinical experience with PEG, concerns have emerged related to its use. These include hypersensitivity, purity, and nonbiodegradability. Moreover, conventional PEG is a mixture of polymers that can complicate drug synthesis and purification leading to unwanted immunogenic reactions. Studies have shown that uniform PEGylated drugs may be more effective than conventional PEGylated drugs as they can overcome issues related to molecular heterogeneity and immunogenicity. This has led to significant research efforts to develop synthetic procedures to produce uniform PEGs (monodisperse PEGs). As a result, iterative step-by-step controlled synthesis methods have been created over time and have shown promising results. Nonetheless, these procedures have presented numerous challenges due to their iterative nature and the requirement for multiple purification steps, resulting in increased costs and time consumption. Despite these challenges, the synthetic procedures went through several improvements. This review summarizes and discusses recent advances in the synthesis of uniform PEGs and its derivatives with a focus on overall yields, scalability, and purity of the polymers. Additionally, the available characterization methods for assessing polymer monodispersity are discussed as well as uniform PEG applications, side effects, and possible alternative polymers that can overcome the drawbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Bento
- Hovione
Farmaciência S.A., Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício
R, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marianna Katz
- Hovione
Farmaciência S.A., Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, Campus do Lumiar, Edifício
R, 1649-038 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria M. M. Santos
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. M. Afonso
- Research
Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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7
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Khajeei A, Masoomzadeh S, Gholikhani T, Javadzadeh Y. The Effect of PEGylation on Drugs' Pharmacokinetic Parameters; from Absorption to Excretion. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:978-992. [PMID: 37345248 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230621124953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Until the drugs enter humans life, they may face problems in transportation, drug delivery, and metabolism. These problems can cause reducing drug's therapeutic effect and even increase its side effects. Together, these cases can reduce the patient's compliance with the treatment and complicate the treatment process. Much work has been done to solve or at least reduce these problems. For example, using different forms of a single drug molecule (like Citalopram and Escitalopram); slight changes in the drug's molecule like Meperidine and α-Prodine, and using carriers (like Tigerase®). PEGylation is a recently presented method that can use for many targets. Poly Ethylene Glycol or PEG is a polymer that can attach to drugs by using different methods and resulting sustained release, controlled metabolism, targeted delivery, and other cases. Although they will not necessarily lead to an increase in the effect of the drug, they will lead to the improvement of the treatment process in certain ways. In this article, the team of authors has tried to collect and carefully review the best cases based on the PEGylation of drugs that can help the readers of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khajeei
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Salar Masoomzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tooba Gholikhani
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Javadzadeh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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8
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Gao Y, Joshi M, Zhao Z, Mitragotri S. PEGylated therapeutics in the clinic. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10600. [PMID: 38193121 PMCID: PMC10771556 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to therapeutic agents, termed PEGylation, is a well-established and clinically proven drug delivery approach to improve the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. Specifically, PEGylation can improve the parent drug's solubility, extend its circulation time, and reduce its immunogenicity, with minimal undesirable properties. PEGylation technology has been applied to various therapeutic modalities including small molecules, aptamers, peptides, and proteins, leading to over 30 PEGylated drugs currently used in the clinic and many investigational PEGylated agents under clinical trials. Here, we summarize the diverse types of PEGylation strategies, the key advantages of PEGylated therapeutics over their parent drugs, and the broad applications and impacts of PEGylation in clinical settings. A particular focus has been given to the size, topology, and functionalities of PEG molecules utilized in clinically used PEGylated drugs, as well as those under clinical trials. An additional section has been dedicated to analyzing some representative PEGylated drugs that were discontinued at different stages of clinical studies. Finally, we critically discuss the current challenges faced in the development and clinical translation of PEGylated agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Gao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Present address:
Department of BioengineeringThe University of Texas at DallasRichardsonTXUSA
| | - Maithili Joshi
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Zongmin Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at ChicagoChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard UniversityAllstonMassachusettsUSA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
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9
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Bertrand P. Aptamers Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 Axis: A Perspective. J Med Chem 2023; 66:10878-10888. [PMID: 37561598 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Aptamers have emerged in recent years as alternatives to antibodies or small molecules to interfere with the immune check points by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 interactions and represent an interesting perspective for immuno-oncology. Aptamers are RNA or DNA nucleotides able to bind to a target with high affinity, with the target ranging from small molecules to proteins and up to cells. Aptamers are identified by the SELEX method that can be modified for specific purposes. The range of applications of aptamers covers therapy as well as new alternative assay technologies similar to ELISA. Aptamers' limited plasma stability can be managed using delivery strategies. The goal of this Perspective is to give an overview of the current development of aptamers targeting the most studied immune checkpoint modulators, PD-1 and PD-L1, and analogous strategies with aptamers for other immuno-related targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Bertrand
- University of Poitiers, IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS, 4 rue Michel Brunet B27, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers cedex 9, France
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10
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Jia Y, Fernandez A, Sampath J. PEGylation of Insulin and Lysozyme To Stabilize against Thermal Denaturation: A Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:6856-6866. [PMID: 37498538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c01289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Biologic drugs or "biologics" (proteins derived from living organisms) are one of the fastest-growing classes of FDA-approved therapeutics. These compounds are often fragile and require conjugation to polymers for stabilization, with many proteins too ephemeral for therapeutic use. During storage or administration, proteins tend to unravel and lose their secondary structure due to changes in solution temperature, pH, and other external stressors. To enhance their lifetime, protein drugs currently in the market are conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG), owing to its ability to increase the stability, solubility, and pharmacokinetics of protein drugs. Here, we perform all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to study the unfolding process of egg-white lysozyme and insulin at elevated temperatures. We test the validity of two force fields─CHARMM36 and Amber ff99SB-ILDN─in the unfolding process. By calculating global and local properties, we capture residues that deteriorate first─these are the "weak links" in the proteins. Next, we conjugate both proteins with PEG and find that PEG preserves the native structure of the proteins at elevated temperatures by blocking water molecules from entering the hydrophobic core, thereby causing the secondary structure to stabilize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinhao Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Janani Sampath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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11
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Song S, Sun D, Wang H, Wang J, Yan H, Zhao X, Fawcett JP, Xu X, Cai D, Gu J. Full-profile pharmacokinetics, anticancer activity and toxicity of an extended release trivalent PEGylated irinotecan prodrug. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:3444-3453. [PMID: 37655324 PMCID: PMC10466002 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Irinotecan is an anticancer topoisomerase I inhibitor that acts as a prodrug of the active metabolite, SN-38. Unfortunately, the limited utility of irinotecan is attributed to its pH-dependent stability, short half-life and dose-limiting toxicity. To address this problem, a novel trivalent PEGylated prodrug (PEG-[Irinotecan]3) has been synthesized and its full-profile pharmacokinetics, antitumor activity and toxicity compared with those of irinotecan. The results show that after intravenous administration to rats, PEG-[Irinotecan]3 undergoes stepwise loss of irinotecan to form PEG-[Irinotecan]3‒x (x = 1,2) and PEG-[linker] during which time the released irinotecan undergoes conversion to SN-38. As compared with conventional irinotecan, PEG-[Irinotecan]3 displays extended release of irinotecan and efficient formation of SN-38 with significantly improved AUC and half-life. In a colorectal cancer-bearing model in nude mice, the tumor concentrations of irinotecan and SN-38 produced by PEG-[Irinotecan]3 were respectively 86.2 and 2293 times higher at 48 h than produced by irinotecan. In summary, PEG-[Irinotecan]3 displays superior pharmacokinetic characteristics and antitumor activity with lower toxicity than irinotecan. This supports the view that PEG-[Irinotecan]3 is a superior anticancer drug to irinotecan and it has entered the phase II trial stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwen Song
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Center for Food and Drug Inspection of NMPA, Changchun 130012, China
| | | | - Huijing Yan
- JenKem Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- JenKem Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300450, China
| | - John Paul Fawcett
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Deqi Cai
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
- Beijing Institute of Drug Metabolism, Beijing 102209, China
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12
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Lin YC, Chen BM, Tran TTM, Chang TC, Al-Qaisi TS, Roffler SR. Accelerated clearance by antibodies against methoxy PEG depends on pegylation architecture. J Control Release 2023; 354:354-367. [PMID: 36641121 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG) is attached to many proteins, peptides, nucleic acids and nanomedicines to improve their biocompatibility. Antibodies that bind PEG are present in many individuals and can be generated upon administration of pegylated therapeutics. Anti-PEG antibodies that bind to the PEG "backbone" can accelerate drug clearance and detrimentally affect drug activity and safety, but no studies have examined how anti-methoxy PEG (mPEG) antibodies, which selectively bind the terminus of mPEG, affect pegylated drugs. Here, we investigated how defined IgG and IgM monoclonal antibodies specific to the PEG backbone (anti-PEG) or terminal methoxy group (anti-mPEG) affect pegylated liposomes or proteins with a single PEG chain, a single branched PEG chain, or multiple PEG chains. Large immune complexes can be formed between all pegylated compounds and anti-PEG antibodies but only pegylated liposomes formed large immune complexes with anti-mPEG antibodies. Both anti-PEG IgG and IgM antibodies accelerated the clearance of all pegylated compounds but anti-mPEG antibodies did not accelerate clearance of proteins with a single or branched PEG molecule. Pegylated liposomes were primarily taken up by Kupffer cells in the liver, but both anti-PEG and anti-mPEG antibodies directed uptake of a heavily pegylated protein to liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Our results demonstrate that in contrast to anti-PEG antibodies, immune complex formation and drug clearance induced by anti-mPEG antibodies depends on pegylation architecture; compounds with a single or branched PEG molecule are unaffected by anti-mPEG antibodies but are increasingly affected as the number of PEG chain in a structure increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Trieu Thi My Tran
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Talal Salem Al-Qaisi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Centre, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Steve R Roffler
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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13
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Non-coding RNAs in human health and disease: potential function as biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Funct Integr Genomics 2023; 23:33. [PMID: 36625940 PMCID: PMC9838419 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-022-00947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Human diseases have been a critical threat from the beginning of human history. Knowing the origin, course of action and treatment of any disease state is essential. A microscopic approach to the molecular field is a more coherent and accurate way to explore the mechanism, progression, and therapy with the introduction and evolution of technology than a macroscopic approach. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play increasingly important roles in detecting, developing, and treating all abnormalities related to physiology, pathology, genetics, epigenetics, cancer, and developmental diseases. Noncoding RNAs are becoming increasingly crucial as powerful, multipurpose regulators of all biological processes. Parallel to this, a rising amount of scientific information has revealed links between abnormal noncoding RNA expression and human disorders. Numerous non-coding transcripts with unknown functions have been found in addition to advancements in RNA-sequencing methods. Non-coding linear RNAs come in a variety of forms, including circular RNAs with a continuous closed loop (circRNA), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA), and microRNAs (miRNA). This comprises specific information on their biogenesis, mode of action, physiological function, and significance concerning disease (such as cancer or cardiovascular diseases and others). This study review focuses on non-coding RNA as specific biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets.
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14
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Rechberger JS, Power BT, Power EA, Nesvick CL, Daniels DJ. H3K27-altered diffuse midline glioma: a paradigm shifting opportunity in direct delivery of targeted therapeutics. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:9-17. [PMID: 36744399 PMCID: PMC10165636 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2177531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite much progress, the prognosis for H3K27-altered diffuse midline glioma (DMG), previously known as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma when located in the brainstem, remains dark and dismal. AREAS COVERED A wealth of research over the past decade has revolutionized our understanding of the molecular basis of DMG, revealing potential targetable vulnerabilities for treatment of this lethal childhood cancer. However, obstacles to successful clinical implementation of novel therapies remain, including effective delivery across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the tumor site. Here, we review relevant literature and clinical trials and discuss direct drug delivery via convection-enhanced delivery (CED) as a promising treatment modality for DMG. We outline a comprehensive molecular, pharmacological, and procedural approach that may offer hope for afflicted patients and their families. EXPERT OPINION Challenges remain in successful drug delivery to DMG. While CED and other techniques offer a chance to bypass the BBB, the variables influencing successful intratumoral targeting are numerous and complex. We discuss these variables and potential solutions that could lead to the successful clinical implementation of preclinically promising therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian S Rechberger
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Blake T Power
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Erica A Power
- Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, IL, USA
| | - Cody L Nesvick
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - David J Daniels
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN, USA
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15
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Łażewski D, Murias M, Wierzchowski M. Pegylation – in search of balance and enhanced bioavailability. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.20883/medical.e761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of finding better therapeutics, thousands of new molecules are synthesised every day. Many of these can be poorly soluble in water, leading to a potentially promising drug being rejected during testing due to its poor solubility. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) has become known as an excellent modification to remedy this and was initially used to increase circulation time and reduce the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. Thus significantly increasing their safety and range of use. Another group of compounds in which significant benefits of pegylation have been seen are photosensitisers. Used in photodynamic therapy, they are often characterised by very high hydrophobicity. Pegylation of their structure significantly increases their affinity for cancer cells and facilitates their penetration through cell membranes. Classical small-molecule drugs can benefit from temporary combinations hydrolysed in the body or very short PEG chains. This approach allows a significant increase in the bioavailability of the drug while avoiding the disadvantages of small molecule pegylation. However, the most common motive for pegylation recently is the creation of drug carriers. Liposomes and nanoparticles make it possible to exploit the advantages of PEG to stabilise their structure and increase circulation time while not modifying the structure of the active compound. Unfortunately, PEGs also have their drawbacks. The first is their high molecular weight range, especially for longer chains, which poses difficulties in purification. Another is the emergence of antibodies directed against PEG. Nevertheless, pegylation is still an up-and-coming method for modifying pharmaceutically active molecules.
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16
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Gastrointestinal Permeation Enhancers for the Development of Oral Peptide Pharmaceuticals. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121585. [PMID: 36559036 PMCID: PMC9781085 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, two oral-administered peptide pharmaceuticals, semaglutide and octreotide, have been developed and are considered as a breakthrough in peptide and protein drug delivery system development. In 2019, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved an oral dosage form of semaglutide developed by Novo Nordisk (Rybelsus®) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Subsequently, the octreotide capsule (Mycapssa®), developed through Chiasma's Transient Permeation Enhancer (TPE) technology, also received FDA approval in 2020 for the treatment of acromegaly. These two oral peptide products have been a significant success; however, a major obstacle to their oral delivery remains the poor permeability of peptides through the intestinal epithelium. Therefore, gastrointestinal permeation enhancers are of great relevance for the development of subsequent oral peptide products. Sodium salcaprozate (SNAC) and sodium caprylate (C8) have been used as gastrointestinal permeation enhancers for semaglutide and octreotide, respectively. Herein, we briefly review two approved products, Rybelsus® and Mycapssa®, and discuss the permeation properties of SNAC and medium chain fatty acids, sodium caprate (C10) and C8, focusing on Eligen technology using SNAC, TPE technology using C8, and gastrointestinal permeation enhancement technology (GIPET) using C10.
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17
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d’Arcy R, El Mohtadi F, Francini N, DeJulius CR, Back H, Gennari A, Geven M, Lopez-Cavestany M, Turhan ZY, Yu F, Lee JB, King MR, Kagan L, Duvall CL, Tirelli N. A Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging ‘Stealth’ Polymer, Poly(thioglycidyl glycerol), Outperforms Poly(ethylene glycol) in Protein Conjugates and Nanocarriers and Enhances Protein Stability to Environmental and Biological Stressors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21304-21317. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard d’Arcy
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Farah El Mohtadi
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Nora Francini
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Carlisle R. DeJulius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hyunmoon Back
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Arianna Gennari
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mike Geven
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Lopez-Cavestany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Zulfiye Yesim Turhan
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jong Bong Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Michael R. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Craig L. Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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18
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Fabre M, Mateo L, Lamaa D, Baillif S, Pagès G, Demange L, Ronco C, Benhida R. Recent Advances in Age-Related Macular Degeneration Therapies. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165089. [PMID: 36014339 PMCID: PMC9414333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) was described for the first time in the 1840s and is currently the leading cause of blindness for patients over 65 years in Western Countries. This disease impacts the eye’s posterior segment and damages the macula, a retina section with high levels of photoreceptor cells and responsible for the central vision. Advanced AMD stages are divided into the atrophic (dry) form and the exudative (wet) form. Atrophic AMD consists in the progressive atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the outer retinal layers, while the exudative form results in the anarchic invasion by choroidal neo-vessels of RPE and the retina. This invasion is responsible for fluid accumulation in the intra/sub-retinal spaces and for a progressive dysfunction of the photoreceptor cells. To date, the few existing anti-AMD therapies may only delay or suspend its progression, without providing cure to patients. However, in the last decade, an outstanding number of research programs targeting its different aspects have been initiated by academics and industrials. This review aims to bring together the most recent advances and insights into the mechanisms underlying AMD pathogenicity and disease evolution, and to highlight the current hypotheses towards the development of new treatments, i.e., symptomatic vs. curative. The therapeutic options and drugs proposed to tackle these mechanisms are analyzed and critically compared. A particular emphasis has been given to the therapeutic agents currently tested in clinical trials, whose results have been carefully collected and discussed whenever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Fabre
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Lou Mateo
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
| | - Diana Lamaa
- CiTCoM, UMR 8038 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris Cité, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Baillif
- Ophthalmology Department, University Hospital of Nice, 30 Avenue De La Voie Romaine, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Gilles Pagès
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging (IRCAN), UMR 7284 and INSERM U 1081, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS 28 Avenue de Valombrose, 06107 Nice, France
| | - Luc Demange
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
- CiTCoM, UMR 8038 CNRS, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Paris Cité, 4, Avenue de l’Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (L.D.); (C.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Cyril Ronco
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
- Correspondence: (L.D.); (C.R.); (R.B.)
| | - Rachid Benhida
- Institut de Chimie de Nice UMR 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS, 06108 Nice, France
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences-Green Process Engineering (CBS-GPE), Mohamed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Benguerir 43150, Morocco
- Correspondence: (L.D.); (C.R.); (R.B.)
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19
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Zogg H, Singh R, Ro S. Current Advances in RNA Therapeutics for Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052736. [PMID: 35269876 PMCID: PMC8911101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the discovery of nucleic acids by Friedrich Miescher in 1868, DNA and RNA were recognized as the genetic code containing the necessary information for proper cell functioning. In the years following these discoveries, vast knowledge of the seemingly endless roles of RNA have become better understood. Additionally, many new types of RNAs were discovered that seemed to have no coding properties (non-coding RNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs). The discovery of these new RNAs created a new avenue for treating various human diseases. However, RNA is relatively unstable and is degraded fairly rapidly once administered; this has led to the development of novel delivery mechanisms, such as nanoparticles to increase stability as well as to prevent off-target effects of these molecules. Current advances in RNA-based therapies have substantial promise in treating and preventing many human diseases and disorders through fixing the pathology instead of merely treating the symptomology similarly to traditional therapeutics. Although many RNA therapeutics have made it to clinical trials, only a few have been FDA approved thus far. Additionally, the results of clinical trials for RNA therapeutics have been ambivalent to date, with some studies demonstrating potent efficacy, whereas others have limited effectiveness and/or toxicity. Momentum is building in the clinic for RNA therapeutics; future clinical care of human diseases will likely comprise promising RNA therapeutics. This review focuses on the current advances of RNA therapeutics and addresses current challenges with their development.
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20
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Zahn N, Roni MSR, Yocum GT, Meyer MJ, Webb DA, Mian MY, Cook JM, Stafford DC, Emala CW, Arnold LA. Development of Inhaled GABA A Receptor Modulators to Improve Airway Function in Bronchoconstrictive Disorders. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:80-88. [PMID: 35187417 PMCID: PMC8844962 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.1c00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the modification of MIDD0301, an imidazodiazepine GABAA receptor (GABAAR) ligand, using two alkyl substituents. We developed PI310 with a 6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl chain as used in the long-acting β2-agonist salmeterol and PI320 with a poly(ethylene glycol) chain as used to improve the brain:plasma ratio of naloxegol, a naloxone analogue. Both imidazodiazepines showed affinity toward the GABAAR binding site of clonazepam, with IC50 values of 576 and 242 nM, respectively. Molecular docking analysis, using the available α1β3γ2 GABAAR structural data, suggests binding of the diazepine core between the α1+/γ2- interface, whereas alkyl substituents are located outside the binding site and thus interact with the protein surface and solvent molecules. The physicochemical properties of these compounds are very different. The solubility of PI310 is low in water. PEGylation of PI320 significantly improves aqueous solubility and cell permeability. Neither compound is toxic in HEK293 cells following exposure at >300 μM for 18 h. Ex vivo studies using guinea pig tracheal rings showed that PI310 was unable to relax the constricted airway smooth muscle. In contrast, PI320 induced muscle relaxation at organ bath concentrations as low as 5 μM, with rapid onset (15 min) at 25 μM. PI320 also reduced airway hyper-responsiveness in vivo in a mouse model of steroid-resistant lung inflammation induced by intratracheal challenge with INFγ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). At nebulized doses of 7.2 mg/kg, PI320 and albuterol were equally effective in reducing airway hyper-responsiveness. Ten minutes after nebulization, the lung concentration of PI320 was 50-fold that of PI310, indicating superior availability of PI320 when nebulized as an aqueous solution. Overall, PI320 is a promising inhaled drug candidate to quickly relax airway smooth muscle in bronchoconstrictive disorders, such as asthma. Future studies will evaluate the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of PI320 when administered orally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas
M. Zahn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - M. S. Rashid Roni
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Gene T. Yocum
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Michelle J. Meyer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Daniel A. Webb
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - Md Yeunus Mian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | - James M. Cook
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States
| | | | - Charles W. Emala
- Department
of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Milwaukee Institute for Drug
Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, United States,Pantherics
Incorporated, La Jolla, California 92037, United States,
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21
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Impact of anti-PEG antibody affinity on accelerated blood clearance of pegylated epoetin beta in mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112502. [PMID: 34891120 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies that bind polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be induced by pegylated biomolecules and also exist in a significant fraction of healthy individuals who have never received pegylated medicines. The binding affinity of antibodies against PEG (anti-PEG antibodies) likely varies depending on if they are induced or naturally occurring. Anti-PEG antibodies can accelerate the clearance of pegylated medicines from the circulation, resulting in loss of drug efficacy, but it is unknown how accelerated blood clearance is affected by anti-PEG antibody affinity. We identified a panel of anti-PEG IgG and IgM antibodies with binding avidities ranging over several orders of magnitude to methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (PEG-EPO), which is used to treat patients suffering from anemia. Formation of in vitro immune complexes between PEG-EPO and anti-PEG IgG or IgM antibodies was more obvious as antibody affinity increased. Likewise, high affinity anti-PEG antibodies produced greater accelerated blood clearance of PEG-EPO as compared to low affinity antibodies. The molar ratio of anti-PEG antibody to PEG-EPO that accelerates drug clearance in mice correlates with antibody binding avidity. Our study indicates that the bioactivity of PEG-EPO may be reduced due to rapid clearance in patients with either high concentrations of low affinity or low concentrations of high affinity anti-PEG IgG and IgM antibodies.
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22
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Sánchez-Trasviña C, Flores-Gatica M, Enriquez-Ochoa D, Rito-Palomares M, Mayolo-Deloisa K. Purification of Modified Therapeutic Proteins Available on the Market: An Analysis of Chromatography-Based Strategies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:717326. [PMID: 34490225 PMCID: PMC8417561 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.717326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins, which have inherent biorecognition properties, have long been used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of a wide variety of clinical indications. Protein modification through covalent attachment to different moieties improves the therapeutic's pharmacokinetic properties, affinity, stability, confers protection against proteolytic degradation, and increases circulation half-life. Nowadays, several modified therapeutic proteins, including PEGylated, Fc-fused, lipidated, albumin-fused, and glycosylated proteins have obtained regulatory approval for commercialization. During its manufacturing, the purification steps of the therapeutic agent are decisive to ensure the quality, effectiveness, potency, and safety of the final product. Due to the robustness, selectivity, and high resolution of chromatographic methods, these are recognized as the gold standard in the downstream processing of therapeutic proteins. Moreover, depending on the modification strategy, the protein will suffer different physicochemical changes, which must be considered to define a purification approach. This review aims to deeply analyze the purification methods employed for modified therapeutic proteins that are currently available on the market, to understand why the selected strategies were successful. Emphasis is placed on chromatographic methods since they govern the purification processes within the pharmaceutical industry. Furthermore, to discuss how the modification type strongly influences the purification strategy, the purification processes of three different modified versions of coagulation factor IX are contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calef Sánchez-Trasviña
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Miguel Flores-Gatica
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Daniela Enriquez-Ochoa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Marco Rito-Palomares
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, Mexico
| | - Karla Mayolo-Deloisa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Monterrey, Mexico
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23
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Antigen Presentation of mRNA-Based and Virus-Vectored SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9080848. [PMID: 34451973 PMCID: PMC8402319 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has reached pandemic proportions. A number of effective vaccines have been produced, including mRNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines, which are now being implemented on a large scale in order to control the pandemic. The mRNA vaccines are composed of viral Spike S1 protein encoding mRNA incorporated in a lipid nanoparticle and stabilized by polyethylene glycol (PEG). The mRNA vaccines are novel in many respects, including cellular uptake and the intracellular routing, processing, and secretion of the viral protein. Viral vector vaccines have incorporated DNA sequences, encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein into (attenuated) adenoviruses. The antigen presentation routes in MHC class I and class II, in relation to the induction of virus-neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, will be reviewed. In rare cases, mRNA vaccines induce unwanted immune mediated side effects. The mRNA-based vaccines may lead to an anaphylactic reaction. This reaction may be triggered by PEG. The intracellular routing of PEG and potential presentation in the context of CD1 will be discussed. Adenovirus vector-based vaccines have been associated with thrombocytopenic thrombosis events. The anti-platelet factor 4 antibodies found in these patients could be generated due to conformational changes of relevant epitopes presented to the immune system.
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Shi Y, Lu A, Wang X, Belhadj Z, Wang J, Zhang Q. A review of existing strategies for designing long-acting parenteral formulations: Focus on underlying mechanisms, and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2396-2415. [PMID: 34522592 PMCID: PMC8424287 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for long-term treatments of chronic diseases has motivated the widespread development of long-acting parenteral formulations (LAPFs) with the aim of improving drug pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy. LAPFs have been proven to extend the half-life of therapeutics, as well as to improve patient adherence; consequently, this enhances the outcome of therapy positively. Over past decades, considerable progress has been made in designing effective LAPFs in both preclinical and clinical settings. Here we review the latest advances of LAPFs in preclinical and clinical stages, focusing on the strategies and underlying mechanisms for achieving long acting. Existing strategies are classified into manipulation of in vivo clearance and manipulation of drug release from delivery systems, respectively. And the current challenges and prospects of each strategy are discussed. In addition, we also briefly discuss the design principles of LAPFs and provide future perspectives of the rational design of more effective LAPFs for their further clinical translation.
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Key Words
- 2′-F, 2′-fluoro
- 2′-O-MOE, 2′-O-(2-methoxyethyl)
- 2′-OMe, 2′-O-methyl
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ART, antiretroviral therapy
- ASO, antisense oligonucleotide
- Biomimetic strategies
- Chemical modification
- DDS, drug delivery systems
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- ENA, ethylene-bridged nucleic acid
- ESC, enhanced stabilization chemistry
- EVA, ethylene vinyl acetate
- Fc/HSA fusion
- FcRn, Fc receptor
- GLP-1, glucagon like peptide-1
- GS, glycine–serine
- HA, hyaluronic acid
- HES, hydroxy-ethyl-starch
- HP, hypoparathyroidism
- HSA, human serum albumin
- Hydrogels
- ISFI, in situ forming implants
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- Implantable systems
- LAFs, long-acting formulations
- LAPFs, long-acting parenteral formulations
- LNA, locked nucleic acid
- Long-acting
- MNs, microneedles
- Microneedles
- NDS, nanochannel delivery system
- NPs, nanoparticles
- Nanocrystal suspensions
- OA, osteoarthritis
- PCPP-SA, poly(1,3-bis(carboxyphenoxy)propane-co-sebacic-acid)
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PM, platelet membrane
- PMPC, poly(2-methyacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)
- PNAs, peptide nucleic acids
- PS, phase separation
- PSA, polysialic acid
- PTH, parathyroid hormone
- PVA, polyvinyl alcohol
- RBCs, red blood cells
- RES, reticuloendothelial system
- RNAi, RNA interference
- SAR, structure‒activity relationship
- SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency
- SE, solvent extraction
- STC, standard template chemistry
- TNFR2, tumor necrosis factor receptor 2
- hGH, human growth hormone
- im, intramuscular
- iv, intravenous
- mPEG, methoxypolyethylene glycol
- sc, subcutaneous
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - An Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zakia Belhadj
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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Nishio A, Bolte FJ, Takeda K, Park N, Yu ZX, Park H, Valdez K, Ghany MG, Rehermann B. Clearance of pegylated interferon by Kupffer cells limits NK cell activation and therapy response of patients with HBV infection. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/587/eaba6322. [PMID: 33790025 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba6322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pegylated interferon-α (PEG-IFN-α), where IFN-α is attached to polyethylene glycol (PEG), is an approved treatment for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, a disease that causes liver-related morbidity and mortality in 257 million people worldwide. It is unknown why only a minority of patients respond to PEG-IFN-α. Using sequential blood samples and liver biopsies of patients with chronic HBV infection before, during, and after PEG-IFN-α treatment, we find that patients with early natural killer (NK) cell activation after PEG-IFN-α injection experienced greater liver inflammation, lysis of HBV-infected hepatocytes, and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) decline than those without. NK cell activation was associated with induction of interferon-stimulated genes and determined by PEG-IFN-α pharmacokinetics. Patients with delayed increases in PEG-IFN-α concentrations had greater amounts of PEG-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) immune complexes in the blood and more PEG and IgM detected in the liver than patients with rapid increase in PEG-IFN-α concentration. This was associated with reduced NK cell activation. These results indicate that the immunomodulatory functions of PEG-IFN-α, particularly activation of NK cells, play a pivotal role in the response to treatment and further demonstrate that these functions are affected by PEG-IFN-α pharmacokinetics. Accelerated clearance of antibody-complexed pegylated drugs by Kupffer cells may be important beyond the field of HBV therapeutics. Thus, these findings may contribute to improving the efficacy of pegylated drugs that are now being developed for other chronic diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishio
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabian J Bolte
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kazuyo Takeda
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nana Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Heiyoung Park
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kristin Valdez
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marc G Ghany
- Clinical Research Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barbara Rehermann
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Madeddu C, Neri M, Sanna E, Oppi S, Macciò A. Experimental Drugs for Chemotherapy- and Cancer-Related Anemia. J Exp Pharmacol 2021; 13:593-611. [PMID: 34194245 PMCID: PMC8238072 DOI: 10.2147/jep.s262349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Anemia in cancer patients is a relevant condition complicating the course of the neoplastic disease. Overall, we distinguish the anemia which arises under chemotherapy as pure adverse event of the toxic effects of the drugs used, and the anemia induced by the tumour-associated inflammation, oxidative stress, and systemic metabolic changes, which can be worsened by the concomitant anticancer treatments. This more properly cancer-related anemia depends on several overlapping mechanism, including impaired erythropoiesis and functional iron deficiency, which make its treatment more difficult. Standard therapies approved and recommended for cancer anemia, as erythropoiesis-stimulating agents and intravenous iron administration, are limited to the treatment of chemotherapy-induced anemia, preferably in patients with advanced disease, in view of the still unclear effect of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on tumour progression and survival. Outside the use of chemotherapy, there are no recommendations for the treatment of cancer-related anemia. For a more complete approach, it is fundamentally a careful evaluation of the type of anemia and iron homeostasis, markers of inflammation and changes in energy metabolism. In this way, anemia management in cancer patient would permit a tailored approach that could give major benefits. Experimental drugs targeting hepcidin and activin II receptor pathways are raising great expectations, and future clinical trials will confirm their role as remedies for cancer-related anemia. Recent evidence on the effect of integrated managements, including nutritional support, antioxidants and anti-inflammatory substances, for the treatment of cancer anemia are emerging. In this review article, we show standard, innovative, and experimental treatment used as remedy for anemia in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clelia Madeddu
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Manuela Neri
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, A. Businco Hospital, ARNAS G. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Sanna
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, A. Businco Hospital, ARNAS G. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sara Oppi
- Hematology and Transplant Center, A. Businco Hospital, ARNAS G. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Antonio Macciò
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, A. Businco Hospital, ARNAS G. Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy
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Carrion CC, Nasrollahzadeh M, Sajjadi M, Jaleh B, Soufi GJ, Iravani S. Lignin, lipid, protein, hyaluronic acid, starch, cellulose, gum, pectin, alginate and chitosan-based nanomaterials for cancer nanotherapy: Challenges and opportunities. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 178:193-228. [PMID: 33631269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although nanotechnology-driven drug delivery systems are relatively new, they are rapidly evolving since the nanomaterials are deployed as effective means of diagnosis and delivery of assorted therapeutic agents to targeted intracellular sites in a controlled release manner. Nanomedicine and nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are rapidly developing as they play crucial roles in the development of therapeutic strategies for various types of cancer and malignancy. Nevertheless, high costs, associated toxicity and production of complexities are some of the critical barriers for their applications. Green nanomedicines have continually been improved as one of the viable approaches towards tumor drug delivery, thus making a notable impact on which considerably affect cancer treatment. In this regard, the utilization of natural and renewable feedstocks as a starting point for the fabrication of nanosystems can considerably contribute to the development of green nanomedicines. Nanostructures and biopolymers derived from natural and biorenewable resources such as proteins, lipids, lignin, hyaluronic acid, starch, cellulose, gum, pectin, alginate, and chitosan play vital roles in the development of cancer nanotherapy, imaging and management. This review uncovers recent investigations on diverse nanoarchitectures fabricated from natural and renewable feedstocks for the controlled/sustained and targeted drug/gene delivery systems against cancers including an outlook on some of the scientific challenges and opportunities in this field. Various important natural biopolymers and nanomaterials for cancer nanotherapy are covered and the scientific challenges and opportunities in this field are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Carrillo Carrion
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, Ctra Nnal IV-A Km. 396, E-14014 Cordoba, Spain
| | | | - Mohaddeseh Sajjadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Qom, Qom 37185-359, Iran
| | - Babak Jaleh
- Department of Physics, Bu-Ali Sina University, 65174 Hamedan, Iran
| | | | - Siavash Iravani
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
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Abstract
Since the introduction of insulin almost a century ago, more than 80 peptide drugs have reached the market for a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, cancer, osteoporosis, multiple sclerosis, HIV infection and chronic pain. In this Perspective, we summarize key trends in peptide drug discovery and development, covering the early efforts focused on human hormones, elegant medicinal chemistry and rational design strategies, peptide drugs derived from nature, and major breakthroughs in molecular biology and peptide chemistry that continue to advance the field. We emphasize lessons from earlier approaches that are still relevant today as well as emerging strategies such as integrated venomics and peptide-display libraries that create new avenues for peptide drug discovery. We also discuss the pharmaceutical landscape in which peptide drugs could be particularly valuable and analyse the challenges that need to be addressed for them to reach their full potential.
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29
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Hoguet V, Lasalle M, Maingot M, Dequirez G, Boulahjar R, Leroux F, Piveteau C, Herledan A, Biela A, Dumont J, Chávez-Talavera O, Belloy L, Duplan I, Hennuyer N, Butruille L, Lestavel S, Sevin E, Culot M, Gosselet F, Staels B, Deprez B, Tailleux A, Charton J. Beyond the Rule of 5: Impact of PEGylation with Various Polymer Sizes on Pharmacokinetic Properties, Structure-Properties Relationships of mPEGylated Small Agonists of TGR5 Receptor. J Med Chem 2021; 64:1593-1610. [PMID: 33470812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation of therapeutic agents is known to improve the pharmacokinetic behavior of macromolecular drugs and nanoparticles. In this work, we performed the conjugation of polyethylene glycols (220-5000 Da) to a series of non-steroidal small agonists of the bile acids receptor TGR5. A suitable anchoring position on the agonist was identified to retain full agonistic potency with the conjugates. We describe herein an extensive structure-properties relationships study allowing us to finely describe the non-linear effects of the PEG length on the physicochemical as well as the in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic properties of these compounds. When appending a PEG of suitable length to the TGR5 pharmacophore, we were able to identify either systemic or gut lumen-restricted TGR5 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Hoguet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Manuel Lasalle
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Mathieu Maingot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Geoffroy Dequirez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rajaa Boulahjar
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Florence Leroux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Catherine Piveteau
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Adrien Herledan
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Biela
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Dumont
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Oscar Chávez-Talavera
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Loïc Belloy
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Isabelle Duplan
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Nathalie Hennuyer
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laura Butruille
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sophie Lestavel
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Emmanuel Sevin
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Blood-brain barrier laboratory (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Maxime Culot
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Blood-brain barrier laboratory (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Univ. Artois, UR 2465, Blood-brain barrier laboratory (LBHE), F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Benoit Deprez
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Anne Tailleux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011 - EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Charton
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1177 - Drugs and Molecules for Living Systems, EGID, F-59000 Lille, France
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Kumar S, Singh D, Kumari P, Malik RS, Poonam, Parang K, Tiwari RK. PEGylation and Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Glimpse into the Past and Prospects in the Future. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:337-348. [PMID: 31994461 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200128142603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several drug molecules have shown low bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile due to metabolism by enzymes, excretion by the renal system, or due to other physiochemical properties of drug molecules. These problems have resulted in the loss of efficacy and the gain of side effects associated with drug molecules. PEGylation is one of the strategies to overcome these pharmacokinetic issues and has been successful in the clinic. Cell-penetrating Peptides (CPPs) help to deliver molecules across biological membranes and could be used to deliver cargo selectively to the intracellular site or to the drug target. Hence CPPs could be used to improve the efficacy and selectivity of the drug. However, due to the peptidic nature of CPPs, they have a low pharmacokinetic profile. Using PEGylation and CPPs together as a component of a drug delivery system, the and efficacy of drug molecules could be improved. The other important pharmacokinetic properties such as short half-life, solubility, stability, absorption, metabolism, and elimination could be also improved. Here in this review, we summarized PEGylated CPPs or PEGylation based formulations for CPPs used in a drug delivery system for several biomedical applications until August 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chottu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India
| | - Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohta 124001, India
| | - Pooja Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chottu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India
| | - Rajender Singh Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Deenbandhu Chottu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal 131039, India
| | - Poonam
- Department of Chemistry, Miranda House, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, United States
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tiwari
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, Irvine, CA 92618, United States
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Bivi N, Swearingen CA, Shockley TE, Sloan JH, Pottanat TG, Carter QL, Hodsdon ME, Siegel RW, Konrad RJ. Development and validation of a novel immunogenicity assay to detect anti-drug and anti-PEG antibodies simultaneously with high sensitivity. J Immunol Methods 2020; 486:112856. [PMID: 32916164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2020.112856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) represents an effective strategy to improve the pharmacokinetic profile of a molecule as it extends the biotherapeutic's half-life, masks immunogenic epitopes or modifies its distribution. The addition of one or multiple PEG moieties, in either linear or branched form, is known to carry the risk of potentially inducing an immunogenic response against PEG. The importance of accurately quantifying anti-PEG antibodies during a clinical study is well recognized and stems from the fact that anti-PEG antibodies have been shown to negatively impact the efficacy of the biotherapeutic that the PEG is coupled to. As a consequence, sponsors are encouraged to develop immunogenicity assays to assess appropriately the presence of anti-drug antibodies (ADA) against the protein component as well as the PEG. However, detection of anti-PEG antibodies is complicated by a number of technical challenges, including the availability of appropriate positive control material. In addition, the fact that some anti-PEG antibodies are known to circulate as low-affinity IgM, drives the need for an assay able to detect low affinity anti-PEG ADA even in the presence of high concentrations of the biotherapeutic. To address this need, we developed and validated an Affinity Capture Elution (ACE)-AGL assay to detect anti-drug and anti-PEG antibodies. In this assay, which we call ACE-AGL, ADA are captured by biotin-PEG-drug, acid eluted and re-captured on a second plate coated with protein AGL. ADA are then detected using Ruthenium-PEG-drug. The new assay format described is highly sensitive to both anti-drug and anti-PEG antibodies and very drug-tolerant. The ACE-AGL assay is easy to perform and has been successfully validated at two separate CROs. We propose the ACE-AGL format as a valid and effective alternative to the currently available assay methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Bivi
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States of America.
| | - Craig A Swearingen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States of America
| | - Travis E Shockley
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States of America
| | - John H Sloan
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States of America
| | - Thomas G Pottanat
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States of America
| | - Quincy Lasha Carter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States of America
| | - Michael E Hodsdon
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States of America
| | - Robert W Siegel
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States of America
| | - Robert J Konrad
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, United States of America
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Cai X, Deng J, Ming Q, Cai H, Chen Z. Chemokine-like factor 1: A promising therapeutic target in human diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:1518-1528. [PMID: 32715782 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220945225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT CKLF1, a recently identified chemokine, has been reported by a number of studies to play important roles in quite many diseases. However, the potential pathways that CKLF1 may be involved are not manifested well yet. In our review, we showed the basic molecular structure and major functions of this novel chemokine, and implication in human diseases, such as tumors. To attract more attention, we summarized its signaling pathways and clearly present them in a set of figures. With the overview of the experimental trial of CKLF1-targeting medicines in animal models, we hope to provide a few important insights about CKLF1 to both medical researchers and pharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jingwen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Qianqian Ming
- Department of Drug Discovery, 25301Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Huiqiang Cai
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus N 8200, Denmark
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, China
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33
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Lee W, Park EJ, Kwon OK, Kim H, Yoo Y, Kim SW, Seo YK, Kim IS, Na DH, Bae JS. Dual peptide-dendrimer conjugate inhibits acetylation of transforming growth factor β-induced protein and improves survival in sepsis. Biomaterials 2020; 246:120000. [PMID: 32247936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis is a potentially fatal complication of infections and there are currently no effective therapeutic options for severe sepsis. In this study, we revealed the secretion mechanism of transforming growth factor β-induced protein (TGFBIp) that was recently identified as a therapeutic target for sepsis, and designed TGFBIp acetylation inhibitory peptide (TAIP) that suppresses acetylation of lysine 676 in TGFBIp. To improve bioavailability and biodegradation of the peptide, TAIP was conjugated to polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. Additionally, the cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) was conjugated to the TAIP-modified PAMAM dendrimers for the intracellular delivery of TGFBIp. The resulting nanostructures, decorated with TAIP and CPP via poly(ethylene glycol) linkage, improved the mortality and organ damage in the septic mouse model and suppressed lipopolysaccharide-activated severe vascular inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. Thus, the dendrimer-based nanostructures for delivery of TAIP using CPP show great promise in practical applications in sepsis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonhwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea; Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun Ji Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea; D&D Pharmatech, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, 13486, Republic of Korea.
| | - Oh Kwang Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyelim Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngbum Yoo
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyo Seo
- Aging Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - In-San Kim
- Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea; KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hee Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-Sup Bae
- College of Pharmacy, CMRI, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Song S, Yin L, Sun D, Gu J. Recent advances in the bioanalytical methods of polyethylene glycols and PEGylated pharmaceuticals. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:1978-1997. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Drug Metabolism Beijing P. R. China
| | - Yuyao Zhang
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Drug Metabolism Beijing P. R. China
| | - Shiwen Song
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Drug Metabolism Beijing P. R. China
| | - Lei Yin
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Research Institute of Translational MedicineThe First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University Changchun P. R. China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Biopharmacy, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education”Yantai University Yantai P. R. China
| | - Jingkai Gu
- Research Center for Drug Metabolism, College of Life ScienceJilin University Changchun P. R. China
- Beijing Institute of Drug Metabolism Beijing P. R. China
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Chang TC, Chen BM, Lin WW, Yu PH, Chiu YW, Chen YT, Wu JY, Cheng TL, Hwang DY, Roffler S. Both IgM and IgG Antibodies Against Polyethylene Glycol Can Alter the Biological Activity of Methoxy Polyethylene Glycol-Epoetin Beta in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:E15. [PMID: 31877813 PMCID: PMC7022322 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing antibodies that bind polyethylene glycol are present in about 40% of healthy individuals. It is currently unknown if pre-existing anti-polyethylene glycol (PEG) antibodies can alter the bioactivity of pegylated drugs with a single long PEG chain, which represents the majority of newly developed pegylated medicines. Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta (PEG-EPO) contains a single 30 kDa PEG chain and is used to treat patients suffering from anemia. We find that the pre-existing human anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies from normal donors can bind to PEG-EPO. The prevalence and concentrations of anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies were also higher in patients that responded poorly to PEG-EPO. Monoclonal anti-PEG IgM and IgG antibodies at concentrations found in normal donors blocked the biological activity of PEG-EPO to stimulate the production of new erythrocytes in mice and accelerated the clearance of 125I-PEG-EPO, resulting in PEG-EPO accumulation primarily in the liver and spleen. Accelerated clearance by the anti-PEG IgG antibody was mediated by the Fc portion of the antibody. Importantly, infusing higher doses of PEG-EPO could compensate for the inhibitory effects of anti-PEG antibodies, suggesting that pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies can be "dosed through." Our study indicates that the bioactivity and therapeutic activity of PEG-EPO may be reduced in patients with elevated levels of pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies. New pegylated medicines with a single long PEG chain may also be affected in patients with high levels of anti-PEG antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Ching Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Mae Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
| | - Wen-Wei Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Hua Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chiu
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsong Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
| | - Jer-Yuarn Wu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Lu Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Center for Biomarkers and Biotech Drugs, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Daw-Yang Hwang
- Division of Nephrology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan 70456, Taiwan
| | - Steve Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (T.-C.C.)
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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