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Islam F, Shohag S, Akhter S, Islam MR, Sultana S, Mitra S, Chandran D, Khandaker MU, Ashraf GM, Idris AM, Emran TB, Cavalu S. Exposure of metal toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease: An extensive review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:903099. [PMID: 36105221 PMCID: PMC9465172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.903099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metals serve important roles in the human body, including the maintenance of cell structure and the regulation of gene expression, the antioxidant response, and neurotransmission. High metal uptake in the nervous system is harmful because it can cause oxidative stress, disrupt mitochondrial function, and impair the activity of various enzymes. Metal accumulation can cause lifelong deterioration, including severe neurological problems. There is a strong association between accidental metal exposure and various neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia that causes degeneration in the aged. Chronic exposure to various metals is a well-known environmental risk factor that has become more widespread due to the rapid pace at which human activities are releasing large amounts of metals into the environment. Consequently, humans are exposed to both biometals and heavy metals, affecting metal homeostasis at molecular and biological levels. This review highlights how these metals affect brain physiology and immunity and their roles in creating harmful proteins such as β-amyloid and tau in AD. In addition, we address findings that confirm the disruption of immune-related pathways as a significant toxicity mechanism through which metals may contribute to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahadul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sheikh Shohag
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Earth and Ocean Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shomaya Akhter
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Earth and Ocean Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Maritime University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rezaul Islam
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sharifa Sultana
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Deepak Chandran
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Amrita School of Agricultural Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ghulam Md Ashraf, ; Abubakr M. Idris, ; Talha Bin Emran, ; Simona Cavalu,
| | - Abubakr M. Idris
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Ghulam Md Ashraf, ; Abubakr M. Idris, ; Talha Bin Emran, ; Simona Cavalu,
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- *Correspondence: Ghulam Md Ashraf, ; Abubakr M. Idris, ; Talha Bin Emran, ; Simona Cavalu,
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania
- *Correspondence: Ghulam Md Ashraf, ; Abubakr M. Idris, ; Talha Bin Emran, ; Simona Cavalu,
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Expression Analysis of Zinc Transporters in Nervous Tissue Cells Reveals Neuronal and Synaptic Localization of ZIP4. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094511. [PMID: 33925953 PMCID: PMC8123391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years, research has shown that zinc ions play an essential role in the physiology of brain function. Zinc acts as a potent neuromodulatory agent and signaling ions, regulating healthy brain development and the function of both neurons and glial cells. Therefore, the concentration of zinc within the brain and its cells is tightly controlled. Zinc transporters are key regulators of (extra-) cellular zinc levels, and deregulation of zinc homeostasis and zinc transporters has been associated with neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. However, to date, the presence of specific family members and their subcellular localization within brain cells have not been investigated in detail. Here, we analyzed the expression of all zinc transporters (ZnTs) and Irt-like proteins (ZIPs) in the rat brain. We further used primary rat neurons and rat astrocyte cell lines to differentiate between the expression found in neurons or astrocytes or both. We identified ZIP4 expressed in astrocytes but significantly more so in neurons, a finding that has not been reported previously. In neurons, ZIP4 is localized to synapses and found in a complex with major postsynaptic scaffold proteins of excitatory synapses. Synaptic ZIP4 reacts to short-term fluctuations in local zinc levels. We conclude that ZIP4 may have a so-far undescribed functional role at excitatory postsynapses.
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Evans KS, Zdraljevic S, Stevens L, Collins K, Tanny RE, Andersen EC. Natural variation in the sequestosome-related gene, sqst-5, underlies zinc homeostasis in Caenorhabditis elegans. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008986. [PMID: 33175833 PMCID: PMC7682890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential trace element that acts as a co-factor for many enzymes and transcription factors required for cellular growth and development. Altering intracellular zinc levels can produce dramatic effects ranging from cell proliferation to cell death. To avoid such fates, cells have evolved mechanisms to handle both an excess and a deficiency of zinc. Zinc homeostasis is largely maintained via zinc transporters, permeable channels, and other zinc-binding proteins. Variation in these proteins might affect their ability to interact with zinc, leading to either increased sensitivity or resistance to natural zinc fluctuations in the environment. We can leverage the power of the roundworm nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a tractable metazoan model for quantitative genetics to identify genes that could underlie variation in responses to zinc. We found that the laboratory-adapted strain (N2) is resistant and a natural isolate from Hawaii (CB4856) is sensitive to micromolar amounts of exogenous zinc supplementation. Using a panel of recombinant inbred lines, we identified two large-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) on the left arm of chromosome III and the center of chromosome V that are associated with zinc responses. We validated and refined both QTL using near-isogenic lines (NILs) and identified a naturally occurring deletion in sqst-5, a sequestosome-related gene, that is associated with resistance to high exogenous zinc. We found that this deletion is relatively common across strains within the species and that variation in sqst-5 is associated with zinc resistance. Our results offer a possible mechanism for how organisms can respond to naturally high levels of zinc in the environment and how zinc homeostasis varies among individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn S. Evans
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stefan Zdraljevic
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Interdisciplinary Biological Sciences Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Lewis Stevens
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Collins
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Robyn E. Tanny
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Erik C. Andersen
- Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Huat TJ, Camats-Perna J, Newcombe EA, Valmas N, Kitazawa M, Medeiros R. Metal Toxicity Links to Alzheimer's Disease and Neuroinflammation. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1843-1868. [PMID: 30664867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As the median age of the population increases, the number of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the associated socio-economic burden are predicted to worsen. While aging and inherent genetic predisposition play major roles in the onset of AD, lifestyle, physical fitness, medical condition, and social environment have emerged as relevant disease modifiers. These environmental risk factors can play a key role in accelerating or decelerating disease onset and progression. Among known environmental risk factors, chronic exposure to various metals has become more common among the public as the aggressive pace of anthropogenic activities releases excess amount of metals into the environment. As a result, we are exposed not only to essential metals, such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese, but also to toxic metals including lead, aluminum, and cadmium, which perturb metal homeostasis at the cellular and organismal levels. Herein, we review how these metals affect brain physiology and immunity, as well as their roles in the accumulation of toxic AD proteinaceous species (i.e., β-amyloid and tau). We also discuss studies that validate the disruption of immune-related pathways as an important mechanism of toxicity by which metals can contribute to AD. Our goal is to increase the awareness of metals as players in the onset and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tee Jong Huat
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Stem Cell Ageing and Regenerative Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Judith Camats-Perna
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Estella A Newcombe
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas Valmas
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Rodrigo Medeiros
- Neurula Laboratory, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Frazzini V, Granzotto A, Bomba M, Massetti N, Castelli V, d'Aurora M, Punzi M, Iorio M, Mosca A, Delli Pizzi S, Gatta V, Cimini A, Sensi SL. The pharmacological perturbation of brain zinc impairs BDNF-related signaling and the cognitive performances of young mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9768. [PMID: 29950603 PMCID: PMC6021411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28083-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn2+) is a pleiotropic modulator of the neuronal and brain activity. The disruption of intraneuronal Zn2+ levels triggers neurotoxic processes and affects neuronal functioning. In this study, we investigated how the pharmacological modulation of brain Zn2+ affects synaptic plasticity and cognition in wild-type mice. To manipulate brain Zn2+ levels, we employed the Zn2+ (and copper) chelator 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (clioquinol, CQ). CQ was administered for two weeks to 2.5-month-old (m.o.) mice, and effects studied on BDNF-related signaling, metalloproteinase activity as well as learning and memory performances. CQ treatment was found to negatively affect short- and long-term memory performances. The CQ-driven perturbation of brain Zn2+ was found to reduce levels of BDNF, synaptic plasticity-related proteins and dendritic spine density in vivo. Our study highlights the importance of choosing "when", "where", and "how much" in the modulation of brain Zn2+ levels. Our findings confirm the importance of targeting Zn2+ as a therapeutic approach against neurodegenerative conditions but, at the same time, underscore the potential drawbacks of reducing brain Zn2+ availability upon the early stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Frazzini
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM, INSERM UMRS 1127, CNRS UMR 7225, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
- AP-HP, GH Pitie-Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Epilepsy Unit and Neurophysiology Department, Paris, France
| | - Alberto Granzotto
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Manuela Bomba
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Noemi Massetti
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
| | - Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marco d'Aurora
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Miriam Punzi
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Mariangela Iorio
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
| | - Alessandra Mosca
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
| | - Stefano Delli Pizzi
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Valentina Gatta
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Psychological Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA
- National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN), Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), Assergi, Italy
| | - Stefano L Sensi
- Center of Excellence on Aging and Translational Medicine - CeSI-MeT, Chieti, Italy.
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, University G. d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy.
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Institute for Mind Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California - Irvine, Irvine, USA.
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Zinc Inhibits TRPV1 to Alleviate Chemotherapy-Induced Neuropathic Pain. J Neurosci 2017; 38:474-483. [PMID: 29192128 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1816-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc is a transition metal that has a long history of use as an anti-inflammatory agent. It also soothes pain sensations in a number of animal models. However, the effects and mechanisms of zinc on chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy remain unknown. Here we show that locally injected zinc markedly reduces neuropathic pain in male and female mice induced by paclitaxel, a chemotherapy drug, in a TRPV1-dependent manner. Extracellularly applied zinc also inhibits the function of TRPV1 expressed in HEK293 cells and mouse DRG neurons, which requires the presence of zinc-permeable TRPA1 to mediate entry of zinc into the cytoplasm. Moreover, TRPA1 is required for zinc-induced inhibition of TRPV1-mediated acute nociception. Unexpectedly, zinc transporters, but not TRPA1, are required for zinc-induced inhibition of TRPV1-dependent chronic neuropathic pain produced by paclitaxel. Together, our study demonstrates a novel mechanism underlying the analgesic effect of zinc on paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain that relies on the function of TRPV1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a major limiting factor affecting the chemotherapy patients. There is no effective treatment available currently. We demonstrate that zinc prevents paclitaxel-induced mechanical hypersensitivity via inhibiting the TRPV1 channel, which is involved in the sensitization of peripheral nociceptors in chemotherapy. Zinc transporters in DRG neurons are required for the entry of zinc into the intracellular side, where it inhibits TRPV1. Our study provides insight into the mechanism underlying the pain-soothing effect of zinc and suggests that zinc could be developed to therapeutics for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Oral zinc sulphate supplementation for six months in SCA2 patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1793-800. [PMID: 21562746 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cuban patients with Spinocerebellar Ataxia type 2 (SCA2) have reduced concentrations of zinc in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). To assess the effect and safety of zinc supplementation, 36 Cuban SCA2 patients were randomly assigned to receive daily either 50 mg ZnSO(4) or placebo, together with neurorehabilitation therapy in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial during 6 months. Outcome measures included the changes of zinc levels in CSF and serum, ataxia score, oxidative stress and saccadic eye movements. At the end of the study, the Zinc-treated group showed: (i) a significant increase of the Zn levels in the CSF, (ii) mild decrease in the ataxia scale subscores for gait, posture, stance and dysdiadochocinesia (iii) reduction of lipid's oxidative damage, and (iv) reduction of saccadic latency when compared with the placebo group. The treatment was safe and well tolerated by all subjects. This study demonstrated the efficacy and safety of Zn supplementation, combined with neurorehabilitation for SCA2 patients and therefore it may encourage further studies on the clinical effect of zinc supplementation in SCA2 based in the conduction of future clinical trials with higher number of subjects.
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Marmolino D, Manto M. Pregabalin Antagonizes Copper-Induced Toxicity in the Brain: In vitro and in vivo Studies. Neurosignals 2010; 18:210-22. [DOI: 10.1159/000322544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Smidt K, Jessen N, Petersen AB, Larsen A, Magnusson N, Jeppesen JB, Stoltenberg M, Culvenor JG, Tsatsanis A, Brock B, Schmitz O, Wogensen L, Bush AI, Rungby J. SLC30A3 responds to glucose- and zinc variations in beta-cells and is critical for insulin production and in vivo glucose-metabolism during beta-cell stress. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5684. [PMID: 19492079 PMCID: PMC2683566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ion transporters of the Slc30A- (ZnT-) family regulate zinc fluxes into sub-cellular compartments. beta-cells depend on zinc for both insulin crystallization and regulation of cell mass. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This study examined: the effect of glucose and zinc chelation on ZnT gene and protein levels and apoptosis in beta-cells and pancreatic islets, the effects of ZnT-3 knock-down on insulin secretion in a beta-cell line and ZnT-3 knock-out on glucose metabolism in mice during streptozotocin-induced beta-cell stress. In INS-1E cells 2 mM glucose down-regulated ZnT-3 and up-regulated ZnT-5 expression relative to 5 mM. 16 mM glucose increased ZnT-3 and decreased ZnT-8 expression. Zinc chelation by DEDTC lowered INS-1E insulin content and insulin expression. Furthermore, zinc depletion increased ZnT-3- and decreased ZnT-8 gene expression whereas the amount of ZnT-3 protein in the cells was decreased. Zinc depletion and high glucose induced apoptosis and necrosis in INS-1E cells. The most responsive zinc transporter, ZnT-3, was investigated further; by immunohistochemistry and western blotting ZnT-3 was demonstrated in INS-1E cells. 44% knock-down of ZnT-3 by siRNA transfection in INS-1E cells decreased insulin expression and secretion. Streptozotocin-treated mice had higher glucose levels after ZnT-3 knock-out, particularly in overt diabetic animals. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Zinc transporting proteins in beta-cells respond to variations in glucose and zinc levels. ZnT-3, which is pivotal in the development of cellular changes as also seen in type 2 diabetes (e.g. amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease) but not previously described in beta-cells, is present in this cell type, up-regulated by glucose in a concentration dependent manner and up-regulated by zinc depletion which by contrast decreased ZnT-3 protein levels. Knock-down of the ZnT-3 gene lowers insulin secretion in vitro and affects in vivo glucose metabolism after streptozotocin treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamille Smidt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, Århus, Denmark
| | - Niels Jessen
- Department of Endocrinology M, Aarhus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | | | - Agnete Larsen
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Århus, Denmark
| | - Nils Magnusson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, Århus, Denmark
| | | | - Meredin Stoltenberg
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Århus, Denmark
| | - Janetta G. Culvenor
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Tsatsanis
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Birgitte Brock
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, Århus, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmitz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, Århus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology M, Aarhus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - Lise Wogensen
- Research Laboratory for Biochemical Pathology, Aarhus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - Ashley I. Bush
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Oxidation Biology Laboratory, Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jørgen Rungby
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Aarhus, Århus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism C, Aarhus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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The cerebellum, cerebellar disorders, and cerebellar research--two centuries of discoveries. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 7:505-16. [PMID: 18855093 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on the cerebellum is evolving rapidly. The exquisiteness of the cerebellar circuitry with a unique geometric arrangement has fascinated researchers from numerous disciplines. The painstaking works of pioneers of these last two centuries, such as Rolando, Flourens, Luciani, Babinski, Holmes, Cajal, Larsell, or Eccles, still exert a strong influence in the way we approach cerebellar functions. Advances in genetic studies, detailed molecular and cellular analyses, profusion of brain imaging techniques, emergence of behavioral assessments, and reshaping of models of cerebellar function are generating an immense amount of knowledge. Simultaneously, a better definition of cerebellar disorders encountered in the clinic is emerging. The essentials of a trans-disciplinary blending are expanding. The analysis of the literature published these last two decades indicates that the gaps between domains of research are vanishing. The launch of the society for research on the cerebellum (SRC) illustrates how cerebellar research is burgeoning. This special issue gathers the contributions of the inaugural conference of the SRC dedicated to the mechanisms of cerebellar function. Contributions were brought together around five themes: (1) cerebellar development, death, and regeneration; (2) cerebellar circuitry: processing and function; (3) mechanisms of cerebellar plasticity and learning; (4) cerebellar function: timing, prediction, and/or coordination?; (5) anatomical and disease perspectives on cerebellar function.
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Identification of mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans that cause resistance to high levels of dietary zinc and analysis using a genomewide map of single nucleotide polymorphisms scored by pyrosequencing. Genetics 2008; 179:811-28. [PMID: 18505880 PMCID: PMC2429876 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.107.084384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc plays many critical roles in biological systems: zinc bound to proteins has structural and catalytic functions, and zinc is proposed to act as a signaling molecule. Because zinc deficiency and excess result in toxicity, animals have evolved sophisticated mechanisms for zinc metabolism and homeostasis. However, these mechanisms remain poorly defined. To identify genes involved in zinc metabolism, we conducted a forward genetic screen for chemically induced mutations that cause Caenorhabditis elegans to be resistant to high levels of dietary zinc. Nineteen mutations that confer significant resistance to supplemental dietary zinc were identified. To determine the map positions of these mutations, we developed a genomewide map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that can be scored by the high-throughput method of DNA pyrosequencing. This map was used to determine the approximate chromosomal position of each mutation, and the accuracy of this approach was verified by conducting three-factor mapping experiments with mutations that cause visible phenotypes. This is a generally applicable mapping approach that can be used to position a wide variety of C. elegans mutations. The mapping experiments demonstrate that the 19 mutations identify at least three genes that, when mutated, confer resistance to toxicity caused by supplemental dietary zinc. These genes are likely to be involved in zinc metabolism, and the analysis of these genes will provide insights into mechanisms of excess zinc toxicity.
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Doering P, Danscher G, Larsen A, Bruhn M, Søndergaard C, Stoltenberg M. Changes in the vesicular zinc pattern following traumatic brain injury. Neuroscience 2007; 150:93-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 08/13/2007] [Accepted: 09/11/2007] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Crouch PJ, White AR, Bush AI. The modulation of metal bio-availability as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. FEBS J 2007; 274:3775-83. [PMID: 17617225 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.05918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The postmortem Alzheimer's disease brain is characterized histochemically by the presence of extracellular amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Also consistent with the disease is evidence for chronic oxidative damage within the brain. Considerable research data indicates that these three critical aspects of Alzheimer's disease are interdependent, raising the possibility that they share some commonality with respect to the ever elusive initial factor(s) that triggers the development of Alzheimer's disease. Here, we discuss reports that show a loss of metal homeostasis is also an important event in Alzheimer's disease, and we identify how metal dyshomeostasis may contribute to development of the amyloid-beta, tau and oxidative stress biology of Alzheimer's disease. We propose that therapeutic agents designed to modulate metal bio-availability have the potential to ameliorate several of the dysfunctional events characteristic of Alzheimer's disease. Metal-based therapeutics have already provided promising results for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and new generations of pharmaceuticals are being developed. In this review, we focus on copper dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer's disease, but we also discuss zinc and iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crouch
- Department of Pathology and Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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