1
|
Cao H. Prefrontal-cerebellar dynamics during post-success and post-error cognitive controls in major psychiatric disorders. Psychol Med 2023; 53:4915-4922. [PMID: 35775370 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291722001829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulty in cognitive adjustment after a conflict or error is a hallmark for many psychiatric disorders, yet the underlying neural correlates are not fully understood. We have previously shown that post-success and post-error cognitive controls are associated with distinct mechanisms particularly related to the prefrontal-cerebellar circuit, raising the possibility that altered dynamic interactions in this circuit may underlie mental illness. METHODS This study included 136 patients with three diagnosed disorders [48 schizophrenia (SZ), 49 bipolar disorder (BD), 39 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] and 89 healthy controls who completed a stop-signal task during fMRI scans. Brain activations for concurrent, post-success, and post-error cognitive controls were analyzed and compared between groups. Dynamic causal modeling was applied to investigate prefrontal-cerebellar effective connectivity patterns during post-success and post-error processing. RESULTS No significant group differences were observed for brain activations and overall effective connectivity structures during post-success and post-error conditions. However, significant group differences were shown for the modulational effect on top-down connectivity from the prefrontal cortex to the cerebellum during post-error trials (pFWE = 0.02), which was driven by reduced modulations in both SZ and ADHD. During post-success trials, there were significantly decreased modulational effect on bottom-up connectivity from the cerebellum to the prefrontal cortex in ADHD (pFWE = 0.04) and decreased driving input to the cerebellum in SZ (pFWE = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that patients with SZ and ADHD are associated with insufficient neural modulation on the prefrontal-cerebellar circuit during post-success and post-error cognitive processing, a phenomenon that may underlie cognitive deficits in these disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hengyi Cao
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Won J, Callow DD, Purcell JJ, Smith JC. Differential associations of regional cerebellar volume with gait speed and working memory. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2355. [PMID: 35149757 PMCID: PMC8837608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between gait speed and working memory is well-understood in older adults. However, it remains to be determined whether this relationship also exists in younger adults; and there is little known regarding the possible neural mechanism underlying the association between gait speed and working memory. The aims of this study are to determine if there is: (1) an association between gait speed and working memory performance; and (2) a mediating role of cerebellar subregion volume in the correlation between gait speed and working memory in healthy younger adults. 1054 younger adults (28.7 ± 3.6 years) from the Human Connectome Project were included in the analyses. A four-meter gait test was used to assess gait speed. The 2-back task was used to measure working memory performance [accuracy and response time (RT)]. T1-weighted structural MRI data (obtained using Siemens 3 T MRI scanner) was used to assess cerebellar subregion volumes. Linear regression and mediation analysis were used to examine the relationships between the variables after controlling for age, sex, and education. There was no association between gait speed and 2-back working memory performance in younger adults. Greater Crus I and whole cerebellar volumes were associated with better 2-back working memory accuracy. Greater VIIIa volume was associated with faster gait speed. Greater Crus 1 and VIIIa volumes were also associated with higher fluid cognition. The present study suggests that specific subregions of the cerebellar volumes are distinctively associated with gait speed and working memory performance in healthy younger adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyeon Won
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2351 SPH Bldg #255, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Daniel D Callow
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2351 SPH Bldg #255, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.,Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Jeremy J Purcell
- Maryland Neuroimaging Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - J Carson Smith
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2351 SPH Bldg #255, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. .,Program in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Breska A, Ivry RB. The human cerebellum is essential for modulating perceptual sensitivity based on temporal expectations. eLife 2021; 10:66743. [PMID: 34165079 PMCID: PMC8245126 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A functional benefit of attention is to proactively enhance perceptual sensitivity in space and time. Although attentional orienting has traditionally been associated with cortico-thalamic networks, recent evidence has shown that individuals with cerebellar degeneration (CD) show a reduced reaction time benefit from cues that enable temporal anticipation. The present study examined whether the cerebellum contributes to the proactive attentional modulation in time of perceptual sensitivity. We tested CD participants on a non-speeded, challenging perceptual discrimination task, asking if they benefit from temporal cues. Strikingly, the CD group showed no duration-specific perceptual sensitivity benefit when cued by repeated but aperiodic presentation of the target interval. In contrast, they performed similar to controls when cued by a rhythmic stream. This dissociation further specifies the functional domain of the cerebellum and establishes its role in the attentional adjustment of perceptual sensitivity in time in addition to its well-documented role in motor timing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Starowicz-Filip A, Prochwicz K, Kłosowska J, Chrobak AA, Krzyżewski R, Myszka A, Rajtar-Zembaty A, Bętkowska-Korpała B, Kwinta B. Is Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III Sensitive Enough to Detect Cognitive Dysfunctions in Patients with Focal Cerebellar Lesions? Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2021; 37:423-436. [PMID: 34128041 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main aim of the study was to evaluate whether the available brief test of mental functions Addenbrooke's cognitive examination III (ACE III) detects cognitive impairment in patients with cerebellar damage. The second goal was to show the ACE III cognitive impairment profile of patients with focal cerebellar lesions. METHOD The study sample consisted of 31 patients with focal cerebellar lesions, 78 patients with supratentorial brain damage, and 31 subjects after spine surgery or with spine degeneration considered as control group, free of organic brain damage. The ACE III was used. RESULTS Patients with cerebellar damage obtained significantly lower results in the ACE III total score and in several subscales: attention, fluency, language, and visuospatial domains than healthy controls without brain damage. With the cut-off level of 89 points, the ACE III was characterized by the sensitivity of 71%, specificity of 72%, and accuracy of 72%. The cerebellar cognitive impairment profile was found to be "frontal-like" and similar to that observed in patients with anterior supratentorial brain damage, with decreased ability to retrieve previously learned material and its preserved recognition, impaired word fluency, and executive dysfunction. The results are consistent with cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. CONCLUSIONS The ACE III can be used as a sensitive screening tool to detect cognitive impairments in patients with cerebellar damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Starowicz-Filip
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Psychology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | | | | | | | - Roger Krzyżewski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Myszka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Rajtar-Zembaty
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Psychology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Bętkowska-Korpała
- Chair of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Psychology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Borys Kwinta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Souto D, Kerzel D. Visual selective attention and the control of tracking eye movements: a critical review. J Neurophysiol 2021; 125:1552-1576. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00145.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
People’s eyes are directed at objects of interest with the aim of acquiring visual information. However, processing this information is constrained in capacity, requiring task-driven and salience-driven attentional mechanisms to select few among the many available objects. A wealth of behavioral and neurophysiological evidence has demonstrated that visual selection and the motor selection of saccade targets rely on shared mechanisms. This coupling supports the premotor theory of visual attention put forth more than 30 years ago, postulating visual selection as a necessary stage in motor selection. In this review, we examine to which extent the coupling of visual and motor selection observed with saccades is replicated during ocular tracking. Ocular tracking combines catch-up saccades and smooth pursuit to foveate a moving object. We find evidence that ocular tracking requires visual selection of the speed and direction of the moving target, but the position of the motion signal may not coincide with the position of the pursuit target. Further, visual and motor selection can be spatially decoupled when pursuit is initiated (open-loop pursuit). We propose that a main function of coupled visual and motor selection is to serve the coordination of catch-up saccades and pursuit eye movements. A simple race-to-threshold model is proposed to explain the variable coupling of visual selection during pursuit, catch-up and regular saccades, while generating testable predictions. We discuss pending issues, such as disentangling visual selection from preattentive visual processing and response selection, and the pinpointing of visual selection mechanisms, which have begun to be addressed in the neurophysiological literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Souto
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Kerzel
- Faculté de Psychologie et des Sciences de l’Education, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Craig BT, Morrill A, Anderson B, Danckert J, Striemer CL. Cerebellar lesions disrupt spatial and temporal visual attention. Cortex 2021; 139:27-42. [PMID: 33819679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study represents the first comprehensive examination of spatial, temporal and sustained attention following cerebellar damage. Results indicated that, compared to controls, cerebellar damage resulted in a larger cueing effect at the longest SOA - possibly reflecting a slowed the onset of inhibition of return (IOR) during a reflexive covert attention task, and reduced the ability to detect successive targets during an attentional blink task. However, there was little evidence to support the notion that cerebellar damage disrupted voluntary covert attention or the sustained attention to response task (SART). Lesion overlay data and supplementary voxel-based lesion symptom mapping (VLSM) analyses indicated that impaired performance on the reflexive covert attention and attentional blink tasks were related to damage to Crus II of the left posterior cerebellum. In addition, subsequent analyses indicated our results are not due to either general motor impairments or to damage to the deep cerebellar nuclei. Collectively these data demonstrate, for the first time, that the same cerebellar regions may be involved in both spatial and temporal visual attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Craig
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Adam Morrill
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Britt Anderson
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - James Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher L Striemer
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:102-125. [PMID: 31522332 PMCID: PMC6978293 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703 Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Brissenden JA, Somers DC. Cortico-cerebellar networks for visual attention and working memory. Curr Opin Psychol 2019; 29:239-247. [PMID: 31202085 PMCID: PMC7256875 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar cortex, which is cytoarchitectonically homogenous, can be functionally differentiated by connectivity differences across the cerebral cortex. The cerebral cortical dorsal attention network exhibits strong, selective connectivity with a set of cerebellar circuits, including lobule VIIb/VIIIa. Recent findings demonstrate that lobule VIIb/VIIIa exhibits functional properties characteristic of the cortical dorsal attention network: task-specific activation; working memory load-dependent responses; and the representation of visuospatial location. Moreover, functional cortico-cerebellar subnetworks exhibit topographic specialization for different aspects of visual attentional processing. Thus, cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa, rather than simply supporting motor functions, appears to be an integral part of the brain's visual attentional circuitry. More generally, these findings suggest that parallel cortico-cerebellar networks may play highly specific functional roles in a broad range of cognitive processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Brissenden
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States
| | - David C Somers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019. [PMID: 31522332 DOI: 10.1007/s12311‐019‐01068‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703, Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Brissenden JA, Tobyne SM, Osher DE, Levin EJ, Halko MA, Somers DC. Topographic Cortico-cerebellar Networks Revealed by Visual Attention and Working Memory. Curr Biol 2018; 28:3364-3372.e5. [PMID: 30344119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Substantial portions of the cerebellum appear to support non-motor functions; however, previous investigations of cerebellar involvement in cognition have revealed only a coarse degree of specificity. Although somatotopic maps have been observed within cerebellum, similar precision within cortico-cerebellar networks supporting non-motor functions has not previously been reported. Here, we find that human cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa differentially codes key aspects of visuospatial cognition. Ipsilateral visuospatial representations were observed during both a visual working memory and an attentionally demanding visual receptive field-mapping fMRI task paradigm. Moreover, within lobule VIIb/VIIIa, we observed a functional dissociation between spatial coding and visual working memory processing. Visuospatial representations were found in the dorsomedial portion of lobule VIIb/VIIIa, and load-dependent visual working memory processing was shifted ventrolaterally. A similar functional gradient for spatial versus load processing was found in posterior parietal cortex. This cerebral cortical organization was well predicted by functional connectivity with spatial and load regions of cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa. Collectively, our findings indicate that recruitment by visuospatial attentional functions within cerebellar lobule VIIb/VIIIa is highly specific. Furthermore, the topographic arrangement of these functions is mirrored in frontal and parietal cortex. These findings motivate a closer examination of cortico-cerebellar functional specialization across a broad range of cognitive domains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James A Brissenden
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sean M Tobyne
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David E Osher
- Department of Psychology, Ohio State University, 1835 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Emily J Levin
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, 190 Thayer Street, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Mark A Halko
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - David C Somers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Insights from perceptual, sensory, and motor functioning in autism and cerebellar primary disturbances: Are there reliable markers for these disorders? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 95:263-279. [PMID: 30268434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has been widely investigated in the last decades. Yet, experimental studies on neurocognitive markers of ASD have not been attentively compared with similar studies in patients with cerebellar primary disturbances (e.g., malformations, agenesis, degeneration, etc). Addressing this neglected issue could be useful to underline unexpected areas of overlap and/or underestimated differences between these sets of conditions. In fact, ASD and cerebellar primary disturbances (notably, Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome, CCAS) can share atypical manifestations in perceptual, sensory, and motor functions, but neural subcircuits involved in these anomalies/difficulties could be distinct. Here, we specifically deal with this issue focusing on four paradigmatic neurocognitive functions: visual and biological motion perception, multisensory integration, and high stages of the motor hierarchy. From a research perspective, this represents an essential challenge to more deeply understand neurocognitive markers of ASD and of cerebellar primary disturbances/CCAS. Although we cannot assume definitive conclusions, and beyond phenotypical similarities between ASD and CCAS, clinical and experimental evidence described in this work argues that ASD and CCAS are distinct phenomena. ASD and CCAS seem to be characterized by different pathophysiological mechanisms and mediated by distinct neural nodes. In parallel, from a clinical perspective, this characterization may furnish insights to tackle the distinction between autistic functioning/autistic phenotype (in ASD) and dysmetria of thought/autistic-like phenotype (in CCAS).
Collapse
|
12
|
Lupo M, Olivito G, Iacobacci C, Clausi S, Romano S, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Cercignani M, Bozzali M, Leggio M. The cerebellar topography of attention sub-components in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. Cortex 2018; 108:35-49. [PMID: 30121445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive cerebellar syndrome and multiple-domain cognitive impairments. The cerebellum is known to contribute to distinct functional networks related to higher-level functions. The aims of the present study were to investigate the different sub-components of attention and to analyse possible correlations between attention deficits and specific cerebellar regions in SCA2 patients. To this purpose, 11 SCA2 patients underwent an exhaustive attention battery that evaluated several attention sub-components. The SCA2 group performed below the normal range in tasks assessing selective attention, divided attention, and sustained attention, obtaining negative Z-scores. These results were confirmed by non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests that showed significant differences between SCA2 and control subjects in the same sub-components of the attention battery, allowing us to speculate on cerebellar involvement when a high cognitive demand is required (i.e., multisensory integration, sequencing, prediction of events, and inhibition of inappropriate response behaviours). The voxel-based morphometry analysis showed a pattern of significantly reduced grey matter volume in specific cerebellar lobules. In particular, the SCA2 patients showed significant grey matter loss in bilateral regions of the anterior cerebellar hemisphere (IV) and in the posterior lobe (VI-IX) and posterior vermis (VI-IX). Statistical analysis found significant correlations between grey matter reductions in the VIIb/VIIIa cerebellar lobules and impairments in Sustained and Divided Attention tasks and between grey matter reduction in the vermal VI lobule and impairment in the Go/NoGo task. For the first time, the study demonstrated the involvement of specific cerebellar lobules in different sub-components of the attention domain, giving further support to the inclusion of the cerebellum within the attention network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lupo
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giusy Olivito
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Iacobacci
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Clausi
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Romano
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), "Sapienza" University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Molinari
- Neurorehabilitation 1 and Spinal Center, Robotic Neurorehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cercignani
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Clinical Imaging Science Center, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Clinical Imaging Science Center, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Maria Leggio
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Reichert JL, Chocholous M, Leiss U, Pletschko T, Kasprian G, Furtner J, Kollndorfer K, Krajnik J, Slavc I, Prayer D, Czech T, Schöpf V, Dorfer C. Neuronal correlates of cognitive function in patients with childhood cerebellar tumor lesions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180200. [PMID: 28692686 PMCID: PMC5503240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While it has been shown that cerebellar tumor lesions have an impact on cognitive functions, the extent to which they shape distant neuronal pathways is still largely undescribed. Thus, the present neuroimaging study was designed to investigate different aspects of cognitive function and their neuronal correlates in patients after childhood cerebellar tumor surgery. An alertness task, a working memory task and an incompatibility task were performed by 11 patients after childhood cerebellar tumor surgery and 17 healthy controls. Neuronal correlates as reflected by alterations in functional networks during tasks were assessed using group independent component analysis. We were able to identify eight networks involved during task performance: default mode network, precuneus, anterior salience network, executive control network, visual network, auditory and sensorimotor network and a cerebellar network. For the most ‘basic’ cognitive tasks, a weaker task-modulation of default mode network, left executive control network and the cerebellar network was observed in patients compared to controls. Results for higher-order tasks are in line with a partial restoration of networks responsible for higher-order task execution. Our results provide tentative evidence that the synchronicity of brain activity in patients was at least partially restored in the course of neuroplastic reorganization, particularly for networks related to higher-order cognitive processes. The complex activation patterns underline the importance of testing several cognitive functions to assess the specificity of cognitive deficits and neuronal reorganization processes after brain lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L. Reichert
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
| | - Monika Chocholous
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrike Leiss
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pletschko
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gregor Kasprian
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Furtner
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kathrin Kollndorfer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jacqueline Krajnik
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Slavc
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Prayer
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Czech
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Veronika Schöpf
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- BioTechMed, Graz, Austria
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Dorfer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center–CNS Tumors Unit (CCC-CNS), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Koppelmans V, Hoogendam YY, Hirsiger S, Mérillat S, Jäncke L, Seidler RD. Regional cerebellar volumetric correlates of manual motor and cognitive function. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:1929-1944. [PMID: 27699480 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1317-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar volume declines with aging. Few studies have investigated age differences in regional cerebellar volume (RCV) and their association with motor and cognitive function. In 213 healthy older adults, we investigated the association of age with motor skills, cognition and RCV. Subsequently, we studied the association of RCV with motor skills and cognition. RCVs were derived from T1-weighted MRI scans using the automated SUIT segmentation method and clustered using principal component analysis (PCA). Motor skill (manual dexterity, tapping speed, bimanual visuomotor coordination, grip force) and cognition (mental rotation, verbal memory, inhibition, mental flexibility) were assessed. Behavioral measures were clustered into compounds using PCA: left hand motor skill, right hand motor skill, verbal memory and mental flexibility, and mental rotation & inhibition. Volume of the rostral middle frontal gyri (rMFG) and premotor areas (PMA) were related to performance for reference. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, and education. Volume of the cerebellar anterior lobe and top of the superior posterior lobe were positively associated with motor skill. Volume of the bottom part of the posterior superior lobe and the inferior posterior lobe was positively associated with cognition. PMA volume was associated with cognition and motor skill and rMFG volume with motor skill. Although these results did not survive FDR correction, their effect sizes suggest that regional cerebellar volume selectively contributes to cognitive and motor skill. Effect sizes of cerebellar associations with performance were similar to those of rMFG/PMA and performance suggesting parallel contributions to performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Koppelmans
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 4745D Central Campus Recreation Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yoo Young Hoogendam
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 4745D Central Campus Recreation Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Sarah Hirsiger
- International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center (INAPIC), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susan Mérillat
- International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center (INAPIC), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lutz Jäncke
- International Normal Aging and Plasticity Imaging Center (INAPIC), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Division of Neuropsychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Special Education, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, 4745D Central Campus Recreation Building, 401 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
- Neuroscience Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
- Institute of Gerontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Interhemispheric Connectivity Characterizes Cortical Reorganization in Motor-Related Networks After Cerebellar Lesions. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 16:358-375. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-016-0811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
16
|
Abstract
The cerebellum has long been perceived as a structure responsible for the human motor function. According to the contemporary approach, however, it plays a significant role in complex behavior regulatory processes. The aim of this study was to describe executive functions in patients after cerebellar surgery. The study involved 30 patients with cerebellar pathology. The control group comprised 30 neurologically and mentally healthy individuals, matched for sex, age, and number of years of education. Executive functions were measured by the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT), Trail Making Test (TMT), and working memory by the Digit Span. Compared to healthy controls, patients made more Errors and Perseverative errors in the WCST, gave more Perseverative responses, and had a lower Number of categories completed. The patients exhibited higher response times in all three parts of the SCWT and TMT A and B. No significant differences between the two groups were reported in their performance of the SCWT and TMT with regard to the measures of absolute or relative interference. The patients had lower score on the backward Digit Span. Patients with cerebellar pathology may exhibit some impairment within problem solving and working memory. Their worse performance on the SCWT and TMT could, in turn, stem from their poor motor-somatosensory control, and not necessarily executive deficits. Our results thus support the hypothesis of the cerebellum's mediating role in the regulation of the activity of the superordinate cognitive control network in the brain. (JINS, 2016, 22, 47-57).
Collapse
|
17
|
Hanganu A, Provost JS, Monchi O. Neuroimaging studies of striatum in cognition part II: Parkinson's disease. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:138. [PMID: 26500512 PMCID: PMC4596940 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years a gradual shift in the definition of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been established, from a classical akinetic-rigid movement disorder to a multi-system neurodegenerative disease. While the pathophysiology of PD is complex and goes much beyond the nigro-striatal degeneration, the striatum has been shown to be responsible for many cognitive functions. Patients with PD develop impairments in multiple cognitive domains and the PD model is probably the most extensively studied regarding striatum dysfunction and its influence on cognition. Up to 40% of PD patients present cognitive impairment even in the early stages of disease development. Thus, understanding the key patterns of striatum and connecting regions' influence on cognition will help develop more specific approaches to alleviate cognitive impairment and slow down its decline. This review focuses on the contribution of neuroimaging studies in understanding how striatum impairment affects cognition in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Hanganu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Sebastien Provost
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of MontrealMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Oury Monchi
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal, Université de MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Peterburs J, Cheng DT, Desmond JE. The Association Between Eye Movements and Cerebellar Activation in a Verbal Working Memory Task. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3802-13. [PMID: 26286918 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been argued that cerebellar activations during cognitive tasks may masquerade as cognition, while actually reflecting processes related to movement planning or motor learning. The present study investigated whether the cerebellar load effect for verbal working memory, that is, increased activations in lobule VI/Crus I and lobule VIIB/VIIIA, is related to eye movements and oculomotor processing. Fifteen participants performed an fMRI-based Sternberg verbal working memory task. Oculomotor and cognitive task demands were manipulated by using closely and widely spaced stimuli, and high and low cognitive load. Trial-based quantitative eye movement parameters were obtained from concurrent eye tracking. Conventional MRI analysis replicated the cerebellar load effect in lobules VI and VIIB/VIIIa. With quantitative eye movement parameters as regressors, analysis yielded very similar activation patterns. While load effect and eye regressor generally recruited spatially distinct neocortical and cerebellar regions, conjunction analysis showed that a small subset of prefrontal areas implicated in the load effect also responded to the eye regressor. The present results indicate that cognitive load-dependent activations in lateral superior and posteroinferior cerebellar regions in the Sternberg task are independent of eye movements occurring during stimulus encoding. This is inconsistent with the notion that cognitive load-dependent cerebellar activations merely reflect oculomotor processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Peterburs
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominic T Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Striemer CL, Cantelmi D, Cusimano MD, Danckert JA, Schweizer TA. Deficits in reflexive covert attention following cerebellar injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:428. [PMID: 26300756 PMCID: PMC4523795 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally the cerebellum has been known for its important role in coordinating motor output. Over the past 15 years numerous studies have indicated that the cerebellum plays a role in a variety of cognitive functions including working memory, language, perceptual functions, and emotion. In addition, recent work suggests that regions of the cerebellum involved in eye movements also play a role in controlling covert visual attention. Here we investigated whether regions of the cerebellum that are not strictly tied to the control of eye movements might also contribute to covert attention. To address this question we examined the effects of circumscribed cerebellar lesions on reflexive covert attention in a group of patients (n = 11) without any gross motor or oculomotor deficits, and compared their performance to a group of age-matched controls (n = 11). Results indicated that the traditional RT advantage for validly cued targets was significantly smaller at the shortest (50 ms) SOA for cerebellar patients compared to controls. Critically, a lesion overlap analysis indicated that this deficit in the rapid deployment of attention was linked to damage in Crus I and Crus II of the lateral cerebellum. Importantly, both cerebellar regions have connections to non-motor regions of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices—regions important for controlling visuospatial attention. Together, these data provide converging evidence that both lateral and midline regions of the cerebellum play an important role in the control of reflexive covert visual attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Striemer
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University Edmonton, AB, Canada ; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada ; Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Cantelmi
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada ; Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Cusimano
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada ; Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James A Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tom A Schweizer
- Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chang DI, Lissek S, Ernst TM, Thürling M, Uengoer M, Tegenthoff M, Ladd ME, Timmann D. Cerebellar Contribution to Context Processing in Extinction Learning and Recall. THE CEREBELLUM 2015; 14:670-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
21
|
Striemer CL, Chouinard PA, Goodale MA, de Ribaupierre S. Overlapping neural circuits for visual attention and eye movements in the human cerebellum. Neuropsychologia 2015; 69:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Matsuda S, Matsumoto H, Furubayashi T, Fukuda H, Emoto M, Hanajima R, Tsuji S, Ugawa Y, Terao Y. Top-down but not bottom-up visual scanning is affected in hereditary pure cerebellar ataxia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116181. [PMID: 25545148 PMCID: PMC4278854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the nature of visual processing deficits caused by cerebellar disorders. We studied the performance of two types of visual search (top-down visual scanning and bottom-up visual scanning) in 18 patients with pure cerebellar types of spinocerebellar degeneration (SCA6: 11; SCA31: 7). The gaze fixation position was recorded with an eye-tracking device while the subjects performed two visual search tasks in which they looked for a target Landolt figure among distractors. In the serial search task, the target was similar to the distractors and the subject had to search for the target by processing each item with top-down visual scanning. In the pop-out search task, the target and distractor were clearly discernible and the visual salience of the target allowed the subjects to detect it by bottom-up visual scanning. The saliency maps clearly showed that the serial search task required top-down visual attention and the pop-out search task required bottom-up visual attention. In the serial search task, the search time to detect the target was significantly longer in SCA patients than in normal subjects, whereas the search time in the pop-out search task was comparable between the two groups. These findings suggested that SCA patients cannot efficiently scan a target using a top-down attentional process, whereas scanning with a bottom-up attentional process is not affected. In the serial search task, the amplitude of saccades was significantly smaller in SCA patients than in normal subjects. The variability of saccade amplitude (saccadic dysmetria), number of re-fixations, and unstable fixation (nystagmus) were larger in SCA patients than in normal subjects, accounting for a substantial proportion of scattered fixations around the items. Saccadic dysmetria, re-fixation, and nystagmus may play important roles in the impaired top-down visual scanning in SCA, hampering precise visual processing of individual items.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Toshiaki Furubayashi
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Fukuda
- Segawa Neurological Clinic for Children, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Emoto
- Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shoji Tsuji
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Jiang WH, Yuan YG, Zhou H, Bai F, You JY, Zhang ZJ. Abnormally altered patterns of whole brain functional connectivity network of posterior cingulate cortex in remitted geriatric depression: a longitudinal study. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:772-7. [PMID: 24628776 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS A longitudinal study investigated the remitted geriatric depression (RGD) patients' persistent cognitive impairment and potential correlation with their PCC functional connectivity network. METHODS A total of 14 RGD patients and 18 matched controls were recruited. All subjects finished the neuropsychological tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging scan at baseline and follow-up. A spherical region of interest was placed in PCC to calculate the functional connectivity, and further analysis was employed to detect correlations between longitudinal changes in the brain regions and neuropsychological data. RESULTS There were significant cognitive declines in RGD patients at baseline and follow-up. Altered patterns of functional connectivity were detected within the RGD group showing correlations with neuropsychological tests. The longitudinal change in functional connectivity between PCC and cerebellum posterior lobe was correlated with longitudinal changes in auditory verbal memory test-recall (r=0.550, P=0.042). The longitudinal change in functional connectivity between PCC and right parahippocampal gyrus was correlated with Trail Making Test-A (r=0.631, P=0.015). The longitudinal change in functional connectivity between PCC and supramarginal_R was correlated with Mini-Mental State Examination (r=-0.630, P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS RGD patients performed worse cognitive function, and altered PCC functional connectivity network might have a role in these cognitive declines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hao Jiang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Goldknopf EJ. Atypical resource allocation may contribute to many aspects of autism. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:82. [PMID: 24421760 PMCID: PMC3872719 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on a review of the literature and on reports by people with autism, this paper suggests that atypical resource allocation is a factor that contributes to many aspects of autism spectrum conditions, including difficulties with language and social cognition, atypical sensory and attentional experiences, executive and motor challenges, and perceptual and conceptual strengths and weaknesses. Drawing upon resource theoretical approaches that suggest that perception, cognition, and action draw upon multiple pools of resources, the approach hypothesizes that compared with resources in typical cognition, resources in autism are narrowed or reduced, especially in people with strong sensory symptoms. In narrowed attention, resources are restricted to smaller areas and to fewer modalities, stages of processing, and cognitive processes than in typical cognition; narrowed resources may be more intense than in typical cognition. In reduced attentional capacity, overall resources are reduced; resources may be restricted to fewer modalities, stages of processing, and cognitive processes than in typical cognition, or the amount of resources allocated to each area or process may be reduced. Possible neural bases of the hypothesized atypical resource allocation, relations to other approaches, limitations, and tests of the hypotheses are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Goldknopf
- Zaidel Lab, Department of Psychology, University of California Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Guo W, Liu F, Xue Z, Gao K, Liu Z, Xiao C, Chen H, Zhao J. Abnormal resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity in treatment-resistant depression and treatment sensitive depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 44:51-7. [PMID: 23352887 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have commonly shown that patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and treatment-sensitive depression (TSD) demonstrate a different cerebellar activity. No study has yet explored resting-state cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity (FC) in these two groups. Here, seed-based FC approach was employed to test the hypothesis that patients with TRD and TSD had a different cerebellar-cerebral FC. The identified FC might be used to differentiate TRD from TSD. METHODS Twenty-three patients with TRD, 22 patients with TSD, and 19 healthy subjects (HS) matched with age, gender, and education level participated in the scans. Seed-based connectivity analyses were performed by using cerebellar seeds. RESULTS Relative to HS, both patient groups showed significantly decreased cerebellar-cerebral FC with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) (superior, middle, and inferior frontal gyrus) and default mode network (DMN) [superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyrus, precuneus (PCu), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL)], and increased FC with visual recognition network (lingual gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, and fusiform) and parahippocampal gyrus. However, the TRD group exhibited a more decreased FC than the TSD group, mainly in connected regions within DMN [PCu, angular gyrus (AG) and IPL]. Further receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) analyses showed that cerebellar-DMN couplings could be applied as markers to differentiate the two subtypes with relatively high sensitivity and specificity. CONCLUSIONS Both patient groups demonstrate similar pattern of abnormal cerebellar-cerebral FC. Decreased FC between the cerebellum and regions within DMN might be used to separate the two patient groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Drews E, Otte DM, Zimmer A. Involvement of the primate specific gene G72 in schizophrenia: From genetic studies to pathomechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012; 37:2410-7. [PMID: 23092656 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a human mental disorder that affects an individual's thoughts, perception, affect and behavior, which is caused by a complex interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Genetic studies have implicated the evolutionary novel, anthropoid primate-specific gene locus G72/G30 in the etiology of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. This gene encodes the protein LG72, which has been discussed as a modulator of the peroxisomal enzyme d-amino-acid-oxidase (DAO), or, alternatively as a mitochondrial protein. Recently, G72 transgenic (G72Tg) mice were generated that express the protein throughout the brain. These mice show several behavioral deficits that are related to schizophrenia. Further, G72Tg mice have a reduced activity of mitochondrial complex I, with a concomitantly increased production of reactive oxygen species, as well as deficits in short-term plasticity. Results from these studies demonstrate that expression of the human G72/G30 gene locus in mice produces behavioral phenotypes that are relevant to schizophrenia. They implicate LG72-induced mitochondrial and synaptic defects as a possible pathomechanism of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Drews
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
The cerebellum is a key-piece for information processing and is involved in numerous motor and nonmotor activities, thanks to the anatomical characteristics of the circuitry, the enormous computational capabilities and the high connectivity to other brain areas. Despite its uniform cytoarchitecture, cerebellar circuitry is segregated into functional zones. This functional parcellation is driven by the connectivity and the anatomo-functional heterogeneity of the numerous extra-cerebellar structures linked to the cerebellum, principally brain cortices, precerebellar nuclei and spinal cord. Major insights into cerebellar functions have been gained with a detailed analysis of the cerebellar outputs, with the evidence that fundamental aspects of cerebrocerebellar operations are the closed-loop circuit and the predictions of future states. Cerebellar diseases result in disturbances of accuracy of movements and lack of coordination. The cerebellar syndrome includes combinations of oculomotor disturbances, dysarthria and other speech deficits, ataxia of limbs, ataxia of stance and gait, as well as often more subtle cognitive/behavioral impairments. Our understanding of the corresponding anatomo-functional maps for the human cerebellum is continuously improving. We summarize the topography of the clinical deficits observed in cerebellar patients and the growing evidence of a regional subdivision into motor, sensory, sensorimotor, cognitive and affective domains. The recently described topographic dichotomy motor versus nonmotor cerebellum based upon anatomical, functional and neuropsychological studies is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Grimaldi
- Service de Neurologie, Unité d'Etude du Mouvement, ULB Erasme, 808 Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium.
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Baldaçara L, Borgio JGF, Moraes WADS, Lacerda ALT, Montaño MBMM, Tufik S, Bressan RA, Ramos LR, Jackowski AP. Cerebellar volume in patients with dementia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 33:122-9. [PMID: 21829904 DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462011000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the cerebellar volume of subjects at different stages of Alzheimer's disease and to investigate whether volume reductions in this structure are related to cognitive decline. METHOD Ninety-six subjects from an epidemiological study were submitted to a magnetic resonance imaging scan and evaluated using the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Functional Activities Questionnaire. Subjects were divided into five groups according to the Clinical Dementia Rating scale. Twenty-six subjects from the original group who had no dementia diagnosis at baseline were re-evaluated for the onset of dementia after two years. RESULTS The volumes of the cerebellar hemispheres, posterior cerebellar lobe, vermis and temporal lobe were found to be reduced as a function of the severity of the disease. There were significant positive correlations between the volume of the temporal lobe and cerebellum and the language, attention, and total scores in the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Functional Activities Questionnaire. A logistic regression analysis demonstrated that reduced temporal lobe, posterior cerebellar lobe and vermal volume at baseline is a risk factor for the onset of dementia. CONCLUSION This is the first study demonstrating that reduced cerebellar volume is already apparent at the predementia stage. The results of this study support the involvement of the cerebellum in the progression of dementia. Whereas the cerebellum might not be directly associated with the origin of Alzheimer's disease, it may provide useful information related to its prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Baldaçara
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Neurociências Clínicas, Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
O'Halloran CJ, Kinsella GJ, Storey E. The cerebellum and neuropsychological functioning: a critical review. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2011; 34:35-56. [PMID: 22047489 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2011.614599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum, while once considered a brain region principally involved in motor control and coordination, is increasingly becoming associated with a range of neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric presentations. This paper reviews the dominant neuropsychological domains and neuropsychiatric conditions for which cerebellar involvement has been demonstrated, including visuospatial functioning, learning and memory, language, executive functioning, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorders, and schizophrenia. The paper concludes with a discussion of a potential neuropsychological localization model within the cerebellum and a discussion of prognosis and rates of recovery that can be expected, following localized cerebellar lesions.
Collapse
|
30
|
Quintero-Gallego E, Gómez C, Morales M, Márquez J. Spatial orientation deficit in children due to cerebellum astrocytoma pediatric tumor obtained by means of the Attentional Network Test. Neurosci Lett 2011; 504:232-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
31
|
Long-term sequelae after acquired pediatric hemorrhagic cerebellar lesions. Childs Nerv Syst 2011; 27:923-31. [PMID: 21190024 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-010-1357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess cognitive, affective, and motor long-term sequelae after acquired focal pediatric cerebellar lesions. METHODS Eight patients with a history of isolated acquired hemorrhagic cerebellar lesions before the age of 13 participated in this study. All participants underwent a neurologic examination, including the Zurich Neuromotor Assessment (ZNA) and the International Cooperative Ataxia Rating Scale (ICARS). Cognitive functions have been evaluated with a general cognitive assessment and an extensive neuropsychological battery. Furthermore, patients and parents filled in questionnaires about quality of life and possible behavioral or emotional problems. RESULTS The results revealed that all patients exhibited motor problems (ZNA). Most participants had further restricted oculomotor movements (ICARS). Age at injury and the full scale IQ were significantly positively correlated (Pearson correlation 0.779; p = 0.023). Conversely, no overall neuropsychological profile could be identified except for marginally reduced reaction times and susceptibility to interference. In addition, borderline results in semantic and phonemic word fluency tasks were apparent. A dysexecutive syndrome was diagnosed in one patient. However, verbal performance and reading abilities were non-pathologic in all participants. The patients reported having a good quality of life without major physical restrictions. CONCLUSIONS Emotional disturbances and the presence of a mild cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome (as frequently described in adult patients) could only be confirmed in adolescents with vermis lesions. Nevertheless, in laboratory conditions, neuropsychological impairments were present in all patients. Heterogeneity of age at injury and exact lesion site may have led to interpersonal differences in neuropsychological outcome.
Collapse
|
32
|
Thaler L, Arnott SR, Goodale MA. Neural correlates of natural human echolocation in early and late blind echolocation experts. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20162. [PMID: 21633496 PMCID: PMC3102086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A small number of blind people are adept at echolocating silent objects simply by producing mouth clicks and listening to the returning echoes. Yet the neural architecture underlying this type of aid-free human echolocation has not been investigated. To tackle this question, we recruited echolocation experts, one early- and one late-blind, and measured functional brain activity in each of them while they listened to their own echolocation sounds. Results When we compared brain activity for sounds that contained both clicks and the returning echoes with brain activity for control sounds that did not contain the echoes, but were otherwise acoustically matched, we found activity in calcarine cortex in both individuals. Importantly, for the same comparison, we did not observe a difference in activity in auditory cortex. In the early-blind, but not the late-blind participant, we also found that the calcarine activity was greater for echoes reflected from surfaces located in contralateral space. Finally, in both individuals, we found activation in middle temporal and nearby cortical regions when they listened to echoes reflected from moving targets. Conclusions These findings suggest that processing of click-echoes recruits brain regions typically devoted to vision rather than audition in both early and late blind echolocation experts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lore Thaler
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Melvyn A. Goodale
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Peterburs J, Bellebaum C, Koch B, Schwarz M, Daum I. Working memory and verbal fluency deficits following cerebellar lesions: relation to interindividual differences in patient variables. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 9:375-83. [PMID: 20387024 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Findings concerning cognitive impairment in patients with focal cerebellar lesions tend to be inconsistent and usually reflect a mild deficit. Patient variables such as lesion age and the age at lesion onset might affect functional reorganization and contribute to the variability of the findings. To assess this issue, 14 patients with focal vascular cerebellar lesions and 14 matched healthy control subjects performed a verbal working memory and a verbal long-term memory task as well as verbal fluency tasks. Patients showed deficits in working memory and verbal fluency, while recall of complex narrative material was intact. Verbal fluency performance correlated significantly with age in the patient group, with more severe impairments in older patients, suggesting that age at lesion onset is a critical variable for cognitive outcome. In controls, no significant correlations with age were observed. Taken together, our findings support the idea of cerebellar involvement in nonmotor functions and indicate the relevance of interindividual differences in regard to clinical parameters after focal cerebellar damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Peterburs
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Neuropsychology, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Laforce R, Buteau JP, Bouchard JP, Rouleau GA, Bouchard RW, Dupré N. Cognitive impairment in ARCA-1, a newly discovered pure cerebellar ataxia syndrome. THE CEREBELLUM 2011; 9:443-53. [PMID: 20559786 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar contribution to non-motor functions has been supported by several animal, human and functional neuroimaging studies. Which cognitive skills and to what extent the cerebrocerebellar loops contribute remain unclear, however. Among other reasons, this may be explained by the fact that authors have studied patients with extracerebellar lesions. The goal of this study was to explore the role of the cerebellum in cognition and affect in patients with autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxia type 1 (ARCA-1), a newly described inherited cerebellar disease characterised by middle-age onset of ataxia as well as pure, severe and diffuse cerebellar atrophy. To this end, the performance of 21 ARCA-1 patients was compared to that of 21 normal controls paired for age and education on a 3-h battery of attention, executive, visuospatial and memory skills. Results indicated similar IQ, naming and declarative memory abilities between groups. ARCA-1 patients showed significant deficits in attention (attention span, speed of information processing, sustained attention), verbal working memory and visuospatial/visuoconstructional skills (3-D drawings, copy of a complex figure). Functional brain imaging in a subset of patients showed diffuse severe cerebellar hypometabolism associated with a small area of right parietal hypometabolism. None of the patients presented a significant affective syndrome. Correlational analyses suggested that cognitive deficits could not be explained by the severity of motor deficits, duration of disease or mood. Altogether, this study confirms that pure cerebellar damage as seen in ARCA-1 is associated with significant cognitive impairments but not with psychiatric comorbidity. These deficits are correlated with an overall moderate impact on patient's autonomy. Our data favour an indirect participation of the dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortical areas to the cerebrocerebellar circuit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Laforce
- Département des Sciences Neurologiques Centre Hospitalier Affilié (Enfant-Jésus), Université Laval, 1401, 18ième rue, Laval, QC, Canada G1J 1Z4.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yeganeh-Doost P, Gruber O, Falkai P, Schmitt A. The role of the cerebellum in schizophrenia: from cognition to molecular pathways. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2011; 66 Suppl 1:71-7. [PMID: 21779725 PMCID: PMC3118440 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322011001300009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Beside its role in motor coordination, the cerebellum is involved in cognitive function such as attention, working memory, verbal learning, and sensory discrimination. In schizophrenia, a disturbed prefronto-thalamo-cerebellar circuit has been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiology. In addition, a deficit in the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDAf) receptor has been hypothesized. The risk gene neuregulin 1 may play a major role in this process. We demonstrated a higher expression of the NMDA receptor subunit 2D in the right cerebellar regions of schizophrenia patients, which may be a secondary upregulation due to a dysfunctional receptor. In contrast, the neuregulin 1 risk variant containing at least one C-allele was associated with decreased expression of NMDA receptor subunit 2C, leading to a dysfunction of the NMDA receptor, which in turn may lead to a dysfunction of the gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) system. Accordingly, from post-mortem studies, there is accumulating evidence that GABAergic signaling is decreased in the cerebellum of schizophrenia patients. As patients in these studies are treated with antipsychotics long term, we evaluated the effect of long-term haloperidol and clozapine treatment in an animal model. We showed that clozapine may be superior to haloperidol in restoring a deficit in NMDA receptor subunit 2C expression in the cerebellum. We discuss the molecular findings in the light of the role of the cerebellum in attention and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
36
|
Baier B, Dieterich M, Stoeter P, Birklein F, Müller NG. Anatomical correlate of impaired covert visual attentional processes in patients with cerebellar lesions. J Neurosci 2010; 30:3770-6. [PMID: 20220011 PMCID: PMC6632230 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0487-09.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past years, claims of cognitive and attentional function of the cerebellum have first been raised but were later refuted. One reason for this controversy might be that attentional deficits only occur when specific cerebellar structures are affected. To further elucidate this matter and to determine which cerebellar regions might be involved in deficits of covert visual attention, we used new brain imaging tools of lesion mapping that allow a direct comparison with control patients. A total of 26 patients with unilateral right-sided cerebellar infarcts were tested on a covert visual attention task. Eight (31%) patients showed markedly slowed responses, especially in trials in which an invalid cue necessitated reorienting of the focus of attention for target detection. Compared with the 18 patients who performed within the range of healthy control subjects, only the impaired patients had lesions of cerebellar vermal structures such as the pyramid. We suggest that these midcerebellar regions are indirectly involved in covert visual attention via oculomotor control mechanisms. Thus, specific cerebellar structures do influence attentional orienting, whereas others do not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Baier
- Department of Neurology, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Händel B, Thier P, Haarmeier T. Visual motion perception deficits due to cerebellar lesions are paralleled by specific changes in cerebro-cortical activity. J Neurosci 2009; 29:15126-33. [PMID: 19955364 PMCID: PMC6665957 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3972-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Revised: 10/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent anatomical studies have revealed strong cerebellar projections into parietal and prefrontal cortex. These findings suggest that the cerebellum might not only play a functional role in motor control but also cognitive domains, an idea also supported by neuropsychological testing of patients with cerebellar lesions that has revealed specific deficits. The goal of the present study was to test whether or not cognitive impairments after cerebellar damage are resulting from changes in cerebro-cortical signal processing. The detection of global visual motion embedded in noise, a faculty compromised after cerebellar lesions, was chosen as a model system. Using magnetoencephalography, cortical responses were recorded in a group of patients with cerebellar lesions (n = 8) and controls (n = 13) who observed visual motion of varied coherence, i.e., motion strength, presented in the peripheral visual field during controlled stationary fixation. Corroborating earlier results, the patients showed a significant impairment in global motion discrimination despite normal fixation behavior. This deficit was paralleled by qualitative differences in responses recorded from parieto-temporal cortex, including a reduced responsiveness to coherent visual motion and a striking loss of bilateral representations of motion coherence. Moreover, the perceptual thresholds correlated with the cortical representation of motion strength on single subject basis. These results demonstrate that visual motion processing in cerebral cortex critically depends on an intact cerebellum and establish a correlation between cortical activity and impaired visual perception resulting from cerebellar damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Händel
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6526 EN Nijmegen, Netherlands, and
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Maastricht, 6200 MD, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | | | - Thomas Haarmeier
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
- General Neurology, Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ignashchenkova A, Dash S, Dicke PW, Haarmeier T, Glickstein M, Thier P. Normal Spatial Attention But Impaired Saccades and Visual Motion Perception After Lesions of the Monkey Cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 2009; 102:3156-68. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00659.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesions of the cerebellum produce deficits in movement and motor learning. Saccadic dysmetria, for example, is caused by lesions of the posterior cerebellar vermis. Monkeys and patients with such lesions are unable to modify the amplitude of saccades. Some have suggested that the effects on eye movements might reflect a more global cognitive deficit caused by the cerebellar lesion. We tested that idea by studying the effects of vermis lesions on attention as well as saccadic eye movements, visual motion perception, and luminance change detection. Lesions in posterior vermis of four monkeys caused the known deficits in saccadic control. Attention tested by examination of acuity threshold changes induced by prior cueing of the location of the targets remained normal after vermis lesions. Luminance change detection was also unaffected by the lesions. In one case, after a lesion restricted to lobulus VIII, the animal had impaired visual motion perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Dash
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
| | | | - T. Haarmeier
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
- General Neurology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; and
| | - M. Glickstein
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - P. Thier
- Departments of Cognitive Neurology and
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Habas C, Kamdar N, Nguyen D, Prater K, Beckmann CF, Menon V, Greicius MD. Distinct cerebellar contributions to intrinsic connectivity networks. J Neurosci 2009; 29:8586-94. [PMID: 19571149 PMCID: PMC2742620 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1868-09.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 810] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/20/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Convergent data from various scientific approaches strongly implicate cerebellar systems in nonmotor functions. The functional anatomy of these systems has been pieced together from disparate sources, such as animal studies, lesion studies in humans, and structural and functional imaging studies in humans. To better define this distinct functional anatomy, in the current study we delineate the role of the cerebellum in several nonmotor systems simultaneously and in the same subjects using resting state functional connectivity MRI. Independent component analysis was applied to resting state data from two independent datasets to identify common cerebellar contributions to several previously identified intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs) involved in executive control, episodic memory/self-reflection, salience detection, and sensorimotor function. We found distinct cerebellar contributions to each of these ICNs. The neocerebellum participates in (1) the right and left executive control networks (especially crus I and II), (2) the salience network (lobule VI), and (3) the default-mode network (lobule IX). Little to no overlap was detected between these cerebellar regions and the sensorimotor cerebellum (lobules V-VI). Clusters were also located in pontine and dentate nuclei, prominent points of convergence for cerebellar input and output, respectively. The results suggest that the most phylogenetically recent part of the cerebellum, particularly crus I and II, make contributions to parallel cortico-cerebellar loops involved in executive control, salience detection, and episodic memory/self-reflection. The largest portions of the neocerebellum take part in the executive control network implicated in higher cognitive functions such as working memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Habas
- Service de NeuroImagerie, Hôpital des Quinze-Vingts, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 6, 75012 Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sokolov AA, Gharabaghi A, Tatagiba MS, Pavlova M. Cerebellar Engagement in an Action Observation Network. Cereb Cortex 2009; 20:486-91. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
|
41
|
Evidence of a modality-dependent role of the cerebellum in working memory? An fMRI study comparing verbal and abstract n-back tasks. Neuroimage 2009; 47:2073-82. [PMID: 19524048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In working memory (WM), functional imaging studies demonstrate cerebellar involvement indicating a cognitive role of the cerebellum. These cognitive contributions were predominantly interpreted as part of the phonological loop within the Baddeley model of WM. However, those underlying investigations were performed in the context of visual verbal WM which could pose a bias when interpreting the results. The aim of this fMRI study was to address the question of whether the cerebellum supports additional aspects of WM in the context of higher cognitive functions. Furthermore, laterality effects were investigated to further disentangle the cerebellar role in the context of the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. A direct comparison of verbal and abstract visual WM was performed in 17 young volunteers by applying a 2-back paradigm and extracting the % change in BOLD signal from the fMRI data. To minimize potential verbal strategies, Attneave and Arnoult shapes of non-nameable objects were chosen for the abstract condition. The analyses revealed no significant differences in verbal vs. abstract WM. Moreover, no laterality effects were demonstrated in both verbal and abstract WM. These results provide further evidence of a broader cognitive involvement of the cerebellum in WM that is not only confined to the phonological loop but also supports central executive subfunctions. The fact that no lateralization effects are found might be attributed to the characteristics of the n-back paradigm which emphasizes central executive subfunctions over the subsidiary slave systems.
Collapse
|
42
|
Yan H, Zuo XN, Wang D, Wang J, Zhu C, Milham MP, Zhang D, Zang Y. Hemispheric asymmetry in cognitive division of anterior cingulate cortex: a resting-state functional connectivity study. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1579-89. [PMID: 19501172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive division of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC-cd) plays an important role in cognitive control via a distributed attention network. The structural hemispheric asymmetries of ACC have been revealed by several neuroimaging studies. However potential functional hemispheric asymmetries of ACC remain less clear. Investigating the functional hemispheric asymmetries of ACC helps for a better understanding of ACC function. The aim of this study was to use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine hemispheric differences in the functional networks associated with ACC-cd in the two hemispheres. ROI-based functional connectivity analysis was performed on a group of 49 right-handed healthy volunteers. The left and right ACC-cd showed significant differences in their patterns of connectivity with a variety of brain regions, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, superior parietal lobule and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex in their ipsilateral cerebral cortex, as well as cerebellar tonsil and inferior semilunar lobule in their contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. Specifically, for these areas, we found significantly greater connectivity strength with ACC-cd in the right hemisphere than the left, regardless of whether the connection was positive or negative. The current results highlight the presence of clear asymmetries in functional networks associated with ACC-cd. Future functional imaging studies are needed to give greater attention to the lateralized ACC functional networks which are observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
The cerebellum, cerebellar disorders, and cerebellar research--two centuries of discoveries. THE CEREBELLUM 2009; 7:505-16. [PMID: 18855093 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-008-0063-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Research on the cerebellum is evolving rapidly. The exquisiteness of the cerebellar circuitry with a unique geometric arrangement has fascinated researchers from numerous disciplines. The painstaking works of pioneers of these last two centuries, such as Rolando, Flourens, Luciani, Babinski, Holmes, Cajal, Larsell, or Eccles, still exert a strong influence in the way we approach cerebellar functions. Advances in genetic studies, detailed molecular and cellular analyses, profusion of brain imaging techniques, emergence of behavioral assessments, and reshaping of models of cerebellar function are generating an immense amount of knowledge. Simultaneously, a better definition of cerebellar disorders encountered in the clinic is emerging. The essentials of a trans-disciplinary blending are expanding. The analysis of the literature published these last two decades indicates that the gaps between domains of research are vanishing. The launch of the society for research on the cerebellum (SRC) illustrates how cerebellar research is burgeoning. This special issue gathers the contributions of the inaugural conference of the SRC dedicated to the mechanisms of cerebellar function. Contributions were brought together around five themes: (1) cerebellar development, death, and regeneration; (2) cerebellar circuitry: processing and function; (3) mechanisms of cerebellar plasticity and learning; (4) cerebellar function: timing, prediction, and/or coordination?; (5) anatomical and disease perspectives on cerebellar function.
Collapse
|
44
|
Greene DJ, Mooshagian E, Kaplan JT, Zaidel E, Iacoboni M. The neural correlates of social attention: automatic orienting to social and nonsocial cues. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2009; 73:499-511. [PMID: 19350270 PMCID: PMC2694932 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-009-0233-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 01/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence suggests that directional social cues (e.g., eye gaze) cause automatic shifts in attention toward gaze direction. It has been proposed that automatic attentional orienting driven by social cues (social orienting) involves a different neural network from automatic orienting driven by nonsocial cues. However, previous neuroimaging studies on social orienting have only compared gaze cues to symbolic cues, which typically engage top-down mechanisms. Therefore, we directly compared the neural activity involved in social orienting to that involved in purely automatic nonsocial orienting. Twenty participants performed a spatial cueing task consisting of social (gaze) cues and automatic nonsocial (peripheral squares) cues presented at short and long stimulus (cue-to-target) onset asynchronies (SOA), while undergoing fMRI. Behaviorally, a facilitation effect was found for both cue types at the short SOA, while an inhibitory effect (inhibition of return: IOR) was found only for nonsocial cues at the long SOA. Imaging results demonstrated that social and nonsocial cues recruited a largely overlapping fronto-parietal network. In addition, social cueing evoked greater activity in occipito-temporal regions at both SOAs, while nonsocial cueing recruited greater subcortical activity, but only for the long SOA (when IOR was found). A control experiment, including central arrow cues, confirmed that the occipito-temporal activity was at least in part due to the social nature of the cue and not simply to the location of presentation (central vs. peripheral). These results suggest an evolutionary trajectory for automatic orienting, from predominantly subcortical mechanisms for nonsocial orienting to predominantly cortical mechanisms for social orienting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna J Greene
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Baillieux H, Smet HJD, Paquier PF, De Deyn PP, Mariën P. Cerebellar neurocognition: Insights into the bottom of the brain. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2008; 110:763-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2008.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
46
|
|
47
|
Ketamine, but not phencyclidine, selectively modulates cerebellar GABA(A) receptors containing alpha6 and delta subunits. J Neurosci 2008; 28:5383-93. [PMID: 18480294 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5443-07.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine are dissociative anesthetics capable of inducing analgesia, psychomimetic behavior, and a catatonic state of unconsciousness. Despite broad similarities, there are notable differences between the clinical actions of ketamine and PCP. Ketamine has a lower incidence of adverse effects and generally produces greater CNS depression than PCP. Both noncompetitively inhibit NMDA receptors, yet there is little evidence that these drugs affect GABA(A) receptors, the primary target of most anesthetics. alpha6beta2/3delta receptors are subtypes of the GABA(A) receptor family and are abundantly expressed in granular neurons within the adult cerebellum. Here, using an oocyte expression system, we show that at anesthetically relevant concentrations, ketamine, but not PCP, modulates alpha6beta2delta and alpha6beta3delta receptors. Additionally, at higher concentrations, ketamine directly activates these GABA(A) receptors. Comparatively, dizocilpine (MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo [a,d] cyclohepten-5,10-imine maleate]), a potent noncompetitive antagonist of NMDA receptors that is structurally unrelated to PCP, did not produce any effect on alpha6beta2delta receptors. Of the recombinant GABA(A) receptor subtypes examined (alpha1beta2, alpha1beta2gamma2, alpha1beta2delta, alpha4beta2gamma2, alpha4beta2delta, alpha6beta2gamma2, alpha6beta2delta, and alpha6beta3delta), the actions of ketamine were unique to alpha6beta2delta and alpha6beta3delta receptors. In dissociated granule neurons and cerebellar slice recordings, ketamine potentiated the GABAergic conductance arising from alpha6-containing GABA(A) receptors, whereas PCP showed no effect. Furthermore, ketamine potentiation was absent in cerebellar granule neurons from transgenic functionally null alpha6(-/-) and delta(-/-)mice. These findings suggest that the higher CNS depressant level achieved by ketamine may be the result of its selective actions on alpha6beta2/3delta receptors.
Collapse
|
48
|
Timmann D, Daum I. Cerebellar contributions to cognitive functions: a progress report after two decades of research. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2007; 6:159-62. [PMID: 17786810 DOI: 10.1080/14734220701496448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from both human lesion and functional neuroimaging studies appears to support the hypothesis that the cerebellum contributes to non-motor functions. Along similar lines, cognitive, affective and behavioural changes in psychiatric disorders, such as autism, schizophrenia and dyslexia, have been linked to structural cerebellar abnormalities. The aim of this special issue was to evaluate the current knowledge base after more than 20 years of controversial discussion. The contributions of the special issue cover the most important cognitive domains, i.e., attention, memory and learning, executive control, language and visuospatial function. The available empirical evidence suggests that cognitive changes in patients with cerebellar dysfunction are mild and clearly less severe than the impairments observed after lesions to neocortical areas to which the cerebellum is closely connected via different cerebro-cerebellar loops. Frequently cited early findings, e.g., with respect to a specific cerebellar involvement in attention, have not been replicated or might be confounded by motor or working memory demands of the respective attention task. On the other hand, there is now convincing evidence for a cerebellar involvement in the mediation of a range of cognitive domains, most notably verbal working memory. Verbal working memory problems may partly underlie the compromised performance of cerebellar lesion patients on at least some complex cognitive tasks. Although investigations have moved from anecdotical case reports to hypothesis-driven controlled clinical group studies based on sound methods which are complemented by state-of-the-art functional neuroimaging studies, the empirical evidence available so far does not yet allow a convincing theory of the mechanisms of a cerebellar involvement in cognitive function. Future studies are clearly needed to further elucidate the nature of the processes linked to cerebellar mediation of cognitive processes and their possible link to motor theories of cerebellar function, e.g., its role in prediction and/or timing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|