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Bhatt S, Dasgupta S, Tupe C, Prashar C, Adhikari U, Pandey KC, Kundu S, Chakraborti S. Antimalarial Delivery with a Ferritin-Based Protein Cage: A Step toward Developing Smart Therapeutics against Malaria. Biochemistry 2024; 63:1738-1751. [PMID: 38975628 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the utilization of protein cages has witnessed exponential growth driven by their extensive applications in biotechnology and therapeutics. In the context of the recent Covid-19 pandemic, protein-cage-based scaffolds played a pivotal role in vaccine development. Beyond vaccines, these protein cages have proven valuable in diverse drug delivery applications thanks to their distinctive architecture and structural stability. Among the various types of protein cages, ferritin-based cages have taken the lead in drug delivery applications. This is primarily attributed to their ease of production, exceptional thermal stability, and nontoxic nature. While ferritin-based cages are commonly employed in anticancer drug delivery and contrast agent delivery, their efficacy in malarial drug delivery had not been explored until this study. In this investigation, several antimalarial drugs were encapsulated within horse spleen ferritin, and the binding and loading processes were validated through both experimental and computational techniques. The data unequivocally demonstrate the facile incorporation of antimalarial drugs into ferritin without disrupting its three-dimensional structure. Computational docking and molecular dynamics simulations were employed to pinpoint the precise location of the drug binding site within ferritin. Subsequent efficacy testing on Plasmodium revealed that the developed nanoconjugate, comprising the drug-ferritin conjugate, exhibited significant effectiveness in eradicating the parasite. In conclusion, the findings strongly indicate that ferritin-based carrier systems hold tremendous promise for the future of antimalarial drug delivery, offering high selectivity and limited side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Bhatt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Subrata Dasgupta
- Department of Biosciences & Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chiging Tupe
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Cherish Prashar
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Utpal Adhikari
- National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, West Bengal 713209, India
| | - Kailash C Pandey
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, UP 201002, India
| | - Suman Kundu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi 110021, India
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus, Goa 403726, India
| | - Soumyananda Chakraborti
- ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi 110077, India
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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Zhou Y, Zhang C, Bai S, Su J, Zhou X, Zhao L. Photoelectrochemical quenching-recovery biosensor based on NSCQDs/Fe 2O 3@Bi 2S 3 for the detection of trypsin. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1297:342361. [PMID: 38438238 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The content of trypsin will change when pancreatic diseases occur, therefore developing a high-performance method for trypsin detection is of great significance for guiding patients on medication plans and improving their prognosis. Photoelectrochemical (PEC) analysis techniques have emerged as a solution to apply for bioassays. RESULTS Herein, the Fe2O3@Bi2S3 and Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped carbon quantum dots (NSCQDs) were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method. Subsequently, NSCQDs/Fe2O3@Bi2S3 with a photocurrent amplification effect covered on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode as the substrate material and apoferritin (APO) as a bio-recognition element to quench the photocurrent of the substrate material which can be excited with light. Due to the decomposition specifically between APO and trypsin, the photocurrent response increased. The linear range for trypsin detection showed satisfied results from 2 to 1000 ng mL-1 under optimal conditions, with a detection limit of 0.42 ng mL-1 and a recovery rate of 97.41 %-103.02 %, enabling efficient quantitative analysis of trypsin. SIGNIFICANCE In this experiment, a PEC biosensor with simple operation, low detection limit, excellent selectivity and strong stability was successfully prepared, enabling quantitative analysis of trypsin in human serum samples through the quenching-recovery mechanism. It holds great significance for diagnosis and serves as a practical method for the detection of trypsin in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Chenning Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangyang No.1 People's Hospital, Hubei University of Medical, Xiangyang, Hubei, 441100, China
| | - Shuru Bai
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceuticals, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Jiaxue Su
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China
| | - Xunyong Zhou
- HC Enzyme Biotech. Co. Ltd, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518001, China
| | - Longshan Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, 103 Wenhua Road Shenhe District, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110016, China.
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Xu X, Zhang J, Wang T, Li J, Rong Y, Wang Y, Bai C, Yan Q, Ran X, Wang Y, Zhang T, Sun J, Jiang Q. Emerging non-antibody‒drug conjugates (non-ADCs) therapeutics of toxins for cancer treatment. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1542-1559. [PMID: 38572098 PMCID: PMC10985036 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2023.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The non-selective cytotoxicity of toxins limits the clinical relevance of the toxins. In recent years, toxins have been widely used as warheads for antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) due to their efficient killing activity against various cancer cells. Although ADCs confer certain targeting properties to the toxins, low drug loading capacity, possible immunogenicity, and other drawbacks also limit the potential application of ADCs. Recently, non-ADC delivery strategies for toxins have been extensively investigated. To further understand the application of toxins in anti-tumor, this paper provided an overview of prodrugs, nanodrug delivery systems, and biomimetic drug delivery systems. In addition, toxins and their combination strategies with other therapies were discussed. Finally, the prospect and challenge of toxins in cancer treatment were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Xu
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jing Li
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yukang Rong
- School of Education, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Chenxia Bai
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qing Yan
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaohua Ran
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yingli Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Linyi People's Hospital, Shandong University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Tianhong Zhang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qikun Jiang
- Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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4
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Jiang X, Wu K, Ye XY, Xie T, Zhang P, Blass BE, Bai R. Novel druggable mechanism of Parkinson's disease: Potential therapeutics and underlying pathogenesis based on ferroptosis. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36924451 DOI: 10.1002/med.21939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetics, age, environmental factors, and oxidative stress have all been implicated in the development of Parkinson's disease (PD); however, a complete understanding of its pathology remains elusive. At present, there is no cure for PD, and currently available therapeutics are insufficient to meet patient needs. Ferroptosis, a distinctive iron-dependent cell death mode characterized by lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress, has pathophysiological features similar to those of PD, including iron accumulation, reactive oxygen species-induced oxidative damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Ferroptosis has been identified as a specific pathway of neuronal death and is closely related to the pathogenesis of PD. Despite the similarities in the biological targets involved in PD pathogenesis and ferroptosis, the relationship between novel targets in PD and ferroptosis has been neglected in the literature. In this review, the mechanism of ferroptosis is discussed, and the potential therapeutic targets implicated in both PD and ferroptosis are compared. Furthermore, the anti-PD effects of several ferroptosis inhibitors, as well as clinical studies thereof, and the identification of novel lead compounds for the treatment of PD and the inhibition of ferroptosis are reviewed. It is hoped that this review can promote research to further elucidate the relationship between ferroptosis and PD and provide new strategies for the development of novel ferroptosis-targeting PD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Yang Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Xie
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Material Technology, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Benjamin E Blass
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renren Bai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Bacterioferritin nanocage: Structure, biological function, catalytic mechanism, self-assembly and potential applications. Biotechnol Adv 2022; 61:108057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.108057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Xu X, Tian K, Lou X, Du Y. Potential of Ferritin-Based Platforms for Tumor Immunotherapy. Molecules 2022; 27:2716. [PMID: 35566065 PMCID: PMC9104857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin is an iron storage protein that plays a key role in iron homeostasis and cellular antioxidant activity. Ferritin has many advantages as a tumor immunotherapy platform, including a small particle size that allows for penetration into tumor-draining lymph nodes or tumor tissue, a unique structure consisting of 24 self-assembled subunits, cavities that can encapsulate drugs, natural targeting functions, and a modifiable outer surface. In this review, we summarize related research applying ferritin as a tumor immune vaccine or a nanocarrier for immunomodulator drugs based on different targeting mechanisms (including dendritic cells, tumor-associated macrophages, tumor-associated fibroblasts, and tumor cells). In addition, a ferritin-based tumor vaccine expected to protect against a wide range of coronaviruses by targeting multiple variants of SARS-CoV-2 has entered phase I clinical trials, and its efficacy is described in this review. Although ferritin is already on the road to transformation, there are still many difficulties to overcome. Therefore, three barriers (drug loading, modification sites, and animal models) are also discussed in this paper. Notwithstanding, the ferritin-based nanoplatform has great potential for tumor immunotherapy, with greater possibility of clinical transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xu
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (X.X.); (K.T.)
| | - Kewei Tian
- Shulan International Medical College, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou 310015, China; (X.X.); (K.T.)
| | - Xuefang Lou
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
| | - Yongzhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Wei X, Ji L, Peng J, Du K, Feng F. Noncovalent Engineering of Apoferritin with a PEGylated [FeFe] Hydrogenase Mimic for In Situ Polymerization. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:1756-1765. [PMID: 35323009 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Apoferritin can act as a scaffold for functionalization in the inner and outer surfaces. However, traditional covalent modification methods have a risk of disrupting the structure and physicochemical properties of apoferritin. Herein, we report a method for designing versatile apoferritin-based nanosystems through noncovalent interaction between a PEGylated [FeFe]-hydrogenase mimic (FeFe-PEG-N3) and apoferritin. FeFe-PEG-N3 can be anchored into the threefold channels of apoferritin via program injection, at a number of ∼8 per protein. We also engineered apoferritin with an FeFe-PEG-N3/ATRP initiator conjugate for in situ and noninvasive atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) at the apoferritin surface. This "grafting-from" method for noncovalent apoferritin engineering has the advantages of simple preparation, good controllability, and high efficiency and affords opportunities for the construction of multifunctional apoferritin-based nanosystems for broad applications such as drug delivery and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Wei
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Luyang Ji
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jinlei Peng
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Du
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fude Feng
- Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Material and Technology of Ministry of Education, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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8
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Kuruppu AI, Turyanska L, Bradshaw TD, Manickam S, Galhena BP, Paranagama P, De Silva R. Apoferritin and Dps as drug delivery vehicles: Some selected examples in oncology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2022; 1866:130067. [PMID: 34896255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2021.130067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ideal nanoparticle should be able to encapsulate either pharmaceutical agents or imaging probes so that it could treat or image clinical tumours by targeting the cancer site efficiently. Further, it would be an added advantage if it demonstrates: small size, built in targeting, biocompatibility and biodegradability. Ferritin, which is an endogenous self-assembling protein, stores iron and plays a role in iron homeostasis. When iron atoms are removed apoferritin (AFt) is formed which consists of a hollow shell where it can be used to load guest molecules. Due to its unique architecture, AFt has been investigated as a versatile carrier for tumour theranostic applications. DNA-binding protein from starved cells (Dps), which also belongs to the ferritin family, is a protein found only in prokaryotes. It is used to store iron and protect chromosomes from oxidative damage; because of its architecture, Dps could also be used as a delivery vehicle. CONCLUSIONS Both these nano particles are promising in the field of oncology, especially due to their stability, solubility and biocompatibility features. Further their exterior surface can be modified for better tumour-targeting ability. More studies, are warranted to determine the immunogenicity, biodistribution, and clearance from the body. GENERAL PERSPECTIVE This review discusses a few selected examples of the remarkable in vitro and in vivo studies that have been carried out in the recent past with the use of AFt and Dps in targeting and delivery of various pharmaceutical agents, natural products and imaging probes in the field of oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchala I Kuruppu
- Institute for Combinatorial Advanced Research & Education, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka.
| | | | | | - Sivakumar Manickam
- Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Brunei, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Bandula Prasanna Galhena
- Department Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyani Paranagama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka; Institute of Indigenous Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Ranil De Silva
- Institute for Combinatorial Advanced Research & Education, General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka
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Conti G, Pitea M, Ossanna R, Opri R, Tisci G, Falvo E, Innamorati G, Ghanem E, Sbarbati A, Ceci P, Fracasso G. Mitoxantrone-Loaded Nanoferritin Slows Tumor Growth and Improves the Overall Survival Rate in a Subcutaneous Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111622. [PMID: 34829851 PMCID: PMC8615572 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) represents an intriguing topic for researchers. To date, the prognosis of metastasized PC is poor with just 7% of patients exceeding a five-year survival period. Thus, molecular modifications of existing drugs should be developed to change the course of the disease. Our previously generated nanocages of Mitoxantrone (MIT) encapsulated in human H-chain Ferritin (HFt), designated as HFt-MP-PASE-MIT, has shown excellent tumor distribution and extended serum half-life meriting further investigation for PC treatment. Thus, in this study, we used the same nano-formulation to test its cytotoxicity using both in vitro and in vivo assays. Interestingly, both encapsulated and free-MIT drugs demonstrated similar killing capabilities on PaCa44 cell line. Conversely, in vivo assessment in a subcutaneous PaCa44 tumor model of PC demonstrated a remarkable capability for encapsulated MIT to control tumor growth and improve mouse survival with a median survival rate of 65 vs. 33 days for loaded and free-MIT, respectively. Interestingly, throughout the course of mice treatment, MIT encapsulation did not present any adverse side effects as confirmed by histological analysis of various murine tissue organs and body mass weights. Our results are promising and pave the way to effective PC targeted chemotherapy using our HFt nanodelivery platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giamaica Conti
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.C.); (R.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Martina Pitea
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.T.)
- Center for Life Nano Science@Sapienza Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Ossanna
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.C.); (R.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Roberta Opri
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Giada Tisci
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, University Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy; (M.P.); (G.T.)
| | - Elisabetta Falvo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR—National Research Council of Italy, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giulio Innamorati
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, Section of Surgery, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
| | - Esther Ghanem
- Department of Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, Zouk Mosbeh P.O. Box 72, Lebanon;
| | - Andrea Sbarbati
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (G.C.); (R.O.); (A.S.)
| | - Pierpaolo Ceci
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR—National Research Council of Italy, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (G.F.); Tel.: +39-06-4991-0761 (P.C.); +39-04-5812-6449 (G.F.)
| | - Giulio Fracasso
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy;
- Correspondence: (P.C.); (G.F.); Tel.: +39-06-4991-0761 (P.C.); +39-04-5812-6449 (G.F.)
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