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Supuran CT. A simple yet multifaceted 90 years old, evergreen enzyme: Carbonic anhydrase, its inhibition and activation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 93:129411. [PMID: 37507055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) research over the last three decades are presented, with an emphasis on the deciphering of the activation mechanism, the development of isoform-selective inhibitors/ activators by the tail approach and their applications in the management of obesity, hypoxic tumors, neurological conditions, and as antiinfectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, University of Florence, Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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A decade of tail-approach based design of selective as well as potent tumor associated carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Bioorg Chem 2022; 126:105920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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An Update on Synthesis of Coumarin Sulfonamides as Enzyme Inhibitors and Anticancer Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051604. [PMID: 35268704 PMCID: PMC8911621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coumarin is an important six-membered aromatic heterocyclic pharmacophore, widely distributed in natural products and synthetic molecules. The versatile and unique features of coumarin nucleus, in combination with privileged sulfonamide moiety, have enhanced the broad spectrum of biological activities. The research and development of coumarin, sulfonamide-based pharmacology, and medicinal chemistry have become active topics, and attracted the attention of medicinal chemists, pharmacists, and synthetic chemists. Coumarin sulfonamide compounds and analogs as clinical drugs have been used to cure various diseases with high therapeutic potency, which have shown their enormous development value. The diversified and wide array of biological activities such as anticancer, antibacterial, anti-fungal, antioxidant and anti-viral, etc. were displayed by diversified coumarin sulfonamides. The present systematic and comprehensive review in the current developments of synthesis and the medicinal chemistry of coumarin sulfonamide-based scaffolds give a whole range of therapeutics, especially in the field of oncology and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. In the present review, various synthetic approaches, strategies, and methodologies involving effect of catalysts, the change of substrates, and the employment of various synthetic reaction conditions to obtain high yields is cited.
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PEG Linker Length Strongly Affects Tumor Cell Killing by PEGylated Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors in Hypoxic Carcinomas Expressing Carbonic Anhydrase IX. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031120. [PMID: 33498779 PMCID: PMC7866101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic tumors overexpress membrane-bound isozymes of carbonic anhydrase (CA) CA IX and CA XII, which play key roles in tumor pH homeostasis under hypoxia. Selective inhibition of these CA isozymes has the potential to generate pH imbalances that can lead to tumor cell death. Since these isozymes are dimeric, we designed a series of bifunctional PEGylated CA inhibitors (CAIs) through the attachment of our preoptimized CAI warhead 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-sulfonamide to polyethylene glycol (PEG) backbones with lengths ranging from 1 KDa to 20 KDa via a succinyl linker. A detailed structure−thermal properties and structure–biological activity relationship study was conducted via differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and via viability testing in 2D and 3D (tumor spheroids) cancer cell models, either CA IX positive (HT-29 colon cancer, MDA-MB 231 breast cancer, and SKOV-3 ovarian cancer) or CA IX negative (NCI-H23 lung cancer). We identified PEGylated CAIs DTP1K 28, DTP2K 23, and DTP3.4K 29, bearing short and medium PEG backbones, as the most efficient conjugates under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions, and in the tumor spheroid models. PEGylated CAIs did not affect the cell viability of CA IX-negative NCI-H23 tumor spheroids, thus confirming a CA IX-mediated cell killing for these potential anticancer agents.
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Andring JT, Fouch M, Akocak S, Angeli A, Supuran CT, Ilies MA, McKenna R. Structural Basis of Nanomolar Inhibition of Tumor-Associated Carbonic Anhydrase IX: X-Ray Crystallographic and Inhibition Study of Lipophilic Inhibitors with Acetazolamide Backbone. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13064-13075. [PMID: 33085484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This study provides a structure-activity relationship study of a series of lipophilic carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitors with an acetazolamide backbone. The inhibitors were tested against the tumor-expressed CA isozyme IX (CA IX), and the cytosolic CA I, CA II, and membrane-bound CA IV. The study identified several low nanomolar potent inhibitors against CA IX, with lipophilicities spanning two log units. Very potent pan-inhibitors with nanomolar potency against CA IX and sub-nanomolar potency against CA II and CA IV, and with potency against CA I one order of magnitude better than the parent acetazolamide 1 were also identified in this study, together with compounds that displayed selectivity against membrane-bound CA IV. A comprehensive X-ray crystallographic study (12 crystal structures), involving both CA II and a soluble CA IX mimetic (CA IX-mimic), revealed the structural basis of this particular inhibition profile and laid the foundation for further developments toward more potent and selective inhibitors for the tumor-expressed CA IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Andring
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
| | - Mallorie Fouch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Suleyman Akocak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Andrea Angeli
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Sciences Section, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff no. 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Sciences Section, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via Ugo Schiff no. 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marc A Ilies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, United States
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Akocak S, Güzel-Akdemir Ö, Kishore Kumar Sanku R, Russom SS, Iorga BI, Supuran CT, Ilies MA. Pyridinium derivatives of 3-aminobenzenesulfonamide are nanomolar-potent inhibitors of tumor-expressed carbonic anhydrase isozymes CA IX and CA XII. Bioorg Chem 2020; 103:104204. [PMID: 32891000 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Building on the conclusions of previous inhibition studies with pyridinium-benzenesulfonamides from our team and on the X-ray crystal structure of the lead compound identified, a series of 24 pyridinium derivatives of 3-aminobenzenesulfonamide was synthesized and investigated for carbonic anhydrase inhibition. The new pyridinium-sulfonamides were evaluated as inhibitors of four human carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, namely CA I, CA II (cytosolic), CA IX and XII (transmembrane, tumor-associated forms). Excellent inhibitory activity in the nanomolar range was observed against CA IX with most of these sulfonamides, and against CA XII (nanomolar/sub-nanomolar) with some of the new compounds. These sulfonamides were generally potent inhibitors of CA II and CA I too. Docking studies revealed a preference of these compounds to bind the P1 hydrophobic site of CAs, supporting the observed inhibition profile. The salt-like nature of these positively charged sulfonamides can further focus the inhibitory ability on membrane-bound CA IX and CA XII and could efficiently decrease the viability of three human carcinomas under hypoxic conditions where these isozymes are over-expressed, thus recommending the new compounds as potential diagnostic tools or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Akocak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia PA-19140, United States
| | - Özlen Güzel-Akdemir
- NEUROFARBA Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy; Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34116 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rajesh Kishore Kumar Sanku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia PA-19140, United States
| | - Samson S Russom
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia PA-19140, United States
| | - Bogdan I Iorga
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles (ICSN), 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy.
| | - Marc A Ilies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy, 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia PA-19140, United States.
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Alterio V, Kellner M, Esposito D, Liesche-Starnecker F, Bua S, Supuran CT, Monti SM, Zeidler R, De Simone G. Biochemical and Structural Insights into Carbonic Anhydrase XII/Fab6A10 Complex. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:4910-4921. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The physiologic importance of fast CO2/HCO3- interconversion in various tissues requires the presence of carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). Fourteen CA isozymes are present in humans, all of them being used as biomarkers. AREAS COVERED A great number of patents and articles were focused on the use of CA isozymes as biomarkers for various diseases and syndromes in the recent years, in an ascending trend over the last decade. The review highlights the most important studies related with each isozyme and covers the most recent patent literature. EXPERT OPINION The CAs biomarker research area expanded significantly in recent years, shifting from the predominant use of CA IX and CA XII in cancer diagnostic, staging, and prognosis towards a wider use of CA isozymes as disease biomarkers. CA isozymes are currently used either alone, in tandem with other CA isozymes and/or in combination with other proteins for the detection, staging, and prognosis of a huge repertoire of human dysfunctions and diseases, ranging from mild transformation of the normal tissues to extreme shifts in tissue organization and function. The techniques used for their detection/quantitation and the state-of-the-art in each clinical application are presented through relevant clinical examples and corresponding statistical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Zamanova
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research , Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Ahmed M Shabana
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research , Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Utpal K Mondal
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research , Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Marc A Ilies
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Moulder Center of Drug Discovery Research , Temple University School of Pharmacy , Philadelphia , PA , USA.,b Temple Fox Chase Cancer Center , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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Alterio V, Esposito D, Monti SM, Supuran CT, De Simone G. Crystal structure of the human carbonic anhydrase II adduct with 1-(4-sulfamoylphenyl-ethyl)-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium perchlorate, a membrane-impermeant, isoform selective inhibitor. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 33:151-157. [PMID: 29199489 PMCID: PMC7011996 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1405263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyridinium containing sulfonamides have been largely investigated as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs), showing interesting selectivity features. Nevertheless, only few structural studies are so far available on adducts that these compounds form with diverse CA isoforms. In this paper, we report the structural characterization of the adduct that a triphenylpyridinium derivative forms with hCA II, showing that the substitution of the pyridinium ring plays a key role in determining the conformation of the inhibitor in the active site and consequently the binding affinity to the enzyme. These findings open new perspectives on the basic structural requirements for designing sulfonamide CAIs with a selective inhibition profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Davide Esposito
- a Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini-CNR , Naples , Italy
| | | | - Claudiu T Supuran
- b Neurofarba Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Sciences , Università degli Studi di Firenze , Sesto Fiorentino, Florence , Italy
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Akocak S, Alam MR, Shabana AM, Sanku RKK, Vullo D, Thompson H, Swenson ER, Supuran CT, Ilies MA. PEGylated Bis-Sulfonamide Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors Can Efficiently Control the Growth of Several Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Expressing Carcinomas. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5077-88. [PMID: 27144971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of aromatic/heterocyclic bis-sulfonamides were synthesized from three established aminosulfonamide carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) inhibitor pharmacophores, coupled with either ethylene glycol oligomeric or polymeric diamines to yield bis-sulfonamides with short or long (polymeric) linkers. Testing of novel inhibitors and their precursors against a panel of membrane-bound CA isoforms, including tumor-overexpressed CA IX and XII and cytosolic isozymes, identified nanomolar-potent inhibitors against both classes and several compounds with medium isoform selectivity in a detailed structure-activity relationship study. The ability of CA inhibitors to kill tumor cells overexpressing CA IX and XII was tested under normoxic and hypoxic conditions, using 2D and 3D in vitro cellular models. The study identified a nanomolar potent PEGylated bis-sulfonamide CA inhibitor (25) able to significantly reduce the viability of colon HT-29, breast MDA-MB231, and ovarian SKOV-3 cancer cell lines, thus revealing the potential of polymer conjugates in CA inhibition and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleyman Akocak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy , 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Adiyaman University , 02040 Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - M Raqibul Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy , 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Ahmed M Shabana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy , 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Rajesh Kishore Kumar Sanku
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy , 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Daniela Vullo
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Sciences Section, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico , Via Ugo Schiff no. 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Harry Thompson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy , 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
| | - Erik R Swenson
- Medical Service, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- NEUROFARBA Department, Pharmaceutical Sciences Section, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico , Via Ugo Schiff no. 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy
| | - Marc A Ilies
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molder Center for Drug Discovery Research, Temple University School of Pharmacy , 3307 N Broad Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19140, United States
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Alderman SL, Harter TS, Wilson JM, Supuran CT, Farrell AP, Brauner CJ. Evidence for a plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase in the lumen of salmon heart that may enhance oxygen delivery to the myocardium. J Exp Biol 2016; 219:719-24. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.130443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Oxygen supply to the heart of most teleosts, including salmonids, relies in part or in whole on oxygen-depleted venous blood. Given that plasma-accessible carbonic anhydrase (CA) in red muscle of rainbow trout has recently been shown to facilitate oxygen unloading from arterial blood under certain physiological conditions, we tested the hypothesis that plasma-accessible CA is present in the lumen of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) hearts, and may therefore assist in the luminal oxygen supply to the spongy myocardium, which has no coronary circulation. We demonstrate a widespread distribution of CA throughout the heart chambers, including lumen-facing cells in the atrium, and confirm that the membrane-bound isoform ca4 is expressed in the atrium and ventricle of the heart. Further, we confirm that CA catalytic activity is available to blood in the atrial lumen using a modified electrometric ΔpH assay in intact atria in combination with either a membrane-impermeable CA inhibitor or specific cleavage of the Ca4 membrane anchor. Combined, these results support our hypothesis of the presence of an enhanced oxygen delivery system in the lumen of a salmonid heart, which could help support oxygen delivery when the oxygen content of venous blood becomes greatly reduced, such as after burst exercise and during environmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L. Alderman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Till S. Harter
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Jonathan M. Wilson
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3C5
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Università degli Studi di Firenze, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Anthony P. Farrell
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - Colin J. Brauner
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Mori M, Cau Y, Vignaroli G, Laurenzana I, Caivano A, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Botta M. Hit Recycling: Discovery of a Potent Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitor by in Silico Target Fishing. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:1964-9. [PMID: 26121309 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In silico target fishing is an emerging tool in drug discovery, which is mostly used for primary target or off-target prediction and drug repositioning. In this work, we developed an in silico target fishing protocol to identify the primary target of GV2-20, a false-positive hit highlighted in a cell-based screen for 14-3-3 modulators. Although GV2-20 does not bind to 14-3-3 proteins, it showed remarkable antiproliferative effects in CML cells, thus raising interest toward the identification of its primary target. Six potential targets of GV2-20 were prioritized in silico and tested in vitro. Our results show that the molecule is a potent inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2), thus confirming the predictive capability of our protocol. Most notably, GV2-20 experienced a remarkable selectivity for CA2, CA7, CA9, and CA12, and its scaffold was never explored before as a chemotype for CA inhibition, thus becoming an interesting lead candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Mori
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Center
for Life Nano Science@Sapienza, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, viale Regina Elena 291, I-00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Ylenia Cau
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia Vignaroli
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Laurenzana
- IRCCS-Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Basilicata (CROB), Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Via Padre Pio 1, Rionero in Vulture 85028 Potenza, Italy
| | - Antonella Caivano
- IRCCS-Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Basilicata (CROB), Laboratory of Preclinical and Translational Research, Via Padre Pio 1, Rionero in Vulture 85028 Potenza, Italy
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
- Dipartimento
NEUROFARBA, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - Maurizio Botta
- Dipartimento
di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Sbarro Institute
for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology,
College of Science and Technology, Temple University, BioLife Science
Building, Suite 333, 1900 N 12th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
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The structural comparison between membrane-associated human carbonic anhydrases provides insights into drug design of selective inhibitors. Biopolymers 2014; 101:769-78. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Lounnas N, Rosilio C, Nebout M, Mary D, Griessinger E, Neffati Z, Chiche J, Spits H, Hagenbeek TJ, Asnafi V, Poulsen SA, Supuran CT, Peyron JF, Imbert V. Pharmacological inhibition of carbonic anhydrase XII interferes with cell proliferation and induces cell apoptosis in T-cell lymphomas. Cancer Lett 2013; 333:76-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Monti SM, Supuran CT, De Simone G. Anticancer carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: a patent review (2008 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:737-49. [PMID: 23672415 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.798648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human carbonic anhydrases (EC 4.2.1.1) IX (hCA IX) and XII (hCA XII) are two tumor-associated proteins, being overexpressed in many tumors and involved in critical processes associated with cancer progression and response to therapy. Both are multi-domain proteins consisting of an extracellular catalytic domain (CA), a transmembrane portion (TM) and an intracytoplasmic (IC) segment. These domains have peculiar biochemical and physiological features. CA IX contains an additional proteoglycan-like (PG) domain at the N-terminus which constitutes a unique feature of this enzyme within the CA family. AREAS COVERED Starting from a brief description of the main molecular and catalytic features of both enzymes, their role in tumor physiology and their three-dimensional structure, this review describes the main classes of small molecule inhibitors, investigated between 2008 and 2013, able to inhibit these enzymes for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. EXPERT OPINION A consistent number of patents on molecules able to inhibit the catalytic activity of CA IX and CA XII have been recently reported. Most patents deal with classical sulfonamide derivatives, demonstrating that introducing suitable substituents on the inhibitor scaffold, good selectivity can be obtained. However, the most impressive results are related to compounds containing novel chemotypes, such as coumarins and thiocumarins. Thus, it is expected that research in next future will be more dedicated to the development of molecules containing new chemotypes and a large number of studies in such field have already been published demonstrating the role of these enzymes in carcinogenesis and metastases formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Maria Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
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Aggarwal M, Kondeti B, McKenna R. Insights towards sulfonamide drug specificity in α-carbonic anhydrases. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:1526-33. [PMID: 22985956 PMCID: PMC3593968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are a group of metalloenzymes that play important roles in carbon metabolism, pH regulation, CO2 fixation in plants, ion transport etc., and are found in all eukaryotic and many microbial organisms. This family of enzymes catalyzes the interconversion of CO2 and HCO3(-). There are at least 16 different CA isoforms in the alpha structural class (α-CAs) that have been isolated in higher vertebrates, with CA isoform II (CA II) being ubiquitously abundant in all human cell types. CA inhibition has been exploited clinically for decades for various classes of diuretics and anti-glaucoma treatment. The characterization of the overexpression of CA isoform IX (CA IX) in certain tumors has raised interest in CA IX as a diagnostic marker and drug target for aggressive cancers and therefore the development of CA IX specific inhibitors. An important goal in the field of CA is to identify, rationalize, and design potential compounds that will preferentially inhibit CA IX over all other isoforms of CA. The variations in the active sites between isoforms of CA are subtle and this causes non-specific CA inhibition which leads to various side effects. In the case of CA IX inhibition, CA II along with other isoforms of CA provide off-target binding sites which is undesirable for cancer treatment. The focus of this article is on CA IX inhibition and two different structural approaches to CA isoform specific drug designing: tail approach and fragment addition approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine, University of Florida 1600 SW Archer Rd, PO Box 100245 Gainesville, FL 32610 United States of America
| | - Bhargav Kondeti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine, University of Florida 1600 SW Archer Rd, PO Box 100245 Gainesville, FL 32610 United States of America
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology College of Medicine, University of Florida 1600 SW Archer Rd, PO Box 100245 Gainesville, FL 32610 United States of America
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Aggarwal M, Boone CD, Kondeti B, McKenna R. Structural annotation of human carbonic anhydrases. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2012; 28:267-77. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2012.737323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Aggarwal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christopher D. Boone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bhargav Kondeti
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida,
Gainesville, FL, USA
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Aggarwal M, McKenna R. Update on carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: a patent review (2008 – 2011). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2012; 22:903-15. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2012.707646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Alterio V, Di Fiore A, D'Ambrosio K, Supuran CT, De Simone G. Multiple binding modes of inhibitors to carbonic anhydrases: how to design specific drugs targeting 15 different isoforms? Chem Rev 2012; 112:4421-68. [PMID: 22607219 DOI: 10.1021/cr200176r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 932] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Alterio
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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Carta F, Aggarwal M, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, McKenna R, Masini E, Supuran CT. Dithiocarbamates strongly inhibit carbonic anhydrases and show antiglaucoma action in vivo. J Med Chem 2012; 55:1721-30. [PMID: 22276570 DOI: 10.1021/jm300031j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of dithiocarbamates were prepared by reaction of primary/secondary amines with carbon disulfide in the presence of bases. These compounds were tested for the inhibition of four human (h) isoforms of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase, CA (EC 4.2.1.1), hCA I, II, IX, and XII, involved in pathologies such as glaucoma (CA II and XII) or cancer (CA IX). Several low nanomolar inhibitors targeting these CAs were detected. The X-ray crystal structure of the hCA II adduct with morpholine dithiocarbamate evidenced the inhibition mechanism of these compounds, which coordinate to the metal ion through a sulfur atom from the dithiocarbamate zinc-binding function. Some dithiocarbamates showed an effective intraocular pressure lowering activity in an animal model of glucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Carta
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Polo Scientifico, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Room 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
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Sethi KK, Sahoo SK, Pichikala JN, Suresh P. Carbonic anhydrase I and II inhibition with natural products: caffeine and piperine. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2011; 27:97-100. [DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2011.578393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan K. Sethi
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM University,
Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Suvendu K. Sahoo
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM University,
Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Padilam Suresh
- GITAM Institute of Pharmacy, GITAM University,
Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Dave K, Scozzafava A, Vullo D, Supuran CT, Ilies MA. Pyridinium derivatives of histamine are potent activators of cytosolic carbonic anhydrase isoforms I, II and VII. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:2790-800. [DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00703j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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An inhibitor-like binding mode of a carbonic anhydrase activator within the active site of isoform II. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 21:2764-8. [PMID: 21036610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium derivative of histamine is an effective activator of the zinc enzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). However, unlike other CA activators, which bind at the entrance of the active site cavity, an X-ray crystal structure of hCA II in complex with the 1-[2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium salt evidenced a binding mode never observed before either for activators or inhibitors of this enzyme, with the 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium ring pointing towards the metal ion deep within the enzyme cavity, and several strong hydrophobic interactions stabilizing the adduct. Indeed, incubation of the activator with the enzyme for several days leads to potent inhibitory effects. This is the first example of a CA activator which after a longer contact with the enzyme behaves as an inhibitor.
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Carta F, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Vullo D, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Diazenylbenzenesulfonamides are potent and selective inhibitors of the tumor-associated isozymes IX and XII over the cytosolic isoforms I and II. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7093-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 08/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Güzel Ö, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Salman A, Balaban AT, Supuran CT. Discovery of Low Nanomolar and Subnanomolar Inhibitors of the Mycobacterial β-Carbonic Anhydrases Rv1284 and Rv3273. J Med Chem 2009; 52:4063-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jm9004016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Özlen Güzel
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34116 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas 77551
| | - Alfonso Maresca
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34116 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas 77551
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34116 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas 77551
| | - Aydın Salman
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34116 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas 77551
| | - Alexandru T. Balaban
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34116 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas 77551
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 34116 Beyazıt, Istanbul, Turkey, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Florence), Italy, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 5007 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas 77551
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Güzel O, Maresca A, Scozzafava A, Salman A, Balaban AT, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Synthesis of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridinium derivatives of 2-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-aryl-1H-indole-5-sulfonamides acting as potent inhibitors of the tumor-associated isoform IX and XII. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2931-4. [PMID: 19410461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-(hydrazinocarbonyl)-3-aryl-1H-indole-5-sulfonamides possessing various 2-, 3- or 4- substituted phenyl groups with methyl-, halogeno- and methoxy-functionalities, or a perfluorophenyl moiety, has been derivatized by reaction with 2,4,6-trimethylpyrylium perchlorate. The new sulfonamides were evaluated as inhibitors of four mammalian carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, that is, CA I, II (cytosolic), CA IX and XII (transmembrane, tumor-associated forms). Excellent inhibitory activity was observed against hCA IX with most of these sulfonamides, and against hCA XII with some of the new compounds. These compounds were generally less effective inhibitors of hCA II. Being membrane impermeant, these positively-charged sulfonamides are interesting candidates for targeting the tumor-associated CA IX and XII, as possible diagnostic tools or therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozlen Güzel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Beyazit, Istanbul, Turkey
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Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrases: novel therapeutic applications for inhibitors and activators. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:168-81. [PMID: 18167490 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2386] [Impact Index Per Article: 149.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), a group of ubiquitously expressed metalloenzymes, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, ureagenesis, tumorigenicity and the growth and virulence of various pathogens. In addition to the established role of CA inhibitors (CAIs) as diuretics and antiglaucoma drugs, it has recently emerged that CAIs could have potential as novel anti-obesity, anticancer and anti-infective drugs. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that CA activation may provide a novel therapy for Alzheimer's disease. This article discusses the biological rationale for the novel uses of inhibitors or activators of CA activity in multiple diseases, and highlights progress in the development of specific modulators of the relevant CA isoforms, some of which are now being evaluated in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Rm 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
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Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Carbonic anhydrases as targets for medicinal chemistry. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:4336-50. [PMID: 17475500 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are zinc enzymes acting as efficient catalysts for the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. 16 different alpha-CA isoforms were isolated in mammals, where they play crucial physiological roles. Some of them are cytosolic (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII, CA XIII), others are membrane-bound (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII, CA XIV and CA XV), CA VA and CA VB are mitochondrial, and CA VI is secreted in saliva and milk. Three acatalytic forms are also known, the CA related proteins (CARP), CARP VIII, CARP X and CARP XI. Representatives of the beta-delta-CA family are highly abundant in plants, diatoms, eubacteria and archaea. The catalytic mechanism of the alpha-CAs is understood in detail: the active site consists of a Zn(II) ion co-ordinated by three histidine residues and a water molecule/hydroxide ion. The latter is the active species, acting as a potent nucleophile. For beta- and gamma-CAs, the zinc hydroxide mechanism is valid too, although at least some beta-class enzymes do not have water directly coordinated to the metal ion. CAs are inhibited primarily by two classes of compounds: the metal complexing anions and the sulfonamides/sulfamates/sulfamides possessing the general formula RXSO(2)NH(2) (R=aryl; hetaryl; perhaloalkyl; X=nothing, O or NH). Several important physiological and physio-pathological functions are played by CAs present in organisms all over the phylogenetic tree, related to respiration and transport of CO(2)/bicarbonate between metabolizing tissues and the lungs, pH and CO(2) homeostasis, electrolyte secretion in a variety of tissues/organs, biosynthetic reactions, such as the gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis among others (in animals), CO(2) fixation (in plants and algae), etc. The presence of these ubiquitous enzymes in so many tissues and in so different isoforms represents an attractive goal for the design of inhibitors with biomedical applications. Indeed, CA inhibitors are clinically used as antiglaucoma drugs, some other compounds being developed as antitumour agents/diagnostic tools for tumours, antiobesity agents, anticonvulsants and antimicrobials/antifungals (inhibitors targeting alpha- or beta-CAs from pathogenic organisms such as Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Plasmodium falciparum, Candida albicans, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
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Hillebrecht A, Supuran CT, Klebe G. Integrated approach using protein and ligand information to analyze selectivity- and affinity-determining features of carbonic anhydrase isozymes. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:839-53. [PMID: 16902938 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The application and comparison of selected protein- and ligand-based approaches to elucidate factors important for affinity and selectivity towards the carbonic anhydrase isozymes I, II, and IV are described. Carbonic anhydrases are abundant in pro- and eukaryotes. These enzymes catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and H(+) ions and are thus involved in many important physiological and pathophysiological processes. Due to the fact that the human carbonic anhydrase family consists of 16 closely related isozymes, the design of selective inhibitors is a special challenge for medicinal chemists. In order to extract selectivity-determining features, we applied purely ligand-based 3D QSAR techniques as well as qualitative comparative molecular field analyses of the targets' binding sites using consensus principal component analysis (CPCA). The dataset for the QSAR studies was deliberately compiled from 1,748 inhibitors and comprises about 140 ligands, mainly of the sulfonamide type. Additionally, we employed the novel AFMoC approach, which intrinsically combines protein and ligand information. The simultaneous use of these different techniques gives deeper insight into selectivity and affinity-determining features and provides quantitative models for prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hillebrecht
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marbacher Weg 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Vullo D, Steffansen B, Brodin B, Supuran CT, Scozzafava A, Nielsen CU. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Transepithelial transport of thioureido sulfonamide inhibitors of the cancer-associated isozyme IX is dependent on efflux transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2006; 14:2418-27. [PMID: 16321542 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Sulfonamides and their derivatives inhibit the catalytic activity of carbonic anhydrases (CA, EC 4.2.1.1). Isozyme IX (CA IX) is a transmembrane isoform with the active site oriented toward the extracellular space. CA IX was recently shown to be a drug target, and it is highly overexpressed in hypoxic tumors with limited distribution in normal tissues. The present report deals with the drug design, synthesis, and biological investigation of a group of thioureido sulfonamides, which have been obtained by reaction of isothiocyanate-substituted aromatic sulfonamides with amines. These compounds have potent inhibitory properties against CA IX with K(I) values in the range of 10-37 nM and P(app)values > 0.34 x 10(-6) cm/s for the absorptive transepithelial transport in Caco-2 cells. In Caco-2 cells, one of these compounds (A6) was shown to be a substrate for efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp). P-gp activity is not likely to be rate-limiting for intestinal absorption, but might be useful when targeting hypoxic tumors expressing both P-gp and CA IX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vullo
- Molecular Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-Universitetsparken, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ilies MA, Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Therapeutic applications of serine protease inhibitors. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.8.1181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Supuran CT, Scozzafava A. Applications of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors and activators in therapy. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2005. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.12.2.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Pastorekova S, Parkkila S, Pastorek J, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrases: current state of the art, therapeutic applications and future prospects. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2004; 19:199-229. [PMID: 15499993 DOI: 10.1080/14756360410001689540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are wide-spread enzymes, present in mammals in at least 14 different isoforms. Some of these isozymes are cytosolic (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII, CA XIII), others are membrane-bound (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII and CA XIV), CA V is mitochondrial and CA VI is secreted in the saliva and milk. Three cytosolic acatalytic forms are also known (CARP VIII, CARP X and CARP XI). The catalytically active isoforms, which play important physiological and patho-physiological functions, are strongly inhibited by aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides. The catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of these enzymes are understood in great detail, and this greatly helped the design of potent inhibitors, some of which possess important clinical applications. The use of such CA inhibitors (CAIs) as antiglaucoma drugs are discussed in detail, together with the recent developments that led to isozyme-specific and organ-selective inhibitors. A recent discovery is connected with the involvement of CAs and their sulfonamide inhibitors in cancer: many potent CAIs were shown to inhibit the growth of several tumor cell lines in vitro and in vivo, thus constituting interesting leads for developing novel antitumor therapies. Future prospects for drug design of inhibitors of these ubiquitous enzymes are dealt with. Although activation of CAs has been a controversial issue for some time, recent kinetic, spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic experiments offered an explanation of this phenomenon, based on the catalytic mechanism. It has been demonstrated recently, that molecules that act as carbonic anhydrase activators (CAAs) bind at the entrance of the enzyme active site participating in facilitated proton transfer processes between the active site and the reaction medium. In addition to CA II-activator adducts, X-ray crystallographic studies have been also reported for ternary complexes of this isozyme with activators and anion (azide) inhibitors. Structure-activity correlations for diverse classes of activators is discussed for the isozymes for which the phenomenon has been studied, i.e., CA I, II, III and IV. The possible physiological relevance of CA activation/inhibition is also addressed, together with recent pharmacological/ biomedical applications of such compounds in different fields of life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pastorekova
- Centre of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 842 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Pastorekova S, Casini A, Scozzafava A, Vullo D, Pastorek J, Supuran CT. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: the first selective, membrane-impermeant inhibitors targeting the tumor-associated isozyme IX. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:869-73. [PMID: 15012984 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2003] [Revised: 12/03/2003] [Accepted: 12/03/2003] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The inhibition of the tumor-associated transmembrane carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) isozyme possessing an extracellular active site has been investigated with a series of positively-charged, pyridinium derivatives of sulfanilamide, homosulfanilamide and 4-aminoethylbenzenesulfonamide. Inhibition data for the physiologically relevant isozymes I and II (cytosolic forms) and IV (membrane-bound) were also provided for comparison. A very interesting inhibition profile against CA IX with these sulfonamides has been observed. Several nanomolar (K(i)'s in the range of 6-54 nM) CA IX inhibitors have also been detected. Because CA IX is a highly active isozyme predominantly expressed in tumor tissues with bad prognosis of disease progression, this finding is very promising for the potential design of CA IX-specific inhibitors with applications as anti-tumor agents. This is the first report of inhibitors that may selectively target CA IX, due to their membrane-impermeability and high affinity for this clinically relevant isozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pastorekova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 842 45 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Abstract
At least 14 different carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms were isolated in higher vertebrates, where these zinc enzymes play crucial physiological roles. Some of these isozymes are cytosolic (CA I, CA II, CA III, CA VII), others are membrane-bound (CA IV, CA IX, CA XII, and CA XIV), CA V is mitochondrial and CA VI is secreted in saliva. Three acatalytic forms are also known, which are denominated CA related proteins (CARP), CARP VIII, CARP X, and CARP XI. Several important physiological and physio-pathological functions are played by many CA isozymes, which are strongly inhibited by aromatic and heterocyclic sulfonamides as well as inorganic, metal complexing anions. The catalytic and inhibition mechanisms of these enzymes are understood in detail, and this helped the design of potent inhibitors, some of which possess important clinical applications. The use of such enzyme inhibitors as antiglaucoma drugs will be discussed in detail, together with the recent developments that led to isozyme-specific and organ-selective inhibitors. A recent discovery is connected with the involvement of CAs and their sulfonamide inhibitors in cancer: several potent sulfonamide inhibitors inhibited the growth of a multitude of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo, thus constituting interesting leads for developing novel antitumor therapies. Furthermore, some other classes of compounds that interact with CAs have recently been discovered, some of which possess modified sulfonamide or hydroxamate moieties. Some sulfonamides have also applications as diagnostic tools, in PET and MRI or as antiepileptics or for the treatment of other neurological disorders. Future prospects for drug design applications for inhibitors of these ubiquitous enzymes are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudiu T Supuran
- Dipartimento di Chimica, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Rm 188, Polo Scientifico, 50019-Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy.
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Wagner S, Sagiv N, Yarom Y. GABA-induced current and circadian regulation of chloride in neurones of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J Physiol 2001; 537:853-69. [PMID: 11744760 PMCID: PMC2279012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00853.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We have shown previously that GABA, the main neurotransmitter in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), has dual effects on SCN neurones, excitatory during the day and inhibitory at night. This duality has been attributed to changes in [Cl(-)](i) during the circadian cycle. To unravel the processes underlying these changes we investigated the biophysical properties of the GABAergic receptors and the regulation of [Cl(-)](i) in SCN neurones. 2. We used voltage-clamp methodology in conjunction with local application of GABA to characterise the current induced by GABA in SCN neurones within acute brain slices. This current, mediated via GABA(A) receptors, shows moderate voltage dependence, does not desensitise and can significantly alter [Cl(-)](i). 3. Loading or depletion of intracellular Cl(-) was induced by a train of GABA pulses. The recovery of intracellular Cl(-) was deduced from the change in [Cl(-)](i) calculated from the response to a test GABA pulse presented at different intervals after the conditioning train of GABA application. The time course of recovery was described by an exponential curve. Recovery following Cl(-) depletion was slower than recovery from Cl(-) loading and was further delayed during the subjective night. 4. We concluded that: (a) SCN neurones express a large number of somatic GABA(A) receptors, which give rise to a modifiable, tonic Cl(-) conductance that modulates cell excitability; (b) two Cl(-) transport mechanisms operate in SCN neurones, one that replenishes the cell with Cl(-) following Cl(-) depletion and another that removes Cl(-) after Cl(-) loading; (c) the efficiency of the replenishing mechanism is reduced during the subjective night; and (d) this reduction explains a lower [Cl(-)](i) during the night phase of the circadian cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wagner
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Life Sciences and Center for Neural Computation, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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