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Warfield BM, Reigan P. Multifunctional role of thymidine phosphorylase in cancer. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:482-493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Karamitros CS, Somody CM, Agnello G, Rowlinson S. Engineering of the Recombinant Expression and PEGylation Efficiency of the Therapeutic Enzyme Human Thymidine Phosphorylase. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:793985. [PMID: 34976980 PMCID: PMC8718881 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.793985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Human thymidine phosphorylase (HsTP) is an enzyme with important implications in the field of rare metabolic diseases. Defective mutations of HsTP lead to mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy (MNGIE), a disease with a high unmet medical need that is associated with severe neurological and gastrointestinal complications. Current efforts focus on the development of an enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) using the Escherichia coli ortholog (EcTP). However, bacterial enzymes are counter-indicated for human therapeutic applications because they are recognized as foreign by the human immune system, thereby eliciting adverse immune responses and raising significant safety and efficacy risks. Thus, it is critical to utilize the HsTP enzyme as starting scaffold for pre-clinical drug development, thus de-risking the safety concerns associated with the use of bacterial enzymes. However, HsTP expresses very poorly in E. coli, whereas its PEGylation, a crucial chemical modification for achieving long serum persistence of therapeutic enzymes, is highly inefficient and negatively affects its catalytic activity. Here we focused on the engineering of the recombinant expression profile of HsTP in E. coli cells, as well as on the optimization of its PEGylation efficiency aiming at the development of an alternative therapeutic approach for MNGIE. We show that phylogenetic and structural analysis of proteins can provide important insights for the rational design of N’-terminus-truncation constructs which exhibit significantly improved recombinant expression levels. In addition, we developed and implemented a criteria-driven rational surface engineering strategy for the substitution of arginine-to-lysine and lysine-to-arginine residues to achieve more efficient, homogeneous and reproducible PEGylation without negatively affecting the enzymatic catalytic activity upon PEGylation. Collectively, our proposed strategies provide an effective way to optimize enzyme PEGylation and E. coli recombinant expression and are likely applicable for other proteins and enzymes.
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Warfield BM, Matheson CJ, McArthur DG, Backos DS, Reigan P. Evaluation of Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitors in Glioblastoma and Their Capacity for Temozolomide Potentiation. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3477-3486. [PMID: 34472849 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have shown high levels of thymidine phosphorylase (TP) expression in glioblastoma (GBM), with trace or undetectable TP levels in normal developed brain tissue. TP catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of thymidine to thymine and 2-deoxyribose-1-phosphate, maintaining nucleoside homeostasis for efficient DNA replication and cell division. The TP-mediated catabolism of thymidine is responsible for multiple protumor processes and can support angiogenesis, glycation of proteins, and alternative metabolism. In this study, we examined the effect of TP inhibition in GBM using the known nanomolar TP inhibitors 5-chloro-6-[1-(2'-iminopyrrolidin-1'-yl)methyl]uracil (TPI) and the analogous 6-[(2'-aminoimidazol-1'-yl)methyl]uracils. Although these TP inhibitors did not demonstrate any appreciable cytotoxicity in GBM cell lines as single agents, they did enhance the cytotoxicity of temozolomide (TMZ). This pontetiated action of TMZ by TP inhibition may be due to limiting the availability of thymine for DNA repair and replication. These studies support that TP inhibitors could be used as chemosensitizing agents in GBM to improve the efficacy of TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becka M. Warfield
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Christopher J. Matheson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Debbie G. McArthur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Donald S. Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Philip Reigan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
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Taha M, Aldhamin EAJ, Almandil NB, Anouar EH, Uddin N, Alomari M, Rahim F, Adalat B, Ibrahim M, Nawaz F, Iqbal N, Alghanem B, Altolayyan A, Khan KM. Synthesis of indole based acetohydrazide analogs: Their in vitro and in silico thymidine phosphorylase studies. Bioorg Chem 2020; 98:103745. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Natural compounds as angiogenic enzyme thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors: In vitro biochemical inhibition, mechanistic, and in silico modeling studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225056. [PMID: 31743355 PMCID: PMC6863536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural flora is the richest source of novel therapeutic agents due to their immense chemical diversity and novel biological properties. In this regard, eighteen natural products belonging to different chemical classes were evaluated for their thymidine phosphorylase (TP) inhibitory activity. TP shares identity with an angiogenic protein platelet derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF). It assists tumor angiogenesis and is a key player in cancer progression, thus an ideal target to develop anti-angiogenic drugs. Eleven compounds 1–2, 5–10, 11, 15, and 18 showed a good to weak TP inhibitory activity (IC50 values between 44.0 to 420.3 μM), as compared to standards i.e. tipiracil (IC50 = 0.014 ± 0.002 μM) and 7-deazaxanthine (IC50 = 41.0 ± 1.63 μM). Kinetic studies were also performed on active compounds, in order to deduce the mechanism of ligand binding to enzyme. To get further insight into receptor protein (enzyme) and ligand interaction at atomic level, in- sillico studies were also performed. Active compounds were finally evaluated for cytotoxicity test against mouse fibroblast (3T3) cell line. Compound 18 (Masoprocol) showed a significant TP inhibitory activity (IC50 = 44.0 ± 0.5 μM). Kinetic studies showed that it inhibits the enzyme in a competitive manner (Ki = 25.6 ± 0.008 μM), while it adopts a binding pose different than the substrate thymidine. It is further found to be non-toxic in MTT cytotoxicity assay. This is the first report on TP inhibitory activity of several natural compounds, some of which may serve as leads for further research towards drug the development.
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Synthesis of new isoquinoline-base-oxadiazole derivatives as potent inhibitors of thymidine phosphorylase and molecular docking study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16015. [PMID: 31690793 PMCID: PMC6831664 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Here in this study regarding the over expression of TP, which causes some physical, mental and socio problems like psoriasis, chronic inflammatory disease, tumor angiogenesis and rheumatoid arthritis etc. By this consideration, the inhibition of this enzyme is vital to secure life from serious threats. In connection with this, we have synthesized twenty derivatives of isoquinoline bearing oxadiazole (1-20), characterized through different spectroscopic techniques such as HREI-MS, 1H- NMR and 13C-NMR and evaluated for thymidine phosphorylase inhibition. All analogues showed outstanding inhibitory potential ranging in between 1.10 ± 0.05 to 54.60 ± 1.50 µM. 7-Deazaxanthine (IC50 = 38.68 ± 1.12 µM) was used as a positive control. Through limited structure activity relationships study, it has been observed that the difference in inhibitory activities of screened analogs are mainly affected by different substitutions on phenyl ring. The effective binding interactions of the most active analogs were confirmed through docking study.
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Almandil NB, Taha M, Farooq RK, Alhibshi A, Ibrahim M, Anouar EH, Gollapalli M, Rahim F, Nawaz M, Shah SAA, Ahmed QU, Zakaria ZA. Synthesis of Thymidine Phosphorylase Inhibitor Based on Quinoxaline Derivatives and Their Molecular Docking Study. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24061002. [PMID: 30871147 PMCID: PMC6471342 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized quinoxaline analogs (1⁻25), characterized by ¹H-NMR and HREI-MS and evaluated for thymidine phosphorylase inhibition. Among the series, nineteen analogs showed better inhibition when compared with the standard inhibitor 7-Deazaxanthine (IC50 = 38.68 ± 4.42 µM). The most potent compound among the series is analog 25 with IC50 value 3.20 ± 0.10 µM. Sixteen analogs 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 21 and 24 showed outstanding inhibition which is many folds better than the standard 7-Deazaxanthine. Two analogs 8 and 9 showed moderate inhibition. A structure-activity relationship has been established mainly based upon the substitution pattern on the phenyl ring. The binding interactions of the active compounds were confirmed through molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Barak Almandil
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muhammad Taha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rai Khalid Farooq
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amani Alhibshi
- Department of Neuroscience Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - El Hassane Anouar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 83, Al-Kharij 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed Gollapalli
- College of Computer Science & Information Technology (CCSIT) Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fazal Rahim
- Department of Chemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Nawaz
- Department of Nano-Medicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Adnan Ali Shah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor D.E., Malaysia.
- Atta-ur-Rahman Institute for Natural Products Discovery (AuRIns), Universiti Teknologi MARA Puncak Alam Campus, 42300 Bandar Puncak Alam, Selangor D.E., Malaysia.
| | - Qamar Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200 Kuantan Pahang DM, Malaysia.
| | - Zainul Amiruddin Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Halal Institute Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Taha M, Adnan Ali Shah S, Afifi M, Imran S, Sultan S, Rahim F, Hadiani Ismail N, Mohammed Khan K. Synthesis, molecular docking study and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory activity of 3-formylcoumarin derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ullah H, Rahim F, Taha M, Uddin I, Wadood A, Shah SAA, Farooq RK, Nawaz M, Wahab Z, Khan KM. Synthesis, molecular docking study and in vitro thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory potential of oxadiazole derivatives. Bioorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Tada Y, Kazuno H, Sato T, Suzuki N, Emura T, Yano S. Molecular modeling study of the thymidine phosphorylase inhibitor by SBDD and classical QSAR analysis. CHEM-BIO INFORMATICS JOURNAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1273/cbij.17.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Tada
- Department of Computational Intelligence and System Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology
| | - Hideki Kazuno
- Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Tsukuba Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
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Chemical synthesis, molecular modelling, and evaluation of anticancer activity of some pyrazol-3-one Schiff base derivatives. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1064-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole derivatives: A new class of thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors as potential anti-tumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1008-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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McNally VA, Rajabi M, Gbaj A, Stratford IJ, Edwards PN, Douglas KT, Bryce RA, Jaffar M, Freeman S. Design, synthesis and enzymatic evaluation of 6-bridged imidazolyluracil derivatives as inhibitors of human thymidine phosphorylase. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010; 59:537-47. [PMID: 17430637 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.59.4.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A series of novel imidazolyluracil conjugates were rationally designed and synthesised to probe the active site constraints of the angiogenic enzyme, thymidine phosphorylase (TP, E.C. 2.4.2.4). The lead compound in the series, 15d, showed good binding in the active site of human TP with an inhibition in the low μM range. The absence of a methylene bridge between the uracil and the imidazolyl sub-units (series 16) decreased potency (up to 3-fold). Modelling suggested that active site residues Arg202, Ser217 and His116 are important for inhibitor binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A McNally
- School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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Mukai T, Taketomi M, Tashiro M, Yamamoto F, Maeda M. 6-[(2-Iminopyrrolidinyl)methyl]-5-[125I]iodouracil as a potential thymidine phosphorylase-targeted radiopharmaceutical: synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Khan KM, Ambreen N, Hussain S, Perveen S, Choudhary MI. Schiff bases of 3-formylchromone as thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2983-8. [PMID: 19329330 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
3-Formylchromone (1), 3-methyl-7-hydroxychromone (2) and Schiff bases of 3-formylchromone 3-19 have been synthesized and their anti-thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory activity was evaluated. Compounds 1-19 showed a varying degree of thymidine phosphorylase inhibition with IC(50) values 19.77+/-3.25 to 480.21+/-2.34 microM. Their activity was compared with the standard 7-deazaxanthine (IC(50)=39.28+/-0.76 microM). Compound 12 showed an excellent thymidine phosphorylase inhibitory activity with an IC(50) value of 19.77+/-3.25 microM, better than the standard. Compound 4 also showed an excellent inhibitory activity (IC(50)=40.29+/-4.56 microM). The parent 3-formylchromone (1) and 3-methyl-7-hydroxychromone (2) were found to be inactive. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by using spectroscopic techniques, including (1)H NMR, EI MS, IR, UV and elemental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Mohammed Khan
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Pakistan.
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Reigan P, Gbaj A, Stratford IJ, Bryce RA, Freeman S. Xanthine oxidase-activated prodrugs of thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2007; 43:1248-60. [PMID: 17870212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thymidine phosphorylase (TP) is over-expressed in various tumour types and plays an important role in tumour angiogenesis, growth, invasion and metastasis. The enzymatic activity of TP is required for the angiogenic effect of TP, therefore, inhibitors of TP are of significant interest in cancer chemotherapy. A series of xanthine oxidase (XO) activated prodrugs of known inhibitors of TP have been designed and synthesized with the ultimate intent of improving tumour selectivity and pharmacokinetic characteristics. These prodrugs were not inhibitors of TP, but were selectively oxidized by XO at C-2 and/or C-4 of the uracil ring moiety to generate the desired TP inhibitor. Molecular modelling of both the TP inhibitors and XO-activated prodrugs rationalized their binding in the active site of the human TP crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Reigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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