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Moraca F, Vespoli I, Mastroianni D, Piscopo V, Gaglione R, Arciello A, De Nisco M, Pacifico S, Catalanotti B, Pedatella S. Synthesis, biological evaluation and metadynamics simulations of novel N-methyl β-sheet breaker peptides as inhibitors of Alzheimer's β-amyloid fibrillogenesis. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2286-2299. [PMID: 39026638 PMCID: PMC11253850 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00057a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Several scientific evidences report that a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease is played by the deposition of insoluble aggregates of β-amyloid proteins in the brain. Because Aβ is self-assembling, one possible design strategy is to inhibit the aggregation of Aβ peptides using short peptide fragments homologous to the full-length wild-type Aβ protein. In the past years, several studies have reported on the synthesis of some short synthetic peptides called β-sheet breaker peptides (BSBPs). Herein, we present the synthesis of novel (cell-permeable) N-methyl BSBPs, designed based on literature information on the structural key features of BSBPs. Three-dimensional GRID-based pharmacophore peptide screening combined with PT-WTE metadynamics was performed to support the results of the design and microwave-assisted synthesis of peptides 2 and 3 prepared and analyzed for their fibrillogenesis inhibition activity and cytotoxicity. An HR-MS-based cell metabolomic approach highlighted their cell permeability properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Moraca
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II Via Domenico Montesano 49 I-80131 Napoli Italy
- Net4Science Academic Spin-Off, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Viale Europa 88100 Catanzaro Italy
| | - Ilaria Vespoli
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 542/2 CZ-16610 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Domenico Mastroianni
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 4 I-80126 Napoli Italy
| | - Vincenzo Piscopo
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Viale Abramo Lincoln 5 I-81100 Caserta Italy
| | - Rosa Gaglione
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 4 I-80126 Napoli Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB) Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305 I-80145 Roma Italy
| | - Angela Arciello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 4 I-80126 Napoli Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB) Viale delle Medaglie d'Oro 305 I-80145 Roma Italy
| | - Mauro De Nisco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata Viale dell'Ateneo Lucano I-85100 Potenza Italy
| | - Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" Viale Abramo Lincoln 5 I-81100 Caserta Italy
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II Via Domenico Montesano 49 I-80131 Napoli Italy
| | - Silvana Pedatella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Napoli Federico II Via Cintia 4 I-80126 Napoli Italy
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2
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Zhao H, Liu Y, Cai N, Liao X, Tang L, Wang Y. Endocannabinoid Hydrolase Inhibitors: Potential Novel Anxiolytic Drugs. Drug Des Devel Ther 2024; 18:2143-2167. [PMID: 38882045 PMCID: PMC11179644 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s462785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, the idea of targeting the endocannabinoid system to treat anxiety disorders has received increasing attention. Previous studies focused more on developing cannabinoid receptor agonists or supplementing exogenous cannabinoids, which are prone to various adverse effects due to their strong pharmacological activity and poor receptor selectivity, limiting their application in clinical research. Endocannabinoid hydrolase inhibitors are considered to be the most promising development strategies for the treatment of anxiety disorders. More recent efforts have emphasized that inhibition of two major endogenous cannabinoid hydrolases, monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), indirectly activates cannabinoid receptors by increasing endogenous cannabinoid levels in the synaptic gap, circumventing receptor desensitization resulting from direct enhancement of endogenous cannabinoid signaling. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the anxiolytic effects of MAGL and FAAH inhibitors and their potential pharmacological mechanisms, highlight reported novel inhibitors or natural products, and provide an outlook on future directions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqing Zhao
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Cai
- Outpatient Department, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Liao
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Science & Technology Innovation Center, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention & Treatment of Depressive Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Finamore C, Festa C, Fiorillo B, Leva FSD, Roselli R, Marchianò S, Biagioli M, Spinelli L, Fiorucci S, Limongelli V, Zampella A, De Marino S. Expanding the Library of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole Derivatives: Discovery of New Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Antagonists/Pregnane X Receptor (PXR) Agonists. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062840. [PMID: 36985811 PMCID: PMC10057480 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Compounds featuring a 1,2,4-oxadiazole core have been recently identified as a new chemotype of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) antagonists. With the aim to expand this class of compounds and to understand the building blocks necessary to maintain the antagonistic activity, we describe herein the synthesis, the pharmacological evaluation, and the in vitro pharmacokinetic properties of a novel series of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives decorated on the nitrogen of the piperidine ring with different N-alkyl and N-aryl side chains. In vitro pharmacological evaluation showed compounds 5 and 11 as the first examples of nonsteroidal dual FXR/Pregnane X receptor (PXR) modulators. In HepG2 cells, these compounds modulated PXR- and FXR-regulated genes, resulting in interesting leads in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Moreover, molecular docking studies supported the experimental results, disclosing the ligand binding mode and allowing rationalization of the activities of compounds 5 and 11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Finamore
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Carmen Festa
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Fiorillo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1468 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Francesco Saverio Di Leva
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Rosalinda Roselli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza L. Severi, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchianò
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza L. Severi, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Michele Biagioli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza L. Severi, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lucio Spinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiorucci
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazza L. Severi, 1-06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Limongelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Euler Institute, Università della Svizzera italiana (USI), Via G. Buffi 13, CH-6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Angela Zampella
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Simona De Marino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
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4
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Zhang P, Liu N, Xue M, Zhang M, Liu W, Xu C, Fan Y, Meng Y, Zhang Q, Zhou Y. Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of β-Sitosterol in Copper Sulfate-Induced Inflammation in Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:391. [PMID: 36829951 PMCID: PMC9952786 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
β-Sitosterol, which is used extensively in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics, has high nutritional value along with immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of β-sitosterol in zebrafish and explored the associated molecular mechanisms. In an in vivo antioxidant experiment, zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae were treated with different concentrations of β-sitosterol and then exposed to a nonlethal concentration of CuSO4 to induce oxidative stress. Treatment with β-sitosterol at 70 or 100 μg/mL significantly reduced CuSO4-induced oxidative stress in the zebrafish, demonstrating the strong antioxidant activity of β-sitosterol. Treatment with β-sitosterol protected zebrafish larvae against oxidative damage from CuSO4 by upregulating the expressions of sod and gpx4b. In a zebrafish model of inflammation, pretreatment with β-sitosterol before CuSO4 exposure inhibited neutrophil recruitment and damage to lateral line neuromasts, indicating a potent anti-inflammatory effect derived from reductions in the expressions of il-8 and myd88. The results demonstrate the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of β-sitosterol and suggest that β-sitosterol may be useful for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Naicheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Mengjie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan 430223, China
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5
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Molecular Basis for Non-Covalent, Non-Competitive FAAH Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415502. [PMID: 36555144 PMCID: PMC9779292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) plays a key role in the control of cannabinoid signaling and it represents a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of diseases, including neuropathic pain and chronic inflammation. Starting from kinetics experiments carried out in our previous work for the most potent inhibitor 2-amino-3-chloropyridine amide (TPA14), we have investigated its non-competitive mechanism of action using molecular dynamics, thermodynamic integration and QM-MM/GBSA calculations. The computational studies highlighted the impact of mutations on the receptor binding pockets and elucidated the molecular basis of the non-competitive inhibition mechanism of TPA14, which prevents the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) from reaching its pro-active conformation. Our study provides a rationale for the design of non-competitive potent FAAH inhibitors for the treatment of neuropathic pain and chronic inflammation.
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Chugunova E, Akylbekov N, Dobrynin A, Burilov A, Boga C, Micheletti G, Frenna V, Mattioli EJ, Calvaresi M, Spinelli D. 4,6-Dichloro-5-Nitrobenzofuroxan: Different Polymorphisms and DFT Investigation of Its Reactivity with Nucleophiles. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:13460. [PMID: 34948257 PMCID: PMC8709177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research focuses on the X-ray structure of 4,6-dichloro-5-nitrobenzofuroxan 1 and of some of its amino derivatives (4a, 4e, 4g, and 4l) and on DFT calculations concerning the nucleophilic reactivity of 1. We have found that by changing the solvent used for crystallization, it is possible to obtain 4,6-dichloro-5-nitrobenzofuroxan (1) in different polymorphic structures. Moreover, the different torsional angles observed for the nitro group in 1 and in its amino derivatives (4a, 4e, 4g, and 4l) are strictly dependent on the steric hindrance of the substituent at C-4. DFT calculations on the course of the nucleophilic substitution confirm the role of the condensed furoxan ring in altering the aromaticity of the carbocyclic frame, while chlorine atoms strongly influence the dihedral angle and the rotational barrier of the nitro group. These results corroborate previous observations based on experimental kinetic data and give a deep picture of the reaction with amines, which proceeds via a "non-aromatic" nucleophilic substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Chugunova
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Arbuzov st. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.D.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo st. 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Nurgali Akylbekov
- Laboratory of Engineering Profile “Physical and Chemical Methods of Analysis”, Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Aitekebie str. 29A, Kyzylorda 120014, Kazakhstan;
| | - Alexey Dobrynin
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Arbuzov st. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.D.); (A.B.)
- Institute of Radio Electronics, Photonics and Digital Technologies, Kazan National Research Technical University, 10 Karl Marx Str., 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Alexander Burilov
- Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akad. Arbuzov st. 8, 420088 Kazan, Russia; (A.D.); (A.B.)
- Laboratory of Plant Infectious Diseases, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lobachevskogo st. 2/31, 420111 Kazan, Russia
| | - Carla Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’ ALMA MATER STUDIORUM, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Micheletti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’ ALMA MATER STUDIORUM, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Frenna
- Department STEBICEF, University of Palermo, Ed.17, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Edoardo Jun Mattioli
- Department of Chemistry ‘G. Ciamician’ ALMA MATER STUDIORUM, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.J.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Matteo Calvaresi
- Department of Chemistry ‘G. Ciamician’ ALMA MATER STUDIORUM, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.J.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Domenico Spinelli
- Department of Chemistry ‘G. Ciamician’ ALMA MATER STUDIORUM, Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (E.J.M.); (M.C.)
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Abstract
In this review, the state of the art for compounds affecting the endocannabinoid (eCB) system is described with a focus on the treatment of pain. Amongst directly acting CB receptor ligands, clinical experience with ∆9 -tetrahydracannabinol and medical cannabis in chronic non-cancer pain indicates that there are differences between the benefits perceived by patients and the at best modest effect seen in meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. The reason for this difference is not known but may involve differences in the type of patients that are recruited, the study conditions that are chosen and the degree to which biases such as reporting bias are operative. Other directly acting CB receptor ligands such as biased agonists and allosteric receptor modulators have not yet reached the clinic. Amongst indirectly acting compounds targeting the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and catabolism of the eCBs anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors have been investigated clinically but were per se not useful for the treatment of pain, although they may be useful for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and cannabis use disorder. Dual-acting compounds targeting this enzyme and other targets such as cyclooxygenase-2 or transient potential vanilloid receptor 1 may be a way forward for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Fowler
- From the, Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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8
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Yao YH, Yang HY, Chen M, Wu F, Xu XX, Guan ZH. Asymmetric Markovnikov Hydroaminocarbonylation of Alkenes Enabled by Palladium-Monodentate Phosphoramidite Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:85-91. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P.R. China
| | - Fei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P.R. China
| | - Xing-Xing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P.R. China
| | - Zheng-Hui Guan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Nature Molecule of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710127, P.R. China
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The fatty acid amide hydrolase and cyclooxygenase-inhibitory properties of novel amide derivatives of carprofen. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:104034. [PMID: 32599361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In experimental animals, inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) reduces the gastrointestinal damage produced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents that act by inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). This suggests that compounds able to inhibit both enzymes may be potentially useful therapeutic agents. In the present study, we have investigated eight novel amide analogues of carprofen, ketoprofen and fenoprofen as potential FAAH/COX dual action inhibitors. Carpro-AM1 (2-(6-Chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-N-(3-methylpyridin-2-yl)propenamide) and Carpro-AM6 (2-(6-Chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl)-N-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)propenamide) were found to be fully reversible inhibitors of the hydrolysis of 0.5 µM [3H]anandamide in rat brain homogenates with IC50 values of 94 and 23 nM, respectively, i.e. 2-3 orders of magnitude more potent than carprofen in this respect. Both compounds inhibited the cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid by ovine COX-1, and were more potent inhibitors of human recombinant COX-2 when 2-arachidonoylglycerol was used as substrate than when arachidonic acid was used. It is concluded that Carpro-AM1 and Carpro-AM6 are dual-acting FAAH/substrate-selective COX inhibitors.
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