Discovery of sulfonamide-tethered isatin derivatives as novel anticancer agents and VEGFR-2 inhibitors

A scaffold repositioning approach: dihydroBenzoImidazoTriazineDione (BITD) derivatives as selective ALDH1A1 inhibitors

The overexpression of the Aldehyde Dehydrogenases 1A subfamily (ALDH1As) in various diseases, particularly in cancer, has made it an important target for therapeutic applications. Interestingly, the 1A1 isoenzyme plays a role in tumor initiation and progression, being identified as a biomarker for cancer stem cells. However, although promising, current ALDH1A1 inhibitors suffer from a lack of isoform selectivity and off-target toxicity. This study aims to address these limitations by developing a new class of ALDH1A1-selective inhibitors. By leveraging structural analogies with Isatin-based ALDH1A1 inhibitors, we designed compounds containing a dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazine-3,4-dione (BITD) core, that emerged from a repositioning approach. Using a microwave-assisted protocol, a small library of derivatives was synthesized, and enzymatic assays highlighted a promising isoform specificity for ALDH1A1 among ALDH1As, with the best-in-class compound 5, showing an inhibition of the enzyme activity of 86% for ALDH1A1 and no inhibition for 1A2 and 1A3 isoenzymes. In silico studies further elucidated the binding mode of 5, providing a rational basis for the observed selectivity. These findings represent a promising strategy for the development of more selective ALDH1A1 inhibitors, laying the foundation for further optimization processes.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel isatin-phenol hybrids as potential antitumor agents

Chemotherapy was one of indispensable methods for treating cancer, and the development of novel antitumor drugs was necessary due to the emergent drug resistance and undesirable side effects. In the current study, we successfully constructed a novel library of isatin-phenol hybrids by chemical coupling of isatin (1) with a series of active phenols including honokiol (2), magnolol (3), bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) sulfide (4), bisphenol A (5), carvacrol (6), and hydroxyqunioline (7) respectively. The target molecules were screened for anticancer activity, and we further investigate the anti-cancer mechanism of the most potent compound IPH10 in vitro and in vivo. Animal experiments demonstrated that IPH10 possessed strong anti-tumor effects in vivo without hepatic and renal toxicity. Moreover, the effects of IPH10 on mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in tumor cells were investigated, and the results showed that IPH10 could significantly increase the content of ROS and dramatically decrease the mitochondrial membrane potential in tumor cells. Furthermore, the effect of IPH10 on apoptotic proteins in tumor cells was also explored by Western blotting analysis, which revealed that IPH10 could significantly increase the protein content of cleaved caspase-9/cleaved caspase-3/cleaved caspase-7/cleaved PARP. Taken together, the current study reported a promising novel chemotherapeutic drug candidate IPH10 that could inhibit the growth and induce the apoptosis of tumor cells.

Design, Synthesis, and Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Novel Indolin-2-One Based Molecules on Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells as Protein Kinase Inhibitors

A series of indolinone-based derivatives were designed and synthesized using the hybrid pharmacophoric design approach as cytotoxic kinase inhibitors. The cytotoxic effects of the designed molecules were tested against MCF-7 and HepG-2 cell lines. Compounds 9 and 20 were the most cytotoxic, with IC50 values against HepG-2 and MCF-7 cells ranging from 2.53 to 7.54 µM. Additionally, compounds 9 and 20 were also found to be slightly more cytotoxic than indirubin with 2.2-2.7-fold higher cytotoxicity with HepG-2 cells. CDK-2 and CDK-4 kinase enzyme inhibition assay showed that compound 9 had a higher inhibitory effect (4.8-fold) than indirubin against CDK-2 and comparable inhibition against CDK-4. Moreover, compound 20 displayed nanomolar inhibitory action against both EGFR kinase and VFGFR-2 enzyme, which were around 8.8- and 5.4-fold higher than the IC50 values of indirubin. Compounds 9 and 20 induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase on HepG2 cells. The levels of the key apoptotic proteins assessed revealed elevated levels of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, which in turn initiated the caspase3/7 cascade that led to the activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways. The cell cycle inhibitory proteins p53 and p21 were significantly upregulated upon treatment with compounds 9 and 20. The docking results revealed that compound 9 exhibits stronger binding affinity to CDK-2 than indirubin, and compound 20 showed a similar binding mode to sorafenib with VEGFR-2.

In Vitro Enzymatic and Computational Assessments of Pyrazole-Isatin and Pyrazole-Indole Conjugates as Anti-Diabetic, Anti-Arthritic, and Anti-Inflammatory Agents

Background/Objectives: Recently, the prevalence of diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, and inflammatory diseases, along with their complications, has become a significant health problem. This is in addition to the various biomedical applications of pyrazole, isatin, and indole derivatives. Accordingly, cooperation will continue between chemistry scientists, pharmaceutical scientists, and human doctors to produce hybrid compounds from pyrazole with isatin or indole possessing biological activities as anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, and anti-inflammatory agents. Methods: The two series of pyrazole-isatin conjugates 12a-h and pyrazole-indole conjugates 14a-d were prepared from our previous works via the direct reaction of 5-amino-pyrazoles 10a-d with N-alkyl isatin 11a,b, and 1H-indole-3-carbaldehyde (13), respectively, using the previously reported procedure. The potential biological activities of 12a-h and 14a-d as anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, and anti-inflammatory agents were assessed through estimated inhibition percentage (%) and the median inhibitory concentrations (IC50) using methods described in the literature. Further, the computational assessments of 12a-h and 14a-d such as toxic doses (the median lethal dose, LD50), toxicity classes, drug-likeness model scores (DLMS), molecular lipophilicity potential (MLP) maps, polar surface area (PSA) maps, and topological polar surface area (TPSA) values were predicted using available free websites. Results: The in vitro enzymatic assessment results showed that pyrazole-indole conjugate 14b possesses powerful activities against (i) α-amylase (% = 65.74 ± 0.23, IC50 = 4.21 ± 0.03 µg/mL) and α-glucosidase (% = 55.49 ± 0.23, IC50 = 2.76 ± 0.01 µg/mL); (ii) the protein denaturation enzyme (% = 49.30 ± 0.17) and against the proteinase enzyme (% = 46.55 ± 0.17) with an IC50 value of 6.77 ± 0.01 µg/mL; (iii) the COX-1, COX-2, and 5-LOX enzymes with an IC50 of 5.44 ± 0.03, 5.37 ± 0.04, and 7.52 ± 0.04, respectively, which is almost close to the IC50 of the indomethacin and zileuton drugs. Also, the computational assessment results showed (i) the conjugate 14b possesses lipophilic surface properties thus can cross cell membranes, and is effective for treatment; (ii) all the conjugates possess a TPSA value of more than 140 Å2 thus possess good intestinal absorption. Conclusions: The two series of pyrazole-isatin conjugates 12a-h and pyrazole-indole conjugates 14a-d were synthesized from our previous works. The results of these in vitro enzymatic and computational assessments concluded that the pyrazole-indole conjugate 14b possesses powerful activities against various studied enzymes and possesses good computational results. In the future, our research team will present in vitro, in vivo biological, and computational assessments to hopefully obtain effectual agents such as anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, and anti-inflammatory.

Design and Discovery of New Dual Carbonic Anhydrase IX and VEGFR-2 Inhibitors Based on the Benzenesulfonamide-Bearing 4-Thiazolidinones/2,4-Thiazolidinediones Scaffold

Dual-targeting drug design has become a popular approach in investigating and developing potent anticancer agents. In this regard, carbonic anhydrase (CAIX) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-2) are emerging as highly effective targets in the battle against cancer. In the present study, two series of 4-thiazolidinones/2,4-thiazolidinediones carrying 2-methylbenzenesulfonamide derivatives were designed and synthesized as potential dual CAIX/VEGFR-2 inhibitors. All the target compounds were evaluated against CAIX enzyme compared to dorzolamide and acetazolamide, subsequently the most potent CAIX inhibitors (3a, 3b, 3o, 6d, 6g, and 6i) were selected to evaluate their inhibitory activity against VEGFR-2 using sorafenib as a reference drug. These compounds were also evaluated against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and the murine fibroblast 3T3 cell line. According to the results, 3b (CAIX IC50 = 0.035 µM, VEGFR-2 IC50 = 0.093 µM) and 6i (CAIX IC50 = 0.041 µM, VEGFR-2 IC50 = 0.048 µM) emerged the most potent compounds against CAIX and VEGFR-2. Furthermore, docking studies of selected compounds were performed with the CAIX and the tyrosine kinase domain of VEGFR-2 to comprehend the ligand-binding interactions. Physicochemical predictions were examined using in silico techniques. In conclusion, these scaffolds present promising leads and furnish promising chemical backbones for the design of potent dual CAIX and VEGFR-2 inhibitors.b.

Novel NO-TZDs and trimethoxychalcone-based DHPMs: design, synthesis, and biological evaluation as potential VEGFR-2 inhibitors

Novel series of nitric oxide-releasing thiazolidine-2,4-diones (NO-TZD-3a-d,5,6) and 3,4,5-trimethoxychalcone-based multifunctional 1,4-dihydropyrimidines (CDHPM-10a-g) have been designed and synthesised as potent broad-spectrum anticancer agents with potential VEGFR-2 inhibition. The designed analogs were evaluated for their anticancer activities towards a full panel of NCI-60 tumour cell lines and CDHPM-10a-g emerged mean %inhibitions ranging from 76.40 to 147.69%. Among them, CDHPM-10e and CDHPM-10f demonstrated the highest MGI% of 147.69 and 140.24%, respectively. Compounds CDHPM-10a,b,d-f showed higher mean %inhibitory activity than the reference drug sorafenib (MGI% = 105.46%). Superiorly, the hybrid CDHPM-10e displayed the highest potencies towards all the herein tested subpanels of nine types of cancer with MGI50 of 1.83 µM. Also, it revealed potent cytostatic single-digit micromolar activity towards the herein examined cancer cell lines. The designed compounds CDHPM-10a-g were exposed as potent non-selective broad-spectrum anticancer agents over all NCI subpanels with an SI range of 0.66-1.97. In addition, the target analog CDHPM-10e revealed potency towards VEGFR-2 kinase comparable to that of sorafenib with a sub-micromolar IC50 value of 0.11 µM. Also, CDHPM-10e could effectively induce Sub-G1-phase arrest and prompt apoptosis via caspase and p53-dependent mechanisms. Furthermore, CDHPM-10e revealed significant anti-metastatic activity as detected by wound healing assay. The modelling study implies that CDHPM-10e overlaid well with sorafenib and formed a strong H-bond in the DFG binding domain. The ADMET studies hinted out that CDHPM-10e met Pfizer's drug-likeness criteria. The presented novel potent anticancer agent merits further devotion as a new lead product in developing more chalcone-based VEGFR-2 inhibitors.

Discovery of new sulfonamide-tethered 2-aryl-4-anilinoquinazolines as the first-in-class dual carbonic anhydrase and EGFR inhibitors

In today's medical field, there is a growing trend of exploiting a single small molecule to target two different molecular targets concurrently. This approach is proving to be highly effective in fighting against cancer. The 4-anilinoquinazoline scaffold, known for its potential in cancer therapy and its effectiveness as a leading class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors, was employed to develop a novel series of anilinoquinazoline-sulfonamides (AQSs) (8a-d, 9a-f, and 10a-d) as dual inhibitors of the tumor-associated carbonic anhydrases (CA) IX/XII and EGFR. 2-(3-Methoxyphenyl)quinazoline bearing p-sulfanilamide 10b elicited superior hCA IX and XII inhibition in the low nanomolar range (KIs = 38.4 and 8.9 nM, respectively). Also, 10b shined as a potent and selective EGFR inhibitor, boasting an impressive IC50 value of 51.2 ± 0.97 nM, surpassing the reference EGFR inhibitor Erlotinib (IC50 = 80 ± 2.0 nM). Compound 10b exhibited broadest-spectrum antiproliferative activity against the NCI-tumor panel with a mean GI% value of 68 %. Of special interest, 10b demonstrated potent growth inhibition (GI% ≥ 80-97 %) toward cell lines reported to express high levels of EGFR belonging to renal, colon, breast, and lung cancers. Compound 10b's molecular docking in the CA IX/XII and EGFR active sites revealed binding modes that justify its potent enzyme inhibitory effects. Additionally, molecular dynamic simulations demonstrated strong and stable interactions of 10b with the binding sites of these targets.

Unveiling the potential of isatin-grafted phenyl-1,2,3-triazole derivatives as dual VEGFR-2/STAT-3 inhibitors: Design, synthesis and biological assessments

The use of VEGFR-2 inhibitors as a stand-alone treatment has proven to be ineffective in clinical trials due to the robustness of cellular response loops that lead to treatment resistance when only targeting VEGFR-2. The over-activation of the signal transducer/activator of transcription 3 (STAT-3) is expected to significantly impact treatment failure and resistance to VEGFR-2 inhibitors. In this study, we propose the concept of combined inhibition of VEGFR-2 and STAT-3 to combat induced STAT-3-mediated resistance to VEGFR-2 inhibition therapy. To explore this, we synthesized new isatin-grafted phenyl-1,2,3-triazole derivatives "6a-n" and "9a-f". Screening on PANC1 and PC3 cancer cell lines revealed that compounds 6b, 6 k, 9c, and 9f exhibited sub-micromolar ranges. The most promising molecules, 6b, 6 k, 9c, and 9f, demonstrated the highest inhibition when tested as dual inhibitors on VEGFR-2 (with IC50 range 53-82 nM, respectively) and STAT-3 (with IC50 range 5.63-10.25 nM). In particular, triazole 9f showed the best results towards both targets. Inspired by these findings, we investigated whether 9f has the ability to trigger apoptosis in prostate cancer PC3 cells via the assessment of the expression levels of the apoptotic markers Caspase-8, Bcl-2, Bax, and Caspase-9. Treatment of the PC3 cells with compound 9f significantly inhibited the protein expression levels of VEGFR-2 and STAT-3 kinases compared to the control.

Fragment-based design and synthesis of coumarin-based thiazoles as dual c-MET/STAT-3 inhibitors for potential antitumor agents

c-MET and STAT-3 are significant targets for cancer treatments. Here, we describe a class of very effective dual STAT-3 and c-MET inhibitors with coumarin-based thiazoles (3a-o) as its scaffold. Spectroscopic evidence (NMR, HRMS, and HPLC) validated the structural discoveries of the new compounds. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds was also tested against a panel of cancer cells in accordance with US-NCI guidelines. Compound 3g proved to be active at 10 µM, thus it was automatically scheduled to be tested at five doses. Towards SNB-75 (CNS cancer cell line), compound 3g showed notable in vitro anti-cancer activity with GI50 = 1.43 μM. For the molecular targets, compound 3g displayed potent activity towards STAT-3 and c-MET having IC50 of 4.7 µM and 12.67, respectively, compared to Cabozantinib (IC50 = 15 nM of c-MET) and STAT-3-IN-3 (IC50 = 2.1 µM of STAT-3). Moreover, compound 3g significantly induced apoptosis in SNB-75 cells, causing a 3.04-fold increase in apoptotic cell death (treated cells exhibited 11.53 % overall apoptosis, against 3.04 % in reference cells) and a 3.58-fold increase in necrosis. Moreover, it arrests cells at the G2 phase. Dual inhibition of c-MET and STAT-3 protein kinase was further validated using RT-PCR. The target compound's binding mechanism was determined by the application of molecular docking.

A new framework for novel analogues of pazopanib as potent and selective human carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Design, repurposing rational, synthesis, crystallographic, in vivo and in vitro biological assessments

Herein, we describe the design and synthesis of novel aryl pyrimidine benzenesulfonamides APBSs 5a-n, 6a-c, 7a-b, and 8 as pazopanib analogues to explore new potent and selective inhibitors for the CA IX. All APBSs were examined in vitro for their promising inhibition activity against a small panel of hCAs (isoforms I, II, IX, and XII). The X-ray crystal structure of CA I in adduct with a representative APBS analogue was solved. APBS-5m, endowed with the best hCA IX inhibitory efficacy and selectivity, was evaluated for antiproliferative activity against a small panel of different cancer cell lines, SK-MEL-173, MDA-MB-231, A549, HCT-116, and HeLa, and it demonstrated one-digit IC50 values range from 2.93 μM (MDA-MB-231) to 5.86 μM (A549). Furthermore, compound APBS-5m was evaluated for its influence on hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) production, apoptosis induction, and colony formation in MDA-MB-231 cancer cells. The in vivo efficacy of APBS-5m as an antitumor agent was additionally investigated in an animal model of Solid Ehrlich Carcinoma (SEC). In order to offer perceptions into the conveyed hCA IX inhibitory efficacy and selectivity in silico, a molecular docking investigation was also carried out.

Discovery of new 1,3-diphenylurea appended aryl pyridine derivatives as apoptosis inducers through c-MET and VEGFR-2 inhibition: design, synthesis, in vivo and in silico studies

Interest has been generated in VEGFR-2 and c-MET as potential receptors for the treatment of different malignancies. Using aryl pyridine derivatives with 1,3-diphenylurea attached, a number of promising dual VEGFR-2 and c-MET inhibitors were developed and synthesized. Regarding the molecular target, compounds 2d, 2f, 2j, 2k, and 2n had potent IC50 values of 65, 24, 150, 170, and 18 nM against c-MET, respectively. Additionally, they had potent IC50 values of 310, 35, 290, 320, and 24 nM against VEGFR-2, respectively. Regarding cytotoxicity, compounds 2d, 2f, 2j, 2k and 2n exhibited potent cytotoxicity against MCF-7 with IC50 values in the range 0.76-21.5 μM, and they showed promising cytotoxic activity against PC-3 with IC50 values in the range 1.85-3.42 μM compared to cabozantinib (IC50 = 1.06 μM against MCF-7 and 2.01 μM against PC-3). Regarding cell death, compound 2n caused cell death in MCF-7 cells by 87.34-fold; it induced total apoptosis by 33.19% (8.04% for late apoptosis, 25.15% for early apoptosis), stopping their growth in the G2/M phase, affecting the expression of apoptosis-related genes P53, Bax, caspases 3 and 9 and the anti-apoptotic gene, Bcl-2. In vivo study illustrated the anticancer activity of compound 2n by reduction of tumor mass and volume, and the tumor inhibition ratio reached 56.1% with an improvement of hematological parameters. Accordingly, compound 2n can be further developed as a selective target-oriented chemotherapeutic against breast cancer.

Synthesis, Invitro Cytotoxic Activity and Optical Analysis of Substituted Schiff Base Derivatives

Fluorescent cytotoxic compounds with readout delivery are crucial in chemotherapy. The growing demands of these treatment strategies require the novel heterocyclic molecules with better selectivity alongside fluorescence marker potential. In this context, a series of nine isatin Schiff base derivatives 4a-i were synthesized, characterized and evaluated for UV-visible, fluorescence, thermal and bioanalysis in order to explore the effect of structure on their bioprofiles. The analogue 4d exhibited maximum cytotoxic activity on Hella cells with percentage inhibition of 83% at 50 µM and 100% at 150 µM concentrations while 4c showed minimum cytotoxic activity with the value of 19% at 50 µM and 22% at 150 µM concentrations. Meanwhile, 4g was found to exhibit maximum inhibition potential towards Vero Cells with the percentage inhibition values of 83 at 50 µM concentration. The overall SAR study showed that the para-fluoro-substituted isatin moieties exhibited the appreciable percentage inhibition while the least activity was delivered by the isatin derivatives with para-bromo substitution.

Discovery and Mechanistic Studies of Dual-Target Hits for Carbonic Anhydrase IX and VEGFR-2 as Potential Agents for Solid Tumors: X-ray, In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Investigations of Coumarin-Based Thiazoles

A dual-targeting approach is predicted to yield better cancer therapy outcomes. Consequently, a series of coumarin-based thiazoles (5a-h, 6, and 7a-e) were designed and constructed as potential carbonic anhydrase (CA) and VEGFR-2 suppressors. The inhibitory actions of the target compounds were assessed against CA isoforms IX and VEGFR-2. The assay results showed that coumarin-based thiazoles 5a, 5d, and 5e can effectively inhibit both targets. 5a, 5d, and 5e cytotoxic effects were tested on pancreatic, breast, and prostate cancer cells (PANC1, MCF7, and PC3). Further mechanistic investigation disclosed the ability of 5e to interrupt the PANC1 cell progression in the S stage by triggering the apoptotic cascade, as seen by increased levels of caspases 3, 9, and BAX, alongside the Bcl-2 decline. Moreover, the in vivo efficacy of compound 5e as an antitumor agent was evaluated. Also, molecular docking and dynamics displayed distinctive interactions between 5e and CA IX and VEGFR-2 binding pockets.

Natural Isatin Derivatives Against Black Fungus: In Silico Studies

During this coronavirus pandemic, when a lot of people are already severely afflicted with SARS-CoV-19, the dispersion of black fungus is making it worse, especially in the Indian subcontinent. Considering this situation, the idea for an in silico study to identify the potential inhibitor against black fungal infection is envisioned and computational analysis has been conducted with isatin derivatives that exhibit considerable antifungal activity. Through this in silico study, several pharmacokinetics properties like absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) are estimated for various derivatives. Lipinski rules have been used to observe the drug likeliness property, and to study the electronic properties of the molecules, quantum mechanism was analyzed using the density functional theory (DFT). After applying molecular docking of the isatin derivatives with sterol 14-alpha demethylase enzyme of black fungus, a far higher docking affinity score has been observed for the isatin sulfonamide-34 (derivative 1) than the standard fluconazole. Lastly, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation has been performed for 100 ns to examine the stability of the proposed drug complex by estimating Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD), Radius of gyration (Rg), Solvent accessible surface area (SASA), Root Mean Square Fluctuation (RMSF), as well as hydrogen bond. Listed ligands have precisely satisfied every pharmacokinetics requirement for a qualified drug candidate and they are non-toxic, non-carcinogenic, and have high stability. This natural molecule known as isatin derivative 1 has shown the potential of being a drug for fungal treatment. However, the impact of the chemicals on living cells requires more investigation and research.

Recent drug design strategies and identification of key heterocyclic scaffolds for promising anticancer targets

Cancer, a noncommunicable disease, is the leading cause of mortality worldwide and is anticipated to rise by 75% in the next two decades, reaching approximately 25 million cases. Traditional cancer treatments, such as radiotherapy and surgery, have shown limited success in reducing cancer incidence. As a result, the focus of cancer chemotherapy has switched to the development of novel small molecule antitumor agents as an alternate strategy for combating and managing cancer rates. Heterocyclic compounds are such agents that bind to specific residues in target proteins, inhibiting their function and potentially providing cancer treatment. This review focuses on privileged heterocyclic pharmacophores with potent activity against carbonic anhydrases and kinases, which are important anticancer targets. Evaluation of ongoing pre-clinical and clinical research of heterocyclic compounds with potential therapeutic value against a variety of malignancies as well as the provision of a concise summary of the role of heterocyclic scaffolds in various chemotherapy protocols have also been discussed. The main objective of the article is to highlight key heterocyclic scaffolds involved in recent anticancer drug design that demands further attention from the drug development community to find more effective and safer targeted small-molecule anticancer agents.

Discovery of Novel Pyridazine-Tethered Sulfonamides as Carbonic Anhydrase II Inhibitors for the Management of Glaucoma

As a progressive neuropathic condition, glaucoma can cause lifelong blindness if left untreated. Novel phenylpyridazine-tethered sulfonamides were designed as selective inhibitors for carbonic anhydrase (CA) isoform II to find effective therapeutic agents for glaucoma. Subsequently, the target inhibitors were synthesized and assessed for their inhibitory action against cytosolic CA I and II. Interestingly, the synthesized molecules poorly inhibited CA I while exhibiting low subnanomolar potency against CA II. Compound 7c disclosed the most potent activity (IC50 = 0.63 nM) with high selectivity against CA II (605-fold than acetazolamide selectivity). Moreover, compound 7c also showed significant in vivo IOP-reducing properties in the in vivo model of glaucoma. Furthermore, the binding of compound 7c to CA II was assessed at the molecular level, exploiting the molecular docking approach.

Targeting carbonic anhydrases for the management of hypoxic metastatic tumors

INTRODUCTION

Several isoforms of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1) are connected with tumorigenesis. Hypoxic tumors overexpress CA IX and XII as a consequence of HIF activation cascade, being involved in pH regulation, metabolism, and metastases formation. Other isoforms (CA I, II, III, IV) were also reported to be present in some tumors.

AREAS COVERED

Some CA isoforms are biomarkers for disease progression or response to therapy. Inhibitors, antibodies, and other procedures for targeting these enzymes for the treatment of tumors/metastases are discussed. Sulfonamides and coumarins represent the most investigated classes of inhibitors, but carboxylates, selenium, and tellurium-containing inhibitors were also investigated. Hybrid drugs of CA inhibitors with other antitumor agents for multitargeted therapy were reported.

EXPERT OPINION

Targeting CAs present in solid or hematological tumors with selective, targeted inhibitors is a validated approach, which has been consolidated in the last years. A host of new preclinical data and several clinical trials of antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors are ongoing, which connected with the large number of new chemotypes/procedures discovered to be effective, may lead to a breakthrough in this therapeutic area. The scientific/patent literature has been searched for on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Espacenet, and PatentGuru, from 2018 to 2023.

IN SILICO STUDY OF NOVEL SULFONAMIDE DERIVATIVES BEARING A 1, 2, 4-TRIAZOLE MOIETY ACT AS CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS WITH PROMISING ANTI-CANCER ACTIVITY

OBJECTIVE

Aim: To evaluate the theoretical binding affinities of four synthetic compounds that target the carbonic anhydrase IX enzyme in solid tumors.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Materials and Methods: To accurately depict the molecular structure, we utilized the Chem Draw Professional 12.0 program. We downloaded the carbonic anhydrase IX enzyme (29.25 KDa) (PDB code: 4YWP) from the Protein Data Bank into the Molecular Operating Environment software. Then, the S-score and rmsd were calculated for the proposed compounds.

RESULTS

Results: The theoretically synthesized compounds demonstrated good binding affinities with the receptor active pockets Sa, Sb, and Sd, with S-scores of -7.6491, -8.3789, and -8.3218, respectively. Substitutions improve compound orientation. The substituted triazoles ring increases flexibility and receptor interaction. In addition, the benzyl chloride derivatives play an important role in the interaction, with varying effects dependent on the groups substituted at position 4 of the benzene ring.

CONCLUSION

Conclusions: The synthesized compounds Sb with para Br substitution (S-score = -8.37) and Sd with para Cl substitution (S-score = -8.32) are considered the best ones as they exhibit a high affinity for the receptor.