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Benamri I, Azzouzi M, Sanak K, Moussa A, Radouani F. An overview of genes and mutations associated with Chlamydiae species' resistance to antibiotics. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:59. [PMID: 34479551 PMCID: PMC8414684 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chlamydiae are intracellular bacteria that cause various severe diseases in humans and animals. The common treatment for chlamydia infections are antibiotics. However, when antibiotics are misused (overuse or self-medication), this may lead to resistance of a number of chlamydia species, causing a real public health problem worldwide. Materials and methods In the present work, a comprehensive literature search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, Science direct and Web of Science. The primary purpose is to analyse a set of data describing the genes and mutations involved in Chlamydiae resistance to antibiotic mechanisms. In addition, we proceeded to a filtration process among 704 retrieved articles, then finished by focusing on 24 studies to extract data that met our requirements. Results The present study revealed that Chlamydia trachomatis may develop resistance to macrolides via mutations in the 23S rRNA, rplD, rplV genes, to rifamycins via mutations in the rpoB gene, to fluoroquinolones via mutations in the gyrA, parC and ygeD genes, to tetracyclines via mutations in the rpoB gene, to fosfomycin via mutations in the murA gene, to MDQA via mutations in the secY gene. Whereas, Chlamydia pneumoniae may develop resistance to rifamycins via mutations in the rpoB gene, to fluoroquinolones via mutations in the gyrA gene. Furthermore, the extracted data revealed that Chlamydia psittaci may develop resistance to aminoglycosides via mutations in the 16S rRNA and rpoB genes, to macrolides via mutations in the 23S rRNA gene. Moreover, Chlamydia suis can become resistance to tetracyclines via mutations in the tet(C) gene. In addition, Chlamydia caviae may develop resistance to macrolides via variations in the 23S rRNA gene. The associated mechanisms of resistance are generally: the inhibition of bacteria’s protein synthesis, the inhibition of bacterial enzymes’ action and the inhibition of bacterial transcription process. Conclusion This literature review revealed the existence of diverse mutations associated with resistance to antibiotics using molecular tools and targeting chlamydia species’ genes. Furthermore, these mutations were shown to be associated with different mechanisms that led to resistance. In that regards, more mutations and information can be shown by a deep investigation using the whole genome sequencing. Certainly, this can help improving to handle chlamydia infections and healthcare improvement by decreasing diseases complications and medical costs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12941-021-00465-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichrak Benamri
- Chlamydiae and Mycoplasma Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.,Systems & Data Engineering Team, National School of Applied Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Maryame Azzouzi
- Chlamydiae and Mycoplasma Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.,Laboratory of Microbiology, Pharmacology, Biotechnology and Environment, Faculty of Sciences Aîn-Chock, Hassan II University, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Kholoud Sanak
- Chlamydiae and Mycoplasma Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.,IRDA Team, ENSIAS Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ahmed Moussa
- Systems & Data Engineering Team, National School of Applied Sciences, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Fouzia Radouani
- Chlamydiae and Mycoplasma Laboratory, Institut Pasteur du Maroc, 20360, Casablanca, Morocco.
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de la Maza LM, Darville TL, Pal S. Chlamydia trachomatis vaccines for genital infections: where are we and how far is there to go? Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:421-435. [PMID: 33682583 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1899817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen in the world. Antibiotic treatment does not prevent against reinfection and a vaccine is not yet available. AREAS COVERED We focus the review on the progress made of our understanding of the immunological responses required for a vaccine to elicit protection, and on the antigens, adjuvants, routes of immunization and delivery systems that have been tested in animal models. PubMed and Google Scholar were used to search publication on these topics for the last 5 years and recent Reviews were examined. EXPERT OPINION The first Phase 1 clinical trial of a C. trachomatis vaccine to protect against genital infections was successfully completed. We expect that, in the next five years, additional vaccine clinical trials will be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M de la Maza
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medical Sciences, I, Room D440 University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Toni L Darville
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sukumar Pal
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Medical Sciences, I, Room D440 University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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Pye R, Darby J, Flies AS, Fox S, Carver S, Elmer J, Swift K, Hogg C, Pemberton D, Woods G, Lyons AB. Post-release immune responses of Tasmanian devils vaccinated with an experimental devil facial tumour disease vaccine. WILDLIFE RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/wr20210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
ContextDisease is increasingly becoming a driver of wildlife population declines and an extinction risk. Vaccines are one of the most successful health interventions in human history, but few have been tested for mitigating wildlife disease. The transmissible cancer, devil facial tumour disease (DFTD), triggered the Tasmanian devil’s (Sarcophilus harrisii) inclusion on the international endangered species list. In 2016, 33 devils from a DFTD-free insurance population were given an experimental DFTD vaccination before their wild release on the Tasmanian northern coast.
AimTo determine the efficacy of the vaccination protocol and the longevity of the induced responses.
MethodSix trapping trips took place over the 2.5 years following release, and both vaccinated and incumbent devils had blood samples and tumour biopsies collected.
Key resultsIn all, 8 of the 33 vaccinated devils were re-trapped, and six of those developed DFTD within the monitoring period. Despite the lack of protection provided by the vaccine, we observed signs of immune activation not usually found in unvaccinated devils. First, sera collected from the eight devils showed that anti-DFTD antibodies persisted for up to 2 years post-vaccination. Second, tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes were found in three of four biopsies collected from vaccinated devils, which contrasts with the ‘immune deserts’ typical of DFTs; only 1 of the 20 incumbent devils with DFTD had a tumour biopsy exhibiting immune-cell infiltrate. Third, immunohistochemical analysis of the vaccinated devils’ tumour biopsies identified the functional immune molecules associated with antigen-presenting cells (MHC-II) and T-cells (CD3), and the immune checkpoint molecule PD-1, all being associated with anti-tumour immunity in other species.
ConclusionsThese results correlate with our previous study on captive devils in which a prophylactic vaccine primed the devil immune system and, following DFTD challenge and tumour growth, immunotherapy induced complete tumour regressions. The field trial results presented here provide further evidence that the devil immune system can be primed to recognise DFTD cells, but additional immune manipulation could be needed for complete protection or induction of tumour regressions.
ImplicationsA protective DFTD vaccine would provide a valuable management approach for conservation of the Tasmanian devil.
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Lizárraga D, Timms P, Quigley BL, Hanger J, Carver S. Capturing Complex Vaccine-Immune-Disease Relationships for Free-Ranging Koalas: Higher Chlamydial Loads Are Associated With Less IL17 Expression and More Chlamydial Disease. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:530686. [PMID: 33102563 PMCID: PMC7546032 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.530686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Chlamydial disease is a major factor negatively affecting koala populations. Vaccination is a promising management option that would result in immune-mediated protection against disease. Measuring and assessing vaccine efficacy can be challenging owing to both direct and indirect interactions caused by vaccination. In this study, we investigate vaccine-immune-chlamydial load-disease relationships from MOMP (major outer membrane protein) vaccine trials to protect healthy free-ranging koalas against Chlamydia-related diseases. Methods: We created a priori hypotheses based on data sources and perceived direct and indirect interactions from koalas vaccinated 6 months prior. Each hypothesis was tested as a structural equation model separately for either the urogenital or the ocular site to evaluate possible causality among measured variables. Model averaging was used as multiple models fit the data, and the strength of relationships was examined through averaged coefficients and the raw data. Results: We found more relationships in urogenital models as compared to ocular models, particularly those with interleukin 17 (IL17) mRNA expression compared to models with interferon gamma (IFNγ) expression. In the averaged model with IL17, urogenital chlamydial load was positively associated with disease and negatively associated with IL17 expression. MOMP vaccination had a trending effect for reducing urogenital chlamydial load and also had a strong effect on increasing IL17 expression. Not surprisingly, urogenital chlamydial load was a positive predictor for the development of urogenital disease at 6 months post-vaccination. Conclusions: Despite multiple potential sources of variation owing to the koalas in this study being free-ranging, our analyses provide unique insights into the effects of vaccinating against Chlamydia. Using structural equation modeling, this study has helped illuminate that the expression of the immune cytokine IL17 is linked to MOMP vaccination, and animals with a high urogenital chlamydial load expressed less IL17 and were more likely to develop disease, enhancing previous investigations. Going beyond univariate statistics, the methods used in this study can be applied to other preclinical vaccination experiments to identify important direct and indirect factors underpinning the effects of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lizárraga
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Bonnie L Quigley
- Genecology Research Centre, School of Science and Engineering, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Jon Hanger
- Endeavour Veterinary Ecology Pty Ltd., Toorbul, QLD, Australia
| | - Scott Carver
- School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Pagliarani S, Johnston SD, Beagley KW, Dief H, Palmieri C. The occurrence and pathology of chlamydiosis in the male reproductive tract of non-human mammals: A review. Theriogenology 2020; 154:152-160. [PMID: 32622195 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Organisms belonging to the Family Chlamydiaceae are responsible for a broad range of diseases in humans, livestock, companion animals and non-domestic species. Infection of the reproductive organs can cause a range of syndromes of which sub- and infertility are the most frequently observed clinical manifestations. While the gross and histological lesions associated with the isolation of Chlamydiaceae from the non-human female reproductive tract are well documented, little attention has been given to the pathological effects of this infection in the male genital system. As such, the occurrence and importance of Chlamydia-associated disease in male non-human mammalian species is less well documented. In order to improve our understanding of the significance of chlamydiosis in domestic, laboratory and wild animals, this review provides an up-to-date summary of Chlamydia-associated male reproductive pathology, whether that infection occurs naturally or experimentally. Although most lesions in males are described as incidental and of minor significance, results of recent studies suggest that infection with Chlamydiaceae can adversely impact male fertility and/or be instrumental in disease transmission. Although in humans, bulls and mice Chlamydia infection has been associated with morphological and functional abnormalities of the spermatozoa, this review will focus on the gross and histological findings linked to the colonisation of the genital system by this pathogen. Advances in our understanding of male reproductive chlamydiosis are necessary for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, as well as epidemiological and conservation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pagliarani
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia; School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia.
| | - Stephen D Johnston
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia
| | - Kenneth W Beagley
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 4001, Australia
| | - Hamdy Dief
- School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia
| | - Chiara Palmieri
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, Australia
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Quigley BL, Timms P. Helping koalas battle disease - Recent advances in Chlamydia and koala retrovirus (KoRV) disease understanding and treatment in koalas. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:583-605. [PMID: 32556174 PMCID: PMC8600735 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The iconic Australian marsupial, the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), has suffered dramatic population declines as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation, disease, vehicle collision mortality, dog attacks, bushfires and climate change. In 2012, koalas were officially declared vulnerable by the Australian government and listed as a threatened species. In response, research into diseases affecting koalas has expanded rapidly. The two major pathogens affecting koalas are Chlamydia pecorum, leading to chlamydial disease and koala retrovirus (KoRV). In the last eight years, these pathogens and their diseases have received focused study regarding their sources, genetics, prevalence, disease presentation and transmission. This has led to vast improvements in pathogen detection and treatment, including the ongoing development of vaccines for each as a management and control strategy. This review will summarize and highlight the important advances made in understanding and combating C. pecorum and KoRV in koalas, since they were declared a threatened species. With complementary advances having also been made from the koala genome sequence and in our understanding of the koala immune system, we are primed to make a significant positive impact on koala health into the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie L Quigley
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast,
90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
| | - Peter Timms
- Genecology Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast,
90 Sippy Downs Drive, Sippy Downs, Queensland, 4556, Australia
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Amaral AF, Rahman KS, Kick AR, Cortes LM, Robertson J, Kaltenboeck B, Gerdts V, O’Connell CM, Poston TB, Zheng X, Liu C, Omesi SY, Darville T, Käser T. Mucosal Vaccination with UV-Inactivated Chlamydia suis in Pre-Exposed Outbred Pigs Decreases Pathogen Load and Induces CD4 T-Cell Maturation into IFN-γ + Effector Memory Cells. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030353. [PMID: 32630694 PMCID: PMC7564508 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) infections are the most frequent bacterial sexually transmitted disease, and they can lead to ectopic pregnancy and infertility. Despite these detrimental long-term sequelae, a vaccine is not available. Success in preclinical animal studies is essential for vaccines to move to human clinical trials. Pigs are the natural host to Chlamydia suis (Cs)-a chlamydia species closely related to Ct, and are susceptible to Ct, making them a valuable animal model for Ct vaccine development. Before making it onto market, Ct vaccine candidates must show efficacy in a high-risk human population. The high prevalence of human Ct infection combined with the fact that natural infection does not result in sterilizing immunity, results in people at risk likely having been pre-exposed, and thus having some level of underlying non-protective immunity. Like human Ct, Cs is highly prevalent in outbred pigs. Therefore, the goal of this study was to model a trial in pre-exposed humans, and to determine the immunogenicity and efficacy of intranasal Cs vaccination in pre-exposed outbred pigs. The vaccine candidates consisted of UV-inactivated Cs particles in the presence or absence of an adjuvant (TriAdj). In this study, both groups of vaccinated pigs had a lower Cs burden compared to the non-vaccinated group; especially the TriAdj group induced the differentiation of CD4+ cells into tissue-trafficking CCR7- IFN-γ-producing effector memory T cells. These results indicate that Cs vaccination of pre-exposed pigs effectively boosts a non-protective immune response induced by natural infection; moreover, they suggest that a similar approach could be applied to human vaccine trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda F. Amaral
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.F.A.); (A.R.K.); (L.M.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Khondaker S. Rahman
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.S.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Andrew R. Kick
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.F.A.); (A.R.K.); (L.M.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Lizette M. Cortes
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.F.A.); (A.R.K.); (L.M.C.)
| | - James Robertson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Bernhard Kaltenboeck
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (K.S.R.); (B.K.)
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization—International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada;
| | - Catherine M. O’Connell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.M.O.); (T.B.P.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.O.); (T.D.)
| | - Taylor B. Poston
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.M.O.); (T.B.P.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.O.); (T.D.)
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.M.O.); (T.B.P.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.O.); (T.D.)
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Chuwen Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Sam Y. Omesi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.M.O.); (T.B.P.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.O.); (T.D.)
| | - Toni Darville
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (C.M.O.); (T.B.P.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.O.); (T.D.)
| | - Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA; (A.F.A.); (A.R.K.); (L.M.C.)
- Comparative Medicine Institute, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-919-513-6352
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