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Cardoso R, Rios M, Fonseca P, Leão J, Cardoso F, Abraldes JAA, Gomes BB, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. Assessment of Angular and Straight Linear Rowing Ergometers at Different Intensities of Exercise. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:5686. [PMID: 39275598 PMCID: PMC11397995 DOI: 10.3390/s24175686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024]
Abstract
We aimed to conduct a biophysical comparison of angular (Biorower) and linear (Concept2) rowing ergometers across a wide spectrum of exercise intensities. Sixteen (eleven male) skilled rowers, aged 29.8 ± 8.6 and 23.6 ± 1.5 years, with international competitive experience, performed 7 × 3 min bouts with 30 W increments and 60 s intervals, plus 1 min of all-out rowing on both machines with 48 h in between. The ventilatory and kinematical variables were measured breath-by-breath using a telemetric portable gas analyzer and determined using a full-body markerless system, respectively. Similar values of oxygen uptake were observed between ergometers across all intensity domains (e.g., 60.36 ± 8.40 vs. 58.14 ± 7.55 mL/min/kg for the Biorower and Concept2 at severe intensity). The rowing rate was higher on the Biorower vs. Concept2 at heavy and severe intensities (27.88 ± 3.22 vs. 25.69 ± 1.99 and 30.63 ± 3.18 vs. 28.94 ± 2.29). Other differences in kinematics were observed across all intensity domains, particularly in the thorax angle at the finish (e.g., 19.44 ± 4.49 vs. 27.51 ± 7.59° for the Biorower compared to Concep2 at heavy intensity), likely due to closer alignment of the Biorower with an on-water rowing technique. The overall perceived effort was lower on the Biorower when compared to the Concept2 (14.38 ± 1.76 vs. 15.88 ± 1.88). Rowers presented similar cardiorespiratory function on both rowing ergometers, while important biomechanical differences were observed, possibly due to the Biorower's closer alignment with an on-water rowing technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Cardoso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manoel Rios
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Fonseca
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Leão
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Cardoso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Jose Arturo Abraldes Abraldes
- Research Group Movement Sciences and Sport (MS&SPORT), Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Campus San Javier, University of Murcia, 30720 San Javier, Murcia, Spain
| | - Beatriz B Gomes
- CIDAF-Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
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Marth AA, Auer TA, Bertalan G, Gebert P, Kirchenberger T, Geisel D, Hamm B, Keller S. Advanced muscle imaging in adolescent elite rowers utilizing diffusion tensor imaging: Association of imaging findings with stroke typology. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294693. [PMID: 38019893 PMCID: PMC10686450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Muscular overuse injuries are a common health issue in elite athletes. Changes in the muscular microenvironment can be depicted by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). We hypothesize that the biomechanics of different stroke typologies plays a role in muscle injury and tested our hypothesis by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination of the lumbar spine muscles of adolescent rowers utilizing DTI. METHODS AND MATERIALS Twenty-two male elite rowers (12 sweep, 10 scull rowers) with a mean age of 15.8 ± 1.2 years underwent 3-Tesla MRI of the lumbar spine 6 hours after cessation of training. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and fractional anisotropy (FA) were calculated for the erector spinae and multifidus muscle. Student's t-test was used to test differences of DTI parameters between sweep and scull rowers and a Pearson correlation was utilized to correlate the parameters to training volume. RESULTS ADC values in the erector spinae and multifidus muscle were significantly higher (p = 0.039) and FA values significantly lower (p < 0.001) in sweep rowers compared to scull rowers. There was no significant association between DTI parameters and training volume (r ≤ -0.459, p ≥ 0.074). CONCLUSIONS Our DTI results show that lumbar spine muscle diffusivity is higher in sweep rowers than in scull rowers. Altered muscle diffusivity is suggestive of microscopic tissue disruption and might be attributable to biomechanical differences between stroke typologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Alexander Marth
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Alexander Auer
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin Institute of Health at Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gergely Bertalan
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pimrapat Gebert
- Institute for Biometry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Kirchenberger
- Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Geisel
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Keller
- Department of Radiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Li Y, Koldenhoven RM, Jiwan NC, Zhan J, Liu T. Trunk and shoulder kinematics of rowing displayed by Olympic athletes. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:1095-1107. [PMID: 32677503 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1781238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of stroke rate and sex on trunk and shoulder kinematics of Olympic athletes during rowing on an ergometer. Fifty-eight participants (31 females and 27 males) from the Chinese National Rowing Team were recruited. Trunk (i.e., the pelvis, lumbar and thoracic spine) and shoulder kinematics were measured using an inertial measurement unit system for three stroke rates (18, 26, and 32 strokes/min). Range of motion and angles at the catch and finish were assessed using mixed model ANOVA and correlation analyses with rowing power. Range of motion increased significantly at higher rates for both female and male athletes. This may be a strategy used by athletes when dealing with higher demand for power during training, because a greater range of motion with a longer stroke length could reduce the demand for force generation and possibly delay fatigue. Female rowers exhibited greater range of motion in the lumbar spine, thorax and shoulders than males due to more extended positions at the finish. The sex-related kinematic differences may be attributed to differences in body size, muscle strength and endurance. Practitioners are recommended to consider these factors when developing rowing techniques and providing training suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Li
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Rachel M Koldenhoven
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Nigel C Jiwan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Jieyun Zhan
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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Agius TP, Cerasola D, Gauci M, Sciriha A, Sillato D, Formosa C, Gatt A, Xerri de Caro J, Needham R, Chockalingam N, Grima JN. The Kinematics of Fixed-Seat Rowing: A Structured Synthesis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:774. [PMID: 37508801 PMCID: PMC10376464 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10070774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Olympic-style sliding-seat rowing is a sport that has been extensively researched, with studies investigating aspects related to the physiology, biomechanics, kinematics, and the performance of rowers. In contrast, studies on the more classic form of fixed-seat rowing are sparse. The aim of this study is to address this lacuna by analysing for the first time the specific kinematics of fixed-seat rowing as practised by able-bodied athletes, thus (i) documenting how this technique is performed in a manner that is replicable by others and (ii) showing how this technique compares and contrasts with the more standard sliding-seat technique. Fixed-seat rowing was replicated in a biomechanics laboratory where experienced fixed-seat rowers, marked with reflective markers following the modified Helen-Hayes model, were asked to row in a manner that mimics rowing on a fixed-seat boat. The findings from this study, complimented with data gathered through the observation of athletes rowing on water, were compared to sliding-seat ergometer rowing and other control experiments. The results show that, in fixed-seat rowing, there is more forward and backward thoracic movement than in sliding-seat rowing (75-77° vs. 44-52°, p < 0.0005). Tilting of the upper body stems was noted to result from rotations around the pelvis, as in sliding-seat rowing, rather than from spinal movements. The results also confirmed knee flexion in fixed-seat rowing with a range of motion of 30-35°. This is less pronounced than in standard-seat rowing, but not insignificant. These findings provide a biomechanical explanation as to why fixed-seat rowers do not have an increased risk of back injuries when compared with their sliding-seat counterparts. They also provide athletes, coaches, and related personnel with precise and detailed information of how fixed-seat rowing is performed so that they may formulate better and more specific evidence-based training programs to meliorate technique and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonio P Agius
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Dario Cerasola
- Italian Rowing Federation, Viale Tiziano, 74, 00196 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Michael Gauci
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Anabel Sciriha
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Darren Sillato
- Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Cynthia Formosa
- Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Alfred Gatt
- Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - John Xerri de Caro
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Robert Needham
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Nachiappan Chockalingam
- Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Joseph N Grima
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Siġġiewi Rowing Club, 181, Melita Street, VLT 1129 Valletta, Malta
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Legge N, Watsford M, Sharp P, O'Meara D, Slattery K. "A feeling for run and rhythm": coaches' perspectives of performance, talent, and progression in rowing. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:927-936. [PMID: 37609886 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2249752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of rowing performance has been predominantly gained through quantitative sports science-based research. In combination with this objective information, coaches' experiences may provide important contextual information for how this quantitative evidence is implemented into training programmes. The aims of this study were to (1) explore coaches' perspectives of performance indicators for competitive rowing in junior rowers, and (2) identify coaches' recommendations for developing effective technique and movement competency among junior rowers who have the potential to transition to elite competition. Twenty-seven semi-structured interviews were conducted with experienced rowing coaches through purposive sampling of an accredited coaching network. Participants' coaching experience ranged from 5 to 46 (M = 22, SD = 10) years. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Three overarching themes were identified including, (1) getting the basics right, (2) targeting types of talent, and (3) complexities of performance. Based on these findings, sequence and boat feel, supported through the movement competency provided by hip flexibility and the trunk musculature, were considered critical for executing correct technique. Developing talent and understanding successful performance are both complex concepts when considering the individual athlete. Coaches' perspectives provided insight into key components of performance to enhance our understanding of how to better develop junior rowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Legge
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Watsford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Sharp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Damien O'Meara
- Sport Science Department, NSW Institute of Sport, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katie Slattery
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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Yamashita M, Ishida T, Osuka S, Watanabe K, Samukawa M, Kasahara S, Kondo E, Tohyama H. Trunk Muscle Activities during Ergometer Rowing in Rowers with and without Low Back Pain. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:338-344. [PMID: 37293422 PMCID: PMC10245001 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the differences in trunk muscle activity during rowing at maximal effort between rowers with and without low back pain (LBP). Ten rowers with LBP and 12 rowers without LBP were enrolled in this study. All rowers performed a 500-m trial using a rowing ergometer at maximal effort. The amplitudes of the activities of the thoracic erector spinae (TES), lumbar erector spinae (LES), latissimus dorsi (LD), rectus abdominis (RA), and external oblique (EO) muscles were analyzed using a wireless surface electromyography (EMG) system. EMG data at each stroke were converted into 10-time series data by recording averages at every 10% in the 100% stroke cycle and normalized by maximum voluntary isometric contraction in each muscle. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed. Significant interactions were found in the activities of the TES and LES (P < 0.001 and P = 0.047, respectively). In the post hoc test, the TES activity in the LBP group was significantly higher than that in the control group at the 10% to 20% and 20% to 30% stroke cycles (P = 0.013 and P = 0.007, respectively). The LES activity in the LBP group was significantly higher than that in the control group at the 0% to 10% stroke cycle (P < 0.001). There was a main group effect on the LD activity, with significantly higher activity in the LBP group than in the control group (P = 0.023). There were no significant interactions or main effects in the EO and RA activities between the groups. The present study showed that rowers with LBP compared with those without LBP exhibited significantly higher TES, LES, and LD muscle activities. This indicates that rowers with LBP exhibit excessive back muscle activity during rowing under maximal effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Yamashita
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoya Ishida
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osuka
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kentaro Watanabe
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mina Samukawa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kasahara
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Eiji Kondo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Harukazu Tohyama
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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Grima JN, Cerasola D, Sciriha A, Sillato D, Formosa C, Gatt A, Gauci M, Xerri de Caro J, Needham R, Chockalingam N, Agius TP. On the Kinematics of the Forward-Facing Venetian-Style Rowing Technique. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10030310. [PMID: 36978701 PMCID: PMC10045323 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10030310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents a qualitative and quantitative pilot study which explores the kinematics of Venetian style forward-facing standing rowing as practised by able-bodied competitive athletes. The technique, made famous by the gondoliers, was replicated in a biomechanics laboratory by a cohort of four experienced rowers who compete in this style at National Level events in Malta. Athletes were marked with reflective markers following the modified Helen Hayes model and asked to row in a manner which mimics their on-water practise and recorded using a Vicon optoelectronic motion capture system. Data collected were compared to its equivalent using a standard sliding-seat ergometer as well as data collated from observations of athletes rowing on water, thus permitting the documentation of the manner of how this technique is performed. It was shown that this rowing style is characterised by rather asymmetric and complex kinematics, particularly upper-body movements which provides the athlete with a total-body workout involving all major muscle groups working either isometrically, to provide stability, or actively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N. Grima
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Siġġiewi Rowing Club, 181, Melita Street, VLT 1129 Valletta, Malta
- Correspondence: (J.N.G.); (T.P.A.)
| | - Dario Cerasola
- Italian Rowing Federation, Viale Tiziano, 74, 00196 Rome, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90100 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anabel Sciriha
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Darren Sillato
- Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Cynthia Formosa
- Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Alfred Gatt
- Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Michael Gauci
- Metamaterials Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - John Xerri de Caro
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Robert Needham
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Nachiappan Chockalingam
- Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Health, Science and Wellbeing, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Tonio P. Agius
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Correspondence: (J.N.G.); (T.P.A.)
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Athy V, Hach S, Anderson H, Mason J. Examining the Peer-Reviewed Published Literature Regarding Low Back Pain in Rowing: A Scoping Review. Int J Sports Phys Ther 2023; 18:55-69. [PMID: 36793564 PMCID: PMC9897042 DOI: 10.26603/001c.67836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Low back pain (LBP) is highly prevalent in the rowing population. The body of existing research variously investigates risk factors, prevention, and treatment methods. Purpose The purpose of this scoping review was to explore the breadth and depth of the LBP literature in rowing and to identify areas for future research. Study Design Scoping review. Methods PubMed, Ebsco and ScienceDirect were searched from inception to November 1, 2020. Only published, peer-reviewed, primary, and secondary data pertaining to LBP in rowing were included for this study. Arksey and O'Malley's framework for guided data synthesis was used. Reporting quality of a subsection of the data was assessed using the STROBE tool. Results Following the removal of duplicates and abstract screening, a set of 78 studies were included and divided into the following categories: epidemiology, biomechanics, biopsychosocial, and miscellaneous. The incidence and prevalence of LBP in rowers were well mapped. The biomechanical literature covered a wide range of investigations with limited cohesion. Significant risk factors for LBP in rowers included back pain history and prolonged ergometer use. Conclusion A lack of consistent definitions within the studies caused fragmentation of the literature. There was good evidence for prolonged ergometer use and history of LBP to constitute risk factors and this may assist future LBP preventative action. Methodological issues such as small sample size and barriers to injury reporting increased heterogeneity and decreased data quality. Further exploration is required to determine the mechanism of LBP in rowers through research with larger samples.
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Zuckerman SL, Kerolus MG, Buchanan IA, Ha AS, Gillespie A, Cerpa M, Leung E, Lehman RA. Lumbar discectomies in elite rowers: presentation, operative treatment, and return to play. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2022; 50:414-418. [PMID: 34182884 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2021.1948309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a cohort of elite rowers requiring lumbar spine surgery, we report information regarding: (1) presentation, (2) operative treatment, and (3) return to play (RTP). METHODS All competitive rowers undergoing spine surgery at a single academic institution from 2015 to 2020 were analyzed. Three rowers underwent spine surgery during the allotted time period. Demographic, clinical, operative, and RTP data was recorded. Each athlete's self-reported level of effort/performance was assessed before and after surgery. First RTP was defined as the time of initial return to rowing activities, and full RTP was defined as the time of unrestricted return to rowing activities. Descriptive statistics were performed. RESULTS The three collegiate rowers ranged from 20- to 21-year-old, each with L5/S1 disc herniations. Preoperative pain levels ranged from 8 to 10, and inciting injury events included back squats, front squats, and rowing during the 'finish' stage. Each athlete underwent a minimally invasive, unilateral L5/S1 decompression, partial medial facetectomy, and partial discectomy with microscopic-assistance. First RTP ranged from 4-6 months, with full RTP at 6-8 months. Pain dissipated to the 0-1 range at full RTP. Final effort/performance improved from 10-60% mid-injury to 90-100% at full RTP. Each athlete's 2000m row time showed a decline mid-injury and an improvement to at or within 10 s of their pre-injury time. CONCLUSIONS Drawing from three collegiate rowers who underwent lumbar decompression surgery, each athlete successfully returned to rowing, with initial RTP in the 4-6 months range and full RTP in the 6-8 months range. Performance levels rebounded to near or better than pre-injury performance. The results of this small case series warrant replication in larger, multi-institutional samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L Zuckerman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, the Spine Hospital at New York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mena G Kerolus
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, the Spine Hospital at New York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian A Buchanan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, the Spine Hospital at New York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alex S Ha
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, the Spine Hospital at New York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anton Gillespie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, the Spine Hospital at New York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meghan Cerpa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, the Spine Hospital at New York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eric Leung
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, the Spine Hospital at New York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald A Lehman
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Columbia University Medical Center, the Spine Hospital at New York Presbyterian, New York, NY, USA
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Giustino V, Zangla D, Messina G, Pajaujiene S, Feka K, Battaglia G, Bianco A, Palma A, Patti A. Kinematics of Cervical Spine during Rowing Ergometer at Different Stroke Rates in Young Rowers: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19137690. [PMID: 35805344 PMCID: PMC9265975 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19137690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Research on biomechanics in rowing has mostly focused on the lumbar spine. However, injuries can also affect other body segments. Thus, the aim of this pilot study was to explore any potential variations in the kinematics of the cervical spine during two different stroke rates on the rowing ergometer in young rowers. Methods: Twelve young rowers of regional or national level were recruited for the study. The experimental protocol consisted of two separate test sessions (i.e., a sequence of 10 consecutive strokes for each test session) at different stroke rates (i.e., 20 and 30 strokes/min) on an indoor rowing ergometer. Kinematics of the cervical spine was assessed using an inertial sensor capable of measuring joint ROM (angle of flexion, angle of extension, total angle of flexion–extension). Results: Although there were no differences in the flexion and total flexion–extension movements between the test sessions, a significant increase in the extension movement was found at the highest stroke rate (p = 0.04, d = 0.66). Conclusion: Young rowers showed changes in cervical ROM according to stroke rate. The lower control of the head during the rowing stroke cycle can lead to a higher compensation resulting in an augmented effort, influencing sports performance, and increasing the risk of injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Giustino
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (D.Z.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Daniele Zangla
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (D.Z.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Messina
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (D.Z.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Simona Pajaujiene
- Department of Coaching Science, Lithuanian Sports University, LT-44221 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Kaltrina Feka
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (D.Z.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (D.Z.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
- Regional Sports School of CONI Sicilia, 90141 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (D.Z.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (D.Z.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
- Regional Sports School of CONI Sicilia, 90141 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Patti
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, 90144 Palermo, Italy; (V.G.); (D.Z.); (K.F.); (G.B.); (A.B.); (A.P.); (A.P.)
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Benedikter C, Abrar DB, Konieczny M, Schleich C, Bittersohl B. Patterns of Intervertebral Disk Alteration in Asymptomatic Elite Rowers: A T2* MRI Mapping Study. Orthop J Sports Med 2022; 10:23259671221088572. [PMID: 35464905 PMCID: PMC9019338 DOI: 10.1177/23259671221088572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Repetitive loading of the back puts elite rowers at risk for acute and chronic back injuries. Hypothesis: That asymptomatic elite rowers would demonstrate characteristic intervertebral disk (IVD) alterations on T2* magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) mapping compared with asymptomatic nonrowers. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: This study included 20 asymptomatic elite rowers (mean age, 23.4 ± 3.03 years; 9 women, 11 men) studied at 2 different times, once before (t1) and once after (t2) the competition phase. MRI including T2* mapping was performed on a 3-T scanner. The authors derived normative T2* data from a previous study on 40 asymptomatic volunteers (20 men, 20 women) who were not competitive rowers; based on complete T2* data sets, 37 controls were included. T2* values were compared between groups in 4 lumbar IVDs, and midsagittal T2* values were compared in 5 zones: anterior annulus fibrosus (AF), anterior nucleus pulposus (NP), central NP, posterior NP, and posterior AF. The Pfirrmann grade was used for morphological assessment of disk degeneration. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon matched-pairs test, and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. Results: Lower T2* values were noted in the rower group compared with the controls (37.08 ± 33.63 vs 45.59 ± 35.73 ms, respectively; P < .001). The intersegmental comparison revealed lower mean T2* values among rowers (P ≤ .027 for all). The interzonal comparison indicated significantly lower mean T2* values for the rowers in all zones except for the anterior NP (P ≤ .008 for all). Lower mean T2* values were observed for the rowers at t1 versus t2 (39.25 ± 36.19 vs 43.97 ± 38.67 ms, respectively; P = .008). The authors noted a higher level of IVD damage according to Pfirrmann assessment in the rower cohort (P < .001); the Pfirrmann grade distributions of rowers versus controls, respectively, were as follows: 51.3% versus 73.7% (grade 1), 20.5% versus 19.5% (grade 2), 21.8% versus 6.8% (grade 3), 5.1% versus 0% (grade 4), and 1.3% versus 0% (grade 5). The authors also noted a correlation between low T2* and high Pfirrmann grade at t1 (r =–0.48; P < .001) and t2 (r =–0.71; P < .001). Conclusion: The cohort of elite rowers revealed more degenerative IVD changes compared with controls. The T2* values suggest that repetitive loading of the spine has demonstrable short-term and possibly permanent effects on the lumbar IVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Benedikter
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daniel Benjamin Abrar
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Konieczny
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christoph Schleich
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernd Bittersohl
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Brice SM, Millett EL, Philippa B. The validity of using inertial measurement units to monitor the torso and pelvis sagittal plane motion of elite rowers. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:950-958. [PMID: 35199626 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2042146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In elite sport, inertial measurement units (IMUs) are being used increasingly to measure movement in-field. IMU data commonly sought are body segment angles as this gives insights into how technique can be altered to improve performance and reduce injury risk. The purpose of this was to assess the validity of IMU use in rowing and identify if IMUs are capable of detecting differences in sagittal torso and pelvis angles that result from changes in stroke rates. Eight elite female rowers participated. Four IMUs were positioned along the torso and over the pelvis of each athlete. Reflective markers surrounded each IMU which were used to compute gold-standard data. Maxima, minima, angle range and waveforms for ten strokes at rates of 20, 24, 28 and 32 strokes per minute were analysed. Root mean square errors as a percentage of angle range fell between 1.44% and 8.43%. In most cases when significant differences (p < 0.05) in the angles were detected between stroke rates, this was observed in both IMU and gold-standard angle data. These findings suggest that IMUs are valid for measuring torso and pelvis angles when rowing and are capable of detecting differences that result from changes in stroke rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Brice
- Physical Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Emma L Millett
- Biomechanics, New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Athletics Australia, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Bronson Philippa
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Queensland, Cairns, Australia
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Alvero-Cruz JR, Santonja-Medina F, Sanz-Mengibar JM, Sainz de Baranda P. The Sagittal Integral Morphotype in Male and Female Rowers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12930. [PMID: 34948541 PMCID: PMC8700818 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182412930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to describe the integrated spinal assessment of the sagittal morphotype in rowers to determine whether the intense practice of rowing causes a modification of the sagittal curvatures of the spine, its relationship with the rowing technique, and training background. The second goal was to analyse how the dorsal and lumbar curves behave in the three phases of the rowing gesture, and to determine which phases can be detrimental to the correct development of the spine during growth. We analysed the spine curvatures in the sagittal plane of 29 females and 82 males, which were measured with an inclinometer in standing, slump sitting, maximal trunk flexion and during rowing performance. The average value of thoracic kyphosis in the rowers was 30° (mean, 30 + 8.27°). Thoracic hyperkyphosis was found in only two rowers (1.8%). Lumbar lordosis was within normal range in 84.1% of the males (mean, 27 + 9.57°) and 75.9% of female rowers (mean, 33°). Functional thoracic hyperkyphosis was observed in 57.4% of the males and 17.1% of the females. Functional lumbar hyperkyphosis was observed in 28 of the 69 males (40.5%) and five of 22 females (17.2%). Rowing seems to provide adequate spine alignment in the sagittal plane on standing. The integrated spinal assessment of the sagittal morphotype showed that half or our rowers presented with functional thoracic hyperkyphosis, and 43.2% presented with functional lumbar hyperkyphosis. Spine behaviour during the rowing technique shows that the thoracic kyphosis (98.2%) and lumbar spine (91%) perform within normative ranges and could explain the adequate positioning of the spine in the sagittal plane on standing. Years of rowing training tend to reduce thoracic kyphosis in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Ramón Alvero-Cruz
- Andalucía Tech, Faculty of Medicine, Campus de Teatinos, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
| | - Fernando Santonja-Medina
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.S.-M.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Department of Surgery, Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, “Virgen de la Arrixaca” University Clinical Hospital, 30120 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Sanz-Mengibar
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.S.-M.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London NW1 2BU, UK
| | - Pilar Sainz de Baranda
- Sports and Musculoskeletal System Research Group (RAQUIS), University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (J.M.S.-M.); (P.S.d.B.)
- Department of Physical Activity and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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14
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Trompeter K, Weerts J, Fett D, Firouzabadi A, Heinrich K, Schmidt H, Brüggemann GP, Platen P. Spinal and Pelvic Kinematics During Prolonged Rowing on an Ergometer vs. Indoor Tank Rowing. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2622-2628. [PMID: 31373977 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Trompeter, K, Weerts, J, Fett, D, Firouzabadi, A, Heinrich, K, Schmidt, H, Brüggemann, GP, and Platen, P. Spinal and pelvic kinematics during prolonged rowing on an ergometer vs. indoor tank rowing. J Strength Cond Res 35(9): 2622-2628, 2021-This investigation aimed to compare spinopelvic kinematics during rowing on an ergometer vs. in a rowing tank and to evaluate changes with progressing fatigue. Spinal and pelvic kinematics of 8 competitive scull rowers (19.0 ± 2.1 years, 179.9 ± 7.6 cm, and 74.8 ± 8.1 kg) were collected during 1 hour of rowing on an ergometer and in a rowing tank using a routine training protocol. Kinematics of the upper thoracic spine, lower thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and pelvis were determined using an infrared camera system (Vicon, Oxford, United Kingdom). There was a greater lumbar range of motion (ROM) and less posterior pelvic tilt at the catch during rowing on the ergometer compared with in the rowing tank (p = 0.001-0.048), but no differences in pelvic ROM. In the rowing tank, the pelvic ROM increased over time (p = 0.002) and the ROM of the lower thoracic spine decreased (p = 0.002). In addition, there was an extended drive phase (when the rower applies pressure to the oar levering the boat forward) and an abbreviated recovery phase (setting up the rower's body for the next stroke) in the rowing tank (p = 0.032). Different rowing training methods lead to differences in spinopelvic kinematics, which may lead to substantially different spinal loading situations. Greater pelvic rotation and lesser lumbar ROM are considered ideal; therefore, the present results indicate that rowing in the rowing tank might facilitate the maintenance of this targeted spinopelvic posture, which might help protect the lower back. Rowers, coaches, and researchers should consider the differences between rowing training methods, especially when giving training recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Trompeter
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jeronimo Weerts
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; and
| | - Daniela Fett
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ali Firouzabadi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; and
| | - Kai Heinrich
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schmidt
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité-University of Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany ; and
| | - Gert-Peter Brüggemann
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Petra Platen
- Department of Sports Medicine and Sports Nutrition, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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15
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Imaging of exercise-induced spinal remodeling in elite rowers. J Sci Med Sport 2021; 25:75-80. [PMID: 34400092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2021.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As in-vivo knowledge of training-induced remodeling of intervertebral discs (IVD) is scarce, this study assessed how lumbar IVDs change as a function of long-term training in elite athletes and age-matched controls using compositional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). DESIGN Prospective case-control study. METHODS Prospectively, lumbar spines of 17 elite rowers (ERs) of the German national rowing team (mean age: 23.9 ± 3.3 years) were imaged on a clinical 3.0 T MRI scanner. ERs were imaged twice during the annual training cycle, i.e., at training intensive preseason preparations (t0) and 6 months later during post-competition recovery (t1). Controls (n = 22, mean age: 26.3 ± 1.9 years) were imaged once at corresponding time points (t0: n = 11; t1: n = 11). Segment-wise, the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content of lumbar IVDs (n = 195) was determined using glycosaminoglycan chemical exchange saturation transfer (gagCEST). Linear mixed models were set up to assess the influence of cohort and other variables on GAG content. RESULTS During preseason, IVD GAG values of ERs were significantly higher than those of controls (ERs(t0): 2.58 ± 0.27% (mean ± standard deviations); controls(t0): 1.43 ± 0.36%; p ≤ 0.001), while during post-competition recovery, such differences were not present anymore (ERs(t1): 2.11 ± 0.18%; controls(t1): 1.89 ± 0.24%; p = 0.362). CONCLUSIONS Professional elite-level rowing is transiently associated with significantly higher gagCEST values, which indicate increased lumbar IVD-GAG content and strong remodeling effects in response to training. Beyond professional rowing, core-strengthening full-body exercise may help to enhance the resilience of the lumbar spine as a potential therapeutic target in treating back pain.
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Alijanpour E, Abbasi A, Needham RA, Naemi R. Spine and pelvis coordination variability in rowers with and without chronic low back pain during rowing. J Biomech 2021; 120:110356. [PMID: 33730558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the spine-pelvis coordination and coordination variability (CV) during rowing in elite rowers with and without chronic low back pain (CLBP). Fourteen professional rowers (6 healthy and 8 with CLBP) participated in this study. 3D kinematic of upper trunk (UT), lower trunk (LT), lower back (LB), and pelvis segments during ergometer rowing at 70% and 100% of peak power were captured. The adjacent segments' coordination and CV were calculated using modified vector coding method. The results showed that segments' range of motion increased in both groups with increasing intensity, especially in CLBP rowers. CLBP rowers showed significantly lower: LT dominancy in LT/LB coordination at both intensities; anti-phase pattern in LB/Pelvis coordination at 100% intensity; UT/LT CV in early recovery, and significantly higher LB/Pelvis CV in final recovery and catch position (p < 0.05). Moreover, both groups showed significantly lower UT dominancy for UT/LT coordination in sagittal plane; higher anti-phase pattern in frontal plane; lower UT/LT CV in sagittal plane, lower LT/LB CV in sagittal and transverse plane, lower LB/Pelvis CV in frontal plane in trunk preparation phase, and a lower UT/LT CV in frontal plane for acceleration phase at 100% versus 70% intensity. In conclusion rowers with CLBP cannot adapt their coordination pattern and its variability with increase in intensity, and the movement in the kinematic chain from pelvis to UT stops in spine-pelvic junction. These findings have practical implications in designing coaching and rehabilitation strategies to facilitate performance and prevent injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Alijanpour
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Abbasi
- Department of Biomechanics and Sports Injuries, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Robert A Needham
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Science Centre Leek Road Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DF, UK
| | - Roozbeh Naemi
- Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, School of Life Sciences and Education, Staffordshire University, Science Centre Leek Road Stoke on Trent, ST4 2DF, UK
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Wilkie K, Thornton JS, Vinther A, Trease L, McDonnell SJ, Wilson F. Clinical management of acute low back pain in elite and subelite rowers: a Delphi study of experienced and expert clinicians. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:1324-1334. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ObjectivesRowing-related low back pain (LBP) is common but published management research is lacking. This study aims to establish assessment and management behaviours and beliefs of experienced and expert clinicians when elite and subelite rowers present with an acute episode of LBP; second, to investigate how management differs for developing and masters rowers. This original research is intended to be used to develop rowing-related LBP management guidelines.MethodsA three-round Delphi survey was used. Experienced clinicians participated in an internet-based survey (round 1), answering open-ended questions about assessment and management of rowing-related LBP. Statements were generated from the survey for expert clinicians to rate (round 2) and rerate (round 3). Consensus was gained when agreement reached a mean of 7 out of 10 and disagreement was 2 SD or less.ResultsThirty-one experienced clinicians participated in round 1. Thirteen of 20 invited expert clinicians responded to round 2 (response rate 65%) and 12 of the 13 participated in round 3 (response rate 92%).One hundred and fifty-three of 215 statements (71%) relating to the management of LBP in elite and subelite rowers acquired consensus status. Four of six statements (67%) concerning developing rowers and two of four (50%) concerning masters rowers gained consensus.ConclusionIn the absence of established evidence, these consensus-derived statements are imperative to inform the development of guidelines for the assessment and management of rowing-related LBP. Findings broadly reflect adult LBP guidelines with specific differences. Future research is needed to strengthen specific recommendations and develop best practice guidelines in this athletic population.
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Nugent FJ, Vinther A, McGregor A, Thornton JS, Wilkie K, Wilson F. The relationship between rowing-related low back pain and rowing biomechanics: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2021; 55:bjsports-2020-102533. [PMID: 33397675 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low back pain (LBP) is common in rowers. Understanding rowing biomechanics may help facilitate prevention and improve rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES To define the kinematics and muscle activity of rowers and to compare with rowers with current or LBP history. DESIGN Systematic review. DATA SOURCES EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Web of Science and Scopus from inception to December 2019. Grey literature was searched. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Experimental and non-experimental designs. METHODS Primary outcomes were kinematics and muscle activity. Modified Quality Index (QI) checklist was used. RESULTS 22 studies were included (429 participants). Modified QI score had a mean of 16.7/28 points (range: 15-21). Thirteen studies investigated kinematics and nine investigated muscle activity. Rowers without LBP ('healthy') have distinct kinematics (neutral or anterior pelvic rotation at the catch, greater hip range of motion, flatter low back spinal position at the finish) and muscle activity (trunk extensor dominant with less flexor activity). Rowers with LBP had relatively greater posterior pelvic rotation at the catch, greater hip extension at the finish and less efficient trunk muscle activity. In both groups fatigue results in increased lumbar spine flexion at the catch, which is greater on the ergometer. There is insufficient evidence to recommend one ergometer type (fixed vs dynamic) over the other to avoid LBP. Trunk asymmetries are not associated with LBP in rowers. CONCLUSION Improving clinicians' and coaches' understanding of safe and effective rowing biomechanics, particularly of the spine, pelvis and hips may be an important strategy in reducing incidence and burden of LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank James Nugent
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
- Sport and Human Performance Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Anders Vinther
- Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alison McGregor
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jane S Thornton
- Western Centre for Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kellie Wilkie
- Bodysystem Physiotherapy, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Fiona Wilson
- Discipline of Physiotherapy, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Murillo C, Martinez-Valdes E, Heneghan NR, Liew B, Rushton A, Sanderson A, Falla D. High-Density Electromyography Provides New Insights into the Flexion Relaxation Phenomenon in Individuals with Low Back Pain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15938. [PMID: 31685948 PMCID: PMC6828973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52434-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research using high-density electromyography (HDEMG) has provided a more precise understanding of the behaviour of the paraspinal muscles in people with low back pain (LBP); but so far, HDEMG has not been used to investigate the flexion relaxation phenomenon (FRP). To evaluate this, HDEMG signals were detected with grids of electrodes (13 × 5) placed bilaterally over the lumbar paraspinal muscles in individuals with and without LBP as they performed repetitions of full trunk flexion. The root mean square of the HDEMG signals was computed to generate the average normalized amplitude; and the spatial FRP onset was determined and expressed as percentage of trunk flexion. Smoothing spline analysis of variance models and the contrast cycle difference approach using the Bayesian interpretation were used to determine statistical inference. All pain-free controls and 64.3% of the individuals with LBP exhibited the FRP. Individuals with LBP and the FRP exhibited a delay of its onset compared to pain-free controls (significant mean difference of 13.3% of trunk flexion). They also showed reduced normalized amplitude compared to those without the FRP, but still greater than pain-free controls (significant mean difference of 27.4% and 11.6% respectively). This study provides novel insights into changes in lumbar muscle behavior in individuals with LBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Murillo
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Valdes
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Nicola R Heneghan
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Bernard Liew
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alison Rushton
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andy Sanderson
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
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Martinez-Valdes E, Wilson F, Fleming N, McDonnell SJ, Horgan A, Falla D. Rowers with a recent history of low back pain engage different regions of the lumbar erector spinae during rowing. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1206-1212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Weerts J, Bashkuev M, Pan F, Schmidt H. Association between hamstring flexibility and lumbopelvic posture and kinematics during ergometer rowing. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeronimo Weerts
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Maxim Bashkuev
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Fumin Pan
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Hendrik Schmidt
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
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22
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Brice SM, Phillips EJ, Millett EL, Hunter A, Philippa B. Comparing inertial measurement units and marker-based biomechanical models during dynamic rotation of the torso. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:767-775. [PMID: 31512552 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1666167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) enable human movements to be captured in the field and are being used increasingly in high performance sport. One key metric that can be derived from IMUs are relative angles of body segments which are important for monitoring form in many sports. The purpose of this study was to (a) examine the validity of relative angles derived from IMUs placed on the torso and pelvis; and (b) determine optimal positioning for torso mounted sensors such that the IMU relative angles match closely with gold standard torso-pelvis and thorax-pelvis relative angle data derived from an optoelectronic camera system. Seventeen adult participants undertook a variety of motion tasks. Four IMUs were positioned on the torso and one was positioned on the pelvis between the posterior superior iliac spines. Reflective markers were positioned around each IMU and over torso and pelvis landmarks. Results showed that the IMUs are valid with the root mean square errors expressed as a percentage of the angle range (RMSE%) ranging between 1% and 7%. Comparison between the IMU relative angles and the torso-pelvis and thorax-pelvis relative angles showed there were moderate to large differences with RMSE% values ranging between 4% and 57%. IMUs are highly accurate at measuring orientation data; however, further work is needed to optimise positioning and modelling approaches so IMU relative angles align more closely with relative angles derived using traditional motion capture methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Brice
- Physical Sciences, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Elissa J Phillips
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Emma L Millett
- Biomechanics, New South Wales Institute of Sport, Sydney, Australia
| | - Adam Hunter
- Movement Science, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Bronson Philippa
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
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23
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Mattes K, Wolff S. Asymmetry of the leg stretcher force high-performance female and male juniors in sweep rowing. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1651085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Mattes
- Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - S. Wolff
- Institute of Human Movement Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Liu Y, Gao B, Li J, Ma Z, Sun Y. Increased foot-stretcher height improves rowing performance: evidence from biomechanical perspectives on water. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:168-179. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1453540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiru Li
- Sports Biomechanics Laboratory, Guangdong Research Institute of Sports Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zuchang Ma
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yining Sun
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
- Department of Automation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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25
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Thornton JS, Vinther A, Wilson F, Lebrun CM, Wilkinson M, Di Ciacca SR, Orlando K, Smoljanovic T. Rowing Injuries: An Updated Review. Sports Med 2016; 47:641-661. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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26
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Fohanno V, Nordez A, Smith R, Colloud F. Asymmetry in elite rowers: effect of ergometer design and stroke rate. Sports Biomech 2015; 14:310-22. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2015.1060252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Ng L, Cañeiro JP, Campbell A, Smith A, Burnett A, O'Sullivan P. Cognitive functional approach to manage low back pain in male adolescent rowers: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Sports Med 2015; 49:1125-31. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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28
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Ng L, Perich D, Burnett A, Campbell A, O'Sullivan P. Self-reported prevalence, pain intensity and risk factors of low back pain in adolescent rowers. J Sci Med Sport 2014; 17:266-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2013.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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