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Kim M, Park S. Enhancing accuracy and convenience of golf swing tracking with a wrist-worn single inertial sensor. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9201. [PMID: 38649763 PMCID: PMC11035581 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59949-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we address two technical challenges to enhance golf swing trajectory accuracy using a wrist-worn inertial sensor: orientation estimation and drift error mitigation. We extrapolated consistent sensor orientation from specific address-phase signal segments and trained the estimation with a convolutional neural network. We then mitigated drift error by applying a constraint on wrist speed at the address, backswing top, and finish, and ensuring that the wrist's finish displacement aligns with a virtual circle on the 3D swing plane. To verify the proposed methods, we gathered data from twenty male right-handed golfers, including professionals and amateurs, using a driver and a 7-iron. The orientation estimation error was about 60% of the baseline, comparable to studies requiring additional sensor information or calibration poses. The drift error was halved and the single-inertial-sensor tracking performance across all swing phases was about 17 cm, on par with multimodal approaches. This study introduces a novel signal processing method for tracking rapid, wide-ranging motions, such as a golf swing, while maintaining user convenience. Our results could impact the burgeoning field of daily motion monitoring for health care, especially with the increasing prevalence of wearable devices like smartwatches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongsub Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Sukyung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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2
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Chen ZH, Pandy M, Huang TY, Tang WT. Does Overhead Squat Performance Affect the Swing Kinematics and Lumbar Spine Loads during the Golf Downswing? SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1252. [PMID: 38400409 PMCID: PMC10893031 DOI: 10.3390/s24041252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The performance of the overhead squat may affect the golf swing mechanics associated with golf-related low back pain. This study investigates the difference in lumbar kinematics and joint loads during the golf downswing between golfers with different overhead squat abilities. Based on the performance of the overhead squat test, 21 golfers aged 18 to 30 years were divided into the highest-scoring group (HS, N = 10, 1.61 ± 0.05 cm, and 68.06 ± 13.67 kg) and lowest-scoring group (LS, N = 11, 1.68 ± 0.10 cm, and 75.00 ± 14.37 kg). For data collection, a motion analysis system, two force plates, and TrackMan were used. OpenSim 4.3 software was used to simulate the joint loads for each lumbar joint. An independent t-test was used for statistical analysis. Compared to golfers demonstrating limitations in the overhead squat test, golfers with better performance in the overhead squat test demonstrated significantly greater angular extension displacement on the sagittal plane, smaller lumbar extension angular velocity, and smaller L4-S1 joint shear force. Consequently, the overhead squat test is a useful index to reflect lumbar kinematics and joint loading patterns during the downswing and provides a good training guide reference for reducing the risk of a golf-related lower back injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Chen
- MSc and MPE Dual Programme in International Sport Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan;
- MSc and MPE Dual Programme in International Sport Coaching Science, University of Physical Education, 1123 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marcus Pandy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Tsung-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Athletic and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Tzu Tang
- Graduate Institute of Athletic and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City 33301, Taiwan;
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3
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Kim SE, Burket Koltsov JC, Richards AW, Zhou J, Schadl K, Ladd AL, Rose J. Validation of Inertial Measurement Units for Analyzing Golf Swing Rotational Biomechanics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8433. [PMID: 37896527 PMCID: PMC10611231 DOI: 10.3390/s23208433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Training devices to enhance golf swing technique are increasingly in demand. Golf swing biomechanics are typically assessed in a laboratory setting and not readily accessible. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) offer improved access as they are wearable, cost-effective, and user-friendly. This study investigates the accuracy of IMU-based golf swing kinematics of upper torso and pelvic rotation compared to lab-based 3D motion capture. Thirty-six male and female professional and amateur golfers participated in the study, nine in each sub-group. Golf swing rotational kinematics, including upper torso and pelvic rotation, pelvic rotational velocity, S-factor (shoulder obliquity), O-factor (pelvic obliquity), and X-factor were compared. Strong positive correlations between IMU and 3D motion capture were found for all parameters; Intraclass Correlations ranged from 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89, 0.93) for O-factor to 1.00 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.00) for upper torso rotation; Pearson coefficients ranged from 0.92 (95% CI: 0.92, 0.93) for O-factor to 1.00 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.00) for upper torso rotation (p < 0.001 for all). Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated good agreement between the two methods; absolute mean differences ranged from 0.61 to 1.67 degrees. Results suggest that IMUs provide a practical and viable alternative for golf swing analysis, offering golfers accessible and wearable biomechanical feedback to enhance performance. Furthermore, integrating IMUs into golf coaching can advance swing analysis and personalized training protocols. In conclusion, IMUs show significant promise as cost-effective and practical devices for golf swing analysis, benefiting golfers across all skill levels and providing benchmarks for training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
- Motion & Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jayme Carolynn Burket Koltsov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Alexander Wilder Richards
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Joanne Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Kornel Schadl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
- Motion & Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Amy L. Ladd
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Jessica Rose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
- Motion & Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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4
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Golf Swing Biomechanics: A Systematic Review and Methodological Recommendations for Kinematics. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060091. [PMID: 35736831 PMCID: PMC9227529 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate golf swing performance in both preventing injury and injury occurrence. The objective of this review was to describe state-of-the-art golf swing biomechanics, with a specific emphasis on movement kinematics, and when possible, to suggest recommendations for research methodologies. Keywords related to biomechanics and golf swings were used in scientific databases. Only articles that focused on golf-swing kinematics were considered. In this review, 92 articles were considered and categorized into the following domains: X-factor, crunch factor, swing plane and clubhead trajectory, kinematic sequence, and joint angular kinematics. The main subjects of focus were male golfers. Performance parameters were searched for, but the lack of methodological consensus prevented generalization of the results and led to contradictory results. Currently, three-dimensional approaches are commonly used for joint angular kinematic investigations. However, recommendations by the International Society of Biomechanics are rarely considered.
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Severin AC, Tackett SA, Barnes CL, Mannen EM. Three-dimensional kinematics in healthy older adult males during golf swings. Sports Biomech 2022; 21:165-178. [PMID: 31453740 PMCID: PMC7044058 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1649452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanics of the golf swing have received considerable attention in previous research. However, existing studies have focused on young athletes, while the kinematics of older golfers remain poorly documented. This study presents kinematic data for healthy senior golfers during swings performed with a driver and six-iron. Seventeen male golfers (62.2 ± 8.8 years) volunteered for participation and a 10-camera Vicon system (Oxford, UK) recorded kinematic data (500 Hz). A launch monitor (TrackMan, Vedbæk, Denmark) recorded club head speed and initial ball speed. Joint angles and peak velocities of the trunk and lower body were extracted at the top of the backswing, ball contact, and end of the swing. Intraclass correlations and standard error of measurement determined reliability, and pairwise statistics determined between-club differences. Swings with the driver had 7.3° less trunk extension and 4.3° less X-factor at backswing, and 10.5° less trunk flexion and 3.2° less X-factor at ball impact. Older adults portray several differences in lower body kinematics between a six-iron and driver but maintain good to excellent reliability (0.728-0.997) during the swings. Comparisons with previous research also showed senior athletes produce slower club head and ball speeds than younger golfers, and that kinematic differences exist between the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Severin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stewart A. Tackett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - C. Lowry Barnes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Erin M. Mannen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Corresponding Author Erin M. Mannen, PhD, 4301 W. Markham St, Slot 531, Little Rock, AR 72205, (501) 686-5416,
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6
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Sorbie GG, Glen J, Richardson AK. Positive Relationships Between Golf Performance Variables and Upper Body Power Capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S97-S102. [PMID: 32796421 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Sorbie GG, Glen J, and Richardson AK Positive relationships between golf performance variables and upper body power capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S97-S102, 2021-The importance of lower body and trunk strength and power, as well as upper body strength in golf is well documented; however, the relationship between upper body power and golf performance has yet to be determined. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to investigate the relationships between golf performance and upper body power. Thirteen golfers (mean ± SD: age: 30 ± 7 years and handicap: 6.1 ± 4.9) participated in the study. Club head velocity (CHV) and ball velocity were measured during the golf test. To assess upper body power, subjects completed a ballistic bench press and upper body Wingate test. Pearson product-moment correlations were used to assess the relationships between golf performance and upper body power. The results demonstrated that there were strong relationships between ballistic bench press and CHV and ball velocity when using the driver (r > 0.6-0.7), and moderate-to-strong relationships (r > 0.4-0.6) when using the 7-iron. Strong relationships were found between the upper body Wingate test and CHV and ball velocity (r > 0.5-0.8) when using the driver and 7-iron. As a result of the findings, strength and conditioning coaches may use both the ballistic bench press test and the Wingate test as a primary assessment to measure the effectiveness of upper body training interventions with the aim of improving golf performance. Although, when performing the golf swings at higher velocities (i.e., with the driver), the ballistic bench press may be more beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme G Sorbie
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport and Exercise Science Division, Abertay University, United Kingdom
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Runswick OR, Mann DL, Mand S, Fletcher A, Allen PM. Laterality and performance: Are golfers learning to play backwards? J Sports Sci 2021; 40:450-458. [PMID: 34727845 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1997011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
When using a bimanual tool to strike an object, most people place their preferred hand closer to the striking end. In sports, a player is deemed to adopt a "right- or left-handed" stance depending on the hand that is lower on the club or bat. Research has suggested there is an advantage in going against this convention by placing the preferred hand at the top in a "reversed-stance". This study aimed to establish if the reversed-stance advantage exists in golf, whether it is underpinned by the preferred hand or dominant eye, and why players adopt such a stance. We tested hand preference, eye dominance, and full swing stance in 150 golfers (30 for each handicap category) and conducted follow-up interviews with 12 reversed-stance players. Professional or category 1 golfers were 21.5 times more likely to adopt a reversed-stance. The advantage could not be explained by ambidexterity or the dominant eye but could be explained by the position of the preferred hand. Reversed-stance players cited a variety of reasons for adopting it and were more likely to display a left-hand preference. Findings offer initial evidence of a reversed-stance advantage in golf and can inform work identifying its origins and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver R Runswick
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David L Mann
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences and Institute Brain and Behavior Amsterdam (iBBA), The Netherlands
| | - Shivraj Mand
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Peter M Allen
- Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Centre, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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8
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Kim SE, Lee J, Lee SY, Lee HD, Shim JK, Lee SC. Small changes in ball position at address cause a chain effect in golf swing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2694. [PMID: 33514759 PMCID: PMC7846748 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how the ball position along the mediolateral (M-L) direction of a golfer causes a chain effect in the ground reaction force, body segment and joint angles, and whole-body centre of mass during the golf swing. Twenty professional golfers were asked to complete five straight shots for each 5 different ball positions along M-L: 4.27 cm (ball diameter), 2.14 cm (ball radius), 0 cm (reference position at preferred ball position), - 2.14 cm, and - 4.27 cm, while their ground reaction force and body segment motions were captured. The dependant variables were calculated at 14 swing events from address to impact, and the differences between the ball positions were evaluated using Statistical Parametric Mapping. The left-sided ball positions at address showed a greater weight distribution on the left foot with a more open shoulder angle compared to the reference ball position, whereas the trend was reversed for the right-sided ball positions. These trends disappeared during the backswing and reappeared during the downswing. The whole-body centre of mass was also located towards the target for the left-sided ball positions throughout the golf swing compared to the reference ball position, whereas the trend was reversed for the right-sided ball positions. We have concluded that initial ball position at address can cause a series of chain effects throughout the golf swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, #321 Sports Science Complex, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jangyun Lee
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sae Yong Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, #321 Sports Science Complex, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Dong Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, #321 Sports Science Complex, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea.,Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Kun Shim
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, 0110F School of Public Health (Bldg #255), 4200 Valley Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, USA. .,Neuroscience and Cognitive Science Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Maryland Robotics Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
| | - Sung-Cheol Lee
- Department of Physical Education, Yonsei University, #321 Sports Science Complex, 50 Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Korea. .,Frontier Research Institute of Convergence Sports Science, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
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9
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The Relationship Between the Golf-Specific Movement Screen and Golf Performance. J Sport Rehabil 2020; 29:425-435. [PMID: 30860428 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Golf requires effective movement patterns to produce an effective swing and performance. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between the Titleist Performance Institute golf-specific functional movement screening (GSFMS) composite and individual element scores and golf performance by assessing a player's handicap, clubhead speed, side accuracy, ball speed, peak pelvis rotation speed, swing sequence, and common swing faults. DESIGN Cohort study, clinical measurement. SETTING English golf club. PARTICIPANTS A total of 11 amateur golfers: 5 males (age: 37.2 [18.7] y, height: 184.4 [9.6] cm, body mass: 89.5 [13.4] kg, and handicap: 9 [6.6]) and 6 females (age: 53.7 [15.0] y, height: 166.8 [5.5] cm, body mass: 67.9 [16.6] kg, and handicap: 13 [6.1]). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES GSFMS composite and individual element scores and golf performance variables. RESULTS Significant relationships existed between GSFMS composite scores and handicap (r = -.779, P = .01); clubhead speed (r = .701, P = .02); ball speed (r = .674, P = .02); and peak pelvis rotation speed (r = .687, P = .02). Significant relationships existed between 90°/90° golf position and clubhead speed (r = .716, P = .01); ball speed (r = .777, P = .01); seated trunk rotation and peak pelvis rotation speed (r = .606, P = .048); single-leg balance and handicap (r = -.722, P = .01); torso rotation and handicap (r = -.637,P = .04); and torso rotation and peak pelvis rotation speed (r = .741, P = .01). Single-leg balance, overhead deep squat, and pelvic tilt were the GSFMS tests which participants had most difficulty in performing. The most common swing faults identified included loss of posture, slide, chicken winging, and early hip extension. CONCLUSIONS The GSFMS may be used to identify movement limitations that relate to golfing performance. These findings may potentially allow intervention to correct movement patterns and potentially improve golf performance.
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Izumoto Y, Kurihara T, Sato T, Maeo S, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Changes in angular momentum during the golf swing and their association with club head speed. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1702298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoka Izumoto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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11
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Han KH, Como C, Kim J, Hung CJ, Hasan M, Kwon YH. Effects of pelvis-shoulders torsional separation style on kinematic sequence in golf driving. Sports Biomech 2019; 18:663-685. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1629617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hoon Han
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Como
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jemin Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Cheng-Ju Hung
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad Hasan
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Young-Hoo Kwon
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
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12
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Takagi T, Murata M, Yokozawa T, Shiraki H. Dynamics of pelvis rotation about its longitudinal axis during the golf swing. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:583-602. [PMID: 31038009 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1585472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the dynamic factors contributing to pelvis angular velocity about its longitudinal axis (pelvis axial angular velocity) during the golf swing. Thirty-one right-handed skilled golfers (handicap, 3.5 ± 1.8) performed swings with a driver. The kinematic and kinetic data were collected using an optical motion analysis system and two force platforms. The dynamic factors (i.e., joint torque, gravitational force, motion-dependent forces and inertia forces) contributing to pelvis axial angular acceleration were calculated. The present study revealed that the left (lead) hip flexor and adductor torques as well as the right (trail) hip extensor and abductor torques were identified as the main contributors to pelvis axial angular velocity. These hip joint torques contributed not synchronously but sequentially to the pelvis. Although the knee joint torques contributed little to pelvis axial angular velocity directly, the knee joint torques might support the generation of large hip joint torques by regulating joint postures. These findings indicate that the functional coordination of the lower limb segments as well as the magnitude of the joint torques play an important role in rotating the pelvis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokio Takagi
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Munenori Murata
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yokozawa
- Department of Sports Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiraki
- Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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13
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Severin AC, Barnes SG, Tackett SA, Barnes CL, Mannen EM. The required number of trials for biomechanical analysis of a golf swing. Sports Biomech 2019; 20:238-246. [PMID: 30698499 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1554085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The increasing interest in the biomechanical analysis of the golf swing warrants establishing the minimum number of trials required to obtain reliable data. Several such methods have been suggested previously for other movement tasks, and it has been shown that the number of required trials depends on the method used and on the task examined. This study aimed to compare three methods of reliability: a sequential average, intraclass correlations, and a modified version of the standard error of measurement (SEMind). Kinematic and kinetic data of 10 recreational golfers performing 15 shots with both a six-iron and a driver was collected using a ten-camera motion capture system and force platforms. Range-of-motion, velocity, joint moments, and ground reaction forces were extracted and analysed using the three methods. The sequential average method yielded the highest number of required trials (12), while the intraclass correlations and SEMind both resulted in lower numbers of required trials (4). Considering the variability between participants and strengths and limitations of the various methods, we conclude that 8 trials is sufficient for biomechanical analyses of a golf swing and recommend the SEMind method for determining how many swings should be collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Severin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Sally G Barnes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stewart A Tackett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - C Lowry Barnes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Erin M Mannen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR, USA
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14
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Abstract
The golf swing is a multidimensional movement requiring alternative data analysis methods to interpret non-linear relationships in biomechanics data related to golf shot outcomes. The purpose of this study was to use a combined principal component analysis (PCA), fuzzy coding, and multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) data analysis approach to visualise associations within key biomechanics movement patterns and impact parameters in a group of low handicap golfers. Biomechanics data was captured and analysed for 22 golfers when hitting shots with their own driver. Relationships between biomechanics variables were firstly achieved by quantifying principal components, followed by fuzzy coding and finally MCA. Clubhead velocity and ball velocity were included as supplementary data in MCA. A total of 35.9% of inertia was explained by the first factor plane of MCA. Dimension one and two, and subsequent visualisation of MCA results, showed a separation of golfers’ biomechanics (i.e., swing techniques). The MCA plot can be used to simply and quickly identify movement patterns of a group of similar handicap golfers if supported with appropriate descriptive interpretation of the data. This technique also has the potential to highlight mismatched golfer biomechanics variables which could be contributing to weaker impact parameters.
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15
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Lamb PF, Pataky TC. The role of pelvis-thorax coupling in controlling within-golf club swing speed. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2164-2171. [PMID: 29471731 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1442287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pelvis-thorax coordination has been recognised to be associated with swing speed. Increasing angular separation between the pelvis and thorax has been thought to initiate the stretch shortening cycle and lead to increased clubhead speed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pelvis-thorax coupling played a significant role in regulating clubhead speed, in a group of low-handicap golfers (mean handicap = 4.1). Sixteen participants played shots to target distances determined based on their typical 5- and 6-iron shot distances. Half the difference between median 5- and 6-iron distance for each participant was used to create three swing effort conditions: "minus", "norm", and "plus". Ten shots were played under each swing effort condition using both the 5-iron and 6-iron, resulting in six shot categories and 60 shots per participant. No significant differences were found for X-factor for club or swing effort. X-factor stretch showed significant differences for club and swing effort. Continuous relative phase (CRP) results mainly showed evidence of the stretch shortening cycle in the downswing and that it was more pronounced late in the downswing as swing effort increased. Substantial inter-individual CRP variability demonstrated the need for individual analyses when investigating coordination in the golf swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Lamb
- a School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand.,b Department of Training Science and Sport Informatics, Faculty of Sports and Health Science , Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Todd C Pataky
- c Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan.,d Department of Bioengineering , Institute for Fiber Engineering, Shinshu University , Ueda , Japan
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16
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Parker J, Lagerhem C, Hellström J, Olsson MC. Effects of nine weeks isokinetic training on power, golf kinematics, and driver performance in pre-elite golfers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2017; 9:21. [PMID: 29238597 PMCID: PMC5725976 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-017-0086-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background It has previously been shown that isotonic strength training can improve driver performance among golfers, though few studies have investigated effects of strength training on swing kinematics together with driver performance. In this study we investigated whether isokinetic rotational training could improve driver performance and swing kinematic variables amongst elite golfers. Methods Twenty competitive pre-elite golfers (handicap better than -3.0), 13 men and 7 women, were split into two groups, one group received the isokinetic power training (IK) alongside their normal isotonic pre-season strength-training and the other group continued with their normal isotonic pre-season strength-training regime (IT). The IK group completed 12 sessions of isokinetic power training on a standing rotation exercise (10% body weight at 1 m/s) and barbell squat (25 kg plus 10% body weight at 0.5 m/s). The IT group continued with their normal isotonic pre-season strength-training regime. Participants were tested for rotational power, lower body power, golf swing kinematics, and driver performance before and after a nine-week training period. Results After the nine-week training period both the IK and the IT groups increased their dominant side rotational force and power (effect sizes between 0.50-0.96) and magnitude based inference indicated that IK had a likely (> 80%) more beneficial increase in dominant side rotational force and power. For swing kinematics, IK had a likely (> 80%) more beneficial improvement in lead arm speed and acceleration compared to the IT group. For driver performance, IK had a possible (65%) beneficial effect on ball speed and likely (78%) beneficial effect on carry distance when compared to IT, whereas neither of the groups improved club head speed. Conclusion In the present study on pre-elite golfers we found that 9 weeks of isokinetic training increased seated rotational force and power, peak arm speed and arm acceleration, ball speed, and carry distance more compared to isotonic training. Even though isokinetic training did not increase CHS, it did result in greater carry distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Parker
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden.,Scandinavian College of Sport, Box 11365, 494 28 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Charlie Lagerhem
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
| | - John Hellström
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden.,Swedish Golf Federation, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Charlotte Olsson
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Box 823, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
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17
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The most important “factor” in producing clubhead speed in golf. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 55:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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18
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Effectiveness of a lateral heel wedge for improving the knee position of the target side during the golf swing of golf players with a low or high handicap. Sci Sports 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Sim T, Yoo H, Choi A, Lee KY, Choi MT, Lee S, Mun JH. Analysis of Pelvis-Thorax Coordination Patterns of Professional and Amateur Golfers during Golf Swing. J Mot Behav 2017; 49:668-674. [PMID: 28287933 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1271297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to quantify the coordination pattern between thorax and pelvis during a golf swing. The coordination patterns were calculated using vector coding technique, which had been applied to quantify the coordination changes in coupling angle (γ) between two different segments. For this, fifteen professional and fifteen amateur golfers who had no significant history of musculoskeletal injuries. There was no significant difference in coordination patterns between the two groups for rotation motion during backswing (p = 0.333). On the other hand, during the downswing phase, there were significant differences between professional and amateur groups in all motions (flexion/extension: professional [γ] = 187.8°, amateur [γ] = 167.4°; side bending: professional [γ] = 288.4°, amateur [γ] = 245.7°; rotation: professional [γ] = 232.0°, amateur [γ] = 229.5°). These results are expected to be a discriminating measure to assess complex coordination of golfers' trunk movements and preliminary study for interesting comparison by golf skilled levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Sim
- a Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering , College of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Hakje Yoo
- a Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering , College of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Ahnryul Choi
- a Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering , College of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Ki Young Lee
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Catholic Kwandong University , Gangneung , South Korea
| | - Mun-Taek Choi
- c College of Information & Communication Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Soeun Lee
- d Department of Sports Medicine , College of Physical Education, Kyung Hee University , Youngin , South Korea
| | - Joung Hwan Mun
- a Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering , College of Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
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20
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Joyce C, Burnett A, Cochrane J, Reyes A. A preliminary investigation of trunk and wrist kinematics when using drivers with different shaft properties. Sports Biomech 2016; 15:61-75. [PMID: 27075379 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2015.1123764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown whether skilled golfers will modify their kinematics when using drivers of different shaft properties. This study aimed to firstly determine if golf swing kinematics and swing parameters and related launch conditions differed when using modified drivers, then secondly, determine which kinematics were associated with clubhead speed. Twenty high level amateur male golfers (M ± SD: handicap = 1.9 ± 1.9 score) had their three-dimensional (3D) trunk and wrist kinematics collected for two driver trials. Swing parameters and related launch conditions were collected using a launch monitor. A one-way repeated measures ANOVA revealed significant (p ≤ 0.003) between driver differences; specifically, faster trunk axial rotation velocity and an early wrist release for the low kick point driver. Launch angle was shown to be 2° lower for the high kick point driver. Regression models for both drivers explained a significant amount of variance (60-67%) in clubhead speed. Wrist kinematics were most associated with clubhead speed, indicating the importance of the wrists in producing clubhead speed regardless of driver shaft properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Joyce
- a School of Exercise and Health Science , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Australia.,b School of Health Sciences , Notre Dame University , Fremantle , Australia
| | - Angus Burnett
- a School of Exercise and Health Science , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Australia.,c ASPETAR Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital , Doha , Qatar
| | - Jodie Cochrane
- a School of Exercise and Health Science , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Australia
| | - Alvaro Reyes
- a School of Exercise and Health Science , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Australia
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21
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Cole MH, Grimshaw PN. The Biomechanics of the Modern Golf Swing: Implications for Lower Back Injuries. Sports Med 2016; 46:339-51. [PMID: 26604102 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The modern golf swing is a complex and asymmetrical movement that places an emphasis on restricting pelvic turn while increasing thorax rotation during the backswing to generate higher clubhead speeds at impact. Increasing thorax rotation relative to pelvic rotation preloads the trunk muscles by accentuating their length and allowing them to use the energy stored in their elastic elements to produce more power. As the thorax and pelvis turn back towards the ball during the downswing, more skilled golfers are known to laterally slide their pelvis toward the target, which further contributes to final clubhead speed. However, despite the apparent performance benefits associated with these sequences, it has been argued that the lumbar spine is incapable of safely accommodating the forces they produce. This notion supports a link between the repeated performance of the golf swing and the development of golf-related low back injuries. Of the complaints reported by golfers, low back injuries continue to be the most prevalent, but the mechanism of these injuries is still poorly understood. This review highlights that there is a paucity of research directly evaluating the apparent link between the modern golf swing and golf-related low back pain. Furthermore, there has been a general lack of consensus within the literature with respect to the methods used to objectively assess the golf swing and the methods used to derived common outcome measures. Future research would benefit from a clear set of guidelines to help reduce the variability between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Cole
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Virginia, P.O. Box 456, Brisbane, QLD, 4014, Australia.
| | - Paul N Grimshaw
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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22
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Sim T, Choi A, Lee S, Mun JH. How to quantify the transition phase during golf swing performance: Torsional load affects low back complaints during the transition phase. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2051-2059. [PMID: 27852153 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1255345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The transition phase of a golf swing is considered to be a decisive instant required for a powerful swing. However, at the same time, the low back torsional loads during this phase can have a considerable effect on golf-related low back pain (LBP). Previous efforts to quantify the transition phase were hampered by problems with accuracy due to methodological limitations. In this study, vector-coding technique (VCT) method was proposed as a comprehensive methodology to quantify the precise transition phase and examine low back torsional load. Towards this end, transition phases were assessed using three different methods (VCT, lead hand speed and X-factor stretch) and compared; then, low back torsional load during the transition phase was examined. As a result, the importance of accurate transition phase quantification has been documented. The largest torsional loads were observed in healthy professional golfers (10.23 ± 1.69 N · kg-1), followed by professional golfers with a history of LBP (7.93 ± 1.79 N · kg-1), healthy amateur golfers (1.79 ± 1.05 N · kg-1) and amateur golfers with a history of LBP (0.99 ± 0.87 N · kg-1), which order was equal to that of the transition phase magnitudes of each group. These results indicate the relationship between the transition phase and LBP history and the dependency of the torsional load magnitude on the transition phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Sim
- a Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Ahnryul Choi
- a Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
| | - Soeun Lee
- b Department of Sports Medicine, College of Physical Education , KyungHee University , Youngin , South Korea
| | - Joung Hwan Mun
- a Department of Bio-Mechatronic Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , South Korea
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23
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Joyce C. An examination of the correlation amongst trunk flexibility, x-factor and clubhead speed in skilled golfers. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2035-2041. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1252052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Joyce
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
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24
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Kim TG, So WY. Comparison of knee characteristics between professional and amateur golfers during the downswing. Technol Health Care 2016; 25:299-310. [PMID: 27689565 DOI: 10.3233/thc-161266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Evaluating the biomechanical and performance factors of the knee joint during golf swing can provide objective and quantitative information about improving the performance and development of efficient physical training, as the legs are important for achieving an efficient swing and maximum speed of the club head in golf. In the present study, kinematic movements of the knee joint were identified during the downswing by using 3-dimensional motion analysis, and isokinetic strength was measured with driver and 5-iron clubs in 15 professional (PRO) golfers and 10 amateur (AMA) golfers. Results showed that PRO golfers had a narrower minimal angle between the thigh and lower leg in the trail knee than the AMA golfers, regardless of the club used, and the angular velocity of the lead knee was faster during the downswing with a 5-iron club in the AMA golfers than in the PRO golfers. The PRO and AMA golfers had a wider minimal angle between the thigh and lower leg, smaller total range of movement, and slower angular velocity of the trail knee when swinging a 5-iron club than when swinging a driver club. These results are expected to provide useful information to prevent golf-related injuries that usually arise in the knee joint and help improve the golf performance of amateur golfers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Gyu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science, Taereung National Training Centre of the Korean Olympic Committee, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wi-Young So
- Sports and Health Care Major, College of Humanities and Arts, Korea National University of Transportation, Chungju-si, Korea
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25
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Bernardina GRD, Cerveri P, Barros RML, Marins JCB, Silvatti AP. Action Sport Cameras as an Instrument to Perform a 3D Underwater Motion Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160490. [PMID: 27513846 PMCID: PMC4981397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Action sport cameras (ASC) are currently adopted mainly for entertainment purposes but their uninterrupted technical improvements, in correspondence of cost decreases, are going to disclose them for three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis in sport gesture study and athletic performance evaluation quantitatively. Extending this technology to sport analysis however still requires a methodologic step-forward to making ASC a metric system, encompassing ad-hoc camera setup, image processing, feature tracking, calibration and 3D reconstruction. Despite traditional laboratory analysis, such requirements become an issue when coping with both indoor and outdoor motion acquisitions of athletes. In swimming analysis for example, the camera setup and the calibration protocol are particularly demanding since land and underwater cameras are mandatory. In particular, the underwater camera calibration can be an issue affecting the reconstruction accuracy. In this paper, the aim is to evaluate the feasibility of ASC for 3D underwater analysis by focusing on camera setup and data acquisition protocols. Two GoPro Hero3+ Black (frequency: 60Hz; image resolutions: 1280×720/1920×1080 pixels) were located underwater into a swimming pool, surveying a working volume of about 6m3. A two-step custom calibration procedure, consisting in the acquisition of one static triad and one moving wand, carrying nine and one spherical passive markers, respectively, was implemented. After assessing camera parameters, a rigid bar, carrying two markers at known distance, was acquired in several positions within the working volume. The average error upon the reconstructed inter-marker distances was less than 2.5mm (1280×720) and 1.5mm (1920×1080). The results of this study demonstrate that the calibration of underwater ASC is feasible enabling quantitative kinematic measurements with accuracy comparable to traditional motion capture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pietro Cerveri
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Itália
| | - Ricardo M L Barros
- Faculty of Physical Education, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - João C B Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Amanda P Silvatti
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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26
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Verikas A, Vaiciukynas E, Gelzinis A, Parker J, Olsson MC. Electromyographic Patterns during Golf Swing: Activation Sequence Profiling and Prediction of Shot Effectiveness. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 16:E592. [PMID: 27120604 PMCID: PMC4851105 DOI: 10.3390/s16040592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzes muscle activity, recorded in an eight-channel electromyographic (EMG) signal stream, during the golf swing using a 7-iron club and exploits information extracted from EMG dynamics to predict the success of the resulting shot. Muscles of the arm and shoulder on both the left and right sides, namely flexor carpi radialis, extensor digitorum communis, rhomboideus and trapezius, are considered for 15 golf players (∼5 shots each). The method using Gaussian filtering is outlined for EMG onset time estimation in each channel and activation sequence profiling. Shots of each player revealed a persistent pattern of muscle activation. Profiles were plotted and insights with respect to player effectiveness were provided. Inspection of EMG dynamics revealed a pair of highest peaks in each channel as the hallmark of golf swing, and a custom application of peak detection for automatic extraction of swing segment was introduced. Various EMG features, encompassing 22 feature sets, were constructed. Feature sets were used individually and also in decision-level fusion for the prediction of shot effectiveness. The prediction of the target attribute, such as club head speed or ball carry distance, was investigated using random forest as the learner in detection and regression tasks. Detection evaluates the personal effectiveness of a shot with respect to the player-specific average, whereas regression estimates the value of target attribute, using EMG features as predictors. Fusion after decision optimization provided the best results: the equal error rate in detection was 24.3% for the speed and 31.7% for the distance; the mean absolute percentage error in regression was 3.2% for the speed and 6.4% for the distance. Proposed EMG feature sets were found to be useful, especially when used in combination. Rankings of feature sets indicated statistics for muscle activity in both the left and right body sides, correlation-based analysis of EMG dynamics and features derived from the properties of two highest peaks as important predictors of personal shot effectiveness. Activation sequence profiles helped in analyzing muscle orchestration during golf shot, exposing a specific avalanche pattern, but data from more players are needed for stronger conclusions. Results demonstrate that information arising from an EMG signal stream is useful for predicting golf shot success, in terms of club head speed and ball carry distance, with acceptable accuracy. Surface EMG data, collected with a goal to automatically evaluate golf player's performance, enables wearable computing in the field of ambient intelligence and has potential to enhance exercising of a long carry distance drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antanas Verikas
- Intelligent Systems Laboratory, Centre for Applied Intelligent Systems Research, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, PO Box 823, Halmstad S-30118, Sweden.
- Department of Electrical Power Systems, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 50, Kaunas LT-51368, Lithuania.
| | - Evaldas Vaiciukynas
- Department of Electrical Power Systems, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 50, Kaunas LT-51368, Lithuania.
- Department of Information Systems, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 50, Kaunas LT-51368, Lithuania.
| | - Adas Gelzinis
- Department of Electrical Power Systems, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu 50, Kaunas LT-51368, Lithuania.
| | - James Parker
- School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, PO Box 823, Halmstad S-30118, Sweden.
| | - M Charlotte Olsson
- School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Kristian IV:s väg 3, PO Box 823, Halmstad S-30118, Sweden.
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27
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Joyce C, Chivers P, Sato K, Burnett A. Multi-segment trunk models used to investigate the crunch factor in golf and their relationship with selected swing and launch parameters. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1970-5. [PMID: 26930121 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1149600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of multi-segment trunk models to investigate the crunch factor in golf may be warranted. The first aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the trunk and lower trunk for crunch factor-related variables (trunk lateral bending and trunk axial rotation velocity). The second aim was to determine the level of association between crunch factor-related variables with swing (clubhead velocity) and launch (launch angle). Thirty-five high-level amateur male golfers (Mean ± SD: age = 23.8 ± 2.1 years, registered golfing handicap = 5 ± 1.9) without low back pain had kinematic data collected from their golf swing using a 10-camera motion analysis system operating at 500 Hz. Clubhead velocity and launch angle were collected using a validated real-time launch monitor. A positive relationship was found between the trunk and lower trunk for axial rotation velocity (r(35) = .47, P < .01). Cross-correlation analysis revealed a strong coupling relationship for the crunch factor (R(2) = 0.98) between the trunk and lower trunk. Using generalised linear model analysis, it was evident that faster clubhead velocities and lower launch angles of the golf ball were related to reduced lateral bending of the lower trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Joyce
- a School of Health Sciences , The University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Paola Chivers
- b Institute for Health Research , The University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Kimitake Sato
- c Department of Exercise and Sports Sciences , East Tennessee State University , Johnson City , TN , USA
| | - Angus Burnett
- d School of Exercise and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Western Australia , Australia
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28
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Sgroi T, Chalmers PN, Riff AJ, Lesniak M, Sayegh ET, Wimmer MA, Verma NN, Cole BJ, Romeo AA. Predictors of throwing velocity in youth and adolescent pitchers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2015; 24:1339-45. [PMID: 25842029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoulder and elbow injuries are a common cause of pain, dysfunction, and inability to play in overhead throwers. Pitch velocity plays an integral part in the etiology of these injuries; however, the demographic and biomechanical correlates with throwing velocity remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that pitchers with higher velocity would have shared demographic and kinematic characteristics. METHODS Normal preseason youth and adolescent pitchers underwent dual-orthogonal high-speed video analysis while pitch velocity was collected with a radar gun. Demographic and pitching history data were also collected. Kinematic data and observational mechanics were recorded. Multivariate regression analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 420 pitchers were included, with a mean pitching velocity of 64 ± 10 mph. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the most important correlates with pitch velocity were age (P < .001; R(2) = 0.658), height (P < .001; R(2) = 0.076), separation of the hips and shoulders (P < .001; R(2) = 0.027), and stride length (P < .001; R(2) = 0.016); in combination, these 4 variables explained 78% of the variance in pitch velocity. Each year of age was associated with a mean 1.5 mph increase in velocity; each inch in height, with 1.2 mph; separation of the hips and shoulders, with 2.6 mph; and a 10% increase in stride length, with 1.9 mph. CONCLUSION Pitch velocity is most strongly correlated with age, height, separation of the hips and shoulders, and stride length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance Sgroi
- Accelerated Rehabilitation Centers Ltd, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter N Chalmers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Andrew J Riff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Eli T Sayegh
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Markus A Wimmer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nikhil N Verma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian J Cole
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony A Romeo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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29
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Evans K, Tuttle N. Improving performance in golf: current research and implications from a clinical perspective. Braz J Phys Ther 2015; 19:381-9. [PMID: 26537808 PMCID: PMC4647149 DOI: 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Golf, a global sport enjoyed by people of all ages and abilities, involves relatively long periods of low intensity exercise interspersed with short bursts of high intensity activity. To meet the physical demands of full swing shots and the mental and physical demands of putting and walking the course, it is frequently recommended that golfers undertake golf-specific exercise programs. Biomechanics, motor learning, and motor control research has increased the understanding of the physical requirements of the game, and using this knowledge, exercise programs aimed at improving golf performance have been developed. However, while it is generally accepted that an exercise program can improve a golfer's physical measurements and some golf performance variables, translating the findings from research into clinical practice to optimise an individual golfer's performance remains challenging. This paper discusses how biomechanical and motor control research has informed current practice and discusses how emerging sophisticated tools and research designs may better assist golfers improve their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie Evans
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute
Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland, Australia
| | - Neil Tuttle
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Menzies Health Institute
Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, Queensland, Australia
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30
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Abstract
In many sports, the maximum swing speed of a racket, club, or bat is a key performance parameter. Previous research in multiple sports supports the hypothesis of an inverse association between the swing speed and moment of inertia of an implement. The aim of this study was to rigorously test and quantify this relationship using a restricted swinging motion. Eight visually identical rods with a common mass but variable moment of inertia were manufactured. Motion capture technology was used to record eight participants' maximal effort swings with the rods. Strict exclusion criteria were applied to data that did not adhere to the prescribed movement pattern. The study found that for all participants, swing speed decreased with respect to moment of inertia according to a power relationship. However, in contrast to previous studies, the rate of decrease varied from participant to participant. With further analysis it was found that participants performed more consistently at the higher end of the moment of inertia range tested. The results support the inverse association between swing speed and moment of inertia but only for higher moment of inertia implements.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schorah
- a Centre for Sports Engineering Research , Sheffield Hallam University , Sheffield , UK
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31
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Robertson S, Burnett AF, Gupta R. Two tests of approach-iron golf skill and their ability to predict tournament performance. J Sports Sci 2014; 32:1341-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.893370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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