1
|
Liu R, Qian D, Chen Y, Zou J, Zheng S, Bai B, Lin Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y. Investigation of normal knees kinematics in walking and running at different speeds using a portable motion analysis system. Sports Biomech 2024; 23:417-430. [PMID: 33586617 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1864015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Walking and running at different speeds are common in daily life. This study investigated 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) kinematics of normal knees of Chinese during walking and running. Forty healthy participants were investigated in 4 conditions: comfortable walking, normal walking, slow running and ordinary running. The range of motion (ROM) and peak values in 6 DOF kinematics were analysed. As the speed increased, a general increase in flexion, lateral and proximal translations occurred. Significant increases of ROM in flexion/extension, axial rotation and medial/lateral translations were observed. The ROM of adduction/abduction, anterior/posterior and proximal/distal translations were greatest during normal walking. The maximum and minimum flexion/extension, maximum internal rotation and tibial lateral translations increased with the increase of speed. The maximum and minimum tibial proximal translations in running were found being greater than walking. A phenomenon between walking and running was observed: both tibial proximal/distal and medial/lateral translations increased when changed from walking to running. Non-linear transition exists in 6 DOF kinematics during walking to running. Discoveries in this study may have potential clinical values to serve as references of normal walking and running in the management of knee injury and knee rehabilitation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rixu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Orthopaedic Diseases, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongyang Qian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yushu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Zou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shicong Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Bai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zefeng Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Orthopaedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Starbuck C, Walters V, Herrington L, Barkatali B, Jones R. Knee Offloading by Patients During Walking and Running After Meniscectomy. Orthop J Sports Med 2024; 12:23259671231214766. [PMID: 38524891 PMCID: PMC10958822 DOI: 10.1177/23259671231214766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Changes in knee loading have been reported after meniscectomy. Knee loading has previously been assessed during jogging and treadmill running rather than overground running, which could give altered results. Purpose/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to evaluate knee function during overground running and walking after meniscectomy. It was hypothesized that the affected limb would demonstrate higher external knee adduction moment, lower knee flexion moment (KFM), and lower knee rotation moment (KRM) compared with the contralateral limb and with healthy individuals. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Kinematic and kinetic data were collected during running and walking in individuals after a meniscectomy and healthy individuals. Total knee joint moments (TKJM) were calculated from the sagittal, frontal, and transverse knee moments. Isometric quadriceps strength, perceived knee function, and kinesiophobia were also assessed. A mixed linear model compared differences between the affected leg, the contralateral leg, and the healthy leg. Results Data were collected on 20 healthy individuals and 30 individuals after a meniscectomy (mean ± SD, 5.7 ± 2.9 months postsurgery), with 12, 16, and 2 individuals who had medial, lateral, and both medial and lateral meniscectomy, respectively. The affected limb demonstrated lower TKJM (P < .001), KFM (P = .004), and KRM (P < .001) during late stance of walking compared with the healthy group. Lower TKJM and KFM were observed during running in the affected limb compared with the contralateral limb and healthy group. No significant differences were observed between contralateral and healthy limbs except for KRM during late stance of walking. Lower quadriceps strength was observed in the affected (P < .001) and contralateral limbs (P = .001) compared with the healthy group. Individuals after a meniscectomy also reported greater kinesiophobia (P = .006) and lower perceived knee function (31.1%; P < .001) compared with the healthy group. Conclusion After meniscectomy, individuals who sustained a traumatic meniscal injury showed lower TKJM in the affected limb compared with the contralateral limb and healthy individuals. This decrease in TKJM can be attributed to altered knee-loading strategies in the sagittal and transverse planes. Clinical Relevance Improving movement strategies, quadriceps strength, and kinesiophobia through rehabilitation approaches will allow individuals to load their knee appropriately when returning to sport. Registration NCT03379415 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Starbuck
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK
- Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, UK
| | - Vanessa Walters
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK
- Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, UK
| | - Lee Herrington
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | | | - Richard Jones
- Human Movement and Rehabilitation, School of Health and Society, University of Salford, Salford, UK
- Manchester Institute of Health and Performance, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Girard O, Millet GP, Micallef JP. Constant low-to-moderate mechanical asymmetries during 800-m track running. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1278454. [PMID: 38313218 PMCID: PMC10834628 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1278454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Modifications in asymmetry in response to self-paced efforts have not been thoroughly documented, particularly regarding horizontally-derived ground reaction force variables. We determined the magnitude and range of gait asymmetries during 800 m track running. Methods Eighteen physical education students completed an 800 m self-paced run on a 200 m indoor track. During the run, vertical and horizontal ground reaction forces were measured at a sampling frequency of 500 Hz using a 5 m-long force platform system, with data collected once per lap. The following mechanical variables were determined for two consecutive steps: contact time and duration of braking/push-off phases along with vertical/braking/push-off peak forces and impulses. The group mean asymmetry scores were evaluated using the "symmetry angle" (SA) formula, where scores of 0% and 100% correspond to perfect symmetry and perfect asymmetry, respectively. Results There was no influence of distance interval on SA scores for any of the nine biomechanical variables (P ≥ 0.095). The SA scores were ∼1%-2% for contact time (1.3 ± 0.5%), peak vertical forces (1.8 ± 0.9%), and vertical impulse (1.7 ± 1.0%). The SA scores were ∼3%-8% for duration of braking (3.6 ± 1.1%) and push-off (3.2 ± 1.4%) phases, peak braking (5.0 ± 2.1%) and push-off (6.9 ± 3.1%) forces as well as braking (7.6 ± 2.3%) and push-off (7.7 ± 3.3%) impulses. The running velocity progressively decreased at 300 m and 500 m compared to that at 100 m but levelled off at 700 m (P < 0.001). Discussion There were no modifications in gait asymmetries, as measured at 200-m distance intervals during 800-m track running in physical education students. The 800 m self-paced run did not impose greater mechanical constraints on one side of the body. Experimental procedures for characterizing the gait pattern during 800 m track running could be simplified by collecting leg mechanical data from only one side.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Exercise and Sport Science Department, School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, ISSUL, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Paul Micallef
- Movement to Health (M2H), Montpellier-1 University, EuroMov, Montpellier, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kraszewski AP. Assessment of a two-mass ground reaction force model applied to indoor overground running in adult recreational runners. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024; 27:179-190. [PMID: 36809180 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2023.2178846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor running kinetic measurements like vertical ground reaction force (vGRF) need simple and accurate models. A previous study assessed a two mass model (2MM) on an athletic adult population during treadmill running, but not recreational adults during overground running. The objectives were to compare accuracy of the overground 2MM and an optimized version to the reference study and force platform (FP) measurements. Overground vGRF, ankle position, and running speed were collected on 20 healthy subjects in a laboratory. The subjects ran at three self-selected speeds and with an opposite foot strike strategy. Reconstructed 2MM vGRF curves were calculated with the original parameter values (Model1), with parameters optimized each strike (ModelOpt), and with group-based optimal parameters (Model2). Root mean square error (RMSE), optimized parameters, and ankle kinematics were compared to the reference study; peak force and loading rate were compared to FP measurements. The original 2MM showed decreased accuracy with overground running. ModelOpt overall RMSE was lower than Model1 (p > 0.001, d = 3.4). ModelOpt overall peak force was different but most like FP signals (p < 0.01, d = 0.7) and Model1 was most different (p < 0.001, d = 1.3). ModelOpt overall loading rate was similar to FP signals and Model1 was different (p < 0.001, d = 2.1). Optimized parameters were different (p < 0.001) from the reference study. 2MM accuracy was largely attributable to curve parameter choice. These may be dependent on extrinsic factors like running surface and protocol and intrinsic factors like age and athletic caliber. Rigorous validation is needed if the 2MM is to be used in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Kraszewski
- Department of Rehabilitation, Leon Root, MD Motion Analysis Laboratory, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Catalá-Vilaplana I, Liu T, Vienneau J, Nigg SR, Pérez-Soriano P, Encarnación-Martínez A. Curved non-motorized treadmills do not biomechanically replicate overground running better than motorized treadmills. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1927-1933. [PMID: 38258795 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2307774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if curved non-motorized treadmills can reproduce overground running better than motorized treadmills by analysing the differences in joint kinematics (hip, knee, and ankle) using SPM. Nineteen recreational runners completed three randomized running tests on these surfaces. Kinematic data from the hip, knee, and ankle joints were collected. Two-tailed SPM t-tests were performed to analyse time-continuous gait cycles in three anatomical planes of each joint. Higher within-subject variability was observed in the frontal and transverse planes during curved non-motorized treadmill running. SPM analysis showed more significant differences (p < 0.05) between curved non-motorized treadmill and overground than between motorized treadmill and overground, mainly in knee (from 12% to 30% and 93% to 99% of the gait cycle) and ankle (from 19% to 23% of the gait cycle) in the sagittal plane. Therefore, running on curved non-motorized treadmills is more biomechanically different compared to overground than motorized treadmills, and might not be the best strategy to replicate overground running in terms of joint kinematics during highly controlled research studies. However, they could be an interesting tool in rehabilitation or training environments since the changes observed in joint kinematics were likely not functionally relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Catalá-Vilaplana
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Tao Liu
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jordyn Vienneau
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sandro R Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Park H, Han S, Sung J, Hwang S, Youn I, Kim SJ. Classification of gait phases based on a machine learning approach using muscle synergy. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1201935. [PMID: 37266322 PMCID: PMC10230056 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1201935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The accurate detection of the gait phase is crucial for monitoring and diagnosing neurological and musculoskeletal disorders and for the precise control of lower limb assistive devices. In studying locomotion mode identification and rehabilitation of neurological disorders, the concept of modular organization, which involves the co-activation of muscle groups to generate various motor behaviors, has proven to be useful. This study aimed to investigate whether muscle synergy features could provide a more accurate and robust classification of gait events compared to traditional features such as time-domain and wavelet features. For this purpose, eight healthy individuals participated in this study, and wireless electromyography sensors were attached to four muscles in each lower extremity to measure electromyography (EMG) signals during walking. EMG signals were segmented and labeled as 2-class (stance and swing) and 3-class (weight acceptance, single limb support, and limb advancement) gait phases. Non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF) was used to identify specific muscle groups that contribute to gait and to provide an analysis of the functional organization of the movement system. Gait phases were classified using four different machine learning algorithms: decision tree (DT), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), support vector machine (SVM), and neural network (NN). The results showed that the muscle synergy features had a better classification accuracy than the other EMG features. This finding supported the hypothesis that muscle synergy enables accurate gait phase classification. Overall, the study presents a novel approach to gait analysis and highlights the potential of muscle synergy as a tool for gait phase detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heesu Park
- Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Han
- Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohwan Sung
- Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soree Hwang
- Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Inchan Youn
- Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Bio-Medical Science and Technology, KIST School, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Jong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tang YW, Murai A, Hobara H. Mediation of the mediolateral ground reaction force profile to maintain straight running among unilateral transfemoral amputees. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7823. [PMID: 37188732 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The mediolateral ground reaction force (M-L GRF) profile that realizes a symmetrical mediolateral ground reaction impulse (M-L GRI) between both limbs is essential for maintaining a straight movement path. We aimed to examine the M-L GRF production across different running speeds in unilateral transfemoral amputees (TFA) to identify strategies for maintaining straight running. The average medial and lateral GRF, contact time (tc), M-L GRI, step width, and center of pressure angle (COPANG) were analyzed. Nine TFAs performed running trials at 100% speed on an instrumented treadmill. Trials were set at 30-80% speed with an increment of 10%. Seven steps from the unaffected and affected limbs were analyzed. Overall, the unaffected limbs exhibited a higher average medial GRF than the affected limbs. The M-L GRI were similar between both limbs at all speeds, implying that the participants were able to maintain a straight running path. The affected limb exhibited a longer tc and a lower M-L GRF profile than the unaffected limb. The results showed that unilateral TFAs adopted limb-specific strategies to maintain a straight running path, and that these limb-specific strategies were consistent across different running speeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wai Tang
- Department of Human and Engineered Environmental Study, University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Murai
- Human Augmentation Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Hobara
- Faculty of Advanced Engineering, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yaserifar M, Oliveira AS. Inter-muscular coordination during running on grass, concrete and treadmill. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:561-572. [PMID: 36342514 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Running is an exercise that can be performed in different environments that imposes distinct foot-floor interactions. For instance, running on grass may help reducing instantaneous vertical impact loading, while compromising natural speed. Inter-muscular coordination during running is an important factor to understand motor performance, but little is known regarding the impact of running surface hardness on inter-muscular coordination. Therefore, we investigated whether inter-muscular coordination during running is influenced by running surface. Surface electromyography (EMG) from 12 lower limb muscles were recorded from young male individuals (n = 9) while running on grass, concrete, and on a treadmill. Motor modules consisting of weighting coefficients and activation signals were extracted from the multi-muscle EMG datasets representing 50 consecutive running cycles using non-negative matrix factorization. We found that four motor modules were sufficient to represent the EMG from all running surfaces. The inter-subject similarity across muscle weightings was the lowest for running on grass (r = 0.76 ± 0.11) compared to concrete (r = 0.81 ± 0.07) and treadmill (r = 0.78 ± 0.05), but no differences in weighting coefficients were found when analyzing the number of significantly active muscles and residual muscle weightings (p > 0.05). Statistical parametric mapping showed no temporal differences between activation signals across running surfaces (p > 0.05). However, the activation duration (% time above 15% peak activation) was significantly shorter for treadmill running compared to grass and concrete (p < 0.05). These results suggest predominantly similar neuromuscular strategies to control multiple muscles across different running surfaces. However, individual adjustments in inter-muscular coordination are required when coping with softer surfaces or the treadmill's moving belt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Yaserifar
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Anderson Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, Building 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hébert-Losier K, Dai B, Nunome H, Kong PW, Hobara H, Hsu WC, Bradshaw EJ, Fong DTP, Vanwanseele B. Reporting guidelines for running biomechanics and footwear studies using three-dimensional motion capture. Sports Biomech 2023; 22:473-484. [PMID: 36097884 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Hébert-Losier
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing and Science, Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Centre for High Performance, University of Waikato, Tauranga, New Zealand
| | - Boyi Dai
- Division of Kinesiology and Health, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Nunome
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Pui Wah Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Hiroaki Hobara
- Artificial Intelligence Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wei-Chun Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Elizabeth J Bradshaw
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.,Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Daniel T P Fong
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Benedicte Vanwanseele
- Department of Movement Sciences, Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, KU, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Perpiñá-Martínez S, Arguisuelas-Martínez MD, Pérez-Domínguez B, Nacher-Moltó I, Martínez-Gramage J. Differences between Sexes and Speed Levels in Pelvic 3D Kinematic Patterns during Running Using an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3631. [PMID: 36834324 PMCID: PMC9961938 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the 3D kinematic pattern of the pelvis during running and establish differences between sexes using the IMU sensor for spatiotemporal outcomes, vertical acceleration symmetry index, and ranges of motion of the pelvis in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes of movement. The kinematic range in males was 5.92°-6.50°, according to tilt. The range of obliquity was between 7.84° and 9.27° and between 9.69° and 13.60°, according to pelvic rotation. In females, the results were 6.26°-7.36°, 7.81°-9.64°, and 13.2°-16.13°, respectively. Stride length increased proportionally to speed in males and females. The reliability of the inertial sensor according to tilt and gait symmetry showed good results, and the reliability levels were excellent for cadence parameters, stride length, stride time, obliquity, and pelvic rotation. The amplitude of pelvic tilt did not change at different speed levels between sexes. The range of pelvic obliquity increased in females at a medium speed level, and the pelvic rotation range increased during running, according to speed and sex. The inertial sensor has been proven to be a reliable tool for kinematic analysis during running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Perpiñá-Martínez
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy Salus Infirmorum, Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca, 37002 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Ivan Nacher-Moltó
- Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Universidad Cardenal Herrera CEU, CEU Universities, 46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Gramage
- Head of Human Motion & Biomechanics in DAWAKO Medtech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Catholic University of Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zandbergen MA, Buurke JH, Veltink PH, Reenalda J. Quantifying and correcting for speed and stride frequency effects on running mechanics in fatiguing outdoor running. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1085513. [PMID: 37139307 PMCID: PMC10150107 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1085513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Measuring impact-related quantities in running is of interest to improve the running technique. Many quantities are typically measured in a controlled laboratory setting, even though most runners run in uncontrolled outdoor environments. While monitoring running mechanics in an uncontrolled environment, a decrease in speed or stride frequency can mask fatigue-related changes in running mechanics. Hence, this study aimed to quantify and correct the subject-specific effects of running speed and stride frequency on changes in impact-related running mechanics during a fatiguing outdoor run. Seven runners ran a competitive marathon while peak tibial acceleration and knee angles were measured with inertial measurement units. Running speed was measured through sports watches. Median values over segments of 25 strides throughout the marathon were computed and used to create subject-specific multiple linear regression models. These models predicted peak tibial acceleration, knee angles at initial contact, and maximum stance phase knee flexion based on running speed and stride frequency. Data were corrected for individual speed and stride frequency effects during the marathon. The speed and stride frequency corrected and uncorrected data were divided into ten stages to investigate the effect of marathon stage on mechanical quantities. This study showed that running speed and stride frequency explained, on average, 20%-30% of the variance in peak tibial acceleration, knee angles at initial contact, and maximum stance phase knee angles while running in an uncontrolled setting. Regression coefficients for speed and stride frequency varied strongly between subjects. Speed and stride frequency corrected peak tibial acceleration, and maximum stance phase knee flexion increased throughout the marathon. At the same time, uncorrected maximum stance phase knee angles showed no significant differences between marathon stages due to a decrease in running speed. Hence, subject-specific effects of changes in speed and stride frequency influence the interpretation of running mechanics and are relevant when monitoring, or comparing the gait pattern between runs in uncontrolled environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marit A. Zandbergen
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, Netherlands
- Correspondence: Marit A. Zandbergen
| | - Jaap H. Buurke
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Peter H. Veltink
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jasper Reenalda
- Department of Biomedical Signals and Systems, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
- Department of Rehabilitation Technology, Roessingh Research and Development, Enschede, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jiang C, Yang Y, Mao H, Yang D, Wang W. Effects of Dynamic IMU-to-Segment Misalignment Error on 3-DOF Knee Angle Estimation in Walking and Running. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9009. [PMID: 36433608 PMCID: PMC9697725 DOI: 10.3390/s22229009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The inertial measurement unit (IMU)-to-segment (I2S) alignment is an important part of IMU-based joint angle estimation, and the accurate estimation of the three degree of freedom (3-DOF) knee angle can provide practical support for the evaluation of motions. In this paper, we introduce a dynamic weight particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm with crossover factor based on the joint constraint to obtain the dynamic alignment vectors of I2S, and use them to perform the quaternion-based 3-DOF knee angle estimation algorithm. The optimization algorithm and the joint angle estimation algorithm were evaluated by comparing with the optical motion capture system. The range of 3-DOF knee angle root mean square errors (RMSEs) is 1.6°-5.9° during different motions. Furthermore, we also set up experiments of human walking (3 km/h), jogging (6 km/h) and ordinary running (9 km/h) to investigate the effects of dynamic I2S misalignment errors on 3-DOF knee angle estimation during different motions by artificially adding errors to I2S alignment parameters. The results showed differences in the effects of I2S misalignment errors on the estimation of knee abduction, internal rotation and flexion, which indicate the differences in knee joint kinematics among different motions. The IMU to thigh misalignment error has the greatest effect on the estimation of knee internal rotation. The effect of IMU to thigh misalignment error on the estimation of knee abduction angle becomes smaller and then larger during the two processes of switching from walking to jogging and then speeding up to ordinary running. The effect of IMU to shank misalignment error on the estimation of knee flexion angle is numerically the largest, while the standard deviation (SD) is the smallest. This study can provide support for future research on the accuracy of 3-DOF knee angle estimation during different motions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No. 2 Chongwen Road, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Yan Yang
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No. 2 Chongwen Road, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Huayun Mao
- School of Automation, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No. 2 Chongwen Road, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Dewei Yang
- School of Advanced Manufacturing Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No. 2 Chongwen Road, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Biomedical Engineering Research Center, School of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No. 2 Chongwen Road, Chongqing 400065, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tripodi N, Dagiandis T, Hameed A, Heilberg L, Olbinski E, Reid C, White A, McLaughlin P. Inter-rater reliability between osteopaths of differing clinical experience on sagittal plane running gait analysis: A pilot study. INT J OSTEOPATH MED 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijosm.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
|
14
|
Dimmick HL, van Rassel CR, MacInnis MJ, Ferber R. Between-Day Reliability of Commonly Used IMU Features during a Fatiguing Run and the Effect of Speed. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114129. [PMID: 35684750 PMCID: PMC9185649 DOI: 10.3390/s22114129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if fatigue-related changes in biomechanics derived from an inertial measurement unit (IMU) placed at the center of mass (CoM) are reliable day-to-day. Sixteen runners performed two runs at maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) on a treadmill, one run 5% above MLSS speed, and one run 5% below MLSS speed while wearing a CoM-mounted IMU. Trials were performed to volitional exhaustion or a specified termination time. IMU features were derived from each axis and the resultant. Feature means were calculated for each subject during non-fatigued and fatigued states. Comparisons were performed between the two trials at MLSS and between all four trials. The only significant fatigue state × trial interaction was the 25th percentile of the results when comparing all trials. There were no main effects for trial for either comparison method. There were main effects for fatigue state for most features in both comparison methods. Reliability, measured by an intraclass coefficient (ICC), was good-to-excellent for most features. These results suggest that fatigue-related changes in biomechanics derived from a CoM-mounted IMU are reliable day-to-day when participants ran at or around MLSS and are not significantly affected by slight deviations in speed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Dimmick
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-220-2874
| | - Cody R. van Rassel
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Martin J. MacInnis
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (C.R.v.R.); (M.J.M.); (R.F.)
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Whitney KE, Sugimoto D, d'Hemecourt CA, d'Hemecourt DA, d'Hemecourt PA. Running gait biomechanics in female runners with sacroiliac joint pain. J Phys Ther Sci 2022; 34:327-334. [PMID: 35400840 PMCID: PMC8989488 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.34.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To identify running gait biomechanics associated with sacroiliac (SI) joint
pain in female runners compared to healthy controls. [Participants and Methods] In this
case-control study, treadmill running gait biomechanics of female runners diagnosed SI
joint pain, (by ultrasound-guided diagnostic SI joint injection and/or ≥2 positive SI
physical exam maneuvers) were compared with age, height, mass, and BMI matched healthy
female runners. Sagittal and coronal plane treadmill running video angles were measured
and compared. [Results] Eighteen female runners with SI pain, and 63 matched controls,
were analyzed. There was no difference in age, height, mass, or BMI between groups. At the
point of initial contact, runners with SI joint pain demonstrated less knee flexion,
greater tibial overstride, and greater ankle dorsiflexion, compared to controls. In
midstance, runners with SI pain had greater contralateral pelvic drop compared to
controls. For unilateral SI joint pain cases (N=15), greater contralateral pelvic drop was
observed when loading their affected side compared to the unaffected side. [Conclusion]
Female runners with SI joint pain demonstrated greater contralateral pelvic drop during
midstance phase; along with less knee flexion, greater “tibial overstride”, and greater
ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact compared to controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Whitney
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital: 319 Longwood Ave, Ste 6, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, USA.,Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Dai Sugimoto
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital: 319 Longwood Ave, Ste 6, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, USA.,Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Charles A d'Hemecourt
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital: 319 Longwood Ave, Ste 6, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, USA
| | - Duncan A d'Hemecourt
- The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, USA.,George Washington University, USA
| | - Pierre A d'Hemecourt
- Division of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, Boston Children's Hospital: 319 Longwood Ave, Ste 6, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,The Micheli Center for Sports Injury Prevention, USA.,Harvard Medical School, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Increasing Step Rate Affects Rearfoot Kinematics and Ground Reaction Forces during Running. BIOLOGY 2021; 11:biology11010008. [PMID: 35053005 PMCID: PMC8772793 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Excessive movements, or inadequate timing in movement patterns, during running may contribute to the development of some running-related injuries. Specifically, excessive movement at the rearfoot, influencing lower leg rotation, has been a focus on different running-related injuries. One method to change how the lower limbs move is to increase step rate, or cadence. There is little research available describing how the rearfoot is affected by changes in step rate; therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing step rate on rearfoot motion during running. Reflective markers were placed on twenty runners’ lower legs and feet in order to capture leg and foot movements while running on a treadmill at the runners’ preferred speed and step rate. Step rate was increased by 5% and 10%, while runners were cued by a metronome. Three-dimensional rearfoot motion was calculated during the stance phase (foot in contact with the ground) of running. The main finding of this study was that increasing step rate decreased peak rearfoot and lower leg rotation. These findings may be useful for rehabilitation for some running-related injuries. Abstract Relatively high frontal and transverse plane motion in the lower limbs during running have been thought to play a role in the development of some running-related injuries (RRIs). Increasing step rate has been shown to significantly alter lower limb kinematics and kinetics during running. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of increasing step rate on rearfoot kinematics, and to confirm how ground reaction forces (GRFs) are adjusted with increased step rate. Twenty runners ran on a force instrumented treadmill while marker position data were collected under three conditions. Participants ran at their preferred pace and step rate, then +5% and +10% of their preferred step rate while being cued by a metronome for three minutes each. Sagittal and frontal plane angles for the rearfoot segment, tibial rotation, and GRFs were calculated during the stance phase of running. Significant decreases were observed in sagittal and frontal plane rearfoot angles, tibial rotation, vertical GRF, and anteroposterior GRF with increased step rate compared with the preferred step rate. Increasing step rate significantly decreased peak sagittal and frontal plane rearfoot and tibial rotation angles. These findings may have implications for some RRIs and gait retraining.
Collapse
|
17
|
Yaserifar M, Souza Oliveira A. Surface EMG variability while running on grass, concrete and treadmill. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 62:102624. [PMID: 34906821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether inter-trial variability in muscle activity (electromyography, EMG) during running is influenced by the number of acquired steps and running surface. Nine healthy participants ran at preferred speed on treadmill, concrete, and grass. Tibial acceleration and surface EMG from 12 lower limb muscles were recorded. The coefficient of variation (CV) from the average EMG and peak EMG were computed from 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 steps in each running surface. Data average stability was computed using sequential estimation technique (SET) from 100 steps. The CV for average and peak EMG was lower during treadmill running compared to running on grass (-11 ± 2.88%) or concrete (-9 ± 2.94%) (p < 0.05), without differences across the different number of steps. Moreover, the peak EMG CV from peroneus longus was lower on concrete (p < 0.05), whereas gluteus maximus presented greater variability on grass compared to concrete (p < 0.05). The SET analysis revealed that average stability is reached with up to 10 steps across all running conditions. Therefore, treadmill running induced greater variability compared to overground, without influence of the number of steps on EMG variability. Moreover, average stability for EMG recordings may be reached with up to 10 steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Yaserifar
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lafferty L, Wawrzyniak J, Chambers M, Pagliarulo T, Berg A, Hawila N, Silvis M. Clinical Indoor Running Gait Analysis May Not Approximate Outdoor Running Gait Based on Novel Drone Technology. Sports Health 2021; 14:710-716. [PMID: 34758661 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211050931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traditional running gait analysis is limited to artificial environments, but whether treadmill running approximates overground running is debated. This study aimed to compare treadmill gait analysis using fixed video with outdoor gait analysis using drone video capture. HYPOTHESIS Measured kinematics would be similar between natural outdoor running and traditional treadmill gait analysis. STUDY DESIGN Crossover study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS The study population included cross-country, track and field, and recreational athletes with current running mileage of at least 15 km per week. Participants completed segments in indoor and outdoor environments. Indoor running was completed on a treadmill with static video capture, and outdoor segments were obtained via drone on an outdoor track. Three reviewers independently performed clinical gait analysis on footage for 32 runners using kinematic measurements with published acceptable intra- and interrater reliability. RESULTS Of the 8 kinematic variables measured, 2 were found to have moderate agreement indoor versus outdoor, while 6 had fair to poor agreement. Foot strike at initial contact and rearfoot position at midstance had moderate agreement indoor versus outdoor, with a kappa of 0.54 and 0.49, respectively. The remaining variables: tibial inclination at initial contact, knee flexion angle initial contact, forward trunk lean full gait cycle, knee center position midstance, knee separation midstance, and lateral pelvic drop at midstance were found to have fair to poor agreement, ranging from 0.21 to 0.36. CONCLUSION This study suggests that kinematics may differ between natural outdoor running and traditional treadmill gait analysis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Providing recommendations for altering gait based on treadmill gait analysis may prove to be harmful if treadmill analysis does not approximate natural running environments. Drone technology could provide advancement in clinical running recommendations by capturing runners in natural environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Lafferty
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - John Wawrzyniak
- Department of Physical Therapy, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Morgan Chambers
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Arthur Berg
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Nour Hawila
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Division of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Matthew Silvis
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Apte S, Prigent G, Stöggl T, Martínez A, Snyder C, Gremeaux-Bader V, Aminian K. Biomechanical Response of the Lower Extremity to Running-Induced Acute Fatigue: A Systematic Review. Front Physiol 2021; 12:646042. [PMID: 34512370 PMCID: PMC8430259 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.646042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate (i) typical protocols used in research on biomechanical response to running-induced fatigue, (ii) the effect of sport-induced acute fatigue on the biomechanics of running and functional tests, and (iii) the consistency of analyzed parameter trends across different protocols. Methods: Scopus, Web of Science, Pubmed, and IEEE databases were searched using terms identified with the Population, Interest and Context (PiCo) framework. Studies were screened following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and appraised using the methodological index for non-randomized studies MINORS scale. Only experimental studies with at least 10 participants, which evaluated fatigue during and immediately after the fatiguing run were included. Each study was summarized to record information about the protocol and parameter trends. Summary trends were computed for each parameter based on the results found in individual studies. Results: Of the 68 included studies, most were based on in-lab (77.9%) protocols, endpoint measurements (75%), stationary measurement systems (76.5%), and treadmill environment (54.4%) for running. From the 42 parameters identified in response to acute fatigue, flight time, contact time, knee flexion angle at initial contact, trunk flexion angle, peak tibial acceleration, CoP velocity during balance test showed an increasing behavior and cadence, vertical stiffness, knee extension force during MVC, maximum vertical ground reaction forces, and CMJ height showed a decreasing trend across different fatigue protocols. Conclusion: This review presents evidence that running-induced acute fatigue influences almost all the included biomechanical parameters, with crucial influence from the exercise intensity and the testing environment. Results indicate an important gap in literature caused by the lack of field studies with continuous measurement during outdoor running activities. To address this gap, we propose recommendations for the use of wearable inertial sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salil Apte
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gäelle Prigent
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Aaron Martínez
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Cory Snyder
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Vincent Gremeaux-Bader
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne,Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Olympic Medical Center, Sport Medicine Unit, Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kamiar Aminian
- Laboratory of Movement Analysis and Measurement, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rácz K, Kiss RM. Marker displacement data filtering in gait analysis: A technical note. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
21
|
Dobiasch M, Stafylidis S, Baca A. Effects of different feedback variants on pacing adherence in a field based running test. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2021.1968662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dobiasch
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department for Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Savvas Stafylidis
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department for Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Baca
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, Department for Biomechanics, Kinesiology and Computer Science in Sport, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin C, Li S, Lu Y, Wiltshire H. Comparison of Muscle Activity and Ultrasound Response of Lower Extremity Muscles During Treadmill and Track Running. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND HEALTH INFORMATICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1166/jmihi.2021.3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the changes in lower extremity muscle morphology and electromyography (EMG) signals during treadmill running (TR) and plastic track running (PR). Methods: A total of 10 healthy male runners aged 22.5±1.3 years, height:
175.5±4.5 cm; weight: 71.9±2.7 kg; BMI: 22.1±1.1 volunteered to participate in this study. Muscle morphology data were collected by a portable ultrasound scanner before and after running. Median frequency (MF), mean power frequency (MPF) and root mean square (RMS) were
monitored during TR and PR. Results: The results indicated that muscle thickness and pennation angle have increased after running. The muscle thickness after PR showed significantly higher than TR in tested muscle except tibialis anterior (TA) and medial gastrocnemius (MG). In contrast,
only the pennation angle of TA and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) after PR was significantly different from that after TR (P <0.001, P = 0.002). The most significant difference in the change rate of muscle thickness was found at TA. In addition, TA and MG showed significantly
higher change rate of the pennation angle after TR than that after PR. Both of MF and MPF showed a downward trend after TR and PR. It could discover that the MF and MPF of LG during TR showed a significantly lower than that during PR both in two phases (P =0.001, P <0.001).
However, in the last 5 minutes, MF and MPF of MQ during PR were smaller than that during PR (P = 0.001, P = 0.015). Furthermore, MF of RF during TR showed significantly different from that during PR (P = 0.017). From the point of RMS, in the first five minutes, the RMS
of medical quadriceps (MQ), lateral quadriceps (LQ), hamstring muscles (HM) and MG during TR was significantly higher than that of PR (P <0.05). In addition, the RMS of all tested muscles after TR was significantly higher than after PR during the last 5 minutes (P <0.05).
Conclusions: The current study indicated that TR and PR would cause different effects to lower extremity muscle morphology. In addition, the EMG signals based on running surfaces are also unconformity. Compared with the plastic track, the treadmill will bring more stimulation to the
lower extremity muscles. The preliminary findings provide further insights into the rationality of runners’ choice of the running surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Lin
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shudong Li
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Yining Lu
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Huw Wiltshire
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, CF5 2YB, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies. Sports Med 2021; 50:785-813. [PMID: 31802395 PMCID: PMC7069922 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treadmills are often used in research, clinical practice, and training. Biomechanical investigations comparing treadmill and overground running report inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at comparing biomechanical outcomes between motorized treadmill and overground running. METHODS Four databases were searched until June 2019. Crossover design studies comparing lower limb biomechanics during non-inclined, non-cushioned, quasi-constant-velocity motorized treadmill running with overground running in healthy humans (18-65 years) and written in English were included. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed where possible. RESULTS 33 studies (n = 494 participants) were included. Most outcomes did not differ between running conditions. However, during treadmill running, sagittal foot-ground angle at footstrike (mean difference (MD) - 9.8° [95% confidence interval: - 13.1 to - 6.6]; low GRADE evidence), knee flexion range of motion from footstrike to peak during stance (MD 6.3° [4.5 to 8.2]; low), vertical displacement center of mass/pelvis (MD - 1.5 cm [- 2.7 to - 0.8]; low), and peak propulsive force (MD - 0.04 body weights [- 0.06 to - 0.02]; very low) were lower, while contact time (MD 5.0 ms [0.5 to 9.5]; low), knee flexion at footstrike (MD - 2.3° [- 3.6 to - 1.1]; low), and ankle sagittal plane internal joint moment (MD - 0.4 Nm/kg [- 0.7 to - 0.2]; low) were longer/higher, when pooled across overground surfaces. Conflicting findings were reported for amplitude of muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS Spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic, muscle activity, and muscle-tendon outcome measures are largely comparable between motorized treadmill and overground running. Considerations should, however, particularly be given to sagittal plane kinematic differences at footstrike when extrapolating treadmill running biomechanics to overground running. Protocol registration CRD42018083906 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).
Collapse
|
24
|
LeBlanc B, Hernandez EM, McGinnis RS, Gurchiek RD. Continuous estimation of ground reaction force during long distance running within a fatigue monitoring framework: A Kalman filter-based model-data fusion approach. J Biomech 2020; 115:110130. [PMID: 33257007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.110130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Estimation of ground reaction forces in runners has been limited to laboratory environments by means of instrumented treadmills, in-ground force plates and optoelectronic systems. Recent advances in estimation techniques using wearable sensors for kinematic analysis and sports performance could enable estimation outside the laboratory. This paper proposes a state-input-parameter estimation framework to continuously estimate the vertical ground reaction force waveform during running. By modeling a runner as a single degree of freedom mass-spring-damper with acceleration measurements at the sacrum a state-space formulation can be applied using Newtonian methods. A dual-Kalman filter is employed to estimate the unmeasured system input which feeds through to an unscented Kalman filter to estimate system dynamics and unknown model parameters (e.g. spring stiffness). For validation, 14 subjects performed three one-minute running trials at three different speeds (self-selected slow, comfortable, and fast) on a pressure-sensor-instrumented treadmill. The estimated vertical ground reaction force waveform parameters; peak vertical ground reaction force (RMSE=6.1-7.2%,ρ=0.95-0.97), vertical impulse (RMSE=8.5-13.0%,ρ=0.50-0.60), loading rate (RMSE=24.6-39.4%,ρ=0.85-0.93), and cadence RMSE<1%,ρ=1.00 were compared against the instrumented treadmill measurements. The proposed state-input-parameter estimation framework could monitor personalized vertical ground reaction force metrics for potential biofeedback applications. The feedback mechanism could provide information about the vertical ground reaction force characteristics to the runner as they are running to provide knowledge of both desirable and undesirable loading characteristics experienced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin LeBlanc
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - Eric M Hernandez
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Ryan S McGinnis
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Reed D Gurchiek
- College of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, Department of Electrical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Relationship Between Performance in the Timed Up & Go and Foot Clearances During Obstacle Crossing in Older Women. TOPICS IN GERIATRIC REHABILITATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1097/tgr.0000000000000289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
26
|
Spatiotemporal gait characteristics and ankle kinematics of backward walking in people with chronic ankle instability. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11515. [PMID: 32661274 PMCID: PMC7359031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68385-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Backward walking offers a unique challenge to balance and ambulation. This study investigated the characteristics of spatiotemporal gait factors and ankle kinematics during backward walking in people with chronic ankle instability. Sixteen subjects with chronic ankle instability and 16 able-bodied controls walked on a treadmill at their self-selected speed under backward and forward walking conditions. Gait speed, cadence, double limb support percentage, stride time variability, and three-dimensional ankle kinematics were compared between groups and conditions. During backward walking, both groups had significantly slower gait speed, lower cadence, and greater stride time variability. In addition, under backward walking condition, subjects in both groups demonstrated significant sagittal and frontal kinematic alternations, such as greater dorsiflexion and inversion following initial contact (0–27.7%, 0–25.0% of gait cycle respectively, p < 0.001). However, there were no significant differences between groups in any of the measured outcomes. This indicates that subjects with chronic ankle instability adapt to self-selected speed backward walking similarly to healthy controls. Assessments with more challenging tasks, such as backward walking with dual task and backward walking at fast speed, may be more appropriate for testing gait impairments related to chronic ankle instability.
Collapse
|
27
|
Colino E, Felipe JL, Van Hooren B, Gallardo L, Meijer K, Lucia A, Lopez-Fernandez J, Garcia-Unanue J. Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces Compared to Other Overground Sport Surfaces. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143822. [PMID: 32659884 PMCID: PMC7412192 DOI: 10.3390/s20143822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the surfaces used for exercising can affect sports performance and injury risk. However, the mechanical properties of treadmill surfaces remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the shock absorption (SA), vertical deformation (VD) and energy restitution (ER) of different treadmill models and to compare them with those of other sport surfaces. A total of 77 treadmills, 30 artificial turf pitches and 30 athletics tracks were assessed using an advanced artificial athlete device. Differences in the mechanical properties between the surfaces and treadmill models were evaluated using a repeated-measures ANOVA. The treadmills were found to exhibit the highest SA of all the surfaces (64.2 ± 2; p < 0.01; effect size (ES) = 0.96), while their VD (7.6 ± 1.3; p < 0.01; ES = 0.87) and ER (45 ± 11; p < 0.01; ES = 0.51) were between the VDs of the artificial turf and track. The SA (p < 0.01; ES = 0.69), VD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.90) and ER (p < 0.01; ES = 0.89) were also shown to differ between treadmill models. The differences between the treadmills commonly used in fitness centers were much lower than differences between the treadmills and track surfaces, but they were sometimes larger than the differences with artificial turf. The treadmills used in clinical practice and research were shown to exhibit widely varying mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrate that the mechanical properties (SA, VD and ER) of treadmill surfaces differ significantly from those of overground sport surfaces such as artificial turf and athletics track surfaces but also asphalt or concrete. These different mechanical properties of treadmills may affect treadmill running performance, injury risk and the generalizability of research performed on treadmills to overground locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Colino
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925-26-88-00
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.V.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.V.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘imas12’), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jorge Lopez-Fernandez
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘imas12’), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Science, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Neal BS, Lack SD, Barton CJ, Birn-Jeffery A, Miller S, Morrissey D. Is markerless, smart phone recorded two-dimensional video a clinically useful measure of relevant lower limb kinematics in runners with patellofemoral pain? A validity and reliability study. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 43:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
29
|
Foch E, Aubol K, Milner CE. Relationship between iliotibial band syndrome and hip neuromechanics in women runners. Gait Posture 2020; 77:64-68. [PMID: 31999979 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atypical frontal plane hip kinematics are associated with iliotibial band syndrome in women runners. Gluteus medius is the primary muscle controlling the hip adduction angle during the loading response of stance. It is unclear if differences exist in gluteus medius activity magnitude and activity duration between runners with previous iliotibial band syndrome and controls. Furthermore, hip neuromechanics may change after a prolonged run. RESEARCH QUESTION Do differences exist in the hip adduction angle and gluteus medius activity between women with previous iliotibial band syndrome and controls at the beginning and end of a 30-minute moderate paced treadmill run? METHODS Thirty women participated (n = 15 controls). Lower extremity kinematics and gluteus medius activity were recorded at the start and end of a 30-minute treadmill run at participants' self-selected pace. Hip kinematics and gluteus medius activity were analyzed via separate two-way (group x time) mixed-model analysis of variance with time as the repeated measure. RESULTS Hip neuromechanics were similar at the start and end of a 30-minute treadmill run in women with previous iliotibial band syndrome and controls. However, hip adduction excursion was less in women with previous iliotibial band syndrome compared to controls. Average gluteus medius activity magnitude and activity duration were not significantly different between groups. SIGNIFICANCE These findings support the growing body of literature that smaller hip adduction motion is related to previous iliotibial band syndrome in women. Regardless of injury history, gluteus medius activity was similar between groups during the loading phase of stance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Foch
- Department of Health Sciences, Central Washington University, 400 East University Way, 208-12 Black Hall, 98926, Ellensburg, WA, USA.
| | - Kevin Aubol
- ReHAB Group, Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, 1601 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Clare E Milner
- ReHAB Group, Department of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, Drexel University, 1601 Cherry Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Reich AH, Queathem EJ. Setting, Age, and Intensity Influence Responses to Exercise in Young Endurance Runners. Percept Mot Skills 2020; 127:533-554. [PMID: 32036749 DOI: 10.1177/0031512520903907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of exercise setting (indoor treadmill vs. outdoor trail), age (17 middle school, 18 high school, and 13 college participants), and level of exertion (Borg Ratings of Perceived Exertion of 10, 12, and 16 on a 22-point scale) on young male endurance runners’ heart rate (HR), running speed, attentive focus, and affect. Three-way analyses of variance revealed that on the outdoor trail (vs. indoor treadmill), HR and speed were higher ( p < .001) and attentive focus was more dissociative ( p = .047). There were significant Age × Setting interactions for HR ( p = .047), speed ( p = .023), and attentive focus ( p = .002), with older participants exhibiting a greater increase in speed and HR and a greater shift toward dissociative focus on the outdoor trail. Three-way analyses of variance also yielded significant Age × Time interactions on components of the Physical Activity Affect Scale in that younger participants exhibited larger declines in positive affect ( p = .003) and tranquility ( p < .001) and larger increases in fatigue ( p < .001) as a result of the running session. Our data suggest that either runners develop more positive responses to exercise as they mature or those young runners who experience running more negatively tend to drop out of running so that the remaining older participants continuing to run are those who experience exercise positively.
Collapse
|
31
|
Simultaneous ice and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation decrease anterior knee pain during running but do not affect running kinematics or associated muscle inhibition. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2020; 72:1-7. [PMID: 31765839 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Runners often experience anterior knee pain and this pain is associated with altered running neuromechanics. The purpose of this study was to examine potential therapeutic benefits (reduced pain and restored running neuromechanics) of simultaneously applied ice and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on experimentally-induced anterior knee pain. METHODS Nineteen healthy subjects completed a sham and treatment data collection session. For both sessions, hypertonic saline was infused into the infrapatellar fat pad for approximately 80 min to induce experimental anterior knee pain. Perceived pain levels were measured every two minutes and running neuromechanics were recorded at four time points: pre-pain, pain before treatment, pain immediately post-treatment, and pain 20 min post-treatment. FINDINGS The saline infusion significantly increased perceived knee pain from 0 to 2.8 cm. The ice/transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation treatment significantly reduced perceived knee pain by 35%, six minutes after the treatment initiation. Perceived knee pain remained reduced until eight minutes after the treatment termination. The knee pain significantly decreased peak gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis activation during running, each by an average of 17% plus/minus 6%; however, none of these decreases were resolved via the therapeutic treatment. Neither the knee pain nor the therapeutic treatment significantly affected peak gluteus maximus activation or peak hip adduction angle. INTERPRETATION The experimental pain model effectively produced anterior knee pain and decreased muscle activation during running. The simultaneous ice/transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation treatment effectively decreased anterior knee pain, but did not restore running neuromechanics that were altered due to the pain.
Collapse
|
32
|
Dorgo S, Perales JJ, Boyle JB, Hausselle J, Montalvo S. Sprint Training on a Treadmill vs. Overground Results in Modality-Specific Impact on Sprint Performance but Similar Positive Improvement in Body Composition in Young Adults. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:463-472. [PMID: 30741862 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dorgo, S, Perales, JJ, Boyle, JB, Hausselle, J, and Montalvo, S. Sprint training on a treadmill vs. overground results in modality-specific impact on sprint performance but similar positive improvement in body composition in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 463-472, 2020-The effects of different sprint training modalities on body composition are not yet known, and the effectiveness of using motorized treadmills for sprint training is yet to be assessed accurately. The following study investigated the effects of motorized treadmill and overground training on sprint performance and body composition. Sixty-four young adults (33 men and 31 women) completed 12 sprint training sessions over a 6-week period either on a treadmill (TM) or overground (TR), or followed their normal exercise routine (CONTROL). Fifty-yard sprint time, 20-yard maximal sprint speed split time, and maximal treadmill speed were used as sprint performance indicators. Body composition and sprint performance assessments were completed before and after the 6-week intervention. On completion of the 6-week training program, maximal treadmill speed significantly increased for all 3 groups, while split sprint time significantly decreased for the TR group. The CONTROL group's 50-yd sprint time and split sprint time significantly worsened after 6 weeks. Improvements in sprint time and speed were significantly greater for the TR and TM groups compared with the CONTROL group for 50-yd sprint time, 20-yard maximal sprint speed split time, and maximal treadmill sprint speed. The change in maximal treadmill sprint speed for the TM group was significantly greater than that of the TR group. TR and TM subjects also showed significant decrease in total body fat and increase in leg lean muscle mass. These findings indicate that although overground sprint training resulted in the greatest performance improvements within overground sprint tests, sprint training on a motorized treadmill may be a beneficial alternative modality to overground sprint training and may also positively impact subjects' body composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandor Dorgo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; and
| | - Jeremy J Perales
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; and
| | - Jason B Boyle
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; and
| | - Jerome Hausselle
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Samuel Montalvo
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas; and
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Winter SC, Gordon S, Brice SM, Lindsay D, Barrs S. A Multifactorial Approach to Overuse Running Injuries: A 1-Year Prospective Study. Sports Health 2020; 12:296-303. [PMID: 31994970 DOI: 10.1177/1941738119888504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the complex and multifaceted nature of running injuries, a multifactorial approach when investigating running injuries is required. HYPOTHESIS Compared with uninjured runners, injured runners would exhibit different running biomechanics, display more fatigue changes, and would run a greater weekly running volume; more injured runners would also report having a previous injury. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS At commencement of the study, data were collected on demographics, anthropometrics, training history, previous injury history, and center-of-mass accelerations during a long-distance overground run. Participants completed weekly training diaries and were monitored for 1 year for an injury. RESULTS A total of 76 runners completed the study, with 39 (22 male; 17 female) reporting an injury. Compared with male uninjured runners, male injured runners were heavier and ran a greater weekly distance. Male runners (injured and uninjured) exhibited increases in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations during the run. Compared with female uninjured runners, female injured runners were heavier, ran with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and more of them had reported an injury in the previous year and had increased speed training in the weeks prior to injury. Over 60% of male injured runners and over 50% of female injured runners had increased their weekly running distance by >30% between consecutive weeks at least once in the 4 weeks prior to injury. CONCLUSION Factors that may be related to injury for male runners include being heavier, running a greater weekly distance, and exhibiting fatigue changes in mediolateral center-of-mass accelerations. Factors that may be related to injury for female runners include being heavier, having an injury in the previous year, running with longer flight times and lower step frequencies, and increasing speed training prior to injury. Increases in weekly running distance in 1 consecutive week (particularly >30%) needs to be monitored in training, and this along with the other factors found may have contributed to injury development. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study found that multiple factors are related to running injuries and that some factors are sex specific. The findings can aid in injury prevention and management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Winter
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan Gordon
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.,School of Health Sciences, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sara M Brice
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel Lindsay
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sue Barrs
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Hendry D, Leadbetter R, McKee K, Hopper L, Wild C, O’Sullivan P, Straker L, Campbell A. An Exploration of Machine-Learning Estimation of Ground Reaction Force from Wearable Sensor Data. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20030740. [PMID: 32013212 PMCID: PMC7038404 DOI: 10.3390/s20030740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a wearable sensor system, using machine-learning models, capable of accurately estimating peak ground reaction force (GRF) during ballet jumps in the field. Female dancers (n = 30) performed a series of bilateral and unilateral ballet jumps. Dancers wore six ActiGraph Link wearable sensors (100 Hz). Data were collected simultaneously from two AMTI force platforms and synchronised with the ActiGraph data. Due to sensor hardware malfunctions and synchronisation issues, a multistage approach to model development, using a reduced data set, was taken. Using data from the 14 dancers with complete multi-sensor synchronised data, the best single sensor was determined. Subsequently, the best single sensor model was refined and validated using all available data for that sensor (23 dancers). Root mean square error (RMSE) in body weight (BW) and correlation coefficients (r) were used to assess the GRF profile, and Bland–Altman plots were used to assess model peak GRF accuracy. The model based on sacrum data was the most accurate single sensor model (unilateral landings: RMSE = 0.24 BW, r = 0.95; bilateral landings: RMSE = 0.21 BW, r = 0.98) with the refined model still showing good accuracy (unilateral: RMSE = 0.42 BW, r = 0.80; bilateral: RMSE = 0.39 BW, r = 0.92). Machine-learning models applied to wearable sensor data can provide a field-based system for GRF estimation during ballet jumps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danica Hendry
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ryan Leadbetter
- Curtin University, School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Kristoffer McKee
- Curtin University, School of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Luke Hopper
- Western Australian Academy of Performing Arts, Edith Cowan University, Perth WA 6050, Australia
| | - Catherine Wild
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Peter O’Sullivan
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Leon Straker
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| | - Amity Campbell
- Curtin University, School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science, Perth WA 6845, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Vannatta CN, Almonroeder TG, Kernozek TW, Meardon S. Muscle force characteristics of male and female collegiate cross-country runners during overground running. J Sports Sci 2020; 38:542-551. [PMID: 31924128 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1713689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Males and females demonstrate unique running mechanics that may contribute to sex-related differences in common running related injuries. Understanding differences in muscle forces during running may inform intervention approaches, such as gait retraining addressing muscle force distribution. The purpose of this study was to compare muscle force characteristics and inter-trial variability between males and females during running. Twenty female and 14 male collegiate cross-country runners were examined. Three-dimensional kinetic and kinematic data were collected during overground running and used to estimate muscle forces via musculoskeletal modelling. Principle components analysis was used to capture the primary sources of variance from the muscle force waveforms. The magnitude of the forces for the hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles were higher across the majority of stance in male runners regardless of footstrike pattern. Males also demonstrated greater inter-trial variability in the timing of the peak gluteus maximus force and the magnitude of local peaks in the gastrocnemius force waveform. Male and female collegiate cross-country runners appear to employ unique lower extremity muscle force characteristics during overground running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Nathan Vannatta
- Sports Physical Therapy Department, Gundersen Health System, Onalaska, WI, USA.,La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Thomas G Almonroeder
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI, USA.,Health Professions Department, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Thomas W Kernozek
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI, USA.,Health Professions Department, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Stacey Meardon
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Allied Health Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Isherwood J, Hughes L, Qian JY, Sterzing T. Biomechanical effects of continuous loop running in comparison to discontinuous runway running on locomotion and running shoe characterization. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2019.1696896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Isherwood
- Sports Science and Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Liam Hughes
- Sports Science and Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Yuan Qian
- Sports Science and Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Thorsten Sterzing
- Sports Science and Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Riazati S, Caplan N, Hayes PR. The number of strides required for treadmill running gait analysis is unaffected by either speed or run duration. J Biomech 2019; 97:109366. [PMID: 31604569 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Participation in running events has increased recently, with a concomitant increase in the rate of running related injuries (RRI). Mechanical overload is thought to be a primary cause of RRI, it is often detected using motion analysis to examine running mechanics during either overground or treadmill running. In treadmill running, no clear consensus for the number of strides required to establish stable kinematic data exists. The aim of this study was to establish the number of strides needed for stable data when analysing gait kinematics in the stance phase of treadmill running. Twenty healthy, masters age group, club runners completed a high intensity interval training run (HIIT) and an energy-expenditure matched medium intensity continuous run (MICR). Thirty consecutive strides at start and end of each run were identified. Sequential averaging was employed to determine the number of strides required to establish a stable value. No significant differences existed in the number of strides required to achieve stable values. Twenty consecutive strides are required to be 95% confident stable values exist for maximum angle, angle at initial foot contact, and range of motion at the ankle, knee, and hip joints variables at the ankle, knee, and hip joints, in all three planes of motion, and spatiotemporal regardless of running speed and time of capture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherveen Riazati
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Nick Caplan
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Philip R Hayes
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pind R, Mooses K, Suvi S, Purge P, Viru M, Pehme A, Kaasik P, Mooses M. Better Economy on Indoor Track Compared to Treadmill Running With 1% Inclination. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2019; 90:470-478. [PMID: 31282820 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2019.1618784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in metabolic responses between the track and the treadmill (1% inclination) running. The latter is recommended for use in laboratory settings to mimic outdoor running. Method: Seventeen male endurance athletes (mean 25.8, s = 3.8 years) performed 4-min running bouts on an indoor track and the treadmill. Results: At all speeds (11, 13, and 15 km·h-1) athletes showed better economy on the track running compared to the treadmill expressed as oxygen (7.9%, 5.2%, and 2.8%) and caloric (7.0%, 5.3%, and 2.6%) unit cost. Rating of perceived exertion was evaluated substantially higher at all speeds on the treadmill (F(1,16) = 31.45, p < .001, η2p = .663) compared to running on the track. Participants presented lower heart rate (F(1,16) = 13.74, p = .002, η2p = .462) on the track at the speed of 11 and 13 km·h-1 compared to the treadmill, but not at 15 km·h-1 (p = .021). Conclusions: We conclude that constant inclination (i.e.. 1%) during the treadmill test might not be suitable to reproduce comparable effort to running on the track; rather, there is an optimal treadmill inclination for different intensities to reproduce similar effort compared to the track running.
Collapse
|
39
|
Hanley B, Tucker CB. Reliability of the OptoJump Next System for Measuring Temporal Values in Elite Racewalking. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:3438-3443. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
40
|
Bernardina GRD, Monnet T, Cerveri P, Silvatti AP. Moving system with action sport cameras: 3D kinematics of the walking and running in a large volume. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224182. [PMID: 31714919 PMCID: PMC6850531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, motion analysis in clinical laboratories using optoelectronic systems (MOCAP) is performed in acquisition volumes of limited size. Given the complexity and cost of MOCAP in larger volumes, action sports cameras (ASC) represent an alternative approach in which the cameras move along with the subject during the movement task. Thus, this study aims to compare ASC against a traditional MOCAP in the perspective of reconstructing walking and running movements in large spatial volumes, which extend over the common laboratory setup. The two systems, consisting of four cameras each, were closely mounted on a custom carrying structure endowed with wheels. Two different acquisition setups, namely steady and moving conditions, were taken into account. A devoted calibration procedure, using the same protocol for the two systems, enabled the reconstruction of surface markers, placed on voluntary subjects, during the two acquisition setups. The comparison was quantitatively expressed in terms of three-dimensional (3D) marker reconstruction and kinematic computation quality. The quality of the marker reconstruction quality was quantified by means of the mean absolute error (MAE) of inter-marker distance and two-stick angle. The kinematic computation quality was quantified by means of the measure of the knee angle reconstruction during walking and running trials. In order to evaluate the camera system and moving camera effects, we used a Wilcoxon rank sum test and a Kruskal Wallis test (post-hoc Tukey), respectively. The Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) and the Wilcoxon rank sum test were applied to compare the kinematic data obtained by the two camera systems. We found small ASC MAE values (< 2.6mm and 1.3°), but they were significantly bigger than the MOCAP (< 0.7mm and 0.6°). However, for the human movement no significant differences were found between kinematic variables in walking and running acquisitions (p>0.05), and the motion patterns of the right-left knee angles between both systems were very similar (ρ>0.90, p<0.05). These results highlighted the promising results of a system that uses ASC based on the procedure of mobile cameras to follow the movement of the subject, allowing a less constrained movement in the direction in which the structure moves, compared to the traditional laboratory setup.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R. D. Bernardina
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Tony Monnet
- Department of Biomechanics and Robotics, PPRIME Institute, CNRS – University of Poitiers – ENSMA, UPR 3346, Poitiers, France
| | - Pietro Cerveri
- Eletronics, Information and Bioengineering Department, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Amanda P. Silvatti
- Department of Physical Education, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Mtibaa K, Zarrouk N, Girard O, Ryu JH, Hautier C, Racinais S. Heat stress impairs proprioception but not running mechanics. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 22:1361-1366. [PMID: 31444035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of heat stress on ankle proprioception and running gait pattern. DESIGN Counterbalanced repeated measures. METHODS 12 trained runners performed a proprioception test (active movement discrimination) before and immediately after a 30min, self-paced treadmill run in HOT (39°C) and COOL (22°C) ambient conditions. Velocity was imposed during the first and last minute (70% of maximal aerobic velocity, 13.3±0.8kmh-1) for determination of running mechanics and spring-mass characteristics. RESULTS Rectal (39.7±0.4 vs. 39.4±0.4°C), skin (36.3±1.1 vs. 31.8±1.1°C) and average body (38.3±0.2 vs. 36.4±0.4°C) temperatures together with heart rate (178±8 vs. 174±6bpm) and thermal discomfort (6.5±0.5 vs. 4.3±1.3) were all higher at the end of the HOT compared to COOL run (all p<0.05). Distance covered was lower in HOT than COOL (-5.1±3.6%, p<0.001). Average error during the proprioception test increased after running in HOT (+11%, p<0.05) but not in COOL (-2%). There was no significant difference for most segmental and joint angles at heel contact, except for a global increase in pelvis retroversion and decrease in ankle dorsi-flexion angles with time (p<0.05). Step frequency decreased (-2.5±3.6%) and step length increased (+2.6±3.8%) over time (p<0.05), independently of condition. Spring-mass characteristics remained unchanged (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Heat stress exacerbates thermal, cardiovascular and perceptual responses, while running velocity was slower during a 30min self-paced treadmill run. Heat stress also impairs ankle proprioception during an active movement discrimination task, but it has no influence on gait pattern assessed at a constant, sub-maximal velocity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khouloud Mtibaa
- Qatar University, Sports Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Doha, Qatar; Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Nidhal Zarrouk
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olivier Girard
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar; Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Christophe Hautier
- Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Yao J, Guo N, Xiao Y, Li Z, Li Y, Pu F, Fan Y. Lower limb joint motion and muscle force in treadmill and over-ground exercise. Biomed Eng Online 2019; 18:89. [PMID: 31438944 PMCID: PMC6704526 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-019-0708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Treadmill exercise is commonly used as an alternative to over-ground walking or running. Increasing evidence indicated the kinetics of treadmill exercise is different from that of over-ground. Biomechanics of treadmill or over-ground exercises have been investigated in terms of energy consumption, ground reaction force, and surface EMG signals. These indexes cannot accurately characterize the musculoskeletal loading, which directly contributes to tissue injuries. This study aimed to quantify the differences of lower limb joint angles and muscle forces in treadmills and over-ground exercises. 10 healthy volunteers were required to walk at 100 and 120 steps/min and run at 140 and 160 steps/min on treadmill and ground. The joint flexion angles were obtained from the motion capture experiments and were used to calculate the muscle forces with an inverse dynamic method. Results Hip, knee, and ankle joint motions of treadmill and over-ground conditions were similar in walking, yet different in running. Compared with over-ground running, joint motion ranges in treadmill running were smaller. They were also less affected by stride frequency. Maximum Gastrocnemius force was greater in treadmill walking, yet maximum Rectus femoris and Vastus forces were smaller. Maximum Gastrocnemius and Soleus forces were greater in treadmill running. Conclusions Treadmill exercise results in smoother joint kinematics. In terms of muscle force, treadmill exercise requires lower loading on knee extensor, yet higher loading on plantar flexor, especially on Gastrocnemius. The findings and the methodology can provide the basis for rehabilitation therapy customization and sophistic treadmill design. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12938-019-0708-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Guo
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Xiao
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhili Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Pu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China. .,Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China. .,National Research Center for Rehabilitation Technical Aids, Beijing, 100176, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Isherwood J, Hughes L, Qian JY, Sterzing T. Biomechanics measured during continuous loop and discontinuous runway running differ while running shoe comparisons appear consistent. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2019.1606108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Isherwood
- Sports Science and Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Liam Hughes
- Sports Science and Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd., Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Yuan Qian
- Sports Science and Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd., Xiamen, China
- Faculty of Sports Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Thorsten Sterzing
- Sports Science and Engineering Laboratory, Xtep (China) Co. Ltd., Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Exel J, Mateus N, Gonçalves B, Abrantes C, Calleja-González J, Sampaio J. Entropy Measures Can Add Novel Information to Reveal How Runners' Heart Rate and Speed Are Regulated by Different Environments. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1278. [PMID: 31214084 PMCID: PMC6558111 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological psychology suggests performer-environment relationship is the appropriate scale for examining the relationship between perception, action and cognition. Developing performance requires variation in practice in order to design the attractor-fluctuation landscape. The present study aimed to identify the effects of varying levels of familiarity and sensorimotor stimuli within the environment in runners' speed and heart rate (HR) regularity degree, and short-term memory Twelve amateur runners accomplished three 45-min running trials in their usual route, in an unusual route, and an athletics 400-m track, wearing a GPS and an HR monitor. Sample entropy (SampEn) and complexity index (CI), over speed and HR, were calculated. Pre and post-trial, participants performed the Backward Digit Span task for cognitive assessment. Higher entropies were found for the 400-m track, compared to the usual and unusual routes. Usual routes increased speed SampEn (63% of chances), but decreased HR CI when compared to unusual routes (60% of chances). Runners showed higher overall short-term memory performance after unusual routes, when compared to usual routes (85% of chances), indicating positive relation to attentional control. The contexts of practice may contribute to change predictability from single to multiple timescales. Thus, by considering that time structuring issues can help diagnosing habituation of training routes, this study brings novel information to the long-term process of training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Exel
- Creative Lab Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Nuno Mateus
- Creative Lab Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Bruno Gonçalves
- Creative Lab Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Catarina Abrantes
- Geron Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of the Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jaime Sampaio
- Creative Lab Research Community, Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Zhang JH, Chan ZYS, Au IPH, An WW, Cheung RTH. Can runners maintain a newly learned gait pattern outside a laboratory environment following gait retraining? Gait Posture 2019; 69:8-12. [PMID: 30658313 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous peak tibial shock gait retraining programs, which were usually conducted on a treadmill, were reported to be effective on impact loading reduction in runners. However, whether the trained runners can translate the training effect at different running modes (treadmill/overground), or running slopes (uphill/downhill), remains unknown. RESEARCH QUESTION Is the training effect from a treadmill-based gait retraining translatable to unconstrained running conditions, including overground and uphill/downhill running? METHODS The peak tibial shock was measured during treadmill/overground running, as well as level/uphill/downhill running before and after a course of treadmill-based gait retraining. The 8-session training aimed to soften footfalls using real-time biofeedback of tibial shock data. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to examine the effect of training, running mode, and running slope, on a group level. Reliable change index of each participant was used to assess the individual response to the training protocol used in this study. RESULTS Eighty percent of the participants were responsive to the gait retraining and managed to reduce their peak tibial shock following training. They managed to translate the training effect to treadmill slope running (Level: p < 0.05, Cohen's d = 1.65; Uphill: p = 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.91; Downhill: p < 0.05; Cohen's d = 1.29) and overground level running (p = 0.014, Cohen's d = 0.85). However, their peak tibial shock were not reduced during overground slope running (Uphill: p = 0.054; Cohen's d = 0.62; Downhill p = 0.12; Cohen's d = 0.48). SIGNIFICANCE Our findings indicated that a newly learned gait pattern may not fully translate to running outside of the laboratory environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet H Zhang
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ivan P H Au
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Winko W An
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Gait & Motion Analysis Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Force measurements during running on different instrumented treadmills. J Biomech 2019; 84:263-268. [PMID: 30621957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
One method to determine the forces produced during running is to conduct extensive kinematic and kinetic analysis. These analyses can be performed by having an individual perform repeated over-ground running trials or simply run continuously on an instrumented treadmill. The forces produced during over-ground running may not be the same as the forces during treadmill running and these differences could be attributed to a number of factors, including the design of the instrumented treadmill. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether there are differences in force measurements on different instrumented treadmill setups in comparison to over-ground running and to correct for any of these differences using a theoretical model. 11 participants ran on three different treadmills and performed over-ground running at 2.7, 3.6, and 4.5 m/s. Ground reaction forces were measured via force plates and an instrumented pressure insole. We found that the magnitude of the vertical ground reaction force differed between the three treadmills and over-ground running. The difference in ground reaction forces estimated by the pressure insole and the treadmill-force-plate system or instrumented treadmill can be explained by a three degree of freedom mechanical model of a person running on a treadmill and this model could potentially be used to correct for errors in force measurement from instrumented treadmills. The model included a force plate, a treadmill, and a wobbling mass with varying natural frequencies and damping characteristics, and constant masses. These findings provide researchers a method to correct forces from an instrumented treadmill set-up to determine a close approximation of the actual forces experienced by a participant during treadmill running.
Collapse
|
47
|
Robadey J, Staudenmann D, Schween R, Gehring D, Gollhofer A, Taube W. Lower between-limb asymmetry during running on treadmill compared to overground in subjects with laterally pronounced knee osteoarthritis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205191. [PMID: 30335784 PMCID: PMC6193626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjects with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) show gait asymmetries evidenced by lower knee flexion and shorter contact times for the affected leg. Interestingly, running on a treadmill compared to running overground is also associated with lower knee flexion and shorter contact times. Thus, it is of particular interest how gait patterns are influenced by the type of ground in subjects with KOA. The aim of the current study was therefore to measure the overground asymmetry of kinematic parameters in KOA subjects while running and to investigate whether this asymmetry is altered on a treadmill. Nine patients diagnosed with KOA underwent overground and treadmill running with 3D-motion analysis. The symmetry analysis was performed using Symmetry Angles for five selected gait parameters: contact and step time, heel-toe delay, maximal knee flexion during stance and vertical speed variance. For all parameters, the values were significantly lower for the affected compared to the non-affected leg (p≤0.023). Post-hoc analyses revealed significant differences between legs only overground and not on the treadmill. The asymmetry was lower on the treadmill, as indicated by significant Symmetry Angle reductions for contact time (p = 0.033), knee flexion (p = 0.001) and vertical speed variance (p = 0.002). The symmetry increase on the treadmill was mainly due to changes of the non-affected leg towards the affected leg values leading to smaller steps and less impact load in general. The present results suggest therefore that a) an assessment of symmetry may differ depending on the ground type (treadmill versus overground) and b) treadmill running may be more suitable for patients with KOA related gait asymmetries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Robadey
- Movement and Sport Science, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- ICT Department, University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Western Switzerland, Fribourg, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Didier Staudenmann
- Movement and Sport Science, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Schween
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dominic Gehring
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Albert Gollhofer
- Department of Sport Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Movement and Sport Science, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Mugele H, Plummer A, Baritello O, Towe M, Brecht P, Mayer F. Accuracy of training recommendations based on a treadmill multistage incremental exercise test. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204696. [PMID: 30307961 PMCID: PMC6181318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive runners will occasionally undergo exercise in a laboratory setting to obtain predictive and prescriptive information regarding their performance. The present research aimed to assess whether the physiological demands of lab-based treadmill running (TM) can simulate that of over-ground (OG) running using a commonly used protocol. Fifteen healthy volunteers with a weekly mileage of ≥ 20 km over the past 6 months and treadmill experience participated in this cross-sectional study. Two stepwise incremental tests until volitional exhaustion was performed in a fixed order within one week in an Outpatient Clinic research laboratory and outdoor athletic track. Running velocity (IATspeed), heart rate (IATHR) and lactate concentration at the individual anaerobic threshold (IATbLa) were primary endpoints. Additionally, distance covered (DIST), maximal heart rate (HRmax), maximal blood lactate concentration (bLamax) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) at IATspeed were analyzed. IATspeed, DIST and HRmax were not statistically significantly different between conditions, whereas bLamax and RPE at IATspeed showed statistical significance (p < 0.05). Apart from RPE at IATspeed, IATspeed, DIST, HRmax and bLamax strongly correlate between conditions (r = 0.815-0.988). High reliability between conditions provides strong evidence to suggest that running on a treadmill are physiologically comparable to that of OG and that training recommendations and be made with assurance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Mugele
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Ashley Plummer
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Omar Baritello
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Maggie Towe
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Clinical Exercise Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pia Brecht
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Professorship of Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Frank Mayer
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, Professorship of Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, University Outpatient Clinic, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liew BXW, Helwig NE, Morris S, Netto K. Influence of proximal trunk borne load on lower limb countermovement joint dynamics. J Biomech 2018; 79:223-226. [PMID: 30126721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Vertical jumping involves coordinating the temporal sequencing of angular motion, moment, and power across multiple joints. Studying the biomechanical coordination strategies that differentiates loaded from unloaded vertical jumping may better inform training prescription for athletes needing to jump with load. Common multivariate methods (e.g. Principal Components Analysis) cannot quantify coordination in a dataset with more than two modes. This study aimed to identify coordinative factors across four modes of variation using Parallel Factor (Parafac2) analysis, which may differentiate unloaded (body weight [BW]) from loaded (BW + 20% BW) countermovement jump (CMJ). Thirty-one participants performed unloaded and loaded CMJ. Three-dimensional motion capture with force plate analysis was performed. Inverse dynamics was used to quantify sagittal plane joint angle, velocity, moment, and joint power across the ankle, knee, and hip. The four-mode data were as follows: Mode A was jump cycle (101 cycle points), mode B was participant (31 participants by two load), mode C was joint (two sides by three joints), and mode D was variable (angle, velocity, moment, power). Three factors were extracted, which explained 95.1% of the data's variance. Only factors one (P = 0.001) and three (P < 0.001) significantly differentiated loaded from unloaded jumping. The body augmented hip-dominant at the start, and both hip and ankle dominant behaviors at the end of the ascending phase of the CMJ, but kept knee-dominant behavior invariant, when jumping with a 20% BW load. By studying the variation across all data modes, Parafac2 provides a holistic method of studying jumping coordination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernard X W Liew
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain (CPR Spine), School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Nathaniel E Helwig
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; School of Statistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Susan Morris
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Kevin Netto
- School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang R, Fukuda DH, Cheng P, Hu Y, Stout JR, Hoffman JR. Differential effects of speed on two-dimensional foot strike pattern during barefoot and shod running in recreationally active men. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:438-451. [PMID: 30136909 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1497194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of barefoot running studies have not considered speed as an influential factor on foot strike pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in foot strike pattern and spatiotemporal characteristics between barefoot and shod overground running at varying speeds. We first determined maximal running speed (Vm) over 50 m in 15 recreationally active men who self-reported as habitual rearfoot strikers. Participants then completed shod and barefoot running trials at different speeds equivalent to approximately 90%, 80%, 70% and 60% of Vm. Sagittal plane two-dimensional (2D) foot-ground contact angle, ankle plantar-dorsi flexion angle, contact time, flight time, step length and step rate variables for each trial were recorded. A significant interaction effect of running speed and footwear condition (p < 0.05) on foot-ground contact angle, ankle plantar-dorsi flexion angle and contact time was observed. There was a main effect of running speed (p < 0.01) on flight time, step length and step rate. There was a main effect of footwear condition on step length (p < 0.01). Participants were more inclined to plantarflex the ankle and contact the ground with the forefoot at higher percentages of Vm, especially when running barefoot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ran Wang
- School of Physical Education & Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai, China.,Institute of Exercise Physiology & Wellness, University of Central Florida , Orlando, USA
| | - David H Fukuda
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Wellness, University of Central Florida , Orlando, USA
| | - Peng Cheng
- Sport Science Research Centre, Beijing Sport University , Beijing, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Sport Science Research Centre, Beijing Sport University , Beijing, China
| | - Jeffrey R Stout
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Wellness, University of Central Florida , Orlando, USA
| | - Jay R Hoffman
- Institute of Exercise Physiology & Wellness, University of Central Florida , Orlando, USA
| |
Collapse
|