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Mori K, North TD, Cheng KJ, Baek S, Alvis HB, Kwon YH. Effects of two-step golf swing drills on rhythm and clubhead speed in competitive juniors. Sports Biomech 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38623642 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2336946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Vertical and horizontal rhythms are crucial aspects of a dynamic golf swing, and the two-step swing drills (TSSD) were specifically designed to promote rhythmic unloading and loading of the legs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a TSSD training session on the swing rhythm and clubhead speed (CHS) among competitive junior golfers (3.1 ± 4.4 hcp). The driver swings (7 swings each) of 10 competitive junior golfers (aged 15-18) were captured before and after a TSSD session consisting of four stages (lasting less than 45 minutes). Post-TSSD training, there were significant increases in CHS (p < .001), maximum unweighting (p = .006), the trail-side push (p = .009), the horizontal motion ranges of the body and pelvis (p = .005-.031), the upward/downward motion range of the body in the backswing (p = .042/.024), and the backswing/downswing angular velocity peaks of the axle-chain system (p < .033). The stepping-like leg actions primarily facilitated horizontal motion rhythm over vertical motion and unweighting over push in terms of ground interaction. These findings suggest that TSSD can serve as an effective method for developing a rhythmic and dynamic motion pattern while increasing CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanji Mori
- Biomechanics & Motor Behavior Laboratory, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Taylor D North
- Biomechanics & Motor Behavior Laboratory, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Kai-Jen Cheng
- Biomechanics & Motor Behavior Laboratory, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Seungho Baek
- Biomechanics & Motor Behavior Laboratory, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Hunter B Alvis
- Biomechanics & Motor Behavior Laboratory, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Young-Hoo Kwon
- Biomechanics & Motor Behavior Laboratory, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX, USA
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2
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McHugh MP, O'Mahoney CA, Orishimo KF, Kremenic IJ, Nicholas SJ. Kinematic, Kinetic, and Temporal Metrics Associated With Golf Proficiency. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:599-606. [PMID: 38088880 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT McHugh, MP, O'Mahoney, CA, Orishimo, KF, Kremenic, IJ, and Nicholas, SJ. Kinematic, kinetic, and temporal metrics associated with golf proficiency. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): 599-606, 2024-The biomechanics of the golf swing have been studied extensively, but the literature is unclear on which metrics are indicative of proficiency. The purpose of this study was to determine which metrics identified golf proficiency. It was hypothesized that discrete kinematic, kinetic, and temporal metrics would vary depending on proficiency and that combinations of metrics from each category would explain specific proficiency metrics. Kinematic, kinetic, and temporal metrics and their sequencing were collected for shots performed with a driver in 33 male golfers categorized as proficient, average, or unskilled (based on a combination of handicap, ball velocity, and driving distance). Kinematic data were collected with high-speed motion analysis, and ground reaction forces (GRF) were collected from dual force plates. Proficient golfers had greater x-factor at ball impact and greater trunk deceleration before ball impact compared with average ( p < 0.05) and unskilled ( p < 0.01) golfers. Unskilled golfers had lower x-factor at the top of the back swing and lower peak x-factor, and they took longer to reach peak trunk velocity and peak lead foot GRF compared with average ( p < 0.05) and proficient ( p < 0.05) golfers. A combination of 2 kinematic metrics (x-factor at ball impact and peak pelvis velocity), 1 kinetic metric (peak lead foot GRF), and 2 timing metrics (the timing of peak trunk and arm velocity) explained 85% of the variability in ball velocity. The finding that x-factor at ball impact and trunk deceleration identified golf proficiency points to the potential for axial trunk rotation training to improve performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malachy P McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY
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3
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Kim SE, Burket Koltsov JC, Richards AW, Zhou J, Schadl K, Ladd AL, Rose J. Validation of Inertial Measurement Units for Analyzing Golf Swing Rotational Biomechanics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:8433. [PMID: 37896527 PMCID: PMC10611231 DOI: 10.3390/s23208433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Training devices to enhance golf swing technique are increasingly in demand. Golf swing biomechanics are typically assessed in a laboratory setting and not readily accessible. Inertial measurement units (IMUs) offer improved access as they are wearable, cost-effective, and user-friendly. This study investigates the accuracy of IMU-based golf swing kinematics of upper torso and pelvic rotation compared to lab-based 3D motion capture. Thirty-six male and female professional and amateur golfers participated in the study, nine in each sub-group. Golf swing rotational kinematics, including upper torso and pelvic rotation, pelvic rotational velocity, S-factor (shoulder obliquity), O-factor (pelvic obliquity), and X-factor were compared. Strong positive correlations between IMU and 3D motion capture were found for all parameters; Intraclass Correlations ranged from 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.89, 0.93) for O-factor to 1.00 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.00) for upper torso rotation; Pearson coefficients ranged from 0.92 (95% CI: 0.92, 0.93) for O-factor to 1.00 (95% CI: 1.00, 1.00) for upper torso rotation (p < 0.001 for all). Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated good agreement between the two methods; absolute mean differences ranged from 0.61 to 1.67 degrees. Results suggest that IMUs provide a practical and viable alternative for golf swing analysis, offering golfers accessible and wearable biomechanical feedback to enhance performance. Furthermore, integrating IMUs into golf coaching can advance swing analysis and personalized training protocols. In conclusion, IMUs show significant promise as cost-effective and practical devices for golf swing analysis, benefiting golfers across all skill levels and providing benchmarks for training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
- Motion & Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jayme Carolynn Burket Koltsov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Alexander Wilder Richards
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Joanne Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Kornel Schadl
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
- Motion & Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Amy L. Ladd
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
| | - Jessica Rose
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (S.E.K.); (J.C.B.K.); (J.Z.); (K.S.); (A.L.L.)
- Motion & Gait Analysis Lab, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Suhara H, Nariai M, Takagi T, Akiyama K, Nagashima J, Shiraki H. Relationship of Clubhead Speed With Explosive Power and Muscle Strength of the Hip and Trunk Joints of Elite Golfers. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:859-865. [PMID: 36165843 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Suhara, H, Nariai, M, Takagi, T, Akiyama, K, Nagashima, J, and Shiraki, H. Relationship of clubhead speed with explosive power and muscle strength of the hip and trunk joints of elite golfers. J Strength Cond Res 37(4): 859-865, 2023-In golf, the driving distance of the ball is affected by the clubhead speed (CHS) on impact. We aimed to clarify the relationship between CHS and explosive power and muscle strength of the hip and trunk muscles in elite golfers (male age: 19.6 ± 1.9 years, male handicap: 4.4 ± 0.9, female age: 17.7 ± 1.4 years, and female handicap: 6.2 ± 0.7). A correlational design was used to assess the relationships between CHS and strength (hip extension-flexion and trunk rotation of peak torque at an isokinetic 60 and 180°·s -1 angular velocity) and CHS and power (countermovement jump [CMJ]; peak power and jump height; backward overhead medicine ball [BOMB] throw). Fourteen each of male and female elite golfers were included. The CHS during the golf swing was measured using a Doppler radar measurement device (Trackman). A correlation analysis between each measurement and CHS ( p ≤ 0.05) was conducted. We found that the peak torque of right hip extension at an angular velocity of 180°/s (male, r = 0.67; female, r = 0.61), peak CMJ power (male: r = 0.63, female: r = 0.75), and BOMB throw distance (male, r = 0.6; female, 0.6) were positively correlated with CHS in both male and female golfers. These results suggest that the extensor strength of the lower extremities and trunk, centered on the hip joint in the sagittal plane, is important for physical fitness and muscle strength measurement related to CHS. Conversely, concentric trunk rotator strength and CHS were not correlated, suggesting that concentric trunk rotator strength may not be actively involved in CHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Suhara
- Department of High-Performance, Japan Golf Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miki Nariai
- Department of High-Performance, Japan Golf Association, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Educational Development, Kyoto University of Advanced Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tokio Takagi
- Department of High-Performance, Japan Golf Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Akiyama
- Faculty of Sports Science, University of Waseda, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junji Nagashima
- Department of High-Performance, Japan Golf Association, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiraki
- Department of High-Performance, Japan Golf Association, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tokyo, Japan
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Kim SE, Pham NS, Park JH, Ladd A, Lee J. Potential biomechanical risk factors on developing lead knee osteoarthritis in the golf swing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22653. [PMID: 36587045 PMCID: PMC9805371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The load on the lead knee joint during a golf swing is greater than that observed during gait. However, current evidence regarding golf swing biomechanics for risks associated with knee osteoarthritis (OA) is limited. Therefore, this study investigated golf swing styles associated with knee adduction and abduction moments, which are considered to be crucial loading regions of the medial and lateral compartments of knee OA, respectively. Thirteen professional male golfers performed five shots using a 5-iron club, and their swings were recorded using a motion capture system with two force platforms for the feet. A regression analysis was performed to calculate the correlation coefficients between the peak knee adduction and abduction moments of the lead leg and varus/valgus angle, toe-out angle, stance width, weight transfer, and shoulder sway. Swinging with a narrower stance width at address (r = - 0.62, p = 0.02) with more weight shift (r = 0.66, p = 0.014) and shoulder sway (r = 0.79, p = 0.001) towards the target during the downswing were associated with a higher peak knee adduction of the lead leg, whereas a greater valgus angle at address (r = 0.60, p = 0.03) was associated with a higher peak knee abduction of the lead leg. Based on these findings, we anticipate future research to support postural changes, particularly a wider stance width and restricted shoulder sway for golfers who are classified to be at high risk of developing medial compartment knee OA, as well as a lower valgus (tibial medial tilt) angle at address for those classified to be at high risk of developing lateral compartment knee OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Eun Kim
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA ,grid.414123.10000 0004 0450 875XMotion & Gait Analysis Laboratory, Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Palo Alto, CA USA
| | - Nicole Segovia Pham
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jae Hyeon Park
- grid.412145.70000 0004 0647 3212Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri-Si, Gyeonggi-Do Korea
| | - Amy Ladd
- grid.168010.e0000000419368956Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA USA
| | - Jangyun Lee
- grid.470090.a0000 0004 1792 3864Department of Orthopedic Surgery, 6-01 Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, 27 Dongguk Ro, Ilsandong-Gu, Goyang-Si, 10326 Gyeonggi-Do Korea ,grid.31501.360000 0004 0470 5905Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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6
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Golf Swing Biomechanics: A Systematic Review and Methodological Recommendations for Kinematics. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060091. [PMID: 35736831 PMCID: PMC9227529 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have been conducted to investigate golf swing performance in both preventing injury and injury occurrence. The objective of this review was to describe state-of-the-art golf swing biomechanics, with a specific emphasis on movement kinematics, and when possible, to suggest recommendations for research methodologies. Keywords related to biomechanics and golf swings were used in scientific databases. Only articles that focused on golf-swing kinematics were considered. In this review, 92 articles were considered and categorized into the following domains: X-factor, crunch factor, swing plane and clubhead trajectory, kinematic sequence, and joint angular kinematics. The main subjects of focus were male golfers. Performance parameters were searched for, but the lack of methodological consensus prevented generalization of the results and led to contradictory results. Currently, three-dimensional approaches are commonly used for joint angular kinematic investigations. However, recommendations by the International Society of Biomechanics are rarely considered.
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7
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Severin AC, Tackett SA, Barnes CL, Mannen EM. Three-dimensional kinematics in healthy older adult males during golf swings. Sports Biomech 2022; 21:165-178. [PMID: 31453740 PMCID: PMC7044058 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1649452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The biomechanics of the golf swing have received considerable attention in previous research. However, existing studies have focused on young athletes, while the kinematics of older golfers remain poorly documented. This study presents kinematic data for healthy senior golfers during swings performed with a driver and six-iron. Seventeen male golfers (62.2 ± 8.8 years) volunteered for participation and a 10-camera Vicon system (Oxford, UK) recorded kinematic data (500 Hz). A launch monitor (TrackMan, Vedbæk, Denmark) recorded club head speed and initial ball speed. Joint angles and peak velocities of the trunk and lower body were extracted at the top of the backswing, ball contact, and end of the swing. Intraclass correlations and standard error of measurement determined reliability, and pairwise statistics determined between-club differences. Swings with the driver had 7.3° less trunk extension and 4.3° less X-factor at backswing, and 10.5° less trunk flexion and 3.2° less X-factor at ball impact. Older adults portray several differences in lower body kinematics between a six-iron and driver but maintain good to excellent reliability (0.728-0.997) during the swings. Comparisons with previous research also showed senior athletes produce slower club head and ball speeds than younger golfers, and that kinematic differences exist between the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C. Severin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Stewart A. Tackett
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - C. Lowry Barnes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Erin M. Mannen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA,Corresponding Author Erin M. Mannen, PhD, 4301 W. Markham St, Slot 531, Little Rock, AR 72205, (501) 686-5416,
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8
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Bourgain M, Provot T, Sauret C, Valdes-Tamayo L, Rouillon O, Thoreux P, Rouch P. Variability of motor moment during golf swing: study of a female professional player. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1811509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bourgain
- EPF – Graduate School of Engineering, Sceaux, France
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, Paris, France
| | - T. Provot
- EPF – Graduate School of Engineering, Sceaux, France
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, Paris, France
| | - C. Sauret
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, Paris, France
- Institution nationale des Invalides (INI)/CERAH, Créteil, France
| | - L. Valdes-Tamayo
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, Paris, France
| | - O. Rouillon
- Fédération Française de Golf, Levallois Perret, France
| | - P. Thoreux
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, Paris, France
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - P. Rouch
- Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, IBHGC, Paris, France
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Bourgain M, Sauret C, Marsan T, Perez MJ, Rouillon O, Thoreux P, Rouch P. Influence of the projection plane and the markers choice on the X-factor computation of the golf swing X-factor: a case study. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1812154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Bourgain
- EPF Graduate School of Engineering, Sceaux, France
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - C. Sauret
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
- Institution nationale des Invalides (INI)/CERAH, Créteil, France
| | - T. Marsan
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
| | - M. J. Perez
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - O. Rouillon
- Fédération Française de Golf, Levallois Perret, France
| | - P. Thoreux
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
- Hôpital Avicenne, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, AP-HP, Bobigny, France
| | - P. Rouch
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Paris, France
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10
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Izumoto Y, Kurihara T, Sato T, Maeo S, Sugiyama T, Kanehisa H, Isaka T. Changes in angular momentum during the golf swing and their association with club head speed. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2019.1702298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoka Izumoto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kurihara
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takahiko Sato
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sumiaki Maeo
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugiyama
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanehisa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Parker J, Hellström J, Olsson MC. Differences in kinematics and driver performance in elite female and male golfers. Sports Biomech 2019; 21:731-747. [PMID: 31724482 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1683221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare swing kinematic differences between women and men and investigate which variables predict clubhead speed (CHS) and carry distance (CD) whilst accounting for individual variation. METHODS Swing kinematics and driver performance data were collected on 20 (10 women) elite golfers (HCP 0.7 ± 1.4). We used Bayesian T-test for between sex comparison of swing kinematics and Bayesian Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) to produce general linear models for CHS and carry distance for elite female and male golfers separately. RESULTS There was strong evidence that the driver performance variables CHS and CD were decreased in women compared to men, and two kinematic variables; time to arm peak speed downswing and angular wrist peak speed were slower in women. The ANCOVAs identified very strong to overwhelming evidence that participant as a fixed factor was a determinant of CHS for both women and men but was not a determinant of CD. CONCLUSION when looking to enhance driver performance among high-level golfers, coaches should be aware that variables that determine CHS and CD differ among women and men and if the aim is to improve CHS coaches should not forget the importance of individual swing characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Parker
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.,The Center for Research on Welfare, Health and Sport, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden.,Scandinavian College of Sport, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - M Charlotte Olsson
- The Rydberg Laboratory for Applied Sciences, School of Business, Engineering and Science, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
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12
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Han KH, Como C, Kim J, Hung CJ, Hasan M, Kwon YH. Effects of pelvis-shoulders torsional separation style on kinematic sequence in golf driving. Sports Biomech 2019; 18:663-685. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1629617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hoon Han
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Como
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jemin Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Cheng-Ju Hung
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Mohammad Hasan
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Young-Hoo Kwon
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, College of Health Sciences, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
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13
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Han KH, Como C, Kim J, Lee S, Kim J, Kim DK, Kwon YH. Effects of the golfer–ground interaction on clubhead speed in skilled male golfers. Sports Biomech 2019; 18:115-134. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2019.1586983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ki Hoon Han
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Christopher Como
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jemin Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Jaewoong Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Dae Kyoo Kim
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Young-Hoo Kwon
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, USA
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14
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Khuyagbaatar B, Purevsuren T, Kim YH. Kinematic determinants of performance parameters during golf swing. Proc Inst Mech Eng H 2019; 233:554-561. [DOI: 10.1177/0954411919838643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In golf, the trunk and pelvis kinematic variables are often related to measures of performance due to the highly complex and multi-joint movements involved in swings. However, it is unclear how specific body segments or joints contributed to the golf performance parameters. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the key joints, including those of the upper and lower trunk, that are associated with golf performance parameters, such as X-Factor and pelvis motion. A motion capture system was used to obtain three-dimensional kinematics of golf swings performed by 10 low handicap male golfers. Based on regression analysis, right knee adduction, right shoulder external rotation and left elbow extension in ball address to top of the backswing and left knee adduction and lower trunk right bending with left rotation in top of the backswing to end of follow-through were presented as predictor variables for the X-Factor. For pelvis movement, a greater number of joint angles were associated with pelvis posterior tilt during backswing and pelvis motion to target with right rotation during downswing/follow-through. This study provides fundamental details of the movement mechanisms of major joints, as well as their relationships with performance parameters. Such understanding can be combined with training to improve the golfing skill and prevent possible injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yoon Hyuk Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Korea
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15
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Bourgain M, Hybois S, Thoreux P, Rouillon O, Rouch P, Sauret C. Effect of shoulder model complexity in upper-body kinematics analysis of the golf swing. J Biomech 2018; 75:154-158. [PMID: 29752051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The golf swing is a complex full body movement during which the spine and shoulders are highly involved. In order to determine shoulder kinematics during this movement, multibody kinematics optimization (MKO) can be recommended to limit the effect of the soft tissue artifact and to avoid joint dislocations or bone penetration in reconstructed kinematics. Classically, in golf biomechanics research, the shoulder is represented by a 3 degrees-of-freedom model representing the glenohumeral joint. More complex and physiological models are already provided in the scientific literature. Particularly, the model used in this study was a full body model and also described motions of clavicles and scapulae. This study aimed at quantifying the effect of utilizing a more complex and physiological shoulder model when studying the golf swing. Results obtained on 20 golfers showed that a more complex and physiologically-accurate model can more efficiently track experimental markers, which resulted in differences in joint kinematics. Hence, the model with 3 degrees-of-freedom between the humerus and the thorax may be inadequate when combined with MKO and a more physiological model would be beneficial. Finally, results would also be improved through a subject-specific approach for the determination of the segment lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bourgain
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France.
| | - S Hybois
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - P Thoreux
- Hôpital Avicenne, université Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, AP-HP, 93017 Bobigny, France
| | - O Rouillon
- Fédération Française de Golf, 68 rue Anatole France, 92309 Levallois Perret, France
| | - P Rouch
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
| | - C Sauret
- Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Paris, France
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16
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Lamb PF, Pataky TC. The role of pelvis-thorax coupling in controlling within-golf club swing speed. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2164-2171. [PMID: 29471731 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1442287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pelvis-thorax coordination has been recognised to be associated with swing speed. Increasing angular separation between the pelvis and thorax has been thought to initiate the stretch shortening cycle and lead to increased clubhead speed. The purpose of this study was to determine whether pelvis-thorax coupling played a significant role in regulating clubhead speed, in a group of low-handicap golfers (mean handicap = 4.1). Sixteen participants played shots to target distances determined based on their typical 5- and 6-iron shot distances. Half the difference between median 5- and 6-iron distance for each participant was used to create three swing effort conditions: "minus", "norm", and "plus". Ten shots were played under each swing effort condition using both the 5-iron and 6-iron, resulting in six shot categories and 60 shots per participant. No significant differences were found for X-factor for club or swing effort. X-factor stretch showed significant differences for club and swing effort. Continuous relative phase (CRP) results mainly showed evidence of the stretch shortening cycle in the downswing and that it was more pronounced late in the downswing as swing effort increased. Substantial inter-individual CRP variability demonstrated the need for individual analyses when investigating coordination in the golf swing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter F Lamb
- a School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences , University of Otago , Dunedin , New Zealand.,b Department of Training Science and Sport Informatics, Faculty of Sports and Health Science , Technische Universität München , Munich , Germany
| | - Todd C Pataky
- c Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan.,d Department of Bioengineering , Institute for Fiber Engineering, Shinshu University , Ueda , Japan
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17
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Gryc T, Stastny P, Zahálka F, Smółka W, Żmijewski P, Gołaś A, Zawartka M, Malý T. Performance and Kinematic Differences in Putting between Healthy and Disabled Elite Golfers. J Hum Kinet 2018; 60:233-241. [PMID: 29340004 PMCID: PMC5765804 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2017-0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Golfers with disability are limited in the execution of the full golf swing, but their performance in putting may be comparable because this stroke does not demand significant strength, balance and range of motion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare putting performance, kinetic and kinematic consistency between golfers with different disabilities and healthy athletes. The participants consisted of three disabled athletes (perinatal cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, below knee lower limb amputee) and three healthy golfers (age 34 ± 4.5 years, body height 178 ± 3.3 cm, body mass 83 ± 6.2 kg). The golfers’ movements were recorded by active 3D markers for kinematic analyses; the subjects performed 10 trials of a 6 m putting task while standing on separate force platforms placed under each lower limb. Putting performance was measured by the distance of the final ball position to the centre of the hole. ANOVA analyses did not show any differences in clubhead speed and total ball distance from the hole. The consistency of those two parameters expressed by the coefficient of variation (CV) was CV = 0.5% or better in both groups for clubhead speed and ranged from CV = 0.40 to 0.61% in healthy and CV = 0.21 to 0.55% in disabled athletes for total error distance. The main effect ANOVA showed differences in weight shift, hip and shoulder kinematics (p < 0.05) between healthy players and all players with disability. All disabled athletes shifted their weight toward the healthy side (towards the healthy lower limb) and alternated the end of the swing. The player with below knee amputation had the lowest range of motion in the shoulder joint during the putting stroke. The players with perinatal cerebral palsy and multiple sclerosis had the largest range of motion in the hips. Putting performance of disabled golfers was similar to healthy athletes. During training of disabled players, coaches should pay attention to the specificity of a particular disability when focused on putting performance. However, individual technique should achieve the same consistency as observed in healthy players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Gryc
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Biomedical Laboratory, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Stastny
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sport Games, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Zahálka
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Biomedical Laboratory, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Wojciech Smółka
- Clinical Department of Laryngology, School of Medicine in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Piotr Żmijewski
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Artur Gołaś
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Zawartka
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomáš Malý
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Biomedical Laboratory, Prague, Czech Republic
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18
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The most important “factor” in producing clubhead speed in golf. Hum Mov Sci 2017; 55:138-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cole MH, Grimshaw PN. The Biomechanics of the Modern Golf Swing: Implications for Lower Back Injuries. Sports Med 2016; 46:339-51. [PMID: 26604102 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0429-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The modern golf swing is a complex and asymmetrical movement that places an emphasis on restricting pelvic turn while increasing thorax rotation during the backswing to generate higher clubhead speeds at impact. Increasing thorax rotation relative to pelvic rotation preloads the trunk muscles by accentuating their length and allowing them to use the energy stored in their elastic elements to produce more power. As the thorax and pelvis turn back towards the ball during the downswing, more skilled golfers are known to laterally slide their pelvis toward the target, which further contributes to final clubhead speed. However, despite the apparent performance benefits associated with these sequences, it has been argued that the lumbar spine is incapable of safely accommodating the forces they produce. This notion supports a link between the repeated performance of the golf swing and the development of golf-related low back injuries. Of the complaints reported by golfers, low back injuries continue to be the most prevalent, but the mechanism of these injuries is still poorly understood. This review highlights that there is a paucity of research directly evaluating the apparent link between the modern golf swing and golf-related low back pain. Furthermore, there has been a general lack of consensus within the literature with respect to the methods used to objectively assess the golf swing and the methods used to derived common outcome measures. Future research would benefit from a clear set of guidelines to help reduce the variability between studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Cole
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, Virginia, P.O. Box 456, Brisbane, QLD, 4014, Australia.
| | - Paul N Grimshaw
- School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Joyce C. An examination of the correlation amongst trunk flexibility, x-factor and clubhead speed in skilled golfers. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:2035-2041. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1252052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Joyce
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Notre Dame Australia, Fremantle, Australia
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21
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Joyce C, Chivers P, Sato K, Burnett A. Multi-segment trunk models used to investigate the crunch factor in golf and their relationship with selected swing and launch parameters. J Sports Sci 2016; 34:1970-5. [PMID: 26930121 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1149600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of multi-segment trunk models to investigate the crunch factor in golf may be warranted. The first aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the trunk and lower trunk for crunch factor-related variables (trunk lateral bending and trunk axial rotation velocity). The second aim was to determine the level of association between crunch factor-related variables with swing (clubhead velocity) and launch (launch angle). Thirty-five high-level amateur male golfers (Mean ± SD: age = 23.8 ± 2.1 years, registered golfing handicap = 5 ± 1.9) without low back pain had kinematic data collected from their golf swing using a 10-camera motion analysis system operating at 500 Hz. Clubhead velocity and launch angle were collected using a validated real-time launch monitor. A positive relationship was found between the trunk and lower trunk for axial rotation velocity (r(35) = .47, P < .01). Cross-correlation analysis revealed a strong coupling relationship for the crunch factor (R(2) = 0.98) between the trunk and lower trunk. Using generalised linear model analysis, it was evident that faster clubhead velocities and lower launch angles of the golf ball were related to reduced lateral bending of the lower trunk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Joyce
- a School of Health Sciences , The University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Paola Chivers
- b Institute for Health Research , The University of Notre Dame Australia , Fremantle , Western Australia , Australia
| | - Kimitake Sato
- c Department of Exercise and Sports Sciences , East Tennessee State University , Johnson City , TN , USA
| | - Angus Burnett
- d School of Exercise and Health Sciences , Edith Cowan University , Joondalup , Western Australia , Australia
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22
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Sgroi T, Chalmers PN, Riff AJ, Lesniak M, Sayegh ET, Wimmer MA, Verma NN, Cole BJ, Romeo AA. Predictors of throwing velocity in youth and adolescent pitchers. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 2015; 24:1339-45. [PMID: 25842029 DOI: 10.1016/j.jse.2015.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shoulder and elbow injuries are a common cause of pain, dysfunction, and inability to play in overhead throwers. Pitch velocity plays an integral part in the etiology of these injuries; however, the demographic and biomechanical correlates with throwing velocity remain poorly understood. We hypothesized that pitchers with higher velocity would have shared demographic and kinematic characteristics. METHODS Normal preseason youth and adolescent pitchers underwent dual-orthogonal high-speed video analysis while pitch velocity was collected with a radar gun. Demographic and pitching history data were also collected. Kinematic data and observational mechanics were recorded. Multivariate regression analysis was performed. RESULTS A total of 420 pitchers were included, with a mean pitching velocity of 64 ± 10 mph. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, the most important correlates with pitch velocity were age (P < .001; R(2) = 0.658), height (P < .001; R(2) = 0.076), separation of the hips and shoulders (P < .001; R(2) = 0.027), and stride length (P < .001; R(2) = 0.016); in combination, these 4 variables explained 78% of the variance in pitch velocity. Each year of age was associated with a mean 1.5 mph increase in velocity; each inch in height, with 1.2 mph; separation of the hips and shoulders, with 2.6 mph; and a 10% increase in stride length, with 1.9 mph. CONCLUSION Pitch velocity is most strongly correlated with age, height, separation of the hips and shoulders, and stride length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance Sgroi
- Accelerated Rehabilitation Centers Ltd, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Peter N Chalmers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Andrew J Riff
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Eli T Sayegh
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Markus A Wimmer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nikhil N Verma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian J Cole
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anthony A Romeo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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Stastny P, Maszczyk A, Tománková K, Kubový P, Richtrová M, Otáhal J, Čichoň R, Mostowik A, Żmijewski P, Cięszczyk P. Kinetic and Kinematic Differences in a Golf Swing in One and Both Lower Limb Amputees. J Hum Kinet 2015; 48:33-41. [PMID: 26834871 PMCID: PMC4721621 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Amputee golfers need to cope with the absence of sole proprioception, a decreased range of swing motion and other factors which should be recognized for training purposes. The aim of this study was to determine the kinetic and kinematic differences in the golf swing in one leg and two legs amputees. The participants consisted of two males and one female at a professional or amateur level with a different degree of disability. Each participant was taped by 3D markers and performed five golf swings with the iron 6. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) did not vary between individuals in kinematics, however, it was low in kinetic variables of two leg amputees. The Kendal rank correlation showed a significant relationship between the level of amputation and a large number of kinetic and kinematic variables such as X factor, O factor, S factor and individual body angles. The fluency and similarity of the golf swing did not depend on the level of amputation. One lower limb amputation did not seem to increase movement variability contrary to two lower limb amputation. The most variable parameter was a weight-shift in all golfers. The takeaway and horizontal force angle depended on the level of amputation rather than individual technique, thus, their modification by training may be difficult. Estimation of golf swing „mistakes” in amputees in respect to the leading arm in an early follow or late follow position appeared to be useless.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stastny
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author: Petr Stastny Ph.D., Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11, Olomouc, Czech Republic, E-mail:
| | - Adam Maszczyk
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport; The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice; Poland
| | - Kristina Tománková
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubový
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Laboratory of Extreme Loading
| | - Michaela Richtrová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Laboratory of Extreme Loading
| | - Jakub Otáhal
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Laboratory of Extreme Loading
| | - Rostislav Čichoň
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Physical Education and Department of Anatomy and Biomechanics, Laboratory of Extreme Loading
| | - Aleksandra Mostowik
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport; The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice; Poland
| | | | - Paweł Cięszczyk
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health Promotion, University of Szczecin, Poland
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