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Sousa CSV, Sun J, Mestre NC. Potential biomarkers of metal toxicity in deep-sea invertebrates - A critical review of the omics data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175628. [PMID: 39163939 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Deep-sea mining (DSM) activities are expected to release potentially toxic metal mixtures through the generation of sediment plumes to the marine environment. This may disrupt the normal functioning of biological mechanisms, adversely affecting deep-sea invertebrate organisms. It is thus essential to understand the ecotoxicological effects from these toxic elements in deep-sea organisms and the omics approaches applied to ecotoxicology are seen as promising tools. Here, we provide an overview of the principal biological modifications identified in deep-sea invertebrates when exposed to metals and critically evaluate the current knowledge and discuss which potential biomarkers may be useful after metal exposure. Most of the 50 omics studies on deep-sea invertebrates revised are comparative transcriptomes (n = 41). Forty-three potential biomarker candidates are highlighted from immune system, 46 from cellular metabolism and 29 from oxidative stress. The processes mostly affected by metal toxicity in deep-sea invertebrates are related to innate immune defense; sulfur, chitin, and catabolic metabolism; antioxidation; and detoxification. We acknowledge the current limitations and future perspectives for their uses and emphasize the need to invest in further ecotoxicological studies using the omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cármen S V Sousa
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Jin Sun
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Nélia C Mestre
- Centre for Marine and Environmental Research (CIMA), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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2
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Lavrov DV, Diaz MC, Maldonado M, Morrow CC, Perez T, Pomponi SA, Thacker RW. Phylomitogenomics bolsters the high-level classification of Demospongiae (phylum Porifera). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287281. [PMID: 38048310 PMCID: PMC10695373 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Class Demospongiae is the largest in the phylum Porifera (Sponges) and encompasses nearly 8,000 accepted species in three subclasses: Keratosa, Verongimorpha, and Heteroscleromorpha. Subclass Heteroscleromorpha contains ∼90% of demosponge species and is subdivided into 17 orders. The higher level classification of demosponges underwent major revision as the result of nearly three decades of molecular studies. However, because most of the previous molecular work only utilized partial data from a small number of nuclear and mitochondrial (mt) genes, this classification scheme needs to be tested by larger datasets. Here we compiled a mt dataset for 136 demosponge species-including 64 complete or nearly complete and six partial mt-genome sequences determined or assembled for this study-and used it to test phylogenetic relationships among Demospongiae in general and Heteroscleromorpha in particular. We also investigated the phylogenetic position of Myceliospongia araneosa, a highly unusual demosponge without spicules and spongin fibers, currently classified as Demospongiae incertae sedis, for which molecular data were not available. Our results support the previously inferred sister-group relationship between Heteroscleromorpha and Keratosa + Verongimorpha and suggest five main clades within Heteroscleromorpha: Clade C0 composed of order Haplosclerida; Clade C1 composed of Scopalinida, Sphaerocladina, and Spongillida; Clade C2 composed of Axinellida, Biemnida, Bubarida; Clade C3 composed of Tetractinellida; and Clade C4 composed of Agelasida, Clionaida, Desmacellida, Merliida, Suberitida, Poecilosclerida, Polymastiida, and Tethyida. The inferred relationships among these clades were (C0(C1(C2(C3+C4)))). Analysis of molecular data from M. araneosa placed it in the C3 clade as a sister taxon to the highly skeletonized tetractinellids Microscleroderma sp. and Leiodermatium sp. Molecular clock analysis dated divergences among the major clades in Heteroscleromorpha from the Cambrian to the Early Silurian, the origins of most heteroscleromorph orders in the middle Paleozoic, and the most basal splits within these orders around the Paleozoic to Mesozoic transition. Overall, the results of this study are mostly congruent with the accepted classification of Heteroscleromorpha, but add temporal perspective and new resolution to phylogenetic relationships within this subclass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis V. Lavrov
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Diaz
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
- Museo Marino de Margarita, Boca de Río, Nueva Esparta, Venezuela
| | - Manuel Maldonado
- Department of Marine Ecology, Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Girona, Spain
| | - Christine C. Morrow
- Zoology Department, School of Natural Sciences & Ryan Institute, NUI Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Ireland and Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Northern Ireland
| | - Thierry Perez
- Institut Méditerranéen de la Biodiversité et d’Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, Avignon Université City, Provence, France
| | - Shirley A. Pomponi
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, Fort Pierce, Florida, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Thacker
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panama City, Republic of Panama
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3
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Gastineau R, Dąbek P, Mianowicz K, Stoyanova V, Krawcewicz A, Abramowski T. Complete mitochondrial genome of the abyssal coral Abyssoprimnoagemina Cairns, 2015 (Octocorallia, Primnoidae) from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean. Zookeys 2023; 1183:81-98. [PMID: 37953748 PMCID: PMC10632777 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1183.109000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the tropical East Pacific is a region of interest for deep-sea mining due to its underwater deposits of polymetallic nodules containing economically important metals such as nickel, copper, and cobalt. It is also a region of extensive baseline studies aiming to describe the state of the environment, including the biodiversity of the benthic fauna. An abundant component of the abyssal plain ecosystem consists of sessile fauna which encrusts polymetallic nodules and are vulnerable to potential impacts arising from exploitation activities, particularly removal of substrate. Therefore, this fauna is often considered to have key species whose genetic connectivity should be studied to assess their ecological resilience. One such species is Abyssoprimnoagemina Cairns, 2015, a deep-sea coral from the CCZ whose presence in the Interoceanmetal Joint Organization (IOM) claim area has been confirmed during samplings. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing (NGS) to obtain the 18S nuclear rRNA gene and the complete mitochondrial genome of A.gemina from IOM exploration area. The mitogenome is 18,825 bp long and encodes for 14 protein coding genes, 2 rRNAs, and a single tRNA. The two phylogeny reconstructions derived from these data confirm previous studies and display A.gemina within a highly supported cluster of seven species whose mitogenomes are all colinear and of comparable size. This study also demonstrates the suitability of NGS for DNA barcoding of the benthic megafauna of the CCZ, which could become part of the IOM protocol for the assessment of population diversity and genetic connectivity in its claim area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Gastineau
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, ul. Mickiewicza 16a, Szczecin, 70-383, PolandUniversity of SzczecinSzczecinPoland
| | - Przemysław Dąbek
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Szczecin, ul. Mickiewicza 16a, Szczecin, 70-383, PolandUniversity of SzczecinSzczecinPoland
| | - Kamila Mianowicz
- Interoceanmetal Joint Organization, ul. Cyryla i Metodego 9-9A, Szczecin, 71-541, PolandInteroceanmetal Joint OrganizationSzczecinPoland
| | - Valcana Stoyanova
- Interoceanmetal Joint Organization, ul. Cyryla i Metodego 9-9A, Szczecin, 71-541, PolandInteroceanmetal Joint OrganizationSzczecinPoland
| | - Artur Krawcewicz
- Interoceanmetal Joint Organization, ul. Cyryla i Metodego 9-9A, Szczecin, 71-541, PolandInteroceanmetal Joint OrganizationSzczecinPoland
| | - Tomasz Abramowski
- Interoceanmetal Joint Organization, ul. Cyryla i Metodego 9-9A, Szczecin, 71-541, PolandInteroceanmetal Joint OrganizationSzczecinPoland
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Neal L, Wiklund H, Gunton LM, Rabone M, Bribiesca-Contreras G, Dahlgren TG, Glover AG. Abyssal fauna of polymetallic nodule exploration areas, eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Amphinomidae and Euphrosinidae (Annelida, Amphinomida). Zookeys 2022; 1137:33-74. [PMID: 36760485 PMCID: PMC9836652 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1137.86150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This is a contribution in a series of taxonomic publications on benthic fauna of polymetallic nodule fields in the eastern abyssal Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ). The material was collected during environmental surveys targeting exploration contract areas 'UK-1', 'OMS' and 'NORI-D', as well as an Area of Particular Environmental Interest, 'APEI-6'. The annelid families Amphinomidae and Euphrosinidae are investigated here. Taxonomic data are presented for six species from 41 CCZ-collected specimens as identified by a combination of morphological and genetic approaches; of the six species, three are here described as new, one species is likely to be new but in too poor condition to be formalised and the two others likely belong to known species. Description of three new species Euphrosinellageorgievae sp. nov., Euphrosinopsisahearni sp. nov., and Euphrosinopsishalli sp. nov. increases the number of formally described new annelid species from the targeted areas to 21 and CCZ-wide to 52. Molecular data suggest that four of the species reported here are known from CCZ only, but within CCZ they have a wide distribution. In contrast, the species identified as Bathychloeiacf.sibogae Horst, 1910 was found to have a wide distribution within the Pacific based on both morphological and molecular data, using comparative material from the abyssal South Pacific. Bathychloeiacf.balloniformis Böggemann, 2009 was found to be restricted to APEI-6 based on DNA data available from CCZ specimens only, but morphological data from other locations suggest potentially a wide abyssal distribution. The genus Euphrosinopsis was previously known only from Antarctic waters, and Euphrosinellageorgievae sp. nov. was recovered as a sister taxon to the Antarctic specimens of Euphrosinellacf.cirratoformis in our molecular phylogenetic analysis, strengthening the hypothesised link between the deep-sea and Antarctic benthic fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Neal
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UKLife Sciences Department, Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Helena Wiklund
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UKLife Sciences Department, Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, SwedenUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, SwedenGothenburg Global Biodiversity CentreGothenburgSweden
| | - Laetitia M. Gunton
- Australian Museum Research Institute, 1 William Street, Sydney NSW 2010, AustraliaAustralian Museum Research InstituteSydneyAustralia
| | - Muriel Rabone
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UKLife Sciences Department, Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Guadalupe Bribiesca-Contreras
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UKLife Sciences Department, Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Thomas G. Dahlgren
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, SwedenUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, SwedenGothenburg Global Biodiversity CentreGothenburgSweden,NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, NorwayNORCE Norwegian Research CentreBergenNorway
| | - Adrian G. Glover
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UKLife Sciences Department, Natural History MuseumLondonUnited Kingdom
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5
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Plese B, Kenny NJ, Rossi ME, Cárdenas P, Schuster A, Taboada S, Koutsouveli V, Riesgo A. Mitochondrial evolution in the Demospongiae (Porifera): Phylogeny, divergence time, and genome biology. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2020; 155:107011. [PMID: 33217579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The sponge class Demospongiae is the most speciose and morphologically diverse in the phylum Porifera, and the species within it are vital components of a range of ecosystems worldwide. Despite their ubiquity, a number of recalcitrant problems still remain to be solved regarding their phylogenetic inter-relationships, the timing of their appearance, and their mitochondrial biology, the latter of which is only beginning to be investigated. Here we generated 14 new demosponge mitochondrial genomes which, alongside previously published mitochondrial resources, were used to address these issues. In addition to phylogenomic analysis, we have used syntenic data and analysis of coding regions to forge a framework for understanding the inter-relationships between Demospongiae sub-classes and orders. We have also leveraged our new resources to study the mitochondrial biology of these clades in terms of codon usage, optimisation and gene expression, to understand how these vital cellular components may have contributed to the success of the Porifera. Our results strongly support a sister relationship between Keratosa and (Verongimorpha + Heteroscleromorpha), contradicting previous studies using nuclear markers. Our study includes one species of Clionaida, and show for the first time support for a grouping of Suberitida+(Clionaida+(Tethyida + Poecilosclerida). The findings of our phylogenetic analyses are supported by in-depth examination of structural and coding-level evidence from our mitochondrial data. A time-calibrated phylogeny estimated the origin of Demospongiae in the Cambrian (~529 Mya), and suggests that most demosponge order crown-groups emerged in the Mesozoic. This work therefore provides a robust basis for considering demosponge phylogenetic relationships, as well as essential mitochondrial data for understanding the biological basis for their success and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Plese
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
| | - Nathan James Kenny
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Headington Rd, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom(2).
| | - Maria Eleonora Rossi
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Science Building, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom.
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden.
| | - Astrid Schuster
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M 5230, Denmark; CIIMAR Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sergi Taboada
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Department of Life Sciences, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Spain; Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, C/ José Antonio Novais, 12, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vasiliki Koutsouveli
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Uppsala 751 23, Sweden.
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom; Department of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid (CSIC), c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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6
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Weston JNJ, Peart RA, Jamieson AJ. Amphipods from the Wallaby-Zenith Fracture Zone, Indian Ocean: new genus and two new species identified by integrative taxonomy. SYST BIODIVERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2020.1729891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna N. J. Weston
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Rachael A. Peart
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research (NIWA), 301 Evans Bay Parade, Wellington, 6021, New Zealand
| | - Alan J. Jamieson
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
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7
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Wiklund H, Neal L, Glover AG, Drennan R, Muriel Rabone, Dahlgren TG. Abyssal fauna of polymetallic nodule exploration areas, eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, central Pacific Ocean: Annelida: Capitellidae, Opheliidae, Scalibregmatidae, and Travisiidae. Zookeys 2019; 883:1-82. [PMID: 31719773 PMCID: PMC6828828 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.883.36193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We present DNA taxonomy of abyssal polychaete worms from the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ), central Pacific Ocean, using material collected as part of the Abyssal Baseline (ABYSSLINE) environmental survey cruises ‘AB01’ and ‘AB02’ to the UK Seabed Resources Ltd (UKSRL) polymetallic nodule exploration contract area ‘UK-1’, the Ocean Mineral Singapore exploration contract area ‘OMS-1’ and an Area of Particular Environmental Interest, ‘APEI-6’. This is the fourth paper in a series to provide regional taxonomic data with previous papers reporting on Cnidaria, Echinodermata and Mollusca. Taxonomic data are presented for 23 species from 85 records within four polychaete families: Capitellidae, Opheliidae, Scalibregmatidae and Travisiidae, identified by a combination of morphological and genetic data, including molecular phylogenetic analyses. Two taxa (genetically separated from one another) morphologically matched the same known cosmopolitan species, Ophelinaabranchiata that has a type locality in a different ocean basin and depth from where no genetic data was available. These two species were assigned the open nomenclature ‘cf.’ as a precautionary approach in taxon assignments to avoid over-estimating species ranges. Twelve (12) taxa are here described as new species, Ammotrypanellakeenanisp. nov., Ammotrypanellakerstenisp. nov., Ophelinacurlisp. nov., Ophelinaganaesp. nov., Ophelinajuhazisp. nov., Ophelinamartinezarbizuisp. nov., Ophelinameyeraesp. nov., Ophelinanunnallyisp. nov., Oligobregmabrasieraesp. nov., Oligobregmatanisp. nov., Oligobregmawhaleyisp. nov. and Travisiaziegleraesp. nov. For the remaining nine taxa, we have determined them to be potentially new species, for which we make the raw data, imagery and vouchers available for future taxonomic study. The CCZ is a region undergoing intense exploration for potential deep-sea mineral extraction from polymetallic nodules. We present these data to facilitate future taxonomic and environmental impact study by making both data and voucher materials available through curated and accessible biological collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Wiklund
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden NORCE Norwegian Research Centre Bergen Norway
| | - Lenka Neal
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Adrian G Glover
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Regan Drennan
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Muriel Rabone
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK University of Gothenburg Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Thomas G Dahlgren
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway Natural History Museum London United Kingdom.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre Gothenburg Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden NORCE Norwegian Research Centre Bergen Norway
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8
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Simon‐Lledó E, Bett BJ, Huvenne VAI, Schoening T, Benoist NMA, Jones DOB. Ecology of a polymetallic nodule occurrence gradient: Implications for deep-sea mining. LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY 2019; 64:1883-1894. [PMID: 31598009 PMCID: PMC6774340 DOI: 10.1002/lno.11157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Abyssal polymetallic nodule fields constitute an unusual deep-sea habitat. The mix of soft sediment and the hard substratum provided by nodules increases the complexity of these environments. Hard substrata typically support a very distinct fauna to that of seabed sediments, and its presence can play a major role in the structuring of benthic assemblages. We assessed the influence of seafloor nodule cover on the megabenthos of a marine conservation area (area of particular environmental interest 6) in the Clarion Clipperton Zone (3950-4250 m water depth) using extensive photographic surveys from an autonomous underwater vehicle. Variations in nodule cover (1-20%) appeared to exert statistically significant differences in faunal standing stocks, some biological diversity attributes, faunal composition, functional group composition, and the distribution of individual species. The standing stock of both the metazoan fauna and the giant protists (xenophyophores) doubled with a very modest initial increase in nodule cover (from 1% to 3%). Perhaps contrary to expectation, we detected little if any substantive variation in biological diversity along the nodule cover gradient. Faunal composition varied continuously along the nodule cover gradient. We discuss these results in the context of potential seabed-mining operations and the associated sustainable management and conservation plans. We note in particular that successful conservation actions will likely require the preservation of areas comprising the full range of nodule cover and not just the low cover areas that are least attractive to mining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Simon‐Lledó
- National Oceanography CentreUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography CentreUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - Brian J. Bett
- National Oceanography CentreUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | | | - Timm Schoening
- Marine Geosystems Working Group, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
| | - Noelie M. A. Benoist
- National Oceanography CentreUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography CentreUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
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9
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Simon-Lledó E, Bett BJ, Huvenne VAI, Köser K, Schoening T, Greinert J, Jones DOB. Biological effects 26 years after simulated deep-sea mining. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8040. [PMID: 31142831 PMCID: PMC6541615 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44492-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential for imminent abyssal polymetallic nodule exploitation has raised considerable scientific attention. The interface between the targeted nodule resource and sediment in this unusual mosaic habitat promotes the development of some of the most biologically diverse communities in the abyss. However, the ecology of these remote ecosystems is still poorly understood, so it is unclear to what extent and timescale these ecosystems will be affected by, and could recover from, mining disturbance. Using data inferred from seafloor photo-mosaics, we show that the effects of simulated mining impacts, induced during the "DISturbance and reCOLonization experiment" (DISCOL) conducted in 1989, were still evident in the megabenthos of the Peru Basin after 26 years. Suspension-feeder presence remained significantly reduced in disturbed areas, while deposit-feeders showed no diminished presence in disturbed areas, for the first time since the experiment began. Nevertheless, we found significantly lower heterogeneity diversity in disturbed areas and markedly distinct faunal compositions along different disturbance levels. If the results of this experiment at DISCOL can be extrapolated to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, the impacts of polymetallic nodule mining there may be greater than expected, and could potentially lead to an irreversible loss of some ecosystem functions, especially in directly disturbed areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Simon-Lledó
- National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, UK.
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, UK.
| | - Brian J Bett
- National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Kevin Köser
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, D-24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Timm Schoening
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, D-24148, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jens Greinert
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, D-24148, Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Institute of Geosciences, D-24098, Kiel, Germany
| | - Daniel O B Jones
- National Oceanography Centre, Empress Dock, SO14 3ZH, Southampton, UK
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10
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Morrow C, Cárdenas P, Boury-Esnault N, Picton B, McCormack G, Van Soest R, Collins A, Redmond N, Maggs C, Sigwart J, Allcock LA. Integrating morphological and molecular taxonomy with the revised concept of Stelligeridae (Porifera: Demospongiae). Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study reinforces and extends the findings of previous molecular studies showing that there is a close relationship between species assigned to the sponge genera Halicnemia, Higginsia, Paratimea and Stelligera and that the family Heteroxyidae is polyphyletic. The present study has led to the description of one new species of Halicnemia and six new species of Paratimea, the resurrection of Halicnemia gallica and a better understanding of the characters uniting Stelligeridae. A new species of Heteroxya is also described. We demonstrate that many of the taxa assigned to Heteroxyidae are more closely related to other families, and we propose several changes to the classification of Heteroscleromorpha. Desmoxyidae is resurrected from synonymy and transferred to Poecilosclerida; Higginsia anfractuosa is transferred to Hymedesmiidae, and a new genus, Hooperia, is erected for its reception; Higginsia durissima is returned to Bubaris (Bubaridae); Higginsia fragilis is transferred to Spanioplon (Hymedesmiidae); Hemiasterella camelus is transferred to Paratimea; and Raspailia (Parasyringella) australiensis and Ceratopsion axiferum are transferred to Adreus (Hemiasterellidae).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Morrow
- School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, UK
- National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Paco Cárdenas
- Pharmacognosy, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, BMC, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nicole Boury-Esnault
- IMBE, CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, University Avignon, IRD, Station marine d’Endoume, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Picton
- National Museums Northern Ireland, Holywood, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Grace McCormack
- School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Rob Van Soest
- Netherlands Centre for Biodiversity Naturalis, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Allen Collins
- National Systematics Laboratory, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-153, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Niamh Redmond
- Smithsonian Institution DNA Barcode Network, National Museum of Natural History, MRC-183, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christine Maggs
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Monkstone House, Peterborough, UK
| | - Julia Sigwart
- Queen’s University Marine Laboratory, Portaferry, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Louise A Allcock
- School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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11
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Simon-Lledó E, Bett BJ, Huvenne VA, Schoening T, Benoist NM, Jeffreys RM, Durden JM, Jones DO. Megafaunal variation in the abyssal landscape of the Clarion Clipperton Zone. PROGRESS IN OCEANOGRAPHY 2019; 170:119-133. [PMID: 30662100 PMCID: PMC6325340 DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The potential for imminent polymetallic nodule mining in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCZ) has attracted considerable scientific and public attention. This concern stems from both the extremely large seafloor areas that may be impacted by mining, and the very limited knowledge of the fauna and ecology of this region. The environmental factors regulating seafloor ecology are still very poorly understood. In this study, we focus on megafaunal ecology in the proposed conservation zone 'Area of Particular Environmental Interest 6' (study area centred 17°16'N, 122°55'W). We employ bathymetric data to objectively define three landscape types in the area (a level bottom Flat, an elevated Ridge, a depressed Trough; water depth 3950-4250 m) that are characteristic of the wider CCZ. We use direct seabed sampling to characterise the sedimentary environment in each landscape, detecting no statistically significant differences in particle size distributions or organic matter content. Additional seafloor characteristics and data on both the metazoan and xenophyophore components of the megafauna were derived by extensive photographic survey from an autonomous underwater vehicle. Image data revealed that there were statistically significant differences in seafloor cover by nodules and in the occurrence of other hard substrata habitat between landscapes. Statistically significant differences in megafauna standing stock, functional structuring, diversity, and faunal composition were detected between landscapes. The Flat and Ridge areas exhibited a significantly higher standing stock and a distinct assemblage composition compared to the Trough. Geomorphological variations, presumably regulating local bottom water flows and the occurrence of nodule and xenophyophore test substrata, between study areas may be the mechanism driving these assemblage differences. We also used these data to assess the influence of sampling unit size on the estimation of ecological parameters. We discuss these results in the contexts of regional benthic ecology and the appropriate management of potential mining activities in the CCZ and elsewhere in the deep ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Simon-Lledó
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Brian J. Bett
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK
| | - Veerle A.I. Huvenne
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK
| | - Timm Schoening
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, D-24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Noelie M.A. Benoist
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel M. Jeffreys
- School of Environmental Science, University of Liverpool, L69 3GP Liverpool, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Durden
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel O.B. Jones
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, European Way, SO14 3ZH Southampton, UK
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12
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Gooday AJ, Holzmann M, Goineau A, Kamenskaya O, Melnik VF, Pearce RB, Weber AAT, Pawlowski J. Xenophyophores (Rhizaria, Foraminifera) from the Eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone (equatorial Pacific): the Genus Psammina. Protist 2018; 169:926-957. [DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Glover AG, Wiklund H, Chen C, Dahlgren TG. Managing a sustainable deep-sea 'blue economy' requires knowledge of what actually lives there. eLife 2018; 7:41319. [PMID: 30479272 PMCID: PMC6257809 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring that the wealth of resources contained in our oceans are managed and developed in a sustainable manner is a priority for the emerging 'blue economy'. However, modern ecosystem-based management approaches do not translate well to regions where we know almost nothing about the individual species found in the ecosystem. Here, we propose a new taxon-focused approach to deep-sea conservation that includes regulatory oversight to set targets for the delivery of taxonomic data. For example, a five-year plan to deliver taxonomic and genomic knowledge on a thousand species in regions of the ocean earmarked for industrial activity is an achievable target. High-throughput, integrative taxonomy can, therefore, provide the data that is needed to monitor various ecosystem services (such as the natural history, connectivity, value and function of species) and to help break the regulatory deadlock of high-seas conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian G Glover
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Wiklund
- Life Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chong Chen
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Thomas G Dahlgren
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Diversity Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden.,NORCE, Bergen, Norway
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14
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Taboada S, Riesgo A, Wiklund H, Paterson GLJ, Koutsouveli V, Santodomingo N, Dale AC, Smith CR, Jones DOB, Dahlgren TG, Glover AG. Implications of population connectivity studies for the design of marine protected areas in the deep sea: An example of a demosponge from the Clarion-Clipperton Zone. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:4657-4679. [PMID: 30378207 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The abyssal demosponge Plenaster craigi inhabits the Clarion-Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the northeast Pacific, a region with abundant seafloor polymetallic nodules with potential mining interest. Since P. craigi is a very abundant encrusting sponge on nodules, understanding its genetic diversity and connectivity could provide important insights into extinction risks and design of marine protected areas. Our main aim was to assess the effectiveness of the Area of Particular Environmental Interest 6 (APEI-6) as a potential genetic reservoir for three adjacent mining exploration contract areas (UK-1A, UK-1B and OMS-1A). As in many other sponges, COI showed extremely low variability even for samples ~900 km apart. Conversely, the 168 individuals of P. craigi, genotyped for 11 microsatellite markers, provided strong genetic structure at large geographical scales not explained by isolation by distance (IBD). Interestingly, we detected molecular affinities between samples from APEI-6 and UK-1A, despite being separated ~800 km. Although our migration analysis inferred very little progeny dispersal of individuals between areas, the major differentiation of OMS-1A from the other areas might be explained by the occurrence of predominantly northeasterly transport predicted by the HYCOM hydrodynamic model. Our study suggests that although APEI-6 does serve a conservation role, with species connectivity to the exploration areas, it is on its own inadequate as a propagule source for P. craigi for the entire eastern portion of the CCZ. Our new data suggest that an APEI located to the east and/or the south of the UK-1, OMS-1, BGR, TOML and NORI areas would be highly valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Taboada
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK.,Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Helena Wiklund
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Andrew C Dale
- The Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK
| | - Craig R Smith
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Daniel O B Jones
- National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton Waterfront Campus, Southampton, UK
| | - Thomas G Dahlgren
- NORCE, Uni Research, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Gothenburg Global Biodiversity Centre, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adrian G Glover
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
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15
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Taboada S, Kenny NJ, Riesgo A, Wiklund H, Paterson GLJ, Dahlgren TG, Glover AG. Mitochondrial genome and polymorphic microsatellite markers from the abyssal sponge Plenaster craigi Lim & Wiklund, 2017: tools for understanding the impact of deep-sea mining. MARINE BIODIVERSITY : A JOURNAL OF THE SENCKENBERG RESEARCH INSTITUTE 2017; 48:621-630. [PMID: 31007772 PMCID: PMC6445405 DOI: 10.1007/s12526-017-0786-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The abyssal demosponge Plenaster craigi is endemic to the Clarion - Clipperton Zone (CCZ) in the NE Pacific, a region with abundant seafloor polymetallic nodules and of potential interest for mining. Plenaster craigi encrusts on these nodules and is an abundant component of the ecosystem. To assess the impact of mining operations, it is crucial to understand the genetics of this species, because its genetic diversity and connectivity across the area may be representative of other nodule-encrusting invertebrate epifauna. Here we describe and characterize 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers from this keystone species using Illumina MiSeq, tested for 75 individuals from three different areas across the CCZ, including an Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI-6) and two areas within the adjacent UK1 mining exploration area. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 30 (13.33 average alleles for all loci across areas). Observed and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.909-0.048 and from 0.954-0.255, respectively. Several loci displayed significant deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, which appears to be common in other sponge studies. The microsatellite loci described here will be used to assess the genetic structure and connectivity on populations of the sponge across the CCZ, which will be invaluable for monitoring the impact of mining operations on its habitat. Also, we provide the annotated mitochondrial genome of P. craigi, compare its arrangement with other closely related species, and discuss the phylogenetic framework for the sponge after Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses using nucleotide and amino acid sequences data sets separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Taboada
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Nathan J. Kenny
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Ana Riesgo
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Helena Wiklund
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Gordon L. J. Paterson
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
| | - Thomas G. Dahlgren
- Uni Research, PO Box 7810, 5020 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Adrian G. Glover
- Life Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD UK
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