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Vakrakou AG, Brinia ME, Alexaki A, Koumasopoulos E, Stathopoulos P, Evangelopoulos ME, Stefanis L, Stadelmann-Nessler C, Kilidireas C. Multiple faces of multiple sclerosis in the era of highly efficient treatment modalities: Lymphopenia and switching treatment options challenges daily practice. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 125:111192. [PMID: 37951198 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.111192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
The expanded treatment landscape in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) has resulted in highly effective treatment options and complexity in managing disease- or drug-related events during disease progression. Proper decision-making requires thorough knowledge of the immunobiology of MS itself and an understanding of the main principles behind the mechanisms that lead to secondary autoimmunity affecting organs other than the central nervous system as well as opportunistic infections. The immune system is highly adapted to both environmental and disease-modifying agents. Immune reconstitution following cell depletion or cell entrapment therapies eliminates pathogenic aspects of the disease but can also lead to distorted immune responses with harmful effects. Atypical relapses occur with second-line treatments or after their discontinuation and require appropriate clinical decisions. Lymphopenia is a result of the mechanism of action of many drugs used to treat MS. However, persistent lymphopenia and cell-specific lymphopenia could result in disease exacerbation, secondary autoimmunity, or the emergence of opportunistic infections. Clinicians treating patients with MS should be aware of the multiple faces of MS under novel, efficient treatment modalities and understand the intricate brain-immune cell interactions in the context of an altered immune system. MS relapses and disease progression still occur despite the current treatment modalities and are mediated either by failure to control effector mechanisms inherent to MS pathophysiology or by new drug-related mechanisms. The multiple faces of MS due to the highly adapted immune system of patients impose the need for appropriate switching therapies that safeguard disease remission and further clinical improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aigli G Vakrakou
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neuropathology, University of Göttingen Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Maria-Evgenia Brinia
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Alexaki
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Koumasopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panos Stathopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria-Eleftheria Evangelopoulos
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Constantinos Kilidireas
- Demyelinating Diseases Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Aiginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; Department of Neurology, Henry Dunant Hospital Center, Athens, Greece
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Liu B, Hu J, Sun C, Qiao K, Xi J, Zheng Y, Sun J, Luo S, Zhao Y, Lu J, Lin J, Zhao C. Effectiveness and safety of rituximab in autoimmune nodopathy: a single-center cohort study. J Neurol 2023; 270:4288-4295. [PMID: 37195346 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune nodopathy is a peripheral neuropathy characterized by acquired motor and sensory deficit with autoantibodies against the node of Ranvier or paranodal region in the peripheral nervous system. The clinical and pathological characteristics of the disease are distinct from that of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), and the standard treatment for CIDP is partially effective. Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody which binds and depletes B cells in peripheral blood. This prospective observational study included 19 patients with autoimmune nodopathy. Participants received intravenous rituximab treatment 100 mg the first day and 500 mg the next day and given every 6 months. The Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) disability score, Inflammatory Rasch-Built Overall Disability Scale (I-RODS), Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score, and Neuropathy Impairment Score (NIS) were collected at entry and before the rituximab infusion every 6 months. At the last visit, 94.7% (18/19) of the patients showed clinical improvement on either the INCAT, I-RODS, MRC, or NIS scale. After the first infusion, 9 patients (47.7%) showed improvement on the INCAT score, and 11 patients (57.9%) on cI-RODS. In patients who received more than one rituximab infusion, the improvement of INCAT score and cI-RODS at the last assessment was higher than that after the first infusion. We also observed tapered or withdrawn concomitant oral medications in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyou Liu
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianian Hu
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Sun
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Qiao
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianying Xi
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Zheng
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Sushan Luo
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyin Zhao
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Department of Neuology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Huashan Rare Disease Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
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Briani C, Cocito D, Campagnolo M, Doneddu PE, Nobile-Orazio E. Update on therapy of chronic immune-mediated neuropathies. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:605-614. [PMID: 33452933 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic immune-mediated neuropathies, including chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), neuropathies associated with monoclonal gammopathy, and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), are a group of disorders deemed to be caused by an immune response against peripheral nerve antigens. Several immune therapies have been reported to be variably effective in these neuropathies including steroids, plasma exchange, and high-dose intravenous (IVIg) or subcutaneous (SCIg) immunoglobulins. These therapies are however far from being invariably effective and may be associated with a number of side effects leading to the use of immunosuppressive agents whose efficacy has not been so far confirmed in randomized trials. More recently, new biological agents, such as rituximab, have proved to be effective in patients with neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy and are currently tested in CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 5, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Dario Cocito
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Campagnolo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 5, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Hänggi P, Aliu B, Martin K, Herrendorff R, Steck AJ. Decrease in Serum Anti-MAG Autoantibodies Is Associated With Therapy Response in Patients With Anti-MAG Neuropathy: Retrospective Study. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/1/e1109. [PMID: 34759022 PMCID: PMC8587733 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives The objective of the retrospective analysis was to test the hypothesis that changes in serum anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) autoantibodies are associated with clinical response to immunotherapy in patients with anti-MAG neuropathy. Methods As of January 29, 2020, we used anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein-related search strings in the Medline database to identify studies that provided information on anti-MAG immunoglobulin M (IgM) autoantibodies and clinical outcomes during immunotherapies. The relative change in anti-MAG IgM titers, paraprotein levels, or total IgM was determined before, during, or posttreatment, and the patients were assigned to “responder,” “nonresponder,”’ or “acute deteriorating” category depending on their clinical response to treatment. The studies were qualified as “supportive” or “not supportive” depending on the percentage of patients exhibiting an association between relative change of anti-MAG antibody titers or levels and change in clinical outcomes. Results Fifty studies with 410 patients with anti-MAG neuropathy were included in the analysis. Forty studies with 303 patients supported the hypothesis that a “responder” patient had a relative reduction of anti-MAG antibody titers or levels that is associated with clinical improvements and “nonresponder” patients exhibited no significant change in anti-MAG IgM antibodies. Six studies with 93 patients partly supported, and 4 studies with 26 patients did not support the hypothesis. Discussion The retrospective analysis confirmed the hypothesis that a relative reduction in serum anti-MAG IgM antibodies is associated with a clinical response to immunotherapies; a sustained reduction of at least 50% compared with pretreatment titers or levels could be a valuable indicator for therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Hänggi
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Butrint Aliu
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kea Martin
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Herrendorff
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Johann Steck
- From the Polyneuron Pharmaceuticals AG (P.H.,K.M.,R.H.), Basel; Molecular Pharmacy (P.H.,B.A.,R.H.), Pharmacenter, University of Basel; and Clinic of Neurology (A.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Principles and Guidelines of Immunotherapy in Neuromuscular Disorders. Neuromuscul Disord 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-71317-7.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Hu J, Sun C, Lu J, Zhao C, Lin J. Efficacy of rituximab treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol 2021; 269:1250-1263. [PMID: 34120208 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current standard treatment in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) has been proved effective, but it is poorly effective in refractory patients and unclear for anti-IgG4 antibody-associated CIDP. Rituximab is a B cell-depleting monoclonal antibody. It has been applied as one of the management strategies in CIDP, but its efficacy is unknown. OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and a meta-analysis of the efficacy of rituximab treatment in CIDP patients. METHODS Through searches in MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, BIOSOS, Web of Science, and Cochrane library on March 31st, 2021, 15 studies were identified. Patients' characteristics, treatment regime and outcome measure were extracted. RESULTS Ninety-six patients in 15 studies were included. The pooled estimate of responsiveness was 75% (95% CI 72-78%). The standard mean difference (SMD) of Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) disability score improvement was 1.7 (95% CI 1.0-2.3, p value < 0.0001) and the Medical Research Council (MRC) score for muscle power is 1.3 (95% CI - 2.6 to - 0.1, p value 0.04). All of the anti-IgG4 antibody-positive patients showed excellent responses to rituximab treatment. CONCLUSION Rituximab was effective in the treatment in CIDP patients, especially in anti-IgG4 antibody-positive patients. Randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the effectiveness and safety of rituximab in CIDP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianian Hu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chong Sun
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Chongbo Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, 12 Middle Wulumuqi Road, Shanghai, 200040, China.
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Kawagashira Y, Koike H, Takahashi M, Ohyama K, Iijima M, Katsuno M, Niwa JI, Doyu M, Sobue G. Aberrant Expression of Nodal and Paranodal Molecules in Neuropathy Associated With IgM Monoclonal Gammopathy With Anti-Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Antibodies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2021; 79:1303-1312. [PMID: 32856086 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To clarify the pathogenesis of anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) antibody neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy (anti-MAG neuropathy), sural nerve biopsy specimens from 15 patients were investigated. Sodium channels, potassium channels, contactin-associated protein 1 (Caspr1), contactin 1, and neurofascin were evaluated by immunofluorescence in teased-fiber preparations. Immunoreactivity to the pan-sodium channel in both anti-MAG neuropathy patients and in normal controls was concentrated at the node of Ranvier unless there was demyelination, which was defined as the widening of the node of Ranvier. However, this immunoreactivity became weak or disappeared as demyelination progressed. In contrast, KCNQ2 immunostaining was nearly absent even in the absence of demyelination. The lengths of Caspr1, contactin 1, and pan-neurofascin immunostaining sites at the paranode were significantly increased compared with those of normal controls despite the absence of demyelination. The length of paranodal neurofascin staining correlated with the anti-MAG antibody titer, nerve conduction indices, the frequency of de/remyelination in teased-fiber preparations, and the frequency of widely spaced myelin (p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, and <0.05, respectively). These findings suggest that nodal and paranodal molecular alterations occur in early stages preceding the morphological changes associated with demyelination in anti-MAG neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haruki Koike
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Mie Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Ken Ohyama
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Masahiro Iijima
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Masahisa Katsuno
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya
| | - Jun-Ichi Niwa
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute
| | - Manabu Doyu
- Department of Neurology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute
| | - Gen Sobue
- Department of Neurology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya.,Research Division of Dementia and Neurodegenerative Disease, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Muley SA, Jacobsen B, Parry G, Usman U, Ortega E, Walk D, Allen J, Pasnoor M, Varon M, Dimachkie MM. Rituximab in refractory chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2020; 61:575-579. [PMID: 31922613 DOI: 10.1002/mus.26804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a disorder in which early effective treatment is important to minimize disability from axonal degeneration. It has been suggested that some patients with CIDP may benefit from rituximab therapy, but there is no definitive evidence for this. METHODS Baseline and post-rituximab-therapy neuromuscular Medical Research Council (MRC) sum scores, Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) disability score, and functional status were assessed in 11 patients with refactory CIDP. RESULTS The MRC sum score, INCAT disability score, and functional status improved in all patients after rituximab therapy. DISCUSSION Our study provides evidence of the efficacy of rituximab therapy in at least some patients with CIDP. A placebo-controlled study to assess the effectiveness of rituximab therapy in CIDP with and without nodal antibodies is required to identify disease markers that predict responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj A Muley
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Bill Jacobsen
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Gareth Parry
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Uzma Usman
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Erik Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - David Walk
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jeff Allen
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mamatha Pasnoor
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Matthew Varon
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Mazen M Dimachkie
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Rituximab as Rescue Therapy for Aggressive Pediatric Multiple Sclerosis. Case Rep Pediatr 2019; 2019:8731613. [PMID: 31428499 PMCID: PMC6679848 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8731613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, debilitating disease. Almost one in ten patients with MS has a history of disease onset during childhood. Although numerous therapeutic options exist for adult MS, the available treatments for pediatric patients are still limited. One of the emerging therapies is rituximab, a monoclonal anti-CD20 chimeric antibody that can deplete the CD20+ lymphocyte populations. A 12-year-old boy presented with ataxia, paresthesias, and headache while his brain MRI showed numerous T2 contrast-enhancing lesions. Gamma globulin, steroids, and cyclophosphamide failed to intercept his disease, and he progressed to a rapid clinical and radiological deterioration. Treatment with rituximab reversed the disease course in a dramatic fashion, leading to complete remission.
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Niu HX, Wang RH, Xu HL, Song B, Yang J, Shi CH, Li YS, Zhang BQ, Wang SP, Yong Q, Wang YY, Xu YM. Nine-hole Peg Test and Ten-meter Walk Test for Evaluating Functional Loss in Chinese Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2018; 130:1773-1778. [PMID: 28748848 PMCID: PMC5547827 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.211550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The 9-hole peg test (9-HPT) and 10-meter walk test (10-MWT) are commonly used to test finger motor function and walking ability. The aim of this present study was to investigate the efficacy of these tests for evaluating functional loss in Chinese Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Methods: Thirty-four Chinese CMT patients (CMT group) from August 2015 to December 2016 were evaluated with 9-HPT, 10-MWT, CMT disease examination score, overall neuropathy limitation scale (ONLS), functional disability score, and Berg Balance Scale (BBS). Thirty-five age- and gender-matched healthy controls (control group) were also included in the study. Student's nonpaired or paired t-test were performed to compare data between two independent or related groups, respectively. The Pearson test was used to examine the correlations between recorded parameters. Results: The mean 9-HPT completion time in the dominant hand of CMT patients was significantly slower than that in the healthy controls (29.60 ± 11.89 s vs. 19.58 ± 3.45 s; t = −4.728, P < 0.001). Women with CMT completed the 9-HPT significantly faster than men with CMT (dominant hand: 24.74 ± 7.93 s vs. 33.01 ± 13.14 s, t = 2.097, P = 0.044). The gait speed of the average self-selected velocity and the average fast-velocity assessed using 10-MWT for CMT patients were significantly slower than those in the control group (1.03 ± 0.18 m/s vs. 1.44 ± 0.17 m/s, t = 9.333, P < 0.001; 1.31 ± 0.30 m/s vs. 1.91 ± 0.25 m/s, t = 8.853, P < 0.001, respectively). There was no difference in gait speed between men and women. Both 9-HPT and 10-MWT were significantly correlated with the ONLS, functional disability score, and BBS (P < 0.05 for all). Conclusion: The 9-HPT and 10-MWT might be useful for functional assessment in Chinese patients with CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xia Niu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Rui-Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Hong-Liang Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Bo Song
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Chang-He Shi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Bing-Qian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Shao-Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Quan Yong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Yu-Ming Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
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Mahdi‐Rogers M, Brassington R, Gunn AA, van Doorn PA, Hughes RAC. Immunomodulatory treatment other than corticosteroids, immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017; 5:CD003280. [PMID: 28481421 PMCID: PMC6481566 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003280.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a disease that causes progressive or relapsing and remitting weakness and numbness. It is probably caused by an autoimmune process. Immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs would be expected to be beneficial. This review was first published in 2003 and has been updated most recently in 2016. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents other than corticosteroids, immunoglobulin, and plasma exchange in CIDP. SEARCH METHODS On 24 May 2016, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL; 2016, Issue 4) in the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and LILACS for completed trials, and clinical trial registers for ongoing trials. We contacted the authors of the trials identified and other disease experts seeking other published and unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We sought randomised and quasi-randomised trials of all immunosuppressive agents, such as azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, ciclosporin, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab, and all immunomodulatory agents, such as interferon (IFN) alfa and IFN beta, in participants fulfilling standard diagnostic criteria for CIDP. We included all comparisons of these agents with placebo, another treatment, or no treatment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. We wanted to measure the change in disability after one year as our primary outcome. Our secondary outcomes were change in disability after four or more weeks (from randomisation); change in impairment after at least one year; change in maximum motor nerve conduction velocity and compound muscle action potential amplitude after one year; and for participants who were receiving corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), the amount of this medication given during at least one year after randomisation. Participants with one or more serious adverse events during the first year was also a secondary outcome. MAIN RESULTS Four trials fulfilled the selection criteria: one of azathioprine (27 participants), two of IFN beta-1a (77 participants in total) and one of methotrexate (60 participants). The risk of bias was considered low in the trials of IFN beta-1a and methotrexate but high in the trial of azathioprine. None of the trials showed significant benefit in any of the outcomes selected by their authors. The results of the outcomes which approximated most closely to the primary outcome for this review were as follows.In the azathioprine trial there was a median improvement in the Neuropathy Impairment Scale (scale range 0 to 280) after nine months of 29 points (range 49 points worse to 84 points better) in the azathioprine and prednisone treated participants compared with 30 points worse (range 20 points worse to 104 points better) in the prednisone alone group. There were no reports of adverse events.In a cross-over trial of IFN beta-1a with 20 participants, the treatment periods were 12 weeks. The median improvement in the Guy's Neurological Disability Scale (range 1 to 10) was 0.5 grades (interquartile range (IQR) 1.8 grades better to zero grade change) in the IFN beta-1a treatment period and 0.5 grades (IQR 1.8 grades better to 1.0 grade worse) in the placebo treatment period. There were no serious adverse events in either treatment period.In a parallel group trial of IFN beta-1a with 67 participants, none of the outcomes for this review was available. The trial design involved withdrawal from ongoing IVIg treatment. The primary outcome used by the trial authors was total IVIg dose administered from week 16 to week 32 in the placebo group compared with the IFN beta-1a groups. This was slightly but not significantly lower in the combined IFN beta-1a groups (1.20 g/kg) compared with the placebo group (1.34 g/kg, P = 0.75). There were four participants in the IFN beta-1a group and none in the placebo group with one or more serious adverse events, risk ratio (RR) 4.50 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 80.05).The methotrexate trial had a similar design involving withdrawal from ongoing corticosteroid or IVIg treatment. At the end of the trial (approximately 40 weeks) there was no significant difference in the change in the Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale, a disability scale (scale range 0 to 12), the median change being 0 (IQR -1 to 0) in the methotrexate group and 0 (IQR -0.75 to 0) in the placebo group. These changes in disability might have been confounded by the reduction in corticosteroid or IVIg dose required by the protocol. There were three participants in the methotrexate group and one in the placebo with one or more serious adverse events, RR 3.56 (95% CI 0.39 to 32.23). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Low-quality evidence from randomised trials does not show significant benefit from azathioprine or interferon beta-1a and moderate-quality evidence from one randomised trial does not show significant benefit from a relatively low dose of methotrexate for the treatment of CIDP. None of the trials was large enough to rule out small or moderate benefit. The evidence from observational studies is insufficient to avoid the need for randomised controlled trials to discover whether these drugs are beneficial. Future trials should have improved designs, more sensitive outcome measures relevant to people with CIDP, and longer treatment durations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Brassington
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryQueen Square Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesPO Box 114LondonUKWC1N 3BG
| | - Angela A Gunn
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryMRC Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesPO Box 114LondonUKWC1N 3BG
| | - Pieter A van Doorn
- Erasmus University Medical CenterDepartment of NeurologyPO Box 2040RotterdamNetherlands3000 CA
| | - Richard AC Hughes
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryMRC Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesPO Box 114LondonUKWC1N 3BG
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Lunn MPT, Nobile‐Orazio E. Immunotherapy for IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein paraprotein-associated peripheral neuropathies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10:CD002827. [PMID: 27701752 PMCID: PMC6457998 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002827.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum monoclonal anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (anti-MAG) antibodies may be pathogenic in some people with immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraprotein and demyelinating neuropathy. Immunotherapies aimed at reducing the level of these antibodies might be expected to be beneficial. This is an update of a review first published in 2003 and previously updated in 2006 and 2012. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of immunotherapy for IgM anti-MAG paraprotein-associated demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. SEARCH METHODS On 1 February 2016 we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, and Embase for randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We also checked trials registers and bibliographies, and contacted authors and experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs involving participants of any age treated with any type of immunotherapy for anti-MAG antibody-associated demyelinating peripheral neuropathy with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and of any severity.Our primary outcome measures were numbers of participants improved in disability assessed with either or both of the Neuropathy Impairment Scale (NIS) or the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at six months after randomisation. Secondary outcome measures were: mean improvement in disability, assessed with either the NIS or the mRS, 12 months after randomisation; change in impairment as measured by improvement in the 10-metre walk time, change in a validated linear disability measure such as the Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale (R-ODS) at six and 12 months after randomisation, change in subjective clinical scores and electrophysiological parameters at six and 12 months after randomisation; change in serum IgM paraprotein concentration or anti-MAG antibody titre at six months after randomisation; and adverse effects of treatments. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We followed standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS We identified eight eligible trials (236 participants), which tested intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), interferon alfa-2a, plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide and steroids, and rituximab. Two trials of IVIg (22 and 11 participants, including 20 with antibodies against MAG), had comparable interventions and outcomes, but both were short-term trials. We also included two trials of rituximab with comparable interventions and outcomes.There were very few clinical or statistically significant benefits of the treatments used on the outcomes predefined for this review, but not all the predefined outcomes were used in every included trial and more responsive outcomes are being developed. A well-performed trial of IVIg, which was at low risk of bias, showed a statistical benefit in terms of improvement in mRS at two weeks and 10-metre walk time at four weeks, but these short-term outcomes are of questionable clinical significance. Cyclophosphamide failed to show any benefit in the single trial's primary outcome, and showed a barely significant benefit in the primary outcome specified here, but some toxic adverse events were identified.Two trials of rituximab (80 participants) have been published, one of which (26 participants) was at high risk of bias. In the meta-analysis, although the data are of low quality, rituximab is beneficial in improving disability scales (Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment (INCAT) improved at eight to 12 months (risk ratio (RR) 3.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.30 to 9.45; 73 participants)) and significantly more participants improve in the global impression of change score (RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.71; 70 participants). Other measures did not improve significantly, but wide CIs do not preclude some effect. Reported adverse effects of rituximab were few, and mostly minor.There were few serious adverse events in the other trials. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is inadequate reliable evidence from trials of immunotherapies in anti-MAG paraproteinaemic neuropathy to form an evidence base supporting any particular immunotherapy treatment. IVIg has a statistically but probably not clinically significant benefit in the short term. The meta-analysis of two trials of rituximab provides, however, low-quality evidence of a benefit from this agent. The conclusions of this meta-analysis await confirmation, as one of the two included studies is of very low quality. We require large well-designed randomised trials of at least 12 months' duration to assess existing or novel therapies, preferably employing unified, consistent, well-designed, responsive, and valid outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael PT Lunn
- National Hospital for Neurology and NeurosurgeryDepartment of Neurology and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular DiseasesQueen SquareLondonUKWC1N 3BG
| | - Eduardo Nobile‐Orazio
- Milan UniversityIRCCS Humanitas Clinical Institute, Neurology 2Istituto Clinico HumanitasVia Manzoni 56, RozzanoMilanItaly20089
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Vo ML, Martin P, Latov N. Correlation of Changes in Gait Parameters, With Phenotype, Outcome Measures, and Electrodiagnostic Abnormalities in a Patient With Anti-MAG Neuropathy After Exacerbation and Improvement. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 17:22-26. [PMID: 26301376 DOI: 10.1097/cnd.0000000000000087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gait impairment is a common presentation in patients with IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (anti-MAG) antibody demyelinating neuropathy. However, current methods used to assess gait are limited. We report spatiotemporal gait parameters captured by GAITRite, a computerized walkway with embedded pressure sensors. The patient worsened after treatment with rituximab and subsequently improved with intravenous immunoglobulin. Serial gait assessments were performed at baseline and after treatment. Spatiotemporal gait parameters correlated with Medical Research Council sum score, Inflammatory Neuropathy Cause and Treatment disability score, and grip strength. Quantitative gait assessment may provide a new dimension to standard clinical evaluation and may help to clarify treatment response in patients with anti-MAG neuropathy when used in combination with other validated assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Vo
- Departments of *Neurology; and †Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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14
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Acute neurological worsening after Rituximab treatment in patients with anti-MAG neuropathy. J Neurol Sci 2014; 345:224-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2014.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Zivković SA. Rituximab in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 6:1267-74. [PMID: 17009914 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.6.9.1267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral neuropathy associated with immunoglobulin (Ig)M gammopathy and anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies is frequently treatment-resistant and different treatment regimens carry substantial toxicity and side effects. More recently, the chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab has shown benefits in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy associated with IgM gammopathy with a favorable side-effect profile. There are no published reports of its use in the treatment of neuropathy associated with IgG and IgA gammopathies. Rituximab is usually given at 375 mg/m(2) intravenously with four weekly doses that may be repeated after 6-12 months. Large controlled studies are still pending but rituximab is an exciting and promising treatment offering another option in the treatment of peripheral neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasa A Zivković
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PUH F875, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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16
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Chan YC, Wilder-Smith E. Predicting treatment response in chronic, acquired demyelinating neuropathies. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 6:1545-53. [PMID: 17078793 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.6.10.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy is an immune-mediated neuropathy that was first described approximately 30 years ago. Since that time an increasingly wide spectrum of chronic acquired demyelinating polyneuropathies exhibiting different phenotypes, clinical course and treatment responses to immunomodulatory treatment have been described. Several new therapeutic agents have been prescribed for such conditions, some with promising results. This review summarizes what is presently known about the clinical courses, treatment responses and predictors of response of the chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Cheun Chan
- National University Hospital, Division of Neurology, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, 119074 Sinagpore.
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17
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Weiss MD, Becker P. Paradoxical worsening of anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein polyneuropathy following rituximab. Muscle Nerve 2013; 49:457-8. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.23989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Weiss
- Department of Neurology; Neuromuscular Division, University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle Washington
| | - Pamela Becker
- Department of Medicine; Division of Hematology, University of Washington School of Medicine; Seattle Washington
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18
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Mahdi-Rogers M, van Doorn PA, Hughes RAC. Immunomodulatory treatment other than corticosteroids, immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013:CD003280. [PMID: 23771584 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003280.pub4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a disease causing progressive or relapsing and remitting weakness and numbness. It is probably due to an autoimmune process. Immunosuppressive or immunomodulatory drugs would be expected to be beneficial. This review was first published in 2003 and has been most recently updated in 2013. OBJECTIVES We aimed to review systematically the evidence from randomised trials of immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive agents other than corticosteroids, immunoglobulin and plasma exchange for CIDP. SEARCH METHODS On 9 July 2012, we searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register (July 2012), CENTRAL (2012, Issue 6 in The Cochrane Library), MEDLINE (January 1977 to July 2012), EMBASE (January 1980 to July 2012), CINAHL (January 1982 to July 2012) and LILACS (January 1982 to July 2012). We contacted the authors of the trials identified and other disease experts seeking other published and unpublished trials. SELECTION CRITERIA We sought randomised and quasi-randomised trials of all immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, ciclosporin, mycophenolate mofetil, and rituximab and all immunomodulatory agents such as interferon alfa and interferon beta, in participants fulfilling standard diagnostic criteria for CIDP. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently selected trials, judged their risk of bias and extracted data. We wanted to measure the change in disability after one year as our primary outcome. Our secondary outcomes were change in disability after four or more weeks (from randomisation), change in impairment after at least one year, change in maximum motor nerve conduction velocity and compound muscle action potential amplitude after one year and for those participants who were receiving corticosteroids or intravenous immunoglobulin, the amount of this medication given during at least one year after randomisation. Participants with one or more serious adverse events during the first year was also a secondary outcome. MAIN RESULTS Four trials fulfilled the selection criteria, one of azathioprine (27 participants), two of interferon beta-1a (77 participants in total) and one of methotrexate (60 participants). The risk of bias in the two trials of interferon beta-1a for CIDP and the trial of methotrexate was assessed to be low but bias in the trial of azathioprine was judged high. None of these trials showed significant benefit in the primary outcome (measured only in the methotrexate study) or secondary outcomes selected for this review. Severe adverse events occurred no more frequently than in the placebo groups for methotrexate and interferon beta-1a, but participant numbers were low. There was no adverse event reporting in the azathioprine study. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The evidence from randomised trials does not show significant benefit from azathioprine, interferon beta-1a or methotrexate but none of the trials was large enough to rule out small or moderate benefit. The evidence from observational studies is insufficient to avoid the need for randomised controlled trials to discover whether these drugs are beneficial. Future trials should have improved designs, more sensitive outcome measures and longer durations.
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Stübgen JP. A review of the use of biological agents for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neurol Sci 2013; 326:1-9. [PMID: 23337197 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is a group of idiopathic, acquired, immune-mediated inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the peripheral nervous system. A majority of patients with CIDP respond to "first-line" treatment with IVIG, plasmapheresis and/or corticosteroids. There exists insufficient evidence to ascertain the benefit of treatment with "conventional" immunosuppressive drugs. The inconsistent efficacy, long-term financial burden and health risks of non-specific immune altering therapy have drawn recurrent attention to the possible usefulness of a variety of biological agents that target key aspects in the CIDP immunopathogenic pathways. This review aims to give an updated account of the scientific rationale and potential use of biological therapeutics in patients with CIDP. No specific treatment recommendations are given. The discovery, development and application of biological markers by modern molecular diagnostic techniques may help identify drug-naïve or treatment-resistant CIDP patients most likely to respond to targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg-Patrick Stübgen
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College/New York Presbyterian Hospital, NY 10065-4885, USA.
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20
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Dmoszyńska A, Walter-Croneck A, Usnarska-Zubkiewicz L, Stella-Hołowiecka B, Walewski J, Charliński G, Jędrzejczak WW, Wiater E, Lech-Marańda E, Mańko J, Dytfeld D, Komarnicki M, Jamroziak K, Robak T, Jurczyszyn A, Skotnicki A, Giannopoulos K. Zalecenia Polskiej Grupy Szpiczakowej dotyczące rozpoznawania i leczenia szpiczaka plazmocytowego oraz innych dyskrazji plazmocytowych na rok 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.achaem.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractWaldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by the presence of lymphoplasmacytic cells in the BM and IgM monoclonal protein in the serum. The origin of the malignant clone is thought to be a B cell arrested after somatic hypermutation in the germinal center and before terminal differentiation to plasma cells. In this review, recent advances in the genetic and epigenetic regulators of tumor progression are discussed. Risk factors include IgM-monoclonal gammopathy of undermined significance, familial disease, and immunological factors. The clinical manifestations of the disease include those related to clonal infiltration of the BM, lymph nodes, and, rarely, other sites such as pulmonary or CNS infiltration (Bing-Neel syndrome). Other manifestations are related to the IgM monoclonal protein, including hyperviscosity, cryoglobulinemia, protein-protein interactions, Ab-mediated disorders such as neuropathy, hemolytic anemia, and Schnitzler syndrome. IgM deposition in organs can lead to amyloidogenic manifestations in WM. The diagnostic workup for a patient with WM and rare presentations of WM are described herein. Prognosis of WM depends on 5 major factors in the International Staging System, including age, anemia, thrombocytopenia, β-2 microglobulin, and IgM level. The differential diagnosis of WM includes IgM-multiple myeloma, marginal zone lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma, and follicular lymphoma.
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Lunn MPT, Nobile-Orazio E. Immunotherapy for IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein paraprotein-associated peripheral neuropathies. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012:CD002827. [PMID: 22592686 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd002827.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum monoclonal anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibodies may be pathogenic in some people with immunoglobulin M (IgM) paraprotein and demyelinating neuropathy. Immunotherapies aimed at reducing the level of these antibodies might be expected to be beneficial. This is an update of a review first published in 2003 and previously updated in 2006. OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of immunotherapy for IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein paraprotein-associated demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Neuromuscular Disease Group Specialized Register 6 June 2011), CENTRAL (2011, Issue 2), MEDLINE (January 1966 to May 2011) and EMBASE (January 1980 to May 2011) for controlled trials. We also checked bibliographies and contacted authors and experts in the field. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised or quasi-randomised controlled trials involving participants of any age treated with any type of immunotherapy for anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibody-associated demyelinating peripheral neuropathy with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and of any severity.Our primary outcome measure was change in the Neuropathy Impairment Scale or Modified Rankin Scale at six months after randomisation. Secondary outcome measures were: Neuropathy Impairment Scale or the Modified Rankin Score at 12 months after randomisation; 10-metre walk time, subjective clinical scores and electrophysiological parameters at six and 12 months after randomisation; IgM paraprotein levels and anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein antibody titres at six months after randomisation; and adverse effects of treatments. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The two authors independently selected studies. Two authors independently assessed the risk of bias in included studies. MAIN RESULTS We identified seven eligible trials (182 participants), which tested intravenous immunoglobulin, alfa interferon alfa-2a, plasma exchange, cyclophosphamide and steroids, and rituximab. Only two trials, of intravenous immunoglobulin (with 33 participants, including 20 with antibodies against myelin-associated glycoprotein), had comparable interventions and outcomes, but both were short-term trials.There were no clinical or statistically significant benefits of the treatments used on the outcomes predefined for this review, but not all the predefined outcomes were used in every included trial. Intravenous immunoglobulin showed a statistical benefit in terms of improvement in Modified Rankin Scale at two weeks and 10-metre walk time at four weeks. Cyclophosphamide failed to show any benefit in the trial's primary outcome, and showed a barely significant benefit in the primary outcome specified here, but some toxic adverse events were identified. A trial of rituximab was of poor methodological quality with a high risk of bias and a further larger study is awaited. Serious adverse events were few in the other trials. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is inadequate reliable evidence from trials of immunotherapies in anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein paraproteinaemic neuropathy to form an evidence base supporting any particular immunotherapy treatment. There is very low quality evidence of benefit from rituximab. Large well designed randomised trials of at least six to 12 months duration are required to assess existing or novel therapies, preferably employing unified, consistent, well designed, responsive and valid outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P T Lunn
- Department of Neurology and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
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23
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Gensicke H, Leppert D, Yaldizli Ö, Lindberg RLP, Mehling M, Kappos L, Kuhle J. Monoclonal antibodies and recombinant immunoglobulins for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. CNS Drugs 2012; 26:11-37. [PMID: 22171583 DOI: 10.2165/11596920-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and degenerative disease leading to demyelination and axonal damage in the CNS. Autoimmunity plays a central role in MS pathogenesis. Per definition, monoclonal antibodies are recombinant biological compounds with a well defined target, thus carrying the promise of targeting pathogenic cells or molecules with high specificity, avoiding undesired off-target effects. Natalizumab was the first monoclonal antibody to be approved for the treatment of MS. Several other monoclonal antibodies are in development and have demonstrated promising efficacy in phase II studies. They can be categorized according to their mode of action into compounds targeting (i) leukocyte migration into the CNS (natalizumab); (ii) cytolytic antibodies (rituximab, ocrelizumab, ofatumumab, alemtuzumab); or (iii) antibodies and recombinant proteins targeting cytokines and chemokines and their receptors (daclizumab, ustekinumab, atacicept, tabalumab [Ly-2127399], secukinumab [AIN457]). In this review, we discuss the specific molecular targets, clinical efficacy and safety of these compounds and discuss criteria to anticipate the position of monoclonal antibodies in the diversifying armamentarium of MS therapy in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Gensicke
- Neurology, Department of Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory disease of the muscle and peripheral nervous system. NEUROLOGÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Gruson B, Ghomari K, Beaumont M, Garidi R, Just A, Merle P, Merlusca L, Marolleau JP, Royer B. Long-term response to rituximab and fludarabine combination in IgM anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2011; 16:180-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00343.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Lallana EC, Fadul CE. Toxicities of immunosuppressive treatment of autoimmune neurologic diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2011; 9:468-77. [PMID: 22379461 PMCID: PMC3151601 DOI: 10.2174/157015911796557939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In parallel to our better understanding of the role of the immune system in neurologic diseases, there has been an increased availability in therapeutic options for autoimmune neurologic diseases such as multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, polyneuropathies, central nervous system vasculitides and neurosarcoidosis. In many cases, the purported benefits of this class of therapy are anecdotal and not the result of good controlled clinical trials. Nonetheless, their potential efficacy is better known than their adverse event profile. A rationale therapeutic decision by the clinician will depend on a comprehensive understanding of the ratio between efficacy and toxicity. In this review, we outline the most commonly used immune suppressive medications in neurologic disease: cytotoxic chemotherapy, nucleoside analogues, calcineurin inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies and miscellaneous immune suppressants. A discussion of their mechanisms of action and related toxicity is highlighted, with the goal that the reader will be able to recognize the most commonly associated toxicities and identify strategies to prevent and manage problems that are expected to arise with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Camilo E Fadul
- Neuro-Oncology Program, Norris Cotton Cancer Center Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center and Departments of Neurology and Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, One Medical Center Drive Lebanon NH 03756, USA
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Aldea JJP. [Monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory disease of the muscle and peripheral nervous system]. Neurologia 2011; 27:39-45. [PMID: 21481980 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A significant group of neuromuscular diseases are of autoimmune origin, but the classic immunomodulatory drugs are not often effective. For this reason, there is a need to find new more effective treatments that will lead to better control of these conditions, particularly those that are usually more resistant. In the last few years, the use of monoclonal antibodies against specific antigens of lymphocyte populations or against pro-inflammatory molecules has seen a great expansion, and has been demonstrated to be a useful alternative in autoimmune diseases. An intensive search was made in Medline using the Keywords neuromuscular, myopathy, neuropathy, myasthenia, Lambert-Eaton, monoclonal antibody, rituximab, alemtuzumab, and anti-TNF-α. DEVELOPMENT Clinical trials performed to evaluate the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies in neuromuscular disease are very limited and of reduced size. Thus, the experience in this field is basically limited to anecdotal cases or short series of patients on open-label treatment. The published data are encouraging, with favourable responses having been observed in patients resistant to classic treatments and in diseases that do not normally respond to the usual immunosuppressant drugs. On the other hand, it has been observed that anti-TNF-α antibodies may trigger the appearance of autoimmune neuromuscular diseases. CONCLUSIONS Monoclonal antibodies could be an effective alternative treatment in autoimmune neuromuscular diseases, but the favourable responses observed need to be confirmed by means of controlled clinical trials with a sufficient number of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Poza Aldea
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Donostia, San Sebastián, Guipúzcoa, España.
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Abstract
AbstractWaldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a distinct B-cell disorder resulting from the accumulation, predominantly in the bone marrow, of clonally related IgM-secreting lymphoplasmacytic cells. Genetic factors play an important role, with 20% of patients demonstrating a familial predisposition. Asymptomatic patients should be observed. Patients with a disease-related hemoglobin level less than 10 g/L, platelet count less than 100 × 109/L, bulky adenopathy or organomegaly, symptomatic hyperviscosity, peripheral neuropathy, amyloidosis, cryoglobulinemia, cold-agglutinin disease, or evidence of disease transformation should be considered for therapy. Plasmapheresis should be considered for symptomatic hyperviscosity and for prophylaxis in patients in whom rituximab therapy is contemplated. The use of rituximab as monotherapy or in combination with cyclophosphamide, nucleoside analog, bortezomib, or thalidomide-based regimens can be considered for the first-line therapy of WM and should take into account specific treatment goals, future autologous stem cell transplantation eligibility, and long-term risks of secondary malignancies. In the salvage setting, the reuse or use of an alternative frontline regimen can be considered as well as bortezomib, alemtuzumab, and stem cell transplantation. Newer agents, such as bendamustine and everolimus, can also be considered in the treatment of WM.
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Dörner T, Isenberg D, Jayne D, Wiendl H, Zillikens D, Burmester G. Current status on B-cell depletion therapy in autoimmune diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2009; 9:82-9. [PMID: 19716441 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since the approval of the chimeric anti-CD20 antibody rituximab for the treatment of adults with severe-to-moderate rheumatoid arthritis after an inadequate response to TNF blockade, B-cell depletion therapy has been used for the treatment of a broad range of refractory autoimmune disorders. Based on current experiences and a literature search, a systematic review and evaluation of the current status of B-cell depletion therapy in autoimmune diseases other than rheumatoid arthritis, including rheumatic, nephrologic, dermatologic and neurologic autoimmune entities, was performed by an international group of experts based at several academic centres. Although important questions remain about the value and place of B-cell depletion in autoimmune diseases other than RA, preliminary data indicate the value of this therapeutic approach in otherwise refractory patients. However, given the lack of robust data from large randomised controlled trials, anti-CD20 therapy should be considered on an individual basis in otherwise refractory patients and its use based on a risk/benefit net calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morie A Gertz
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Argyriou AA. Molecularly targeted therapies for dysimmune neuropathies. Mol Med 2009; 15:283-7. [PMID: 19593413 PMCID: PMC2707512 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2009.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional treatment options, including corticosteroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, or plasma exchange, often fail to treat dysimmune neuropathies, such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, multifocal motor neuropathy, and monoclonal gammopathy with its subtypes. Therefore, a significant percentage of patients require adjunctive immunosuppressive therapies. Considering that even immunosuppressive agents often are ineffective and/or associated with significant toxicities, the need for the development of safe and effective new treatment options is rising. Currently, several monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been tested in open-label small-sized studies or even in single cases so as to establish future directions in the therapy of diseases of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Rituximab, an MAb targeting against the B cell surface membrane protein CD20, is the most widely used and promising MAb for the treatment of dysimmune neuropathies, especially for those in which immunoglobulin M (IgM) autoantibodies are pathogenetically involved. The efficacy of alemtuzumab, bevacizumab, and etanercept to treat various forms of dysimmune neuropathies is currently under investigation. This review looks critically at recent developments in molecularly targeted therapies for dysimmune neuropathies and also highlights areas of future research to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas A Argyriou
- Department of Neurology, Saint Andrew's State General Hospital of Patras, Greece.
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Dimopoulos MA, Kastritis E, Roussou M, Eleutherakis-Papaiakovou E, Migkou M, Gavriatopoulou M, Tassidou A, Terpos E. Rituximab-Based Treatments in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 9:59-61. [DOI: 10.3816/clm.2009.n.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a systematic review and describe how assessments of walking speed are reported in the health care literature. METHODS MEDLINE electronic database and bibliographies of select articles were searched for terms describing walking speed and distances walked. The search was limited to English language journals from 1996 to 2006. The initial title search yielded 793 articles. A review of the abstracts reduced the number to 154 articles. Of these, 108 provided sufficient information for inclusion in the current review. RESULTS Of the 108 studies included in the review 61 were descriptive, 39 intervention and 8 randomized controlled trials. Neurological (n=55) and geriatric (n=27) were the two most frequent participant groups in the studies reviewed. Instruction to walk at a usual or normal speed was reported in 55 of the studies, while 31 studies did not describe speed instructions. A static (standing) start was slightly more common than a dynamic (rolling) start (30 vs 26 studies); however, half of the studies did not describe the starting protocol. Walking 10, 6 and 4 m was the most common distances used, and reported in 37, 20 and 11 studies respectively. Only four studies included information on whether verbal encouragement was given during the walking task. CONCLUSIONS Tests of walking speed have been used in a wide range of populations. However, methodologies and descriptions of walking tests vary widely from study to study, which makes comparison difficult. There is a need to find consensus for a standardized walking test methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Graham
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1137, USA.
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Silberman J, Lonial S. Review of peripheral neuropathy in plasma cell disorders. Hematol Oncol 2008; 26:55-65. [DOI: 10.1002/hon.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Toothaker TB, Brannagan TH. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathies: Current treatment strategies. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007; 7:63-70. [PMID: 17217856 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-007-0023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculopathy (CIDP), considered an immune-mediated disease, is likely under-recognized and under-treated due to its heterogeneous presentation and the limitations of clinical, serologic, and electrophysiologic diagnostic criteria. Despite these limitations, early diagnosis and treatment is important in preventing irreversible axonal loss and improving functional recovery. Primary treatment modalities include intravenous immunoglobulin and plasmapheresis, for which there is randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled evidence. In addition, despite less definitive published evidence of efficacy, corticosteroids are considered standard therapies because of their long history of use. Studies have failed to demonstrate a difference in efficacy among these three treatments; consequently, the choice is usually based on availability and side-effect profile. A number of chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive agents have also shown to be effective in treating CIDP but significant evidence is lacking; therefore, these agents are primarily used in conjunction with other modalities. Regardless of the treatment choice, long-term therapy is required to maintain a response and prevent relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Toothaker
- Department of Neurology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, Peripheral Neuropathy Center, New York, NY 10022, USA
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