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Doneddu PE, Gentile L, Cocito D, Fazio R, Luigetti M, Briani C, Filosto M, Siciliano G, Benedetti L, Antonini G, Matà S, Marfia GA, Inghilleri M, Manganelli F, Cosentino G, Brighina F, Carpo M, Carta F, Mazzeo A, Peci E, Strano C, Romano A, Campagnolo M, Cotti-Piccinelli S, Viola DV, Germano F, Leonardi L, Sperti M, Mataluni G, Ceccanti M, Spina E, Vegezzi E, Di Stefano V, Nobile-Orazio E. Assessment of diagnostic criteria for multifocal motor neuropathy in patients included in the Italian database. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16248. [PMID: 38376074 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE This study aimed to assess the diagnostic criteria, ancillary investigations and treatment response using real-life data in multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) patients. METHODS Clinical and laboratory data were collected from 110 patients enrolled in the Italian MMN database through a structured questionnaire. Twenty-six patients were excluded due to the unavailability of nerve conduction studies or the presence of clinical signs and symptoms and electrodiagnostic abnormalities inconsistent with the MMN diagnosis. Analyses were conducted on 73 patients with a confirmed MMN diagnosis and 11 patients who did not meet the diagnostic criteria. RESULTS The European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) diagnostic criteria were variably applied. AUTHOR When applying the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine criteria, an additional 17% of patients fulfilled the criteria for probable/definite diagnosis whilst a further 9.5% missed the diagnosis. In 17% of the patients only compound muscle action potential amplitude, but not area, was measured and subsequently recorded in the database by the treating physician. Additional investigations, including anti-GM1 immunoglobulin M antibodies, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, nerve ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, supported the diagnosis in 46%-83% of the patients. Anti-GM1 immunoglobulin M antibodies and nerve ultrasound demonstrated the highest sensitivity. Additional tests were frequently performed outside the EFNS/PNS guideline recommendations. CONCLUSIONS This study provides insights into the real-world diagnostic and management strategies for MMN, highlighting the challenges in applying diagnostic criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, Roma, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Sede di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Antonini
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza' University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Matà
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Inghilleri
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Filippo Brighina
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Francesca Carta
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Torino, Italy
| | - Camilla Strano
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Angela Romano
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, Roma, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Sede di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Marta Campagnolo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti-Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; NeMO-Brescia Clinical center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Divina Valeria Viola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luca Leonardi
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza' University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Martina Sperti
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mataluni
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Ceccanti
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - Elisa Vegezzi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Stefano
- Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, Palermo, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milano, Italy
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Moret F, Spada E, Ceccanti M, Libonati L, D'Andrea E, Villano U, Madonna E, Chionne P, Carocci A, Pisani G, Fionda L, Antonini G, Petrucci A, Bruni R, Ciccaglione AR, Taliani G, Rivano Capparuccia M, Nobile-Orazio E, Inghilleri M, Cambieri C. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and HEV antibody status: A case-control study from Lazio, Italy. J Neurol Sci 2024; 459:122959. [PMID: 38490091 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.122959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have pointed to the possible role of infectious diseases in triggering Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Given the association of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) with Guillain Barrè syndrome, we conducted a case-control study to determine the possible association of HEV infection with CIDP, analyzing possible risk factors for acquiring HEV infection in both CIDP patients and controls. MATERIALS AND METHODS 82 CIDP and 260 from the general population have provided some personal information (demographics, anamnestic data and recognized risk factors for HEV infection) and underwent venipuncture blood sampling for virological assays testing for anti-HEV IgG and IgM with ELISA and RNA-HEV performing RT-PCR. RESULTS Anti-HEV IgG seropositivity resulted in 32 CIDP patients (39.0%) and in 45 controls (17.3%), indicating a significant association between anti-HEV IgG positivity and CIDP (OR 3.04; 95% CI 1.70-5.43, p-value <0.001), but in multivariate logistic regression the only significant associations with anti-HEV positivity were eating pork liver sausages (OR 10.443, 95% CI 2.268-60.12, p-value 0.004) and IVIg/SCIg administration (OR 31.32, 95% CI 7.914-171.7, p-value <0.001). DISCUSSION The higher prevalence of anti-HEV IgG in CIDP patients than in controls could be justified by chronically administering IVIg/SCIg with a passive acquisition of anti-HEV antibodies. Furthermore, all the 20 CIDP patients who underwent IVIg/SCIg administration reported HEV risk factors, so that they could have acquired the infection. CONCLUSIONS Further studies in a larger CIDP patient sample in treatment with therapy other than IVIg/SCIg are necessary to rule out the possible confounding effect of IVIg/SCIg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Moret
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Centre for Rare Neuromuscular Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enea Spada
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis and Oncovirus and Retrovirus Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ceccanti
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Centre for Rare Neuromuscular Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Libonati
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Centre for Rare Neuromuscular Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Edoardo D'Andrea
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Centre for Rare Neuromuscular Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Umbertina Villano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis and Oncovirus and Retrovirus Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Madonna
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis and Oncovirus and Retrovirus Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Chionne
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis and Oncovirus and Retrovirus Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Carocci
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Pisani
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fionda
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Petrucci
- Center for Neuromuscular and Neurological Rare Diseases, AO San Camillo Forlanini Hospital, C.ne Gianicolense 87, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Bruni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis and Oncovirus and Retrovirus Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Rita Ciccaglione
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Viral Hepatitis and Oncovirus and Retrovirus Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gloria Taliani
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Infectious and Tropical Medicine Unit, 'Policlinico Umberto I' Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Rivano Capparuccia
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Infectious and Tropical Medicine Unit, 'Policlinico Umberto I' Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Inghilleri
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Centre for Rare Neuromuscular Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed Pozzilli, IS, Italy
| | - Chiara Cambieri
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Centre for Rare Neuromuscular Disease, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Cutellè C, De Lorenzo A, Doneddu PE, Creta MF, Selmi C, Liberatore G, Giordano A, Gentile F, Erre GL, Nobile-Orazio E. Cytokines and chemokines in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and multifocal motor neuropathy: A systematic review. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2024. [PMID: 38600685 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Advances in the understanding of cytokines have revolutionized mechanistic treatments for chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, as exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. We conducted a systematic literature review on the role of cytokines and chemokines in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN). Ovid Medline, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched until August 31, 2022 for human studies investigating cytokines levels in CIDP or MMN. Fifty-five articles on 1061 CIDP patients and 86 MMN patients were included, with a median of 18 patients per study (range 3-71). Studies differed in the inclusion criteria, type of assay, manufacturer, control subjects, and tested biological material. Only a minority of studies reported data on disease activity. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-17, CXCL10, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), were elevated in CIDP compared to controls in most of the studies. IL-6 and TNF-α levels are also correlated with disability. In MMN patients, IL-1Ra was elevated in the majority of the reports. While acknowledging the challenges in comparing studies and the various limitations of the studies, including small patient numbers, particularly in MMN, our review suggests that IL-6, IL-17, CXCL10, and TNF-α might play a role in CIDP pathogenesis. Larger studies are needed in MMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Cutellè
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Selmi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Gian Luca Erre
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Sassari University, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milano, Italy
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4
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De Lorenzo A, Liberatore G, Doneddu PE, Manganelli F, Cocito D, Briani C, Fazio R, Mazzeo A, Schenone A, Di Stefano V, Cosentino G, Marfia GA, Benedetti L, Carpo M, Filosto M, Antonini G, Clerici AM, Luigetti M, Matà S, Rosso T, Lucchetta M, Siciliano G, Lauria Pinter G, Cavaletti G, Inghilleri M, Cantisani T, Notturno F, Ricciardi D, Habetswallner F, Spina E, Peci E, Salvalaggio A, Falzone Y, Strano C, Gentile L, Vegezzi E, Mataluni G, Cotti Piccinelli S, Leonardi L, Romano A, Nobile-Orazio E. Impact of 2021 European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society diagnostic criteria on diagnosis and therapy of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy variants. Eur J Neurol 2024; 31:e16190. [PMID: 38165011 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE There are different criteria for the diagnosis of different variants of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). The 2021 European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society (EAN/PNS) guidelines provide specific clinical criteria for each CIDP variant even if their therapeutical impact has not been investigated. METHODS We applied the clinical criteria for CIDP variants of the 2021 EAN/PNS guidelines to 369 patients included in the Italian CIDP database who fulfilled the 2021 EAN/PNS electrodiagnostic criteria for CIDP. RESULTS According to the 2021 EAN/PNS clinical criteria, 245 patients achieved a clinical diagnosis of typical CIDP or CIDP variant (66%). We identified 106 patients with typical CIDP (29%), 62 distal CIDP (17%), 28 multifocal or focal CIDP (7%), four sensory CIDP (1%), 27 sensory-predominant CIDP (7%), 10 motor CIDP (3%), and eight motor-predominant CIDP (2%). Patients with multifocal, distal, and sensory CIDP had milder impairment and symptoms. Patients with multifocal CIDP had less frequently reduced conduction velocity and prolonged F-wave latency and had lower levels of cerebrospinal fluid protein. Patients with distal CIDP more frequently had reduced distal compound muscle action potentials. Patients with motor CIDP did not improve after steroid therapy, whereas those with motor-predominant CIDP did. None of the patients with sensory CIDP responded to steroids, whereas most of those with sensory-predominant CIDP did. CONCLUSIONS The 2021 EAN/PNS criteria for CIDP allow a better characterization of CIDP variants, permitting their distinction from typical CIDP and more appropriate treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto De Lorenzo
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Neurology Clinic, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Stefano
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luana Benedetti
- Neurology Clinic, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marinella Carpo
- Department of Neurology, ASST Bergamo Ovest-Ospedale Treviglio, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST "Spedali Civili", University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Maurizio Clerici
- Neurology Unit, Circolo and Macchi Foundation Hospital, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- Neurology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Matà
- Neurology Unit, Dipartimento Neuromuscoloscheletrico e Degli Organi di Senso, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- UOC di Neurologia, Ospedale San Bassano, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Marta Lucchetta
- UOC Neurologia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria Pinter
- Unit of Neuroalgology, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Maurizio Inghilleri
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Unit, Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University, Policlinico Universitario Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Cantisani
- Servizio di Neurofisiopatologia, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Dario Ricciardi
- Division of Neurology and Neurophysiopathology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Clinical Neurophysiology Unit, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences, and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Yuri Falzone
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Strano
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Mataluni
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST "Spedali Civili", University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Leonardi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Romano
- Neurology Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Gentile F, Terenghi F, Doneddu PE, De Lorenzo A, Giannotta C, Giordano A, Mazza R, Nozza A, Nobile-Orazio E. Regular assessment of serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels to monitor POEMS syndrome. Neurol Sci 2024; 45:727-733. [PMID: 37702830 PMCID: PMC10791858 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the utility of regular serum VEGF (sVEGF) levels assessment in the monitoring of POEMS syndrome. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed data of 30 patients with POEMS syndrome whose sVEGF was tested regularly every 6 months. sVEGF levels after treatment were measured and correlated with disability (Overall Neuropathy Limitations Scale, ONLS), clinical impairment (measured with the modified Clinical Response Evaluation Scale, mCRES), and relapse-free survival. The ability of sVEGF to predict disease flares during remission and refractory disease was also analysed. RESULTS Patients with normalised serum VEGF levels (< 1000 pg/ml) at 6 months showed prolonged relapse-free survival (at 3-year 94% for complete VEGF response, 57% partial, 0% none, p < 0.001) and greater later clinical improvement (median ΔmCRES complete VEGF response -5 vs partial -4, p = 0.019, and vs no VEGF response -2, p = 0.006). After remission, the sensitivity of 6-month sVEGF monitoring in predicting clinical relapse was 58% with a specificity of 100%. In patients refractory to treatment, the sensitivity in predicting further clinical worsening was 15%. In addition, in 25% of the patients in remission and 16% of those refractory to therapy, sVEGF levels only increased at the time of relapse. CONCLUSIONS Regular sVEGF assessment is a valid biomarker in the prediction of disease reactivation in POEMS syndrome and was particularly useful during the phase of remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gentile
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
- Neurology Residency Program, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabrizia Terenghi
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Alberto De Lorenzo
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
- Neurology Residency Program, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannotta
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Giordano
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
- Neurology Residency Program, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Rita Mazza
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Cancer Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Andrea Nozza
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Cancer Centre, Humanitas Clinical and Research Hospital IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy.
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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6
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van Doorn PA, Van den Bergh PYK, Hadden RDM, Avau B, Vankrunkelsven P, Attarian S, Blomkwist-Markens PH, Cornblath DR, Goedee HS, Harbo T, Jacobs BC, Kusunoki S, Lehmann HC, Lewis RA, Lunn MP, Nobile-Orazio E, Querol L, Rajabally YA, Umapathi T, Topaloglu HA, Willison HJ. European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3646-3674. [PMID: 37814552 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute polyradiculoneuropathy. Symptoms may vary greatly in presentation and severity. Besides weakness and sensory disturbances, patients may have cranial nerve involvement, respiratory insufficiency, autonomic dysfunction and pain. To develop an evidence-based guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of GBS, using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology a Task Force (TF) of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and the Peripheral Nerve Society (PNS) constructed 14 Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome questions (PICOs) covering diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of GBS, which guided the literature search. Data were extracted and summarised in GRADE Summaries of Findings (for treatment PICOs) or Evidence Tables (for diagnostic and prognostic PICOs). Statements were prepared according to GRADE Evidence-to-Decision (EtD) frameworks. For the six intervention PICOs, evidence-based recommendations are made. For other PICOs, good practice points (GPPs) are formulated. For diagnosis, the principal GPPs are: GBS is more likely if there is a history of recent diarrhoea or respiratory infection; CSF examination is valuable, particularly when the diagnosis is less certain; electrodiagnostic testing is advised to support the diagnosis; testing for anti-ganglioside antibodies is of limited clinical value in most patients with typical motor-sensory GBS, but anti-GQ1b antibody testing should be considered when Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is suspected; nodal-paranodal antibodies should be tested when autoimmune nodopathy is suspected; MRI or ultrasound imaging should be considered in atypical cases; and changing the diagnosis to acute-onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (A-CIDP) should be considered if progression continues after 8 weeks from onset, which occurs in around 5% of patients initially diagnosed with GBS. For treatment, the TF recommends intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) 0.4 g/kg for 5 days, in patients within 2 weeks (GPP also within 2-4 weeks) after onset of weakness if unable to walk unaided, or a course of plasma exchange (PE) 12-15 L in four to five exchanges over 1-2 weeks, in patients within 4 weeks after onset of weakness if unable to walk unaided. The TF recommends against a second IVIg course in GBS patients with a poor prognosis; recommends against using oral corticosteroids, and weakly recommends against using IV corticosteroids; does not recommend PE followed immediately by IVIg; weakly recommends gabapentinoids, tricyclic antidepressants or carbamazepine for treatment of pain; does not recommend a specific treatment for fatigue. To estimate the prognosis of individual patients, the TF advises using the modified Erasmus GBS outcome score (mEGOS) to assess outcome, and the modified Erasmus GBS Respiratory Insufficiency Score (mEGRIS) to assess the risk of requiring artificial ventilation. Based on the PICOs, available literature and additional discussions, we provide flow charts to assist making clinical decisions on diagnosis, treatment and the need for intensive care unit admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A van Doorn
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Y K Van den Bergh
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bert Avau
- Cochrane Belgium, CEBAM, Leuven, Belgium
- CEBaP, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Patrik Vankrunkelsven
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care KU Leuven, Cochrane Belgium, CEBAM, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shahram Attarian
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires et de la SLA, APHM, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - David R Cornblath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H Stephan Goedee
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Köln, University Hospital Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael P Lunn
- Department of Neurology and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Institute, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Querol
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yusuf A Rajabally
- Neuromuscular Service, Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Hugh J Willison
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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7
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Nicotra A, Masserini F, Calcaterra F, Di Vito C, Doneddu PE, Pomati S, Nobile-Orazio E, Riva A, Mavilio D, Pantoni L. What do we mean by long COVID? A scoping review of the cognitive sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:3968-3978. [PMID: 37540896 DOI: 10.1111/ene.16027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Many COVID-19 patients report persistent symptoms, including cognitive disturbances. We performed a scoping review on this topic, focusing primarily on cognitive manifestations. METHODS Abstracts and full texts of studies published on PubMed (until May 2023) addressing cognitive involvement persisting after SARS-CoV-2 infection were reviewed, focusing on terms used to name the cognitive syndrome, reported symptoms, their onset time and duration, and testing batteries employed. Reported psychiatric symptoms, their assessment tools, and more general manifestations were also extracted. RESULTS Among the 947 records identified, 180 studies were included. Only one third of them used a label to define the syndrome. A minority of studies included patients according to stringent temporal criteria of syndrome onset (34%), whereas more studies reported a minimum required symptom duration (77%). The most frequently reported cognitive symptoms were memory and attentional-executive disturbances, and among psychiatric complaints, the most frequent were anxiety symptoms, depression, and sleep disturbances. Most studies reported fatigue among general symptoms. Thirty-six studies employed cognitive measures: screening tests alone (n = 19), full neuropsychological batteries (n = 25), or both (n = 29); 30 studies performed psychiatric testing. Cognitive deficits were demonstrated in 39% of subjects, the most frequently affected domains being attention/executive functions (90%) and memory (67%). CONCLUSIONS Currently, no agreement exists on a label for post-COVID-19 cognitive syndrome. The time of symptom onset after acute infection and symptom duration are still discussed. Memory and attention-executive complaints and deficits, together with fatigue, anxiety, and depression symptoms, are consistently reported, but the objective evaluation of these symptoms is not standardized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Nicotra
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Masserini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Calcaterra
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Clara Di Vito
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Simone Pomati
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Agostino Riva
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pantoni
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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8
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van Doorn PA, Van den Bergh PYK, Hadden RDM, Avau B, Vankrunkelsven P, Attarian S, Blomkwist-Markens PH, Cornblath DR, Goedee HS, Harbo T, Jacobs BC, Kusunoki S, Lehmann HC, Lewis RA, Lunn MP, Nobile-Orazio E, Querol L, Rajabally YA, Umapathi T, Topaloglu HA, Willison HJ. European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society Guideline on diagnosis and treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2023; 28:535-563. [PMID: 37814551 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute polyradiculoneuropathy. Symptoms may vary greatly in presentation and severity. Besides weakness and sensory disturbances, patients may have cranial nerve involvement, respiratory insufficiency, autonomic dysfunction and pain. To develop an evidence-based guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of GBS, using Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology, a Task Force (TF) of the European Academy of Neurology (EAN) and the Peripheral Nerve Society (PNS) constructed 14 Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome questions (PICOs) covering diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of GBS, which guided the literature search. Data were extracted and summarised in GRADE Summaries of Findings (for treatment PICOs) or Evidence Tables (for diagnostic and prognostic PICOs). Statements were prepared according to GRADE Evidence-to-Decision (EtD) frameworks. For the six intervention PICOs, evidence-based recommendations are made. For other PICOs, good practice points (GPPs) are formulated. For diagnosis, the principal GPPs are: GBS is more likely if there is a history of recent diarrhoea or respiratory infection; CSF examination is valuable, particularly when the diagnosis is less certain; electrodiagnostic testing is advised to support the diagnosis; testing for anti-ganglioside antibodies is of limited clinical value in most patients with typical motor-sensory GBS, but anti-GQ1b antibody testing should be considered when Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS) is suspected; nodal-paranodal antibodies should be tested when autoimmune nodopathy is suspected; MRI or ultrasound imaging should be considered in atypical cases; and changing the diagnosis to acute-onset chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (A-CIDP) should be considered if progression continues after 8 weeks from onset, which occurs in around 5% of patients initially diagnosed with GBS. For treatment, the TF recommends intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) 0.4 g/kg for 5 days, in patients within 2 weeks (GPP also within 2-4 weeks) after onset of weakness if unable to walk unaided, or a course of plasma exchange (PE) 12-15 L in four to five exchanges over 1-2 weeks, in patients within 4 weeks after onset of weakness if unable to walk unaided. The TF recommends against a second IVIg course in GBS patients with a poor prognosis; recommends against using oral corticosteroids, and weakly recommends against using IV corticosteroids; does not recommend PE followed immediately by IVIg; weakly recommends gabapentinoids, tricyclic antidepressants or carbamazepine for treatment of pain; does not recommend a specific treatment for fatigue. To estimate the prognosis of individual patients, the TF advises using the modified Erasmus GBS outcome score (mEGOS) to assess outcome, and the modified Erasmus GBS Respiratory Insufficiency Score (mEGRIS) to assess the risk of requiring artificial ventilation. Based on the PICOs, available literature and additional discussions, we provide flow charts to assist making clinical decisions on diagnosis, treatment and the need for intensive care unit admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A van Doorn
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Y K Van den Bergh
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Bert Avau
- Cochrane Belgium, CEBAM, Leuven, Belgium
- CEBaP, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - Patrik Vankrunkelsven
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care KU Leuven, Cochrane Belgium, CEBAM, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shahram Attarian
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires et de la SLA, APHM, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - David R Cornblath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - H Stephan Goedee
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Brain Center UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- Department of Neurology and Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Köln, University Hospital Köln, Cologne, Germany
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael P Lunn
- Department of Neurology and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Institute, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Querol
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yusuf A Rajabally
- Neuromuscular Service, Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Hugh J Willison
- Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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9
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Liberatore G, De Lorenzo A, Giannotta C, Manganelli F, Filosto M, Cosentino G, Cocito D, Briani C, Cortese A, Fazio R, Lauria G, Clerici AM, Rosso T, Marfia GA, Antonini G, Cavaletti G, Carpo M, Doneddu PE, Spina E, Cotti Piccinelli S, Peci E, Querol L, Nobile-Orazio E. Correction to: Frequency and clinical correlates of anti-nerve antibodies in a large population of CIDP patients included in the Italian database. Neurol Sci 2023:10.1007/s10072-023-07184-y. [PMID: 38008812 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-07184-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Alberto De Lorenzo
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannotta
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST "Spedali Civili", University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Experimental BioMedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortese
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Unit of Neuroalgology, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, "LLuigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Maurizio Clerici
- Neurology Unit, Circolo & Macchi Foundation Hospital, Insubria University, DBSV, Varese, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, UOC Neurologia-Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST "Spedali Civili", University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Luis Querol
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Autoimmune Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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10
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Doneddu PE, Pensato U, Iorfida A, Alberti C, Nobile-Orazio E, Fabbri A, Voza A. Neuropathic Pain in the Emergency Setting: Diagnosis and Management. J Clin Med 2023; 12:6028. [PMID: 37762968 PMCID: PMC10531819 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12186028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain, traditionally considered a chronic condition, is increasingly encountered in the emergency department (ED), accounting for approximately 20% of patients presenting with pain. Understanding the physiology and key clinical presentations of neuropathic pain is crucial for ED physicians to provide optimal treatment. While diagnosing neuropathic pain can be challenging, emphasis should be placed on obtaining a comprehensive medical history and conducting a thorough clinical examination. Patients often describe neuropathic pain as a burning or shock-like sensation, leading them to seek care in the ED after ineffective relief from common analgesics such as paracetamol and NSAIDs. Collaboration between emergency medicine specialists, neurologists, and pain management experts can contribute to the development of evidence-based guidelines specifically tailored for the emergency department setting. This article provides a concise overview of the common clinical manifestations of neuropathic pain that may prompt patients to seek emergency care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
| | - Umberto Pensato
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
- Neurology and Stroke Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Alessandra Iorfida
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Claudia Alberti
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, 20133 Milano, MI, Italy
| | - Andrea Fabbri
- Emergency Department AUSL Romagna, Presidio Ospedaliero Morgagni-Pierantoni, 47121 Forlì, FC, Italy
| | - Antonio Voza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, MI, Italy
- Emergency Department, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, MI, Italy
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11
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Rzepiński Ł, Doneddu PE, Cutellè C, Zawadka-Kunikowska M, Nobile-Orazio E. Autonomic nervous system involvement in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: a literature review. Neurol Sci 2023; 44:3071-3082. [PMID: 37083958 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-023-06802-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Although dysautonomia is a well-recognized complication of acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, it is rarely reported and evaluated in chronic demyelinating neuropathies. The purpose of this review is to search and synthesize the current literature on the prevalence and type of autonomic dysfunction (AD) in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). METHODS PubMed and Web of Science were searched for studies reporting AD in CIDP. RESULTS Twelve studies, including 346 patients with CIDP, were found eligible for the review. Seven studies used autonomic tests only as an additional component of the comprehensive clinical evaluation, and found that dysautonomia in CIDP may indicate the presence of a comorbid disease (e.g., diabetes) and facilitate the differentiation of CIDP from other neuropathies (e.g., amyloid neuropathy). Five studies performed quantitative assessment of autonomic function in CIDP as a primary goal. Two studies have used the Composite Autonomic Severity Score (CASS) to assess severity and distribution of dysautonomia. The reported prevalence of dysautonomia in CIDP during quantitative assessment of autonomic function ranged from 25 to 89%, depending on the battery of tests used, with CASS not exceeding 4 points. The abnormalities in autonomic tests indicated both sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction and did not correlate with the duration, severity and variant of CIDP. CONCLUSIONS Clinical or subclinical involvement of the ANS has been shown to be common and relatively mild in CIDP. The impact of autonomic impairment on disability and of its possible response to therapy in CIDP needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Rzepiński
- Department of Neurology, 10th Military Research Hospital and Polyclinic, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
- Sanitas-Neurology Outpatient Clinic, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Cutellè
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Monika Zawadka-Kunikowska
- Department of Human Physiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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12
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Doneddu PE, Akyil H, Manganelli F, Briani C, Cocito D, Benedetti L, Mazzeo A, Fazio R, Filosto M, Cosentino G, Di Stefano V, Antonini G, Marfia GA, Inghilleri M, Siciliano G, Clerici AM, Carpo M, Schenone A, Luigetti M, Lauria G, Matà S, Rosso T, Minicuci GM, Lucchetta M, Cavaletti G, Liberatore G, Spina E, Campagnolo M, Peci E, Germano F, Gentile L, Strano C, Cotti Piccinelli S, Vegezzi E, Leonardi L, Mataluni G, Ceccanti M, Schirinzi E, Romozzi M, Nobile-Orazio E. Unclassified clinical presentations of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023; 94:614-621. [PMID: 37015771 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-331011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To assess the ability of the 2021 European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society (EAN/PNS) clinical criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) to include within their classification the whole spectrum of clinical heterogeneity of the disease and to define the clinical characteristics of the unclassifiable clinical forms. METHODS The 2021 EAN/PNS clinical criteria for CIDP were applied to 329 patients fulfilling the electrodiagnostic (and in some cases also the supportive) criteria for the diagnosis of CIDP. Clinical characteristics were reviewed for each patient not strictly fulfilling the clinical criteria ('unclassifiable'). RESULTS At study inclusion, 124 (37.5%) patients had an unclassifiable clinical presentation, including 110 (89%) with a typical CIDP-like clinical phenotype in whom some segments of the four limbs were unaffected by weakness ('incomplete typical CIDP'), 10 (8%) with a mild distal, symmetric, sensory or sensorimotor polyneuropathy confined to the lower limbs with cranial nerve involvement ('cranial nerve predominant CIDP') and 4 (1%) with a symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy limited to the proximal and distal areas of the lower limbs ('paraparetic CIDP'). Eighty-one (65%) patients maintained an unclassifiable presentation during the entire disease follow-up while 13 patients progressed to typical CIDP. Patients with the unclassifiable clinical forms compared with patients with typical CIDP had a milder form of CIDP, while there was no difference in the distribution patterns of demyelination. CONCLUSIONS A proportion of patients with CIDP do not strictly fulfil the 2021 EAN/PNS clinical criteria for diagnosis. These unclassifiable clinical phenotypes may pose diagnostic challenges and thus deserve more attention in clinical practice and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Houseyin Akyil
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- SSD Patologie Neurologiche Specialistiche, AOU San Luigi, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Stefano
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and advanced Diagnostic (BiND), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Maurizio Inghilleri
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | - Angelo Schenone
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Sede di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Unit of Neuroalgology, IRCCS Foundation 'Carlo Besta' Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Matà
- Dipartimento Neuromuscoloscheletrico e degli organi di Senso, Neurology Unit, University Hospital Careggi, Firenze, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- UOC di Neurologia, Ospedale San Bassiano, Vicenza, Italy
| | | | - Marta Lucchetta
- UOC Neurologia, Ospedale Santa Maria della Misericordia, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and surgery and experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milan-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Erdita Peci
- SSD Patologie Neurologiche Specialistiche, AOU San Luigi, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Camilla Strano
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Leonardi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mataluni
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Ceccanti
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Erika Schirinzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marina Romozzi
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Sede di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milano, Italy
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Al-Hakem H, Doets AY, Stino AM, Zivkovic SA, Andersen H, Willison HJ, Cornblath DR, Gorson KC, Islam Z, Mohammad QD, Sindrup SH, Kusunoki S, Davidson A, Casasnovas C, Bateman K, Miller JAL, van den Berg B, Verboon C, Roodbol J, Leonhard SE, Arends S, Luijten LWG, Benedetti L, Kuwabara S, Van den Bergh P, Monges S, Marfia GA, Shahrizaila N, Galassi G, Pereon Y, Bürmann J, Kuitwaard K, Kleyweg RP, Marchesoni C, Sedano Tous MJ, Querol L, Martín-Aguilar L, Wang Y, Nobile-Orazio E, Rinaldi S, Schenone A, Pardo J, Vermeij FH, Waheed W, Lehmann HC, Granit V, Stein B, Cavaletti G, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez G, Barroso FA, Visser LH, Katzberg HD, Dardiotis E, Attarian S, van der Kooi AJ, Eftimov F, Wirtz PW, Samijn JPA, Gilhuis HJ, Hadden RDM, Holt JKL, Sheikh KA, Kolb N, Karafiath S, Vytopil M, Antonini G, Feasby TE, Faber C, Kramers H, Busby M, Roberts RC, Silvestri NJ, Fazio R, van Dijk GW, Garssen MPJ, Verschuuren J, Harbo T, Jacobs BC. CSF Findings in Relation to Clinical Characteristics, Subtype, and Disease Course in Patients With Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Neurology 2023; 100:e2386-e2397. [PMID: 37076309 PMCID: PMC10256127 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To investigate CSF findings in relation to clinical and electrodiagnostic subtypes, severity, and outcome of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) based on 1,500 patients in the International GBS Outcome Study. METHODS Albuminocytologic dissociation (ACD) was defined as an increased protein level (>0.45 g/L) in the absence of elevated white cell count (<50 cells/μL). We excluded 124 (8%) patients because of other diagnoses, protocol violation, or insufficient data. The CSF was examined in 1,231 patients (89%). RESULTS In 846 (70%) patients, CSF examination showed ACD, which increased with time from weakness onset: ≤4 days 57%, >4 days 84%. High CSF protein levels were associated with a demyelinating subtype, proximal or global muscle weakness, and a reduced likelihood of being able to run at week 2 (odds ratio [OR] 0.42, 95% CI 0.25-0.70; p = 0.001) and week 4 (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.27-0.72; p = 0.001). Patients with the Miller Fisher syndrome, distal predominant weakness, and normal or equivocal nerve conduction studies were more likely to have lower CSF protein levels. CSF cell count was <5 cells/μL in 1,005 patients (83%), 5-49 cells/μL in 200 patients (16%), and ≥50 cells/μL in 13 patients (1%). DISCUSSION ACD is a common finding in GBS, but normal protein levels do not exclude this diagnosis. High CSF protein level is associated with an early severe disease course and a demyelinating subtype. Elevated CSF cell count, rarely ≥50 cells/μL, is compatible with GBS after a thorough exclusion of alternative diagnoses. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that CSF ACD (defined by the Brighton Collaboration) is common in patients with GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helle Al-Hakem
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alex Y Doets
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amro Maher Stino
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sasha A Zivkovic
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Andersen
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hugh J Willison
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David R Cornblath
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth C Gorson
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhahirul Islam
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Quazi Deen Mohammad
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Søren Hein Sindrup
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amy Davidson
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Carlos Casasnovas
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kathleen Bateman
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - James A L Miller
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bianca van den Berg
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Christine Verboon
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joyce Roodbol
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonja E Leonhard
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Samuel Arends
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Linda W G Luijten
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luana Benedetti
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Van den Bergh
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Soledad Monges
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Girolama A Marfia
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nortina Shahrizaila
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giuliana Galassi
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yann Pereon
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Bürmann
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Krista Kuitwaard
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud P Kleyweg
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cintia Marchesoni
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - María J Sedano Tous
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luis Querol
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lorena Martín-Aguilar
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angelo Schenone
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Julio Pardo
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frederique H Vermeij
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Waqar Waheed
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Volkan Granit
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Beth Stein
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerardo Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fabio A Barroso
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leo H Visser
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans D Katzberg
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shahram Attarian
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anneke J van der Kooi
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Filip Eftimov
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul W Wirtz
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johnny P A Samijn
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H Jacobus Gilhuis
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert D M Hadden
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - James K L Holt
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kazim A Sheikh
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Noah Kolb
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Summer Karafiath
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michal Vytopil
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas E Feasby
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Catharina Faber
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Kramers
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mark Busby
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rhys C Roberts
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicholas J Silvestri
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gert W van Dijk
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel P J Garssen
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Verschuuren
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Harbo
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- From the Department of Neurology (H.A.-H., H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (A.Y.D., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., S. Arends, L.W.G.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (A.M.S.), University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor; Department of Neurology (S.A.Z.), University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA; Department of Neurology (H.J.W., A.D.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (Z.I.); Laboratory Sciences and Services Division (LSSD) (Z.I.), icddr,b; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark; Department of Neurology (S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Japan; Department of Neurology (C.C.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Division of Neurology (K.B.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., H.K.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Vlietland Hospital), Schiedam; Department of Neurology (S. Arends, P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Chuo-ku, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit (G.A.M.), Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., L.M.-A.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova, and IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Travesia Choupana, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G., B.S.), Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G.C.), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone ERN NMD, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute; Department of Neurology (J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Reinier de Graafweg, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Biology (N.K., S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS) (G.A.), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milano, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (J.V.), Leiden University Medical Centre; and Department of Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Doneddu PE, Briani C, Cocito D, Manganelli F, Fabrizi GM, Matà S, Mazzeo A, Fazio R, Benedetti L, Luigetti M, Inghilleri M, Ruiu E, Siciliano G, Cosentino G, Marfia GA, Carpo M, Filosto M, Antonini G, Notturno F, Sotgiu S, Cucurachi L, Dell'Aquila C, Bianchi E, Rosso T, Giordano A, Fernandes M, Campagnolo M, Peci E, Spina E, Tagliapietra M, Sperti M, Gentile L, Strano C, Germano F, Romozzi M, Moret F, Zarbo IR, Viola DV, Vegezzi E, Mataluni G, Piccinelli SC, Leonardi L, Carta A, Nobile-Orazio E. Risk of disease relapse, safety and tolerability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in patients with chronic inflammatory neuropathies. Eur J Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37000158 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the risk of relapse after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, and its safety and tolerability, in patients with chronic inflammatory neuropathies. METHODS In this multicenter, cohort, and case-crossover study, the risk of relapse associated with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was assessed by comparing frequency of relapse in CIDP and MMN patients who underwent or did not undergo vaccination. Frequency of relapse in the three months prior and after vaccination, and safety and tolerability of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were also assessed. RESULTS 336 patients were included (278 CIDP; 58 MMN). 307 (91%) patients underwent SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Twenty-nine patients (9%) did not undergo vaccination. Mild and transient relapses were observed in 16 (5%) patients (13 CIDP; 3 MMN) after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and in none of the patients who did not undergo vaccination (RR= 3.21, 95% CI, 0.19-52.25). There was no increase in the specific risk of relapse associated with type of vaccine or diagnosis. Comparison with the 3-month control period preceding vaccination revealed an increased risk of relapse after vaccination (RR= 4.00; 95% CI, 1.35-11.82), which was restricted to CIDP patients (RR= 3.25, 95% CI, 1.07-9.84). The safety profile of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was characterized by short-term, mild-to-moderate local and systemic adverse events. CONCLUSIONS SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in CIDP and MMN patients does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of relapse at primary endpoint, although a slightly increased risk in CIDP patients was found compared to the 3 months before vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano -, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090 Pieve Emanuele -, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- SSD Patologie Neurologiche Specialistiche, AOU San Luigi, Torino, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- UOC Neurology B, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital GB Rossi, AOUI and University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Matà
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Marco Luigetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS. UOC Neurologia, Roma, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Sede di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Ruiu
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; NeMO-, Brescia, Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Sotgiu
- Child Neuropsychiatry Division, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Elisa Bianchi
- Laboratorio di Malattie Neurologiche, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- UOC di Neurologia, Ospedale San Bassiano, Bassano del Grappa, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Andrea Giordano
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano -, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Fernandes
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano -, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Campagnolo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- SSD Patologie Neurologiche Specialistiche, AOU San Luigi, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Tagliapietra
- UOC Neurology B, Department of Neuroscience, University Hospital GB Rossi, AOUI and University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Martina Sperti
- Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Camilla Strano
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Marina Romozzi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS. UOC Neurologia, Roma, Italy
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore. Sede di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Federica Moret
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Ignazio Roberto Zarbo
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Divina Valeria Viola
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Mataluni
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Roma, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; NeMO-, Brescia, Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luca Leonardi
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carta
- Child Neuropsychiatry Division, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano -, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milano, Italy
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15
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Doneddu PE, Ruiz M, Bianchi E, Liberatore G, Manganelli F, Cocito D, Cosentino G, Benedetti L, Marfia GA, Filosto M, Briani C, Giannotta C, Nobile-Orazio E. A diagnostic score for anti-myelin-associated-glycoprotein neuropathy or chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy in patients with anti-myelin-associated-glycoprotein antibody. Eur J Neurol 2023; 30:501-510. [PMID: 35191144 PMCID: PMC10078711 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A diagnostic score was developed to discriminate anti-myelin-associated-glycoprotein (MAG) neuropathy from chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and applied it to patients with atypical anti-MAG neuropathy. METHODS The clinical and electrophysiological features of patients with a diagnosis of typical anti-MAG neuropathy were compared to those of patients with a diagnosis of CIDP. The association of each feature with the diagnosis was assessed in the two groups. Features showing a significant association with the diagnosis were included in a multivariable logistic regression model and adjusted odds ratios were estimated for each feature. A score ranging from 1 to 3 was applied to each feature based on the magnitude of the estimated odds ratios. The score was then applied to patients with a clinical diagnosis of CIDP who also had high anti-MAG antibody titers (CIDP-MAG). RESULTS Thirty-one anti-MAG neuropathy patients, 45 typical CIDP patients and 16 CIDP-MAG patients were included. Scores in anti-MAG antibody patients ranged from 1 to 5 and in CIDP patients from -7 to -1. Using the score, 4/16 CIDP-MAG patients were diagnosed to have anti-MAG neuropathy and 12/16 patients to have CIDP. Response to intravenous immunoglobulin in the CIDP-MAG patients classified as CIDP was similar to that of definite CIDP patients and higher than that of anti-MAG neuropathy patients. CONCLUSIONS Our score allowed an accurate discrimination to be made, amongst patients with anti-MAG antibodies, of those affected by CIDP and the patients with anti-MAG neuropathy. This score may help proper treatment to be chosen for patients with anti-MAG antibodies with a CIDP-like presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro E Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Bianchi
- Laboratorio di Malattie Neurologiche, IRCCS-Istituto Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Luana Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Girola A Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannotta
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Cardamone G, Paraboschi EM, Soldà G, Liberatore G, Rimoldi V, Cibella J, Airi F, Tisato V, Cantoni C, Gallia F, Gemmati D, Piccio L, Duga S, Nobile-Orazio E, Asselta R. The circular RNA landscape in multiple sclerosis: Disease-specific associated variants and exon methylation shape circular RNA expression profile. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2023; 69:104426. [PMID: 36446168 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.104426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs increasingly emerging as crucial actors in the pathogenesis of human diseases, including autoimmune and neurological disorders as multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite several efforts, the mechanisms regulating circRNAs expression are still largely unknown and the circRNA profile and regulation in MS-relevant cell models has not been completely investigated. In this work, we aimed at exploring the global landscape of circRNA expression in MS patients, also evaluating a possible correlation with their genetic and epigenetic background. METHODS We performed RNA-seq experiments on circRNA-enriched samples, derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 10 MS patients and 10 matched controls and performed differential circRNA expression. The genetic background was evaluated using array genotyping, and an expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis was carried out. RESULTS Expression analysis revealed 166 differentially expressed circRNAs in MS patients, 125 of which are downregulated. One of the top dysregulated circRNAs, hsa_circ_0007990, derives from the PGAP3 gene, encoding a protein relevant for the control of autoimmune responses. The downregulation of this circRNA was confirmed in two independent replication cohorts, suggesting its implementation as a possible RNA-based biomarker. The eQTL analysis evidenced a significant association between 89 MS-associated loci and the expression of at least one circRNA, suggesting that MS-associated variants could impact on disease pathogenesis by altering circRNA profiles. Finally, we found a significant correlation between exon methylation and circRNA expression levels, supporting the hypothesis that epigenetic features may play an important role in the definition of the cell circRNA pool. CONCLUSION We described the circRNA expression profile of PBMCs in MS patients, suggesting that MS-associated variants may tune the expression levels of circRNAs acting as "circ-QTLs", and proposing a role for exon-based DNA methylation in regulating circRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cardamone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy
| | - Elvezia Maria Paraboschi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Rimoldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Javier Cibella
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Airi
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Veronica Tisato
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudia Cantoni
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Francesca Gallia
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Donato Gemmati
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy; Center Haemostasis & Thrombosis, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Piccio
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA; Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Stefano Duga
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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17
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Allen J, Nobile-Orazio E, Peric S, Katzberg H, Cadour S, Van de Walle I, Van Hoomissen I, Jacquemyn B, Van de Steen O, Ludo van der Pol W. Safety, Efficacy, And Pharmacokinetics of Argx-117 in Adults With Multifocal Motor Neuropathy: A Global, Multicenter, Placebo Controlled Phase 2 Study (Arda). Neurology 2022. [DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000903320.23411.f9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveTo report the study design of a Phase 2, multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled, parallel-group study (ARDA,NCT05225675) will assess the safety, efficacy, PK, and PD of ARGX-117 in adults with MMN.BackgroundMultifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is a chronic, immune-mediated neuropathy characterized by progressive asymmetric weakness predominantly affecting the distal upper limbs. MMN is often associated with anti-GM1 IgM antibodies targeting the axolemma at the node of Ranvier, leading to activation of the classical complement pathway which drives subsequent damage to the axon. IVIg is the only proven effective therapy. ARGX-117 is a novel monoclonal antibody that inhibits complement factor 2 (C2). Using an in vitro model for MMN, ARGX-117 was shown to block IgM-mediated classical pathway complement activation on both motor neurons and Schwann cells. ARGX-117 is being studied in adults with MMN in a Phase 2, multicenter, randomized, placebo controlled, parallel-group study.Design/MethodsForty-eight participants will be recruited and assigned to one of two dosing cohorts (24 participants each) and randomized 2:1 within each cohort to receive either ARGX-117 or placebo. Key inclusion criteria include: diagnosis of probable or definite MMN per 2010 EFNS/PNS guidelines, stable IVIg regimen, and IVIg treatment dependency. The primary objective is safety based on adverse event monitoring and other safety assessments. Secondary objectives include assessment of efficacy measured as strength and functional disability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (C2 and CH50), and immunogenicity of ARGX-117. After completing the 16-week treatment period, participants may enroll in an open-label extension study, or enter the safety follow-up period.ResultsThis ongoing phase 2 study will assess the safety and efficacy of ARGX-117 in participants with MMN.ConclusionsThe results of this study will inform and direct future studies of ARGX-117 in this patient population.
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18
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Briani C, Cocito D, Campagnolo M, Doneddu PE, Nobile-Orazio E. Update on therapy of chronic immune-mediated neuropathies. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:605-614. [PMID: 33452933 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic immune-mediated neuropathies, including chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), neuropathies associated with monoclonal gammopathy, and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN), are a group of disorders deemed to be caused by an immune response against peripheral nerve antigens. Several immune therapies have been reported to be variably effective in these neuropathies including steroids, plasma exchange, and high-dose intravenous (IVIg) or subcutaneous (SCIg) immunoglobulins. These therapies are however far from being invariably effective and may be associated with a number of side effects leading to the use of immunosuppressive agents whose efficacy has not been so far confirmed in randomized trials. More recently, new biological agents, such as rituximab, have proved to be effective in patients with neuropathy associated with IgM monoclonal gammopathy and are currently tested in CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 5, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Dario Cocito
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Campagnolo
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 5, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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19
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Doneddu PE, De Lorenzo A, Manganelli F, Cocito D, Fazio R, Briani C, Mazzeo A, Filosto M, Cosentino G, Benedetti L, Schenone A, Marfia GA, Antonini G, Matà S, Luigetti M, Liberatore G, Spina E, Peci E, Strano C, Cacciavillani M, Gentile L, Cotti Piccinelli S, Cortese A, Bianchi E, Nobile-Orazio E. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of the 2021 EAN/PNS and 2010 EFNS/PNS diagnostic criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022; 93:1239-1246. [PMID: 36190959 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-329357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the sensitivity and specificity of the 2021 European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society (EAN/PNS) diagnostic criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) with those of the 2010 European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS). METHODS Sensitivity and specificity of the two sets of criteria were evaluated in 330 patients with CIDP and 166 axonal peripheral neuropathy controls. Comparison of the utility of nerve conduction studies with different number of nerves examined and of the sensitivity and specificity of the two criteria in typical CIDP and its variants were assessed. RESULTS EFNS/PNS criteria had a sensitivity of 92% for possible CIDP and 85% for probable/definite CIDP, while the EAN/PNS criteria had a sensitivity of 83% for possible CIDP and 74% for CIDP. Using supportive criteria, the sensitivity of the EAN/PNS criteria for possible CIDP increased to 85% and that of CIDP to 77%, remaining lower than that of the EFNS/PNS criteria. Specificity of the EFNS/PNS criteria was 68% for possible CIDP and 84% for probable/definite CIDP, while the EAN/PNS criteria had a specificity of 88% for possible CIDP and 98% for CIDP. More extended studies increased the sensitivity of both sets of criteria by 4%-7% but reduced their specificity by 2%-3%. The EFNS/PNS criteria were more sensitive for the diagnosis of typical CIDP while the EAN/PNS criteria were more specific for the diagnosis of distal and sensory CIDP. CONCLUSIONS In our population, the EAN/PNS criteria were more specific but less sensitive than the EFNS/PNS criteria. With the EAN/PNS criteria, more extended nerve conduction studies are recommended to obtain an acceptable sensitivity while maintaining a high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto De Lorenzo
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Divisione di Riabilitazione Neuromotoria, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri-Presidio Sanitario Major, Torino, Italy, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Angelo Schenone
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Matà
- Dipartimento Neuromuscoloscheletrico e degli organi di Senso, Neurology Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Firenze, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Roma, Italy.,Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Campania, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Camilla Strano
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortese
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Bianchi
- Laboratorio di Malattie Neurologiche, Istituto di ricerche farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milano, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center-IRCCS, Milano, Italy .,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Translational Medicine Milan University, Italy
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20
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Leonhard SE, van der Eijk AA, Andersen H, Antonini G, Arends S, Attarian S, Barroso FA, Bateman KJ, Batstra MR, Benedetti L, van den Berg B, Van den Bergh P, Bürmann J, Busby M, Casasnovas C, Cornblath DR, Davidson A, Doets AY, van Doorn PA, Dornonville de la Cour C, Feasby TE, Fehmi J, Garcia-Sobrino T, Goldstein JM, Gorson KC, Granit V, Hadden RDM, Harbo T, Hartung HP, Hasan I, Holbech JV, Holt JKL, Jahan I, Islam Z, Karafiath S, Katzberg HD, Kleyweg RP, Kolb N, Kuitwaard K, Kuwahara M, Kusunoki S, Luijten LWG, Kuwabara S, Lee Pan E, Lehmann HC, Maas M, Martín-Aguilar L, Miller JAL, Mohammad QD, Monges S, Nedkova-Hristova V, Nobile-Orazio E, Pardo J, Pereon Y, Querol L, Reisin R, Van Rijs W, Rinaldi S, Roberts RC, Roodbol J, Shahrizaila N, Sindrup SH, Stein B, Cheng-Yin T, Tankisi H, Tio-Gillen AP, Sedano Tous MJ, Verboon C, Vermeij FH, Visser LH, Huizinga R, Willison HJ, Jacobs BC. An International Perspective on Preceding Infections in Guillain-Barré Syndrome: The IGOS-1000 Cohort. Neurology 2022; 99:e1299-e1313. [PMID: 35981895 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000200885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Infections play a key role in the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and have been associated with specific clinical features and disease severity. The clinical variation of GBS across geographical regions has been suggested to be related to differences in the distribution of preceding infections, but this has not been studied on a large scale. METHODS We analyzed the first 1,000 patients included in the International GBS Outcome Study with available biosamples (n = 768) for the presence of a recent infection with Campylobacter jejuni, hepatitis E virus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus. RESULTS Serologic evidence of a recent infection with C. jejuni was found in 228 (30%), M. pneumoniae in 77 (10%), hepatitis E virus in 23 (3%), cytomegalovirus in 30 (4%), and Epstein-Barr virus in 7 (1%) patients. Evidence of more than 1 recent infection was found in 49 (6%) of these patients. Symptoms of antecedent infections were reported in 556 patients (72%), and this proportion did not significantly differ between those testing positive or negative for a recent infection. The proportions of infections were similar across continents. The sensorimotor variant and the demyelinating electrophysiologic subtype were most frequent across all infection groups, although proportions were significantly higher in patients with a cytomegalovirus and significantly lower in those with a C. jejuni infection. C. jejuni-positive patients were more severely affected, indicated by a lower Medical Research Council sum score at nadir (p = 0.004) and a longer time to regain the ability to walk independently (p = 0.005). The pure motor variant and axonal electrophysiologic subtype were more frequent in Asian compared with American or European C. jejuni-positive patients (p < 0.001, resp. p = 0.001). Time to nadir was longer in the cytomegalovirus-positive patients (p = 0.004). DISCUSSION Across geographical regions, the distribution of infections was similar, but the association between infection and clinical phenotype differed. A mismatch between symptom reporting and serologic results and the high frequency of coinfections demonstrate the importance of broad serologic testing in identifying the most likely infectious trigger. The association between infections and outcome indicates their value for future prognostic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja E Leonhard
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Annemiek A van der Eijk
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Henning Andersen
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Samuel Arends
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Shahram Attarian
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Fabio A Barroso
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Bateman
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Manou R Batstra
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Luana Benedetti
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Bianca van den Berg
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Peter Van den Bergh
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Jan Bürmann
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Mark Busby
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Carlos Casasnovas
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - David R Cornblath
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Amy Davidson
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Alex Y Doets
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Pieter A van Doorn
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Charlotte Dornonville de la Cour
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Thomas E Feasby
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Janev Fehmi
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Tania Garcia-Sobrino
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Jonathan M Goldstein
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Kenneth C Gorson
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Volkan Granit
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Robert D M Hadden
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Thomas Harbo
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Hans-Peter Hartung
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Imran Hasan
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Jakob V Holbech
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - James K L Holt
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Israt Jahan
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Zhahirul Islam
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Summer Karafiath
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Hans D Katzberg
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Ruud P Kleyweg
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Noah Kolb
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Krista Kuitwaard
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Motoi Kuwahara
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Linda W G Luijten
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Edward Lee Pan
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Marijke Maas
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Lorena Martín-Aguilar
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - James A L Miller
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Quazi Deen Mohammad
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Soledad Monges
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Velina Nedkova-Hristova
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Julio Pardo
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Yann Pereon
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Luis Querol
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Ricardo Reisin
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Wouter Van Rijs
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Rhys C Roberts
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Joyce Roodbol
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Nortina Shahrizaila
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Søren Hein Sindrup
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Beth Stein
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Tan Cheng-Yin
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Hatice Tankisi
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Anne P Tio-Gillen
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - María J Sedano Tous
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Christine Verboon
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Frederique H Vermeij
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Leo H Visser
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Ruth Huizinga
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Hugh J Willison
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- From the Departments of Neurology (S.E.L., S. Arends, B.v.d.B., A.Y.D., P.A.v.D., K.K., L.W.G.L., W.V.R., J.R., C.V., B.C.J.), and Viroscience (A.A.v.d.E.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.A., T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant' Andrea Hospital, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Arends), Haga Teaching Hospital, The Hague, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Attarian), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, FLENI, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Division of Neurology (K.J.B., E.L.P.), Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department RH-MDC-Immunology (M.R.B., M.M.), Reinier de Graaf Gasthuis, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., F.H.V.), Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), University Hospital St. Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg (previous hospital), and MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current hospital); Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (C.C., V.N.-H.), Neuromuscular Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (D.R.C.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (A.D., H.J.W.), University of Glasgow, United Kingdom; National Hospital Copenhagen (C.D.d.l.C.), Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (J.F., S.R.), University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (T.G.-S., J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Spain; Neurology, Neuromuscular Diseases, Electromyography (J.M.G.), Hospital for Special Surgery; Weill Medical College of Cornell University (J.M.G.), New York; Department of Neurology (K.C.G., B.S.), Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Center, New York; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), University of Düsseldorf, Germany; Brain and Mind Centre (H.-P.H.), University of Sydney, Australia; Department of Neurology (H.-P.H.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (I.H., I.J., Z.I., Q.D.M.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, icddr,b, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (J.V.H., S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), Utah Valley University, Orem; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Neurology (R.P.K., K.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; Department of Neurology (M.K., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (L.W.G.L., L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (L.M.-A., L.Q.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan University, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (Y.P.), Reference Centre for NMD, CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (R.R.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Immunology (W.V.R., A.P.T.-G., R.H., B.C.J.), Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (S.R.), Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine (N.S., T.C.-Y.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology (H.T.), Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark; and Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla (M.J.S.T.), Santander, Cantabria, Spain.
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21
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Filosto M, Cotti Piccinelli S, Gazzina S, Foresti C, Frigeni B, Servalli MC, Sessa M, Cosentino G, Marchioni E, Ravaglia S, Briani C, Castellani F, Zara G, Bianchi F, Del Carro U, Fazio R, Filippi M, Magni E, Natalini G, Palmerini F, Perotti AM, Bellomo A, Osio M, Nascimbene C, Carpo M, Rasera A, Squintani G, Doneddu PE, Bertasi V, Cotelli MS, Bertolasi L, Fabrizi GM, Ferrari S, Ranieri F, Caprioli F, Grappa E, Manganotti P, Bellavita G, Furlanis G, De Maria G, Leggio U, Poli L, Rasulo F, Latronico N, Nobile-Orazio E, Beghi E, Padovani A, Uncini A. Guillain-Barré Syndrome and COVID-19: a one-year observational multicenter study. Eur J Neurol 2022; 29:3358-3367. [PMID: 35837806 PMCID: PMC9349567 DOI: 10.1111/ene.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background and purpose Many single cases and small series of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection were reported during the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID‐19) outbreak worldwide. However, the debate regarding the possible role of infection in causing GBS is still ongoing. This multicenter study aimed to evaluate epidemiological and clinical findings of GBS diagnosed during the COVID‐19 pandemic in northeastern Italy in order to further investigate the possible association between GBS and COVID‐19. Methods Guillain–Barré syndrome cases diagnosed in 14 referral hospitals from northern Italy between March 2020 and March 2021 were collected and divided into COVID‐19‐positive and COVID‐19‐negative. As a control population, GBS patients diagnosed in the same hospitals from January 2019 to February 2020 were considered. Results The estimated incidence of GBS in 2020 was 1.41 cases per 100,000 persons/year (95% confidence interval 1.18–1.68) versus 0.89 cases per 100,000 persons/year (95% confidence interval 0.71–1.11) in 2019. The cumulative incidence of GBS increased by 59% in the period March 2020–March 2021 and, most importantly, COVID‐19‐positive GBS patients represented about 50% of the total GBS cases with most of them occurring during the two first pandemic waves in spring and autumn 2020. COVID‐19‐negative GBS cases from March 2020 to March 2021 declined by 22% compared to February 2019–February 2020. Conclusions Other than showing an increase of GBS in northern Italy in the “COVID‐19 era” compared to the previous year, this study emphasizes how GBS cases related to COVID‐19 represent a significant part of the total, thus suggesting a relation between COVID‐19 and GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Foresti
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Barbara Frigeni
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sessa
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Marchioni
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Neurooncology and Neuroinflammation Unit, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Ravaglia
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Zara
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.,Vita Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Eugenio Magni
- Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Natalini
- Unit of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Bellomo
- "Luigi Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Osio
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano
| | | | | | | | | | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Bertolasi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Ranieri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Elena Grappa
- Intensive Care Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Paolo Manganotti
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulia Bellavita
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Furlanis
- Clinical Unit of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University Hospital and Health Services of Trieste, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Leggio
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loris Poli
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Frank Rasulo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Latronico
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia; Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonino Uncini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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22
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Liberatore G, De Lorenzo A, Giannotta C, Manganelli F, Filosto M, Cosentino G, Cocito D, Briani C, Cortese A, Fazio R, Lauria G, Clerici AM, Rosso T, Marfia GA, Antonini G, Cavaletti G, Carpo M, Doneddu PE, Spina E, Cotti Piccinelli S, Peci E, Querol L, Nobile-Orazio E. Frequency and clinical correlates of anti-nerve antibodies in a large population of CIDP patients included in the Italian database. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:3939-3947. [PMID: 35048233 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequency and clinical correlates of anti-nerve autoantibodies in an unselected series of Italian patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) METHODS: Sera from 276 CIDP patients fulfilling the EFNS/PNS criteria and included in the Italian CIDP database were examined for the presence of anti-nerve autoantibodies. Results were correlated with the clinical data collected in the database. RESULTS Anti-neurofascin155 (NF155) antibodies were found in 9/258 (3.5%) patients, anti-contactin1 (CNTN1) antibodies in 4/258 (1.6%) patients, and anti-contactin-associated protein1 (Caspr1) in 1/197 (0.5%) patients, while none had reactivity to gliomedin or neurofascin 186. Predominance of IgG4 isotype was present in 7of the 9 examined patients. Anti-NF155 patients more frequently had ataxia, tremor, and higher CSF protein levels than antibody-negative patients. Anti-CNTN1 patients more frequently had a GBS-like onset, pain, and ataxia and had more severe motor impairment at enrollment than antibody-negative patients. They more frequently received plasmapheresis, possibly reflecting a less satisfactory response to IVIg or steroids. IgM antibodies against one or more gangliosides were found in 6.5% of the patients (17/260) and were more frequently directed against GM1 (3.9%). They were frequently associated with a progressive course, with a multifocal sensorimotor phenotype and less frequent cranial nerve involvement and ataxia. CONCLUSIONS Anti-paranodal and anti-ganglioside antibodies are infrequent in patients with CIDP but are associated with some typical clinical association supporting the hypothesis that CIDP might be a pathogenically heterogeneous syndrome possibly explaining the different clinical presentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy.
| | - Alberto De Lorenzo
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannotta
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST "Spedali Civili", University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Experimental BioMedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortese
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Unit of Neuroalgology, IRCCS Foundation "Carlo Besta" Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Maurizio Clerici
- Neurology Unit, Circolo & Macchi Foundation Hospital, Insubria University, DBSV, Varese, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, UOC Neurologia-Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso, Italy
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST "Spedali Civili", University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Luis Querol
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Autoimmune Neurology, Neuromuscular Laboratory, Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Unit, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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23
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Doets AY, Lingsma HF, Walgaard C, Islam B, Papri N, Davidson A, Yamagishi Y, Kusunoki S, Dimachkie MM, Waheed W, Kolb N, Islam Z, Mohammad QD, Harbo T, Sindrup SH, Chavada G, Willison HJ, Casasnovas C, Bateman K, Miller JAL, van den Berg B, Verboon C, Roodbol J, Leonhard SE, Benedetti L, Kuwabara S, Van den Bergh P, Monges S, Marfia GA, Shahrizaila N, Galassi G, Péréon Y, Bürmann J, Kuitwaard K, Kleyweg RP, Marchesoni C, Sedano Tous MJ, Querol L, Illa I, Wang Y, Nobile-Orazio E, Rinaldi S, Schenone A, Pardo J, Vermeij FH, Lehmann HC, Granit V, Cavaletti G, Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez G, Barroso FA, Visser LH, Katzberg HD, Dardiotis E, Attarian S, van der Kooi AJ, Eftimov F, Wirtz PW, Samijn JPA, Gilhuis HJ, Hadden RDM, Holt JKL, Sheikh KA, Karafiath S, Vytopil M, Antonini G, Feasby TE, Faber CG, Gijsbers CJ, Busby M, Roberts RC, Silvestri NJ, Fazio R, van Dijk GW, Garssen MPJ, Straathof CSM, Gorson KC, Jacobs BC. Predicting Outcome in Guillain-Barré Syndrome: International Validation of the Modified Erasmus GBS Outcome Score. Neurology 2022; 98:e518-e532. [PMID: 34937789 PMCID: PMC8826467 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000013139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The clinical course and outcome of the Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) are diverse and vary among regions. The modified Erasmus GBS Outcome Score (mEGOS), developed with data from Dutch patients, is a clinical model that predicts the risk of walking inability in patients with GBS. The study objective was to validate the mEGOS in the International GBS Outcome Study (IGOS) cohort and to improve its performance and region specificity. METHODS We used prospective data from the first 1,500 patients included in IGOS, aged ≥6 years and unable to walk independently. We evaluated whether the mEGOS at entry and week 1 could predict the inability to walk unaided at 4 and 26 weeks in the full cohort and in regional subgroups, using 2 measures for model performance: (1) discrimination: area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and (2) calibration: observed vs predicted probability of being unable to walk independently. To improve the model predictions, we recalibrated the model containing the overall mEGOS score, without changing the individual predictive factors. Finally, we assessed the predictive ability of the individual factors. RESULTS For validation of mEGOS at entry, 809 patients were eligible (Europe/North America [n = 677], Asia [n = 76], other [n = 56]), and 671 for validation of mEGOS at week 1 (Europe/North America [n = 563], Asia [n = 65], other [n = 43]). AUC values were >0.7 in all regional subgroups. In the Europe/North America subgroup, observed outcomes were worse than predicted; in Asia, observed outcomes were better than predicted. Recalibration improved model accuracy and enabled the development of a region-specific version for Europe/North America (mEGOS-Eu/NA). Similar to the original mEGOS, severe limb weakness and higher age were the predominant predictors of poor outcome in the IGOS cohort. DISCUSSION mEGOS is a validated tool to predict the inability to walk unaided at 4 and 26 weeks in patients with GBS, also in countries outside the Netherlands. We developed a region-specific version of mEGOS for patients from Europe/North America. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class II evidence that the mEGOS accurately predicts the inability to walk unaided at 4 and 26 weeks in patients with GBS. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION NCT01582763.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Y Doets
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Hester F Lingsma
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Christa Walgaard
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Badrul Islam
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Nowshin Papri
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Amy Davidson
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Yuko Yamagishi
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Susumu Kusunoki
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Mazen M Dimachkie
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Waqar Waheed
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Noah Kolb
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Zhahirul Islam
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Quazi Deen Mohammad
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas Harbo
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Soren H Sindrup
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Govindsinh Chavada
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Hugh J Willison
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Carlos Casasnovas
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kathleen Bateman
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - James A L Miller
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Bianca van den Berg
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Christine Verboon
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Joyce Roodbol
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Sonja E Leonhard
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Luana Benedetti
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Van den Bergh
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Soledad Monges
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Girolama A Marfia
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Nortina Shahrizaila
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Giuliana Galassi
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Yann Péréon
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Jan Bürmann
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Krista Kuitwaard
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ruud P Kleyweg
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Cintia Marchesoni
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - María J Sedano Tous
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Luis Querol
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Isabel Illa
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Simon Rinaldi
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Angelo Schenone
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Julio Pardo
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Frederique H Vermeij
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Helmar C Lehmann
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Volkan Granit
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Gerardo Gutiérrez-Gutiérrez
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Fabio A Barroso
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Leo H Visser
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Hans D Katzberg
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Shahram Attarian
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Anneke J van der Kooi
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Filip Eftimov
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Paul W Wirtz
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Johnny P A Samijn
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - H Jacobus Gilhuis
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Robert D M Hadden
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - James K L Holt
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kazim A Sheikh
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Summer Karafiath
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Michal Vytopil
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Thomas E Feasby
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Catharina G Faber
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Cees J Gijsbers
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Mark Busby
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Rhys C Roberts
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Nicholas J Silvestri
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Gert W van Dijk
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Marcel P J Garssen
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Chiara S M Straathof
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Kenneth C Gorson
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Bart C Jacobs
- From the Departments of Neurology (A.Y.D., C.W., B.v.d.B., C.V., J.R., S.E.L., K.K., B.C.J.), Public Health (H.F.L.), and Immunology (B.C.J.), Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam; Department of Neurology (C.W., J.P.A.S.), Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Gut-Brain Signaling (B.I., N.P., Z.I.), Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, Dhaka, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (A.D., G. Chavada, H.J.W.), College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK; Department of Neurology (Y.Y., S. Kusunoki), Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama City, Osaka, Japan; Department of Neurology (M.M.D.), University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City; Department of Neurology (W.W., N.K.), University of Vermont Medical Centre, Burlington; National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (Q.D.M.), Agargoan, Bangladesh; Department of Neurology (T.H.), Aarhus University Hospital; Department of Neurology (S.H.S.), Odense University Hospital and University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Unit (C.C.), Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, CIBERER, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (K.B.), Groote Schuur Hospital, University of Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Neurology (J.A.L.M.), Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle, UK; Department of Neurology (B.v.d.B., C.J.G.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (L.B.), IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (S. Kuwabara), Chiba University, Japan; Department of Neurology (P.V.d.B.), Neuromuscular Reference Centre, University Hospital Saint-Luc, University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Neurology (S.M.), Hospital de Pediatría J.P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M.), Tor Vergata University Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Medicine (N.S.), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur; Department of Neurology (G.G.), University Hospital of Modena, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Reference Centre for NMD (Y.P.), CHU Nantes, France; Department of Neurology (J.B.), Saarland University Medical School, Homburg-Saarland (previous affiliation); MVZ Pfalzklinikum (J.B.), Kusel, Germany (current affiliation); Department of Neurology (K.K., R.P.K.), Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (C.M.), Hospital Británico, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (M.J.S.T.), Hospital Marques de Valdecilla, Santander; Department of Neurology (L.Q., I.I.), Hospital de la Santa Creu i Santa Pau, U.A.B. CIBERER and ERN-NMD, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Neurology (Y.W.), Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Shandong Province, China; Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service (E.N.-O.), IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences (S.R.), University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK; Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Rehabilitation, Genetics and Maternal Sciences (A.S.), University of Genova; IRCCS San Martino Hospital (A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurology (J.P.), Hospital Clínico de Santiago, Santiago de Compostela (A Coruña), Spain; Department of Neurology (F.H.V.), Franciscus Vlietland Hospital (location: Franciscus Gasthuis), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.C.L.), University Hospital of Cologne, Germany; Department of Neurology (V.G.), Montefiore Medical Centre, Bronx, NY; Department of Neurology (G. Cavaletti), University Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.G.-G.), Hospital Universitario Infanta Sofía, San Sebastián de los Reyes, Spain; Department of Neurology (F.A.B.), Instituto de Investigaciones Neurológicas Raúl Carrea, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Neurology (L.H.V.), St. Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (H.D.K.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Neurology (E.D.), University Hospital of Larissa, Greece; Department of Neurology, Reference Centre for NMD (S.A.), CHU Timone, Marseille, France; Department of Neurology (A.J.v.d.K., F.E.), Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Neuroscience Institute, Netherlands Neuromuscular Centre, Euro-NMD; Department of Neurology (P.W.W.), Haga Hospital, Den Haag; Department of Neurology (H.J.G.), Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (R.D.M.H.), King's College Hospital, London; Department of Neurology (J.K.L.H.), The Walton Centre, Liverpool, UK; Department of Neurology (K.A.S.), University of Texas Health Science Centre at Houston; Department of Neurology (S. Karafiath), University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City; Department of Neurology (M.V.), Lahey Hospital and Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Burlington, MA; Department of Neurology (G.A.), Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), University of Rome "Sapienza," Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (T.E.F.), University of Calgary, Canada; Department of Neurology (C.G.F.), Maastricht University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; Department of Neurology (M.B.), Leeds Teaching Hospitals; Department of Neurology (R.C.R.), Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK; Department of Neurology (N.J.S.), University at Buffalo Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, NY; Department of Neurology (R.F.), Scientific Institute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (G.W.v.D.), Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen; Department of Neurology (M.P.J.G.), Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch; Department of Neurology (C.S.M.S.), Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands; and Department of Neurology (K.C.G.), St. Elizabeth's Medical Centre, Tufts University, School of Medicine, Boston, MA.
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Riva N, Gentile F, Cerri F, Gallia F, Podini P, Dina G, Falzone YM, Fazio R, Lunetta C, Calvo A, Logroscino G, Lauria G, Corbo M, Iannaccone S, Chiò A, Lazzerini A, Nobile-Orazio E, Filippi M, Quattrini A. Phosphorylated TDP-43 aggregates in peripheral motor nerves of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Brain 2022; 145:276-284. [PMID: 35076694 PMCID: PMC8967102 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylated TDP-43 (pTDP-43) aggregates in the cytoplasm of motor neurons and neuroglia in the brain are one of the pathological hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although the axons exceed the total volume of motor neuron soma by several orders of magnitude, systematic studies investigating the presence and distribution of pTDP-43 aggregates within motor nerves are still lacking. The aim of this study is to define the TDP-43/pTDP-43 pathology in diagnostic motor nerve biopsies performed on a large cohort of patients presenting with a lower motor neuron syndrome and to assess whether this might be a discriminating tissue biomarker for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and non-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases. We retrospectively evaluated 102 lower motor neuron syndrome patients referred to our centre for a diagnostic motor nerve biopsy. Histopathological criteria of motor neuron disease and motor neuropathy were applied by two independent evaluators, who were blind to clinical data. TDP-43 and pTDP-43 were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, and results compared to final clinical diagnosis. We detected significant differences between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and non-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases in pTDP-43 expression in myelinated fibres: axonal accumulation was detected in 98.2% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis versus 30.4% of non-amyotrophic lateral sclerosis samples (P < 0.0001), while concomitant positive staining in Schwan cell cytoplasm was found in 70.2% of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis versus 17.4% of patients who did not have amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (P < 0.001). Importantly, we were also able to detect pTDP-43 aggregates in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cases displaying normal features at standard histopathological analysis. Our findings demonstrated that a specific pTDP-43 signature is present in the peripheral nervous system of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and could be exploited as a specific, accessible tissue biomarker. The detection of pTDP-43 aggregates within motor nerves of living patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, occurring before axonal degeneration, suggests that this is an early event that may contribute to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Gentile
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cerri
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallia
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Podini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dina
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Yuri Matteo Falzone
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Calvo
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lauria
- 3rd Neurology Unit and Motor Neuron Disease Center, IRCCS Foundation ‘Carlo Besta’ Neurological Institute, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical and Sciences ‘Luigi Sacco’, University of Milan, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura Policlinico, 20144, Milan, Italy
| | - Sandro Iannaccone
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- Rita Levi Montalcini Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Alberto Lazzerini
- Hand Surgery Department, IRCCS Orthopedic Institute Galeazzi, 20161, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology Unit and Neurorehabilitation Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132, Milan, Italy
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Spina E, Doneddu PE, Liberatore G, Cocito D, Fazio R, Briani C, Filosto M, Benedetti L, Antonini G, Cosentino G, Jann S, Mazzeo A, Cortese A, Marfia GA, Clerici AM, Siciliano G, Carpo M, Luigetti M, Lauria G, Rosso T, Cavaletti G, Peci E, Tronci S, Ruiz M, Piccinelli SC, Schenone A, Leonardi L, Gentile L, Piccolo L, Mataluni G, Santoro L, Nobile-Orazio E, Manganelli F. The neurophysiological lesson from the Italian CIDP database. Neurol Sci 2022. [PMID: 34021439 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04998-y.10.1007/s10072-020-04998-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Electrophysiological diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) may be challenging. Thus, with the aim ofproviding some practical advice in electrophysiological approach to a patient with suspected CIDP, we analyzed electrophysiological data from 499 patients enrolled inthe Italian CIDP Database. METHODS We calculated the rate of each demyelinating feature, the rate of demyelinating features per nerve, the diagnostic rate for upper andlower limb nerves, and, using a ROC curve analysis, the diagnostic accuracy of each couple of nerves and each demyelinating feature, for every CIDP subtype.Moreover, we compared the electrophysiological data of definite and probable CIDP patients with those of possible and not-fulfilling CIDP patients, and by a logisticregression analysis, we estimated the odds ratio (OR) to make an electrophysiological diagnosis of definite or probable CIDP. RESULTS The ulnar nerve had the highestrate of demyelinating features and, when tested bilaterally, had the highest diagnostic accuracy except for DADS in which peroneal nerves were the most informative.In possible and not-fulfilling CIDP patients, a lower number of nerves and proximal temporal dispersion (TD) measurements had been performed compared to definiteand probable CIDP patients. Importantly, OR for each tested motor nerve and each TD measurement was 1.59 and 1.33, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findingsdemonstrated that the diagnosis of CIDP may be missed due to inadequate or incomplete electrophysiological examination or interpretation. At the same time, thesedata taken together could be useful to draw a thoughtful electrophysiological approach to patients suspected of CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Pansini, 5, 81025, Naples, Italy.
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST 'Spedali Civili', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luana Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Jann
- Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortese
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Maurizio Clerici
- Neurology Unit, Circolo & Macchi Foundation Hospital, Insubria University, DBSV, Varese, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella Carpo
- Neurology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest-Ospedale Treviglio, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Unit of Neuroalgology, IRCCS Foundation 'Carlo Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, UOC Neurologia-Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Tronci
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST 'Spedali Civili', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Leonardi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Piccolo
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mataluni
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Santoro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Pansini, 5, 81025, Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Pansini, 5, 81025, Naples, Italy.
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Martín-Aguilar L, Lleixà C, Pascual-Goñi E, Caballero-Ávila M, Martínez-Martínez L, Díaz-Manera J, Rojas-García R, Cortés-Vicente E, Turon-Sans J, de Luna N, Suárez-Calvet X, Gallardo E, Rajabally Y, Scotton S, Jacobs BC, Baars A, Cortese A, Vegezzi E, Höftberger R, Zimprich F, Roesler C, Nobile-Orazio E, Liberatore G, Hiew FL, Martínez-Piñeiro A, Carvajal A, Piñar-Morales R, Usón-Martín M, Albertí O, López-Pérez MÁ, Márquez F, Pardo-Fernández J, Muñoz-Delgado L, Cabrera-Serrano M, Ortiz N, Bartolomé M, Duman Ö, Bril V, Segura-Chávez D, Pitarokoili K, Steen C, Illa I, Querol L. Clinical and Laboratory Features in Anti-NF155 Autoimmune Nodopathy. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2022; 9:e1098. [PMID: 34728497 PMCID: PMC8564865 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES To study the clinical and laboratory features of antineurofascin-155 (NF155)-positive autoimmune nodopathy (AN). METHODS Patients with anti-NF155 antibodies detected on routine immunologic testing were included. Clinical characteristics, treatment response, and functional scales (modified Rankin Scale [mRS] and Inflammatory Rasch-built Overall Disability Scale [I-RODS]) were retrospectively collected at baseline and at the follow-up. Autoantibody and neurofilament light (NfL) chain levels were analyzed at baseline and at the follow-up. RESULTS Forty NF155+ patients with AN were included. Mean age at onset was 42.4 years. Patients presented with a progressive (75%), sensory motor (87.5%), and symmetric distal-predominant weakness in upper (97.2%) and lower extremities (94.5%), with tremor and ataxia (75%). Patients received a median of 3 (2-4) different treatments in 46 months of median follow-up. Response to IV immunoglobulin (86.8%) or steroids (72.2%) was poor in most patients, whereas 77.3% responded to rituximab. HLA-DRB1*15 was detected in 91.3% of patients. IgG4 anti-NF155 antibodies were predominant in all patients; anti-NF155 titers correlated with mRS within the same patient (r = 0.41, p = 0.004). Serum NfL (sNfL) levels were higher in anti-NF155+ AN than in healthy controls (36.47 vs 7.56 pg/mL, p < 0.001) and correlated with anti-NF155 titers (r = 0.43, p = 0.001), with I-RODS at baseline (r = -0.88, p < 0.001) and with maximum I-RODS achieved (r = -0.58, p = 0.01). Anti-NF155 titers and sNfL levels decreased in all rituximab-treated patients. DISCUSSION Anti-NF155 AN presents a distinct clinical profile and good response to rituximab. Autoantibody titers and sNfL are useful to monitor disease status in these patients. The use of untagged-NF155 plasmids minimizes the detection of false anti-NF155+ cases. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class IV evidence that anti-NF155 antibodies associate with a specific phenotype and response to rituximab.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elba Pascual-Goñi
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marta Caballero-Ávila
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Martínez-Martínez
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jordi Díaz-Manera
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Ricard Rojas-García
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena Cortés-Vicente
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Janina Turon-Sans
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Noemi de Luna
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Xavier Suárez-Calvet
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduard Gallardo
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Yusuf Rajabally
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Sangeeta Scotton
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bart C. Jacobs
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Adája Baars
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Cortese
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Vegezzi
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Romana Höftberger
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Roesler
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fu Liong Hiew
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alicia Martínez-Piñeiro
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alejandra Carvajal
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Raquel Piñar-Morales
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Mercedes Usón-Martín
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Olalla Albertí
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Ángeles López-Pérez
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Márquez
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Julio Pardo-Fernández
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Muñoz-Delgado
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Macarena Cabrera-Serrano
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicolau Ortiz
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Bartolomé
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Özgür Duman
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Vera Bril
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Darwin Segura-Chávez
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Kalliopi Pitarokoili
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Steen
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Illa
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Querol
- From the Neuromuscular Diseases Unit (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., J.T.-S., E.N.-O., I.I., L.Q.), Department of Neurology, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau) (L.M.-A., C.L., E.P.-G., M.C.-Á., J.D.-M., E.C.-V., X.S.-C., E.G.); Immunology Department (L.M.-M.), Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain; Centro para La Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) (J.D.-M., R.R.-G., E.C.-V., N.L., X.S.-C., E.G., I.I., L.Q.); University Hospital Birmingham (Y.R., S.S.), UK; Erasmus Medical Center (B.C.J., A.B.), Rotterdam, the Netherlands; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (Andrea Cortese, E.V.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neurology (R.H., F.Z.), Medical University of Vienna; Paracelsus Medical University (C.R.), Salzburg, Austria; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital (G.L.), Milan University, Rozzano, Italy; Kuala Lumpur General Hospital (F.L.H.), Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias I Pujol (A.M.-P.), Badalona; Hospital Universitario Virgen de Las Nieves (Alejandra Carvajal), Granada, Spain; Hospital Universitario Clínico San Cecilio (R.P.-M.), Granada; Hospital Son Llàtzer (M.U.-M.), Palma de Mallorca; Hospital San Jorge (O.A.), Huesca, España; Hospital San Pedro (M.Á.L.-P.), Logroño; Hospital Universitari Josep Trueta (F.M.), Girona; Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago (J.P.-F.), Santiago de Compostela; Hospital Universitario Virgen Del Rocío (L.M.-D., M.C.-S.), Sevilla; Hospital Universitari Sant Joan (N.O.), Reus; Complejo Asistencial de Ávila (M.B.), Ávila, Spain; Akdeniz University (Ö.D.), Antalya, Turkey; Toronto General Hospital (V.B.), University Health Network, University of Toronto, Canada; Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas. Lima (D.S.-C.), Perú; St. Josef-Hospital (K.P.), Ruhr-University Bochum; and Sant Joseph Hospital (C.S.), Berlin, Germany
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Doneddu PE, Dentoni M, Nobile-Orazio E. Atypical chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: recent advances on classification, diagnosis, and pathogenesis. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 34:613-624. [PMID: 34267052 PMCID: PMC9914159 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0000000000000979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In recent years, there has been an intense debate in literature regarding the definition of the individual variants of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), their possible pathogenetic mechanisms, and impact in the diagnosis of CIDP. RECENT FINDINGS The 2021 European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) guidelines revised the definition of the individual CIDP variants and implemented their diagnostic criteria. Diagnosis of atypical CIDP is challenging and misdiagnosis is frequent, leading to diagnostic delay and consequent greater accumulation of disability and treatment dependency. Recent studies suggest that patients with typical CIDP have an antibody-mediated mechanism of neuropathy whereas in those with Lewis--Sumner syndrome (LSS) neuropathy is preferentially mediated by macrophages and T cells. SUMMARY Although the validity of the 2021 EFNS/PNS diagnostic criteria for atypical CIDP is unknown, they will hopefully lead to greater uniformity in the selection of patients to be enrolled in future studies and to a greater diagnostic accuracy. New data are emerging on the possible pathological mechanisms of individual variants and this could result in the discovery of specific diagnostic biomarkers and new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano
| | - Marta Dentoni
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Spina E, Doneddu P, Manganelli F, Nobile-Orazio E. Prolonged distal motor latency of median nerve does not improve diagnostic accuracy for CIDP. J Neurol Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2021.118513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Van den Bergh PYK, van Doorn PA, Hadden RDM, Avau B, Vankrunkelsven P, Allen JA, Attarian S, Blomkwist-Markens PH, Cornblath DR, Eftimov F, Goedee HS, Harbo T, Kuwabara S, Lewis RA, Lunn MP, Nobile-Orazio E, Querol L, Rajabally YA, Sommer C, Topaloglu HA. European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: Report of a joint Task Force-Second revision. Eur J Neurol 2021; 28:3556-3583. [PMID: 34327760 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To revise the 2010 consensus guideline on chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). METHODS Seventeen disease experts, a patient representative, and two Cochrane methodologists constructed 12 Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome (PICO) questions regarding diagnosis and treatment to guide the literature search. Data were extracted and summarized in GRADE summary of findings (for treatment PICOs) or evidence tables (for diagnostic PICOs). RESULTS Statements were prepared according to the GRADE Evidence-to-Decision frameworks. Typical CIDP and CIDP variants were distinguished. The previous term "atypical CIDP" was replaced by "CIDP variants" because these are well characterized entities (multifocal, focal, distal, motor, or sensory CIDP). The levels of diagnostic certainty were reduced from three (definite, probable, possible CIDP) to only two (CIDP and possible CIDP), because the diagnostic accuracy of criteria for probable and definite CIDP did not significantly differ. Good Practice Points were formulated for supportive criteria and investigations to be considered to diagnose CIDP. The principal treatment recommendations were: (a) intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or corticosteroids are strongly recommended as initial treatment in typical CIDP and CIDP variants; (b) plasma exchange is strongly recommended if IVIg and corticosteroids are ineffective; (c) IVIg should be considered as first-line treatment in motor CIDP (Good Practice Point); (d) for maintenance treatment, IVIg, subcutaneous immunoglobulin or corticosteroids are recommended; (e) if the maintenance dose of any of these is high, consider either combination treatments or adding an immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory drug (Good Practice Point); and (f) if pain is present, consider drugs against neuropathic pain and multidisciplinary management (Good Practice Point).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y K Van den Bergh
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter A van Doorn
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bert Avau
- Cochrane Belgium, CEBAM, Leuven, Belgium and CEBaP, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Jeffrey A Allen
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shahram Attarian
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires et de la SLA, APHM, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - David R Cornblath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Filip Eftimov
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Stephan Goedee
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Århus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael P Lunn
- Department of Neurology and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Querol
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit-Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yusuf A Rajabally
- Regional Neuromuscular Service, Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claudia Sommer
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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30
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Filosto M, Cotti Piccinelli S, Gazzina S, Foresti C, Frigeni B, Servalli MC, Sessa M, Cosentino G, Marchioni E, Ravaglia S, Briani C, Castellani F, Zara G, Bianchi F, Del Carro U, Fazio R, Filippi M, Magni E, Natalini G, Palmerini F, Perotti AM, Bellomo A, Osio M, Scopelliti G, Carpo M, Rasera A, Squintani G, Doneddu PE, Bertasi V, Cotelli MS, Bertolasi L, Fabrizi GM, Ferrari S, Ranieri F, Caprioli F, Grappa E, Broglio L, De Maria G, Leggio U, Poli L, Rasulo F, Latronico N, Nobile-Orazio E, Padovani A, Uncini A. Guillain-Barré syndrome and COVID-19: an observational multicentre study from two Italian hotspot regions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:751-756. [PMID: 33158914 PMCID: PMC7650204 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Single cases and small series of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) have been reported during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak worldwide. We evaluated incidence and clinical features of GBS in a cohort of patients from two regions of northern Italy with the highest number of patients with COVID-19. METHODS GBS cases diagnosed in 12 referral hospitals from Lombardy and Veneto in March and April 2020 were retrospectively collected. As a control population, GBS diagnosed in March and April 2019 in the same hospitals were considered. RESULTS Incidence of GBS in March and April 2020 was 0.202/100 000/month (estimated rate 2.43/100 000/year) vs 0.077/100 000/month (estimated rate 0.93/100 000/year) in the same months of 2019 with a 2.6-fold increase. Estimated incidence of GBS in COVID-19-positive patients was 47.9/100 000 and in the COVID-19-positive hospitalised patients was 236/100 000. COVID-19-positive patients with GBS, when compared with COVID-19-negative subjects, showed lower MRC sum score (26.3±18.3 vs 41.4±14.8, p=0.006), higher frequency of demyelinating subtype (76.6% vs 35.3%, p=0.011), more frequent low blood pressure (50% vs 11.8%, p=0.017) and higher rate of admission to intensive care unit (66.6% vs 17.6%, p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS This study shows an increased incidence of GBS during the COVID-19 outbreak in northern Italy, supporting a pathogenic link. COVID-19-associated GBS is predominantly demyelinating and seems to be more severe than non-COVID-19 GBS, although it is likely that in some patients the systemic impairment due to COVID-19 might have contributed to the severity of the whole clinical picture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Filosto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili; NeMO-Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Gazzina
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Foresti
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Barbara Frigeni
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | | | - Maria Sessa
- Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, ASST PG23, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Marchioni
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Neurooncology and Neuroinflammation Unit, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Ravaglia
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Zara
- Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedale-Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Bianchi
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute SanRaffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Ubaldo Del Carro
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute SanRaffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute SanRaffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Filippi
- Neurology and Neurophysiology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita Salute SanRaffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Eugenio Magni
- Unit of Neurology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Natalini
- Unit of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Bellomo
- ''Luigi Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Osio
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scopelliti
- ''Luigi Sacco" Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine,Milan University, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Laura Bertolasi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Ranieri
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Elena Grappa
- Intensive Care Unit, ASST Cremona, Cremona, Italy
| | - Laura Broglio
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Ugo Leggio
- Unit of Neurophysiopathology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Loris Poli
- Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Frank Rasulo
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, ASST Spedali Civili;Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health,University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Latronico
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Emergency, ASST Spedali Civili;Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health,University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine,Milan University, Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Padovani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia; Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonino Uncini
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University "G. d'Annunzio", Chieti-Pescara, Italy
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Spina E, Doneddu PE, Liberatore G, Cocito D, Fazio R, Briani C, Filosto M, Benedetti L, Antonini G, Cosentino G, Jann S, Mazzeo A, Cortese A, Marfia GA, Clerici AM, Siciliano G, Carpo M, Luigetti M, Lauria G, Rosso T, Cavaletti G, Peci E, Tronci S, Ruiz M, Piccinelli SC, Schenone A, Leonardi L, Gentile L, Piccolo L, Mataluni G, Santoro L, Nobile-Orazio E, Manganelli F. Prolonged distal motor latency of median nerve does not improve diagnostic accuracy for CIDP. J Neurol 2021; 269:907-912. [PMID: 34173874 PMCID: PMC8782796 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-021-10672-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Compression of the median nerve at the carpal tunnel can give demyelinating features and result in distal motor latency (DML) prolongation fulfilling the EFNS/PNS demyelinating criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Accordingly, being carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) common in the general population, the EFNS/PNS guidelines recommend excluding the DML of the median nerve when DML prolongation may be consistent with median neuropathy at the wrist from CTS. The main aims of this study were to verify whether the inclusion of DML of the median nerve (when consistent with CTS) could improve electrophysiological diagnostic accuracy for CIDP and if the median nerve at the carpal tunnel was more prone to demyelination. We analyzed electrophysiological data from 499 patients included consecutively into the Italian CIDP Database. According to the EFNS/PNS criteria, 352 patients had a definite, 10 a probable, and 57 a possible diagnosis of CIDP, while 80 were not fulfilling the diagnostic criteria. The inclusion of DML prolongation of median nerve did not improve significantly the diagnostic accuracy for CIDP; overall diagnostic class changed in 6 out of 499 patients (1.2%) and electrodiagnostic class of CIDP changed from not fulfilling to possible in only 2 patients (2.5% of not-fulfilling patients). In conclusion, we can infer that excluding DML prolongation of median nerve does not increase the risk of missing a diagnosis of CIDP thus corroborating the current EFNS/PNS criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 81025, Naples, Italy.
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST 'Spedali Civili', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luana Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Jann
- Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortese
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Maurizio Clerici
- Neurology Unit, Circolo and Macchi Foundation Hospital, Insubria University, DBSV, Varese, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella Carpo
- Neurology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest-Ospedale Treviglio, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Unit of Neuroalgology, IRCCS Foundation 'Carlo Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, UOC Neurologia-Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Tronci
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST 'Spedali Civili', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Leonardi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Mataluni
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Santoro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 81025, Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Pansini, 5, 81025, Naples, Italy
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Van den Bergh PYK, van Doorn PA, Hadden RDM, Avau B, Vankrunkelsven P, Allen JA, Attarian S, Blomkwist-Markens PH, Cornblath DR, Eftimov F, Goedee HS, Harbo T, Kuwabara S, Lewis RA, Lunn MP, Nobile-Orazio E, Querol L, Rajabally YA, Sommer C, Topaloglu HA. European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: Report of a joint Task Force-Second revision. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2021; 26:242-268. [PMID: 34085743 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To revise the 2010 consensus guideline on chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Seventeen disease experts, a patient representative, and two Cochrane methodologists constructed 12 Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome (PICO) questions regarding diagnosis and treatment to guide the literature search. Data were extracted and summarized in GRADE summary of findings (for treatment PICOs) or evidence tables (for diagnostic PICOs). Statements were prepared according to the GRADE Evidence-to-Decision frameworks. Typical CIDP and CIDP variants were distinguished. The previous term "atypical CIDP" was replaced by "CIDP variants" because these are well characterized entities (multifocal, focal, distal, motor, or sensory CIDP). The levels of diagnostic certainty were reduced from three (definite, probable, possible CIDP) to only two (CIDP and possible CIDP), because the diagnostic accuracy of criteria for probable and definite CIDP did not significantly differ. Good Practice Points were formulated for supportive criteria and investigations to be considered to diagnose CIDP. The principal treatment recommendations were: (a) intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or corticosteroids are strongly recommended as initial treatment in typical CIDP and CIDP variants; (b) plasma exchange is strongly recommended if IVIg and corticosteroids are ineffective; (c) IVIg should be considered as first-line treatment in motor CIDP (Good Practice Point); (d) for maintenance treatment, IVIg, subcutaneous immunoglobulin or corticosteroids are recommended; (e) if the maintenance dose of any of these is high, consider either combination treatments or adding an immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory drug (Good Practice Point); and (f) if pain is present, consider drugs against neuropathic pain and multidisciplinary management (Good Practice Point).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y K Van den Bergh
- Neuromuscular Reference Centre, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pieter A van Doorn
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bert Avau
- Cochrane Belgium, CEBAM, Leuven, Belgium and CEBaP, Belgian Red Cross, Mechelen, Belgium
| | | | - Jeffrey A Allen
- Department of Neurology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Shahram Attarian
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Neuromusculaires et de la SLA, APHM, CHU Timone, Marseille, France
| | | | - David R Cornblath
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Filip Eftimov
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Stephan Goedee
- Department of Neuromuscular Disorders, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Harbo
- Department of Neurology, Århus University Hospital, Århus, Denmark
| | - Satoshi Kuwabara
- Department of Neurology, Chiba University Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Richard A Lewis
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael P Lunn
- Department of Neurology and MRC Centre for Neuromuscular Diseases, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luis Querol
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit-Neurology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Yusuf A Rajabally
- Regional Neuromuscular Service, Neurology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Claudia Sommer
- Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Spina E, Doneddu PE, Liberatore G, Cocito D, Fazio R, Briani C, Filosto M, Benedetti L, Antonini G, Cosentino G, Jann S, Mazzeo A, Cortese A, Marfia GA, Clerici AM, Siciliano G, Carpo M, Luigetti M, Lauria G, Rosso T, Cavaletti G, Peci E, Tronci S, Ruiz M, Piccinelli SC, Schenone A, Leonardi L, Gentile L, Piccolo L, Mataluni G, Santoro L, Nobile-Orazio E, Manganelli F. The neurophysiological lesson from the Italian CIDP database. Neurol Sci 2021; 43:573-582. [PMID: 34021439 PMCID: PMC8724146 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05321-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Electrophysiological diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) may be challenging. Thus, with the aim ofproviding some practical advice in electrophysiological approach to a patient with suspected CIDP, we analyzed electrophysiological data from 499 patients enrolled inthe Italian CIDP Database. Methods We calculated the rate of each demyelinating feature, the rate of demyelinating features per nerve, the diagnostic rate for upper andlower limb nerves, and, using a ROC curve analysis, the diagnostic accuracy of each couple of nerves and each demyelinating feature, for every CIDP subtype.Moreover, we compared the electrophysiological data of definite and probable CIDP patients with those of possible and not-fulfilling CIDP patients, and by a logisticregression analysis, we estimated the odds ratio (OR) to make an electrophysiological diagnosis of definite or probable CIDP. Results The ulnar nerve had the highestrate of demyelinating features and, when tested bilaterally, had the highest diagnostic accuracy except for DADS in which peroneal nerves were the most informative.In possible and not-fulfilling CIDP patients, a lower number of nerves and proximal temporal dispersion (TD) measurements had been performed compared to definiteand probable CIDP patients. Importantly, OR for each tested motor nerve and each TD measurement was 1.59 and 1.33, respectively. Conclusion Our findingsdemonstrated that the diagnosis of CIDP may be missed due to inadequate or incomplete electrophysiological examination or interpretation. At the same time, thesedata taken together could be useful to draw a thoughtful electrophysiological approach to patients suspected of CIDP. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10072-021-05321-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Pansini, 5, 81025, Naples, Italy.
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST 'Spedali Civili', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luana Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefano Jann
- Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortese
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
- Molecular Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Maurizio Clerici
- Neurology Unit, Circolo & Macchi Foundation Hospital, Insubria University, DBSV, Varese, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marinella Carpo
- Neurology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest-Ospedale Treviglio, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Unit of Neuroalgology, IRCCS Foundation 'Carlo Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, UOC Neurologia-Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Tronci
- Division of Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Cotti Piccinelli
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST 'Spedali Civili', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luca Leonardi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Piccolo
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mataluni
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lucio Santoro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Pansini, 5, 81025, Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Via Pansini, 5, 81025, Naples, Italy.
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Doneddu PE, Spina E, Briani C, Fabrizi GM, Manganelli F, Nobile-Orazio E. Acute and chronic inflammatory neuropathies and COVID-19 vaccines: Practical recommendations from the task force of the Italian Peripheral Nervous System Association (ASNP). J Peripher Nerv Syst 2021; 26:148-154. [PMID: 33620123 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To develop recommendations for vaccination for coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) in patients with inflammatory neuropathies. METHODS Key questions were formulated in order to perform a literature review on the safety and efficacy of vaccines in patients with inflammatory neuropathies. Based on the best evidence and expert opinion, a list of recommendations was formulated to inform decision on vaccination for COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory neuropathies and increase adherence to vaccination programmes. RESULTS Recommendations addressing safety and efficacy of vaccination in patients with inflammatory neuropathies were formulated. No data are currently available on the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in patients with inflammatory neuropathies or other immune-mediated conditions. There is only sparse data on the safety of previous available vaccines in patients with inflammatory neuropathies, but studies on other autoimmune disorders indicate that these are safe and mostly efficacious. Patients with inflammatory neuropathies might be at increased risk for severe illness from COVID-19. INTERPRETATION Patients with inflammatory neuropathies should be encouraged to adhere to the vaccination campaign for COVID-19. These recommendations provide guidance on the management of vaccinations for COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory neuropathies. More research is needed regarding the safety and efficacy of vaccination in patients with inflammatory neuropathies and other immune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro E Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscienze, University of Verona, Policlinico Hospital G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Capodivento G, De Michelis C, Carpo M, Fancellu R, Schirinzi E, Severi D, Visigalli D, Franciotta D, Manganelli F, Siciliano G, Beronio A, Capello E, Lanteri P, Nobile-Orazio E, Schenone A, Benedetti L, Nobbio L. CSF sphingomyelin: a new biomarker of demyelination in the diagnosis and management of CIDP and GBS. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2021; 92:303-310. [PMID: 33093191 PMCID: PMC7892388 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-324445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate sphingomyelin (SM) dosage in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients affected by chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) as a reliably assessable biomarker. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 184 patients from six Italian referral centres, in whom CSF SM levels were quantified by a fluorescence-based assay optimised and patented in our laboratory. RESULTS We confirmed increased levels of SM in the CSF of patients affected by typical CIDP (n=35), atypical CIDP (n=18) and acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, AIDP (n=12) compared with patients affected by non-demyelinating neurological diseases, used as controls (n=85) (p<0.0001, p=0.0065 and p<0.0001, respectively). In patients with CIDP classified for disease stage, SM was higher in active CIDP compared with both controls and stable CIDP (p<0.0001), applying for a selective tool to treatment tailoring or withdrawal. SM was also increased in AIDP compared with axonal GBS, discerning the demyelinating from axonal variant of the disease. SM did not correlate with CSF protein levels, stratifying patients independently from commonly used CSF indexes, and displaying high specificity to avoid potential misdiagnosis. Finally, SM correlated with the main clinical scores and some neurophysiological parameters in patients with CIDP and AIDP. CONCLUSIONS CSF SM is a diagnostic and staging wet biomarker for acquired demyelinating neuropathies and may effectively improve the management of patients affected by GBS and CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Capodivento
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara De Michelis
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Roberto Fancellu
- UO Neurologia, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Erika Schirinzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Daniele Severi
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Visigalli
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Diego Franciotta
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurological Clinic, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Capello
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paola Lanteri
- Neurophysiology Center, IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Luana Benedetti
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucilla Nobbio
- DINOGMI, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy .,UO Clinica Neurologica, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Sotgiu S, Onida I, Magli G, Castiglia P, Conti M, Nuvoli A, Carta A, Festa S, Dessì V, Doneddu PE, Nobile-Orazio E. Juvenile Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Epidemiology in Sardinia, Insular Italy. Neuropediatrics 2021; 52:56-61. [PMID: 33111308 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1715626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) is a rare and disabling immunomediated radiculoneuropathy. Its worldwide epidemiology is heterogeneous and, in adults, CIDP prevalence varies from 0.6 to 9 cases per 100,000 population. Juvenile CIDP (jCIDP) is even rarer, with age-specific prevalence rates varying from 0.23 to 1.26 owing to different diagnostic criteria (American Academy of Neurology [AAN] and European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society [EFNS/PNS]), different age grouping or, genuine differences. OBJECTIVES We assessed jCIDP incidence and prevalence in Sardinia, an area at very-high risk for autoimmune diseases, using comparable methods. DESIGN The study area was the northern Sardinia, insular Italy, with 491,571 inhabitants and a pediatric population (0-18 years) of 79,086 individuals. RESULTS On prevalence day (December 31, 2019) the total crude, age-specific prevalence rate were 6.32 per 100,000 according with AAN criteria, 7.58 per 100,000 population with European Neuromuscular Center (ENMC) criteria, and 8.85 per 100,000 population with both 2006 and 2010 EFNS/PNS criteria. Crude mean incidence rate were 0.42 per 100,000 per year with AAN criteria, 0.50 per 100,000 per year with ENMC criteria, and 0.59 per 100,000 per year using 2006 and 2010 EFNS/PNS criteria. Of the eight patients, six had typical CIDP, one had multifocal-acquired demyelinating sensory and motor neuropathy (MADSAM), and one chronic immune sensory polyradiculopathy (CISP). Patient's disability was generally mild. Clinical course was progressive, monophasic, or relapsing. CONCLUSION jCIDP prevalence and incidence rates in Sardinia were criteria-dependent, the lowest obtained when using AAN criteria, the highest using the EFNS/PNS. Nonetheless, even with the exclusion of the "possible" category, by using comparable methodology, prevalence rates in Sardinia are considerably higher than the range reported in all previous jCIDP studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sotgiu
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ilaria Onida
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Magli
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Paolo Castiglia
- Hygiene and Preventive Medicine Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marta Conti
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Angela Nuvoli
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Carta
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Festa
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Veronica Dessì
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pietro E Doneddu
- Neuromuscular Disease and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular Disease and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
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Liberatore G, Manganelli F, Doneddu PE, Cocito D, Fazio R, Briani C, Filosto M, Benedetti L, Mazzeo A, Antonini G, Cosentino G, Jann S, Cortese A, Marfia GA, Clerici AM, Siciliano G, Carpo M, Luigetti M, Lauria G, Rosso T, Cavaletti G, Santoro L, Peci E, Tronci S, Ruiz M, Cotti Piccinelli S, Schenone A, Leonardi L, Toscano A, Mataluni G, Spina E, Gentile L, Nobile-Orazio E. Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: can a diagnosis be made in patients not fulfilling electrodiagnostic criteria? Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:620-629. [PMID: 32959475 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The aim was to identify the clinical and diagnostic investigations that may help to support a diagnosis of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) in patients not fulfilling the European Federation of Neurological Societies and Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) electrodiagnostic criteria. METHODS The data from patients with a clinical diagnosis of CIDP included in a national database were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS In all, 535 patients with a diagnosis of CIDP were included. This diagnosis fulfilled the EFNS/PNS criteria in 468 patients (87.2%) (definite in 430, probable in 33, possible in three, while two had chronic immune sensory polyradiculopathy). Sixty-seven patients had a medical history and clinical signs compatible with CIDP but electrodiagnostic studies did not fulfill the EFNS/PNS criteria for CIDP. These patients had similar clinical features and frequency of abnormal supportive criteria for the diagnosis of CIDP compared to patients fulfilling EFNS/PNS criteria. Two or more abnormal supportive criteria were present in 40 (61.2%) patients rising to 54 (80.6%) if a history of a relapsing course as a possible supportive criterion was also included. Increased cerebrospinal fluid proteins and response to immune therapy most frequently helped in supporting the diagnosis of CIDP. Response to therapy was similarly frequent in patients fulfilling or not EFNS/PNS criteria (87.3% vs. 85.9%). CONCLUSIONS Patients with a clinical diagnosis of CIDP had similar clinical findings, frequency of abnormal supportive criteria and response to therapy compared to patients fulfilling EFNS/PNS criteria. The presence of abnormal supportive criteria may help in supporting the diagnosis of CIDP in patients with a medical history and clinical signs compatible with this diagnosis but non-diagnostic nerve conduction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - F Manganelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - P E Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - D Cocito
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - R Fazio
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - C Briani
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - M Filosto
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST 'Spedali Civili', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - L Benedetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.,Neurology Unit, Sant'Andrea Hospital, La Spezia, Italy
| | - A Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Antonini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - G Cosentino
- Department of Experimental BioMedicine and Clinical Neurosciences (BioNeC), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Jann
- Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - A Cortese
- IRCCS Foundation C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Molecular Neurosciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - G A Marfia
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A M Clerici
- Neurology Unit, Circolo and Macchi Foundation Hospital, Insubria University, DBSV, Varese, Italy
| | - G Siciliano
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Carpo
- Neurology Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest-Ospedale Treviglio, Treviglio, Italy
| | - M Luigetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, UOC Neurologia, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - G Lauria
- Unit of Neuroalgology, IRCCS Foundation 'Carlo Besta' Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - T Rosso
- ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, UOC Neurologia-Castelfranco Veneto, Treviso, Italy
| | - G Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Experimental Neurology Unit, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - L Santoro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - E Peci
- Presidio Sanitario Major, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - S Tronci
- Department of Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - M Ruiz
- Neurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - S Cotti Piccinelli
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST 'Spedali Civili', University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A Schenone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - L Leonardi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sant'Andrea Hospital, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - A Toscano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - G Mataluni
- Dysimmune Neuropathies Unit, Department of Systems Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - E Spina
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - L Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - E Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Doneddu PE, De Sanctis P, Viganò L, Selmi C, Gentile F, Nobile-Orazio E. Response to: SARS-CoV-2 associated Guillain-Barré syndrome in 62 patients. Eur J Neurol 2020; 28:e9. [PMID: 32978868 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P E Doneddu
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - P De Sanctis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - L Viganò
- Department of General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - C Selmi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - F Gentile
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - E Nobile-Orazio
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Gentile F, Doneddu PE, Riva N, Nobile-Orazio E, Quattrini A. Diet, Microbiota and Brain Health: Unraveling the Network Intersecting Metabolism and Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7471. [PMID: 33050475 PMCID: PMC7590163 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence gives support for the idea that extra-neuronal factors may affect brain physiology and its predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases. Epidemiological and experimental studies show that nutrition and metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases after midlife, while the relationship with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is uncertain, but suggests a protective effect of features of metabolic syndrome. The microbiota has recently emerged as a novel factor engaging strong interactions with neurons and glia, deeply affecting their function and behavior in these diseases. In particular, recent evidence suggested that gut microbes are involved in the seeding of prion-like proteins and their spreading to the central nervous system. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the impact of metabolism, diet and microbiota in neurodegeneration, by affecting simultaneously several aspects of health regarding energy metabolism, immune system and neuronal function. Advancing technologies may allow researchers in the future to improve investigations in these fields, allowing the buildup of population-based preventive interventions and development of targeted therapeutics to halt progressive neurologic disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Gentile
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
| | - Nilo Riva
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute IRCCS, 20089 Milan, Italy; (P.E.D.); (E.N.-O.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Experimental Neuropathology Unit, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (F.G.); (N.R.)
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40
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Doneddu PE, Cocito D, Manganelli F, Fazio R, Briani C, Filosto M, Benedetti L, Bianchi E, Jann S, Mazzeo A, Antonini G, Cosentino G, Marfia GA, Cortese A, Clerici AM, Carpo M, Schenone A, Siciliano G, Luigetti M, Lauria G, Rosso T, Cavaletti G, Beghi E, Liberatore G, Santoro L, Spina E, Peci E, Tronci S, Ruiz M, Cotti Piccinelli S, Verrengia EP, Gentile L, Leonardi L, Mataluni G, Piccolo L, Nobile-Orazio E. Frequency of diabetes and other comorbidities in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy and their impact on clinical presentation and response to therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:1092-1099. [PMID: 32868387 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2020-323615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the prevalence of different comorbidities in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP), and their impact on outcome, treatment choice and response. METHODS Using a structured questionnaire, we collected information on comorbidities from 393 patients with CIDP fulfilling the European Federation of Neurological Societies and Peripheral Nerve Society criteria included in the Italian CIDP database. RESULTS One or more comorbidities were reported by 294 patients (75%) and potentially influenced treatment choice in 192 (49%) leading to a less frequent use of corticosteroids. Response to treatment did not differ, however, from that in patients without comorbidities. Diabetes (14%), monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) (12%) and other immune disorders (16%) were significantly more frequent in patients with CIDP than expected in the general European population. Patients with diabetes had higher disability scores, worse quality of life and a less frequent treatment response compared with patients without diabetes. Patients with IgG-IgA or IgM MGUS had an older age at CIDP onset while patients with other immune disorders had a younger age at onset and were more frequently females. IgM MGUS was more frequent in patients with motor CIDP than in patients with typical CIDP. CONCLUSIONS Comorbidities are frequent in patients with CIDP and in almost 50% of them have an impact on treatment choice. Diabetes, MGUS and other immune diseases are more frequent in patients with CIDP than in the general population. Only diabetes seems, however, to have an impact on disease severity and treatment response possibly reflecting in some patients a coexisting diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Emiliano Doneddu
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Divisione di Riabilitazione Neuromotoria, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri - Presidio Sanitario Major, Torino, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital Institute of Experimental Neurology, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Luana Benedetti
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
| | - Elisa Bianchi
- Laboratorio di Malattie Neurologiche, IRCCS-Istituto Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Jann
- Department of Neuroscience, Niguarda Ca' Granda Hospital, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giovanni Antonini
- Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant' Andrea Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- Department of Neurology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Cortese
- Department of Neurology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Marinella Carpo
- Department of Neurology, ASST Bergamo Ovest-Ospedale Treviglio, Treviglio, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophtalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa and IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gabriele Siciliano
- Neurology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Luigetti
- UOC Neurologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di scienze dell'invecchiamento, neurologiche, ortopediche e della testa-collo, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Sede di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- Unit of Neuroalgology, Foundation IRCCS Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences 'Luigi Sacco', University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - Tiziana Rosso
- UOC Neurologia-Castelfranco Veneto, ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, Treviso, Italy
| | - Guido Cavaletti
- School of Medicine and Surgery and Experimental Neurology Unit, Universita degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Laboratorio di Malattie Neurologiche, IRCCS-Istituto Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Liberatore
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Lucio Santoro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Spina
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University Federico II of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Erdita Peci
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Tronci
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Hospital Institute of Experimental Neurology, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Gentile
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Neurology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Luca Leonardi
- Department of Neurology Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Sant' Andrea Hospital, Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgia Mataluni
- Department of Systems Medicine, Univeristy of Roma Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Piccolo
- Department of Neurology, University of Pavia, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center - IRCCS, Rozzano, Italy .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
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Liberatore G, De Santis T, Doneddu PE, Gentile F, Albanese A, Nobile-Orazio E. Clinical Reasoning: A case of COVID-19–associated pharyngeal-cervical-brachial variant of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology 2020; 95:978-983. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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De Sanctis P, Doneddu PE, Viganò L, Selmi C, Nobile-Orazio E. Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A systematic review. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:2361-2370. [PMID: 32757404 PMCID: PMC7436512 DOI: 10.1111/ene.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) incidence can increase during outbreaks of infectious illnesses. A few cases of GBS associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection have been reported. The aim was to identify specific clinical features of GBS associated with COVID-19. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane were searched from 1 November 2019 to 17 May 2020 and included all papers with full text in English, Spanish, French or Italian, reporting original data of patients with GBS and COVID-19. Data were extracted according to a predefined protocol. A total of 18 patients reported in 14 papers were included in this review. All the patients were symptomatic for COVID-19, with cough and fever as the most frequently reported symptoms. The interval between the onset of symptoms of COVID-19 and the first symptoms of GBS ranged from -8 to 24 days (mean 9 days; median 10 days). Most of the patients had a typical GBS clinical form predominantly with a demyelinating electrophysiological subtype. Mechanical ventilation was necessary in eight (44%) patients. Two (11%) patients died. Published cases of GBS associated with COVID-19 report a sensorimotor, predominantly demyelinating GBS with a typical clinical presentation. Clinical features and disease course seem similar to those observed in GBS related to other etiologies. These results should be interpreted with caution since only 18 cases have been heterogeneously reported so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- P De Sanctis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - P E Doneddu
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - L Viganò
- Department of General Surgery, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - C Selmi
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy
| | - E Nobile-Orazio
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute - IRCCS, Rozzano (MI), Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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43
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Nobile-Orazio E, Pujol S, Kasiborski F, Ouaja R, Corte GD, Bonek R, Cocito D, Schenone A. An international multicenter efficacy and safety study of IqYmune in initial and maintenance treatment of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: PRISM study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2020; 25:356-365. [PMID: 32808406 PMCID: PMC7754365 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This prospective, multicenter, single‐arm, open‐label phase 3 study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of IqYmune in patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Patients received one induction dose of 2 g/kg and then seven maintenance doses of 1 g/kg at 3‐week intervals. The primary endpoint was the responder rate at the end of study (EOS), defined as an improvement of ≥1 point on the adjusted inflammatory neuropathy cause and treatment (INCAT) disability scale. The responder rate was compared with the responder rate of a historical placebo group (33.3%). Secondary endpoints included changes from baseline to EOS of adjusted INCAT disability score, grip strength, Medical Research Council (MRC) sum score, Rasch‐modified MRC sum score, Rasch‐built overall disability scale score and the clinical global impression. Forty‐two patients, including 23 Ig‐naïve and 19 Ig‐pre‐treated, were included in the efficacy set. The overall response rate at EOS was 76.2% (95% confidence interval [60.5%‐87.9%]). The superiority of IqYmune compared to the historical placebo control was demonstrated (P < .0001). The responder rate was numerically higher in Ig‐pre‐treated than in Ig‐naïve patients but confidence intervals were overlapping (84.2% [60.4%‐96.6%] vs 69.6% [47.1%‐86.8%]). All secondary endpoints confirmed this conclusion. The median time to response was 15 weeks [8.9‐19.1 weeks]. A total of 156 adverse events including five serious were considered related to IqYmune, 87.2% were mild. Neither hemolysis nor signs of renal or hepatic impairment were observed. These results demonstrate that IqYmune is an effective and well‐tolerated treatment in patients with CIDP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan University, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, 20089, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Bonek
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCenter, Regional Specialist Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Dario Cocito
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Turin, Italy
| | - Angelo Schenone
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetic and Maternal and Infantile Sciences (DINOGMI), University of Genova and IRCCS Policlinico San Martino, Genova, Italy
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Liberatore G, Giannotta C, Sajeev BP, Morenghi E, Terenghi F, Gallia F, Doneddu PE, Manganelli F, Cocito D, Filosto M, Antonini G, Cosentino G, Marfia GA, Clerici AM, Lauria G, Rosso T, Cavaletti G, Nobile-Orazio E. Sensitivity and specificity of a commercial ELISA test for anti-MAG antibodies in patients with neuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 345:577288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sotgiu S, Minutolo A, Carta A, Puseddu G, Doneddu PE, Nobile-Orazio E. Chronic immune sensory polyradiculopathy (CISP): First juvenile case description. Neurol Sci 2020; 42:333-336. [PMID: 32651857 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In its typical presentation, chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) occurs more often in old males as a progressive/recurrent motor and sensory nerve dysfunction with tendon areflexia. However, CIDP has also atypical clinical presentations, including pure sensory neuropathies, among which chronic immune sensory polyradiculopathy (CISP) accounts for only 0.5% of all CIDP, with no juvenile cases reported as yet. A 17-year-old girl presented for a progressive sensory ataxia and hands clumsiness. Diffuse tendon areflexia and hypokinaesthesia were observed. Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies were normal. F-waves were normal in median nerves and elongated in tibial nerves. H-reflex and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEP) were absent. CSF normal cellularity with hyperproteinorrachia was found. Paraneoplastic, metabolic, and paraproteinemic neuropathies were excluded. A diagnosis of CISP has been made based on the presence of pure sensory symptoms in a polyneuropathic distribution, normal peripheral nerve conduction studies, and two supportive criteria (SSEP and CSF). Our paper describes the first CISP case in the pediatric age. We confirm SSEP and CSF as useful complementary tests for this diagnosis also at this age and suggest that clinicians should consider CISP in the spectrum of sporadic sensory ataxias of the pediatric age. We also suggest that in the presence of normal F-wave and peripheral motor nerve conduction, an absent H-reflex can further substantiate SSEPs in the diagnosis of CISP. Intravenous immunoglobulins were rapidly effective and safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sotgiu
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Sassari, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 42, 07100, Sassari, Italy.
| | - A Minutolo
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Sassari, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 42, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - A Carta
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Sassari, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 42, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - G Puseddu
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry, University Hospital of Sassari, Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale San Pietro 42, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - P E Doneddu
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
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Dubbioso R, Nobile-Orazio E, Manganelli F, Santoro L, Briani C, Cocito D, Tedeschi G, Di Lazzaro V, Fabrizi GM. Dealing with immune-mediated neuropathies during COVID-19 outbreak: practical recommendations from the task force of the Italian Society of Neurology (SIN), the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology (SINC) and the Italian Peripheral Nervous System Association (ASNP). Neurol Sci 2020; 41:1345-1348. [PMID: 32363507 PMCID: PMC7196528 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Dubbioso
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, IT-80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, IT-80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucio Santoro
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via S. Pansini, 5, IT-80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Dario Cocito
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Torino, Italy
| | - Gioacchino Tedeschi
- Division of Neurology and Neurophysiopathology, Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Lazzaro
- Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Fabrizi
- Section of Clinical Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, University Hospital "G.B. Rossi", P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
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Doneddu PE, Mandia D, Gentile F, Gallia F, Liberatore G, Terenghi F, Ruiz M, Nobile-Orazio E. Home monitoring of maintenance intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in patients with chronic inflammatory neuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2020; 25:238-246. [PMID: 32470190 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the utility of different outcome measures to monitor dose adjustment of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) therapy in patients with chronic inflammatory neuropathy (CIN). We assessed the adjustment of IVIg maintenance therapy in 20 patients (10 CIDP and 10 MMN) by regularly monitoring grip strength (GS) using a Martin Vigorimeter, RODS, and quality of life using the SF-36 questionnaire. These measures were regularly performed by the patient at home. We also assessed the extended MRC sumscore (eMRC sumscore) at each outpatient visit for IVIg infusion. We also enrolled 30 healthy controls to measure any possible training effect of GS with time and to analyze random fluctuation of GS. Clinically relevant change was detected by eMRC sumscore in 14 (93%) patients, by RODS in 11 (73%) patients, and by GS in 8 (53%) patients. Early sensitivity was greatest for RODS (73%), followed by GS (53%), and eMRC sumscore (27%). This differed from CIDP, with an early change in RODS in 100% of patients, and MMN with an early change in GS in 75%. None of the outcome measures alone was sufficient to detect clinically significant changes in all patients. Home monitoring of outcome measures objectively assisted clinical decision during individualization of IVIg treatment. We recommend a multimodal approach using different outcome measures to monitor the individual patient with CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Marta Ruiz
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, Milan, Italy
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Cortese A, Lombardi R, Briani C, Callegari I, Benedetti L, Manganelli F, Luigetti M, Ferrari S, Clerici AM, Marfia GA, Rigamonti A, Carpo M, Fazio R, Corbo M, Mazzeo A, Giannini F, Cosentino G, Zardini E, Currò R, Gastaldi M, Vegezzi E, Alfonsi E, Berardinelli A, Kouton L, Manso C, Giannotta C, Doneddu P, Dacci P, Piccolo L, Ruiz M, Salvalaggio A, De Michelis C, Spina E, Topa A, Bisogni G, Romano A, Mariotto S, Mataluni G, Cerri F, Stancanelli C, Sabatelli M, Schenone A, Marchioni E, Lauria G, Nobile-Orazio E, Devaux J, Franciotta D. Antibodies to neurofascin, contactin-1, and contactin-associated protein 1 in CIDP: Clinical relevance of IgG isotype. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm 2020; 7:e639. [PMID: 31753915 PMCID: PMC6935837 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and isotypes of anti-nodal/paranodal antibodies to nodal/paranodal proteins in a large chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) cohort, compare clinical features in seronegative vs seropositive patients, and gather evidence of their isotype-specific pathogenic role. METHODS Antibodies to neurofascin-155 (Nfasc155), neurofascin-140/186 (Nfasc140/186), contactin-1 (CNTN1), and contactin-associated protein 1 (Caspr1) were detected with ELISA and/or cell-based assay. Antibody pathogenicity was tested by immunohistochemistry on skin biopsy, intraneural injection, and cell aggregation assay. RESULTS Of 342 patients with CIDP, 19 (5.5%) had antibodies against Nfasc155 (n = 9), Nfasc140/186 and Nfasc155 (n = 1), CNTN1 (n = 3), and Caspr1 (n = 6). Antibodies were absent from healthy and disease controls, including neuropathies of different causes, and were mostly detected in patients with European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) definite CIDP (n = 18). Predominant antibody isotypes were immunoglobulin G (IgG)4 (n = 13), IgG3 (n = 2), IgG1 (n = 2), or undetectable (n = 2). IgG4 antibody-associated phenotypes included onset before 30 years, severe neuropathy, subacute onset, tremor, sensory ataxia, and poor response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). Immunosuppressive treatments, including rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate, proved effective if started early in IVIG-resistant IgG4-seropositive cases. Five patients with an IgG1, IgG3, or undetectable isotype showed clinical features indistinguishable from seronegative patients, including good response to IVIG. IgG4 autoantibodies were associated with morphological changes at paranodes in patients' skin biopsies. We also provided preliminary evidence from a single patient about the pathogenicity of anti-Caspr1 IgG4, showing their ability to penetrate paranodal regions and disrupt the integrity of the Nfasc155/CNTN1/Caspr1 complex. CONCLUSIONS Our findings confirm previous data on the tight clinico-serological correlation between antibodies to nodal/paranodal proteins and CIDP. Despite the low prevalence, testing for their presence and isotype could ultimately be part of the diagnostic workup in suspected inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy to improve diagnostic accuracy and guide treatment. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE This study provides Class III evidence that antibodies to nodal/paranodal proteins identify patients with CIDP (sensitivity 6%, specificity 100%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cortese
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France.
| | - Raffaella Lombardi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Chiara Briani
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Ilaria Callegari
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Luana Benedetti
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Fiore Manganelli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Marco Luigetti
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Sergio Ferrari
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Angelo M Clerici
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Girolama Alessandra Marfia
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Andrea Rigamonti
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Marinella Carpo
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Massimo Corbo
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Mazzeo
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Fabio Giannini
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Giuseppe Cosentino
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabetta Zardini
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Riccardo Currò
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Elisa Vegezzi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Enrico Alfonsi
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Angela Berardinelli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Ludivine Kouton
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Constance Manso
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia Giannotta
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Pietro Doneddu
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrizia Dacci
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Laura Piccolo
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Marta Ruiz
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Alessandro Salvalaggio
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Chiara De Michelis
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Emanuele Spina
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Antonietta Topa
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Giulia Bisogni
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Angela Romano
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Sara Mariotto
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Giorgia Mataluni
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Federica Cerri
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Claudia Stancanelli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Angelo Schenone
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Enrico Marchioni
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Devaux
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
| | - Diego Franciotta
- From the Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences (A.C., I.C., G.C., R.C., E.V.), University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuromuscular Disease (A.C.), UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Neuroalgology Unit (R.L., P.D., L.P., G.L.), IRCCS Fondazione Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (C.B., M.R., A.S.), University of Padova, Padova, Italy; IRCCS Mondino Foundation (I.C., G.C., E.Z., R.C., M.G., E.V., E.A., A.B., D.F.), Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroscience (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genova, Genova, Italy; IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino (L.B., C.D.M., A.S.), Genova, Italy; Department of Neurosciences (F.M., E.S., A.T.), Odontostomatological and Reproductive Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II," Naples, Italy; Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli-IRCCS. UOC Neurologia (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (M.L., A.R., M.S.), Rome, Italy; Section of Neurology (S.F., S.M.), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy; Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit (A.M.C.), Ospedale di Circolo/Fondazione Macchi, Varese, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine (G.A.M., G.M.), University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Neurological Department (A.R.), ASST Lecco; Ospedale Treviglio ASST Bergamo Ovest (M.C.), Italy; Department of Neurology (R.F., F.C.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences (M.C.), Casa Cura Policlinico (CCP), Milan, Italy; Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (A.M.), University of Messina, Messina, Italy; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences (F.G.), University of Siena, Italy; Referral Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and ALS (L.K., E.M.), AP-HM, Timone University Hospital, Marseille, France; Université de Bordeaux (C.M.), Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, Bordeaux, France; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center (C.G., P.D., E.N.-O.), Milan University, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo" (C.S.), Messina, Italy; Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco" (G.B., G.L.), University of Milan, Milan, Italy; and Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier (J.D.), INSERM U1051, Montpellier University, Hopital Saint Eloi, Montpellier, France
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49
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Campagnolo M, Ruiz M, Falzone YM, Ermani M, Bianco M, Martinelli D, Cerri F, Quattrini A, Salvalaggio A, Castellani F, Comi G, Giannini F, Nobile-Orazio E, Fazio R, Riva N, Briani C. Limitations in daily activities and general perception of quality of life: Long term follow-up in patients with anti-myelin-glycoprotein antibody polyneuropathy. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2019; 24:276-282. [PMID: 31397934 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the modifications over time of daily activities and quality of life (QoL) in 32 subjects with anti-myelin-glycoprotein (MAG) antibody neuropathy. A widespread panel including clinical scores and patient-reported questionnaires, in compliance of the terms by the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF) of the World Health Organization (WHO), was employed at enrollment (T0) and at follow-up evaluation (T1) after a mean interval of 15.4 ± 5.7 months. The Sensory Modality Sum score (SMS) at four limbs showed a significant worsening over time (mean score 27.2 ± 3.9 at T0 vs 25.7 ± 3 at T1 at upper limbs, P = .03; 20.5 ± 4.8 at T0 vs 18.6 ± 5.9 at T1 at lower limbs, P = .04). The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain significantly worsened at upper limbs at T1 (mean values 0.84 ± 1.95 at T0 vs 1.78 ± 2.6 at T1, P = .03). All the other tests did not show significant differences between T0 and T1. In the subgroup who underwent rituximab (15/32 treated before T0, 3/32 patients treated between T0 and T1 with median interval of 1 year), no significant differences were observed between T0 and T1. Despite the quite long follow-up, statistical significance was not achieved either for the limited number of patients or for the lack of sensitive outcome measures. In our cohort, the significant worsening of the SMS and VAS after a median of 14 months can be considered as a reliable expression of the natural history of the disease, and suggest that these scales might represent possible outcome measures in anti-MAG antibody neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Campagnolo
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Ruiz
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Yuri M Falzone
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Ermani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mariangela Bianco
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Martinelli
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Cerri
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angelo Quattrini
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Giancarlo Comi
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Università Vita e Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Giannini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, Siena University, Siena, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milan University, IRCCS Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fazio
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Nilo Riva
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSPE), Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Briani
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Franciotta D, Gastaldi M, Biagioli T, Benedetti L, Giannotta C, Bedin R, Zardini E, Nobile-Orazio E. Anti-ganglioside antibodies: experience from the Italian Association of Neuroimmunology external quality assessment scheme. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:1921-1925. [PMID: 30204587 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2018-0234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Anti-ganglioside antibodies are currently used in the differential diagnosis of suspected immune-mediated neuropathies. In-house and increasingly used commercial assays seem to perform suboptimally, and comparative information on their analytical performance are essentially lacking. Born within the frame of guidelines and standardization activities by the Italian Association of Neuroimmunology, this external quality assessment scheme (EQAS) is a real-life snapshot of the laboratory diagnostics in this field. Methods The EQAS consisted of five surplus, anonymized serum samples from patients with clinically-defined neuropathies and two serum samples from healthy blood donors. Eight laboratories used commercial line-/dot-blots, seven in-house/commercial ELISAs (in addition, 13 laboratories tested a recently released ELISA by Bühlmann). Only high anti-ganglioside antibody reactivities were considered, in accordance with consolidated recommendations. Results Large variations in anti-ganglioside antibody profiles were observed, even, although to a lesser extent, within homogeneous classes of assays. Concordance between the profiles and clinical phenotypes was also partial. Conclusions Although conducted on a relatively small, but representative number of Italian laboratories, this EQAS shows a critical between-laboratory disagreement in the test results of anti-ganglioside antibodies. Also considering the trend for using certified assays in generalist laboratories, strong efforts toward standardization and the identification of the best method(s) for their determinations are compellingly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Franciotta
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Via Mondino 2, I-27100 Pavia, Italy, Phone: 0039-0382-380365, Fax: 0039-0382-380286
| | - Matteo Gastaldi
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Luana Benedetti
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Giannotta
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Bedin
- Ospedale Civile Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Zardini
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Eduardo Nobile-Orazio
- Neuromuscular and Neuroimmunology Service, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Humanitas Clinical and Research Institute, Milan University, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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