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Biotransformation of testosterone by the filamentous fungus Penicillium pinophilum. Arch Microbiol 2022; 204:570. [PMID: 35994127 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-022-03191-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The microbial biotransformation is a robust procedure in developing steroids and fungi are practical tools in this process; therefore, the fungal modification of testosterone by Penicillium pinophilum was investigated. The three prominent metabolites, including 14α-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione (II), 14α-hydroxytestosterone (III), and 11α-hydroxytestosterone (IV), were isolated and characterized by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The time course profile showed that the content of the metabolites II and III began to decrease after 96 and 24 h, respectively. In comparison, the content of the metabolite IV remained stable after 24 h. In silico studies showed that the probability of binding to the androgen receptor remains high for all three metabolites. However, the probability of binding to the estrogen receptors α and β increased for metabolite IV but decreased for metabolite III. Penicillium pinophilum as a potentially viable biocatalyst could hydroxylate C-11α and C-14α positions and oxidize the C-17β hydroxyl group to 17-ketone in testosterone molecule.
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Sambyal K, Singh RV. Production aspects of testosterone by microbial biotransformation and future prospects. Steroids 2020; 159:108651. [PMID: 32360419 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In human males, TS plays a key role in maintaining health and sexual functioning. Cholesterol acts as a precursor molecule for its biosynthesis. The microbial biotransformation of cholesterol by numerous microbes like bacteria, fungi, yeasts, etc. has led to the synthesis of TS out of human body making it a great example for industrial steroid production due to its therapeutic properties. Biotransformation through microbes is more advantageous over chemical synthesis as it gives higher conversion rates, higher specificity; reaction goes under mild conditions like temperature and neutral pH, thus being an effective alternate to chemical route. Current review focuses on production aspects of TS by microbial biotransformation and its future prospects with recent advancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, Punjab, India
| | - Rahul Vikram Singh
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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Nickavar B, Vahidi H, Eslami M. An efficient biotransformation of progesterone into 11α-hydroxyprogesterone by Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus. Z NATURFORSCH C 2018; 74:9-15. [PMID: 30367812 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2018-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhizopus microsporus var. oligosporus is a fungus that belongs to the Mucoraceae family that is used for the preparation of some soy-fermented foods. Microbial biotransformation of progesterone by R. microsporus var. oligosporus afforded some monohydroxylated and dihydroxylated metabolites. The main product was purified using chromatographic methods and identified as 11α-hydroxyprogesterone on the basis of its spectroscopic features. Time course studies by high-performance thin-layer chromatography demonstrated that this fungi efficiently hydroxylated progesterone at the 11α-position for 3 days with a yield of 76.48%, but beyond this time, the microorganism transformed 11α-hydroxyprogesterone into dihydroxylated metabolites. 11α-Hydroxyprogesterone is widely used as a precursor in the synthesis of hydrocortisone and other steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahman Nickavar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran, Phone: +98-21-88200064, Fax: +98-21-88665250, E-mail:
| | - Hossein Vahidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Eslami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
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Javid M, Nickavar B, Vahidi H, Faramarzi MA. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of progesterone by Aspergillus sojae PTCC 5196. Steroids 2018; 140:52-57. [PMID: 30055193 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microbial transformations are capable of producing steroid substances difficult to synthesize by chemical methods. Strains belonging to the genus Aspergillus are effective facilitators of microbial biotransformations due to their enzymatic diversity. In this study, the biotransformation of progesterone by the fungus Aspergillus sojae (A. sojae) PTCC 5196 was examined. Analysis of the bioconversion process revealed that progesterone was converted to testololactone through a three-step pathway (17β-acetyl side chain cleavage, 17β-hydroxyl oxidation, and oxygenative lactonization of 17-ketone), indicating the presence of Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) activity in the fungal strain. GC analysis confirmed the production of testololactone with a yield of 99% in 24 h. Faster testololactone production was induced in the presence of both C-21 (progesterone) and C-19 (androstenedione, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone [DHEA]) steroid substances. Due to the high biotransformation rate observed in the present study, A. sojae may be a novel and promising candidate in the production of testololactone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehri Javid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahman Nickavar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Vahidi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6153, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6451, Tehran 1417614411, Iran
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Al-Aboudi A, Kana'an BM, Zarga MA, Bano S, Javed K, Choudhary MI. Fungal biotransformation of diuretic and antihypertensive drug spironolactone with Gibberella fujikuroi, Curvularia lunata, Fusarium lini, and Aspergillus alliaceus. Steroids 2017; 128:15-22. [PMID: 29037584 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Derivatives of spironolactone (1), a diuretic and antihypertensive drug, were synthesized by using fungal cells for the first time. Ten different fungi were screened for their ability to biotransform 1, four of which were able to produce metabolites 2-8. Gibberella fujikuroi produced canrenone (2), 1-dehydrocanrenone (3), Curvularia lunuta provided compound 2, and 7α-thio-spironolactone (4), Fusarium lini yielded compounds 2, 3, 1β-hydroxycanrenone (5), 1α-hydroxycanrenone (6), 1-dehydro-15α-hydroxycanrenone (7), and 15α-hydroxycanrenone (8), while Aspergillus alliaceus was able to produce all the seven metabolites. Metabolites 5, 6, and 7 were identified as new compounds. Their structures were elucidated by using different spectroscopic techniques. Substrate 1 and its metabolites 2, 3, and 5-8 were also evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. Substrate 1 was found to be strongly active with IC50 = 335 ± 4.3 μM as compared to the standard drug acarbose IC50 = 840 ± 1.73 μM, whereas all of resulting metabolites were found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Al-Aboudi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan.
| | - Belal Muneeb Kana'an
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Musa Abu Zarga
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | - Saira Bano
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Kulsoom Javed
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21412, Saudi Arabia.
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Yildirim K, Kuru A. Microbial Transformation of Epiandrosterone by Aspergillus Sydowii. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.3184/174751916x14786062524888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Incubation of epiandrosterone with Aspergillus sydowii MRC 200653 afforded ten metabolites. The fungal dehydrogenation of epiandrosterone is reported for the first time. The formation of the major metabolite, 6β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, involved first dehydrogenation to give a 4-ene and then hydroxylation at C-6β. Small amounts of the substrate were hydroxylated at C-1α, C-7α, C-7β and C-11α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kudret Yildirim
- Chemistry Department, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Ali Kuru
- Chemistry Department, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
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Single step biotransformation of corn oil phytosterols to boldenone by a newly isolated Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:36-43. [PMID: 28352538 PMCID: PMC5042298 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Biotransformation of crude corn oil phytosterols to 4-androstene-3, 17-dione, testosterone and boldenone. Four strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and one of Alcaligenes aquatilis were isolated, identified and used in biotransformation process. Determination of crude corn oil total sterols and phytosterols profile. Optimization of boldenone production by Placket-Burman design and box-Behnken design. Accumulation of boldenone (BOL) as the major product of the biotransformation process, and the rare reports about optimization of its production from phytosterols, make it a selected promising candidate for further optimization. The production of BOL in single step microbial biotransformation from corn oil phytosterols by P. aeruginosa was not previously reported.
A new potent Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate capable for biotransformation of corn oil phytosterol (PS) to 4-androstene-3, 17-dione (AD), testosterone (T) and boldenone (BOL) was identified by phenotypic analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Sequential statistical strategy was used to optimize the biotransformation process mainly concerning BOL using Factorial design and response surface methodology (RSM). The production of BOL in single step microbial biotransformation from corn oil phytosterols by P. aeruginosa was not previously reported. Results showed that the pH concentration of the medium, (NH4)2SO4 and KH2PO4 were the most significant factors affecting BOL production. By analyzing the statistical model of three-dimensional surface plot, BOL production increased from 36.8% to 42.4% after the first step of optimization, and the overall biotransformation increased to 51.9%. After applying the second step of the sequential statistical strategy BOL production increased to 53.6%, and the overall biotransformation increased to 91.9% using the following optimized medium composition (g/l distilled water) (NH4)2SO4, 2; KH2PO4, 4; Na2HPO4. 1; MgSO4·7H2O, 0.3; NaCl, 0.1; CaCl2·2H2O, 0.1; FeSO4·7H2O, 0.001; ammonium acetate 0.001; Tween 80, 0.05%; corn oil 0.5%; 8-hydroxyquinoline 0.016; pH 8; 200 rpm agitation speed and incubation time 36 h at 30 °C. Validation experiments proved the adequacy and accuracy of model, and the results showed the predicted value agreed well with the experimental values.
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Hunter AC, Patel S, Dedi C, Dodd HT, Bryce RA. Metabolic fate of 3α,5-cycloandrostanes in the endogenous lactonization pathway of Aspergillus tamarii KITA. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 119:19-25. [PMID: 26372080 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3α,5-cycloandrostane analogues with a range of functionality (6α and 6β alcohols and ketone) at carbon 6 were tested in the endogenous lactonization pathway in Aspergillus tamarii KITA. This metabolic route converts progesterone to testololactone in high yield through a four step enzymatic pathway. To date, no studies have looked at the effect of steroids devoid of polar functionality at carbon 3 and their subsequent metabolic fate by fungi which contain Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases. Incubation of all of the cycloandrostane analogues resulted in lactonization of ring-D irrespective of C-6 stereochemistry or absence of C-3 functionality. Presence of 6β-hydroxy group and the C-17 ketone was required in order for these analogues to undergo hydroxylation at C-15β position. All metabolites were isolated by column chromatography and were identified by (1)H, (13)C NMR, DEPT analysis and other spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Christy Hunter
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Shreyal Patel
- University of Brighton, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Cinzia Dedi
- University of Brighton, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Howard T Dodd
- University of Brighton, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton BN2 4GJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A Bryce
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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Wu Y, Li H, Zhang XM, Gong JS, Rao ZM, Shi JS, Zhang XJ, Xu ZH. Efficient hydroxylation of functionalized steroids by Colletotrichum lini ST-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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10
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Nassiri-Koopaei N, Faramarzi MA. Recent developments in the fungal transformation of steroids. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2015.1022533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Ghasemi S, Mohajeri M, Habibi Z. Biotransformation of testosterone and testosterone heptanoate by four filamentous fungi. Steroids 2014; 92:7-12. [PMID: 25223562 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The microbial transformations of testosterone and testosterone heptanoate by four fungi: Absidia griseolla var. igachii PTCC 5260, Acremonium chrysogenu PTCC 5271, Fusarium fujikuroi PTCC 5144, and Fusarium solani complex PTCC 5285 were investigated for the first time. Incubation of testosterone heptanoate with F. fujikuroi and F. solani yielded three metabolites, which were isolated and characterized as testosterone, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione, and 6β-hydroxy testosterone. 6β-Hydroxy testosterone was the major metabolite obtained from testosterone heptanoate biotransformation by two fungal species. A. griseolla and A. chrysogenu produced 14α-hydroxy testosterone as major metabolite, together with testosterone and 6β-hydroxy testosterone in lower yields. The biotransformation of testosterone by F. fujikuroi and A. griseolla was also investigated in order to examine the influence of the ester group on the course of transformation. Androst-4-ene-3,17-dione was only identified in the biotransformation of testosterone by F. fujikuroi. The same product was observed in incubation of testosterone by A. griseolla, together with 14α-hydroxy testosterone in very low yield. Furthermore, time course study was also carried out in order to examine the formation of metabolites as a function of time, which was determined by HPLC. The structures of compounds were determined by their comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrieh Ghasemi
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohajeri
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Habibi
- Department of Pure Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Shahid Beheshti University, G.C., Tehran, Iran.
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Świzdor A, Panek A, Milecka-Tronina N. Microbial Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 5α-steroids using Beauveria bassiana. A stereochemical requirement for the 11α-hydroxylation and the lactonization pathway. Steroids 2014; 82:44-52. [PMID: 24486796 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Beauveria bassiana KCH 1065, as was recently demonstrated, is unusual amongst fungal biocatalysts in that it converts C19 3-oxo-4-ene and 3β-hydroxy-5-ene as well as 3β-hydroxy-5α-saturated steroids to 11α-hydroxy ring-D lactones. The Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase (BVMO) of this strain is distinguished from other enzymes catalyzing BVO of steroidal ketones by the fact that it oxidizes solely substrates with 11α-hydroxyl group. The current study using a series of 5α-saturated steroids (androsterone, 3α-androstanediol and androstanedione) has highlighted that a small change of the steroid structure can result in significant differences of the metabolic fate. It was found that the 3α-stereochemistry of hydroxyl group restricted "normal" binding orientation of the substrate within 11α-hydroxylase and, as a result, androsterone and 3α-androstanediol were converted into a mixture of 7β-, 11α- and 7α-hydroxy derivatives. Hydroxylation of androstanedione occurred only at the 11α-position, indicating that the 3-oxo group limits the alternative binding orientation of the substrate within the hydroxylase. Only androstanedione and 3α-androstanediol were metabolized to hydroxylactones. The study uniquely demonstrated preference for oxidation of equatorial (11α-, 7β-) hydroxyketones by BVMO from B. bassiana. The time course experiments suggested that the activity of 17β-HSD is a factor determining the amount of produced ring-D lactones. The obtained 11α-hydroxylactones underwent further transformations (oxy-red reactions) at C-3. During conversion of androstanedione, a minor dehydrogenation pathway was observed with generation of 11α,17β-dihydroxy-5α-androst-1-en-3-one. The introduction of C1C2 double bond has been recorded in B. bassiana for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Świzdor
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Panek
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Milecka-Tronina
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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Yang B, Wang Y, Chen X, Feng J, Wu Q, Zhu D, Ma Y. Biotransformations of steroids to testololactone by a multifunctional strain Penicillium simplicissimum WY134-2. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2013.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of some C(19) steroids by Penicillium lanosocoeruleum. Molecules 2013; 18:13812-22. [PMID: 24213656 PMCID: PMC6270215 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotransformation of androsterone (1), epiandrosterone (2), androstanedione (3) and DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone) (4) by Penicillium lanosocoeruleum-a fungal species not used in biotransformations so far-were described. All the substrates were converted in high yield (70%-99%) into D ring δ-lactones. The oxidation of 1 produced 3α-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one (5). The oxidation of 2 led to 3β-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one (6). The biotransformation of 3 resulted in the formation of 3α-hydroxy-17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-17-one (5) and 17a-oxa-D-homo-5α-androstan-3,17-dione (7). An analysis of the transformation progress of the studied substrates as a function of time indicates that the Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase of this fungus does not accept the 3β-hydroxy-5-ene functionality of steroids. In this microorganism steroidal 3β-hydroxy-dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) was active, and as a result DHEA (4) was transformed exclusively to testololactone (8). Apart from the observed oxidative transformations, a reductive pathway was revealed with the C-3 ketone being reduced to a C-3α-alcohol. It is demonstrated for the first time that the reduction of the 3-keto group of the steroid nucleus can occur in the presence of a ring-D lactone functionality.
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Zafar S, Choudhary MI, Dalvandi K, Mahmood U, Ul-Haq Z. Molecular docking simulation studies on potent butyrylcholinesterase inhibitors obtained from microbial transformation of dihydrotestosterone. Chem Cent J 2013; 7:164. [PMID: 24103815 PMCID: PMC4126177 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotransformation is an effective technique for the synthesis of libraries of bioactive compounds. Current study on microbial transformation of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) (1) was carried out to produce various functionalized metabolites. RESULTS Microbial transformation of DHT (1) by using two fungal cultures resulted in potent butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitors. Biotransformation with Macrophomina phaseolina led to the formation of two known products, 5α-androstan-3β,17β-diol (2), and 5β-androstan-3α,17β-diol (3), while biotransformation with Gibberella fujikuroi yielded six known metabolites, 11α,17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one (4), androst-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (5), 11α-hydroxyandrost-4-en-3,17-dione (6), 11α-hydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (7), 12β-hydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (8), and 16α-hydroxyandrost-1,4-dien-3,17-dione (9). Metabolites 2 and 3 were found to be inactive, while metabolite 4 only weakly inhibited the enzyme. Metabolites 5-7 were identified as significant inhibitors of BChE. Furthermore, predicted results from docking simulation studies were in complete agreement with experimental data. Theoretical results were found to be helpful in explaining the possible mode of action of these newly discovered potent BChE inhibitors. Compounds 8 and 9 were not evaluated for enzyme inhibition activity both in vitro and in silico, due to lack of sufficient quantities. CONCLUSION Biotransformation of DHT (1) with two fungal cultures produced eight known metabolites. Metabolites 5-7 effectively inhibited the BChE activity. Cholinesterase inhibition is among the key strategies in the management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The experimental findings were further validated by in silico inhibition studies and possible modes of action were deduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Zafar
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi- 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan
| | - M Iqbal Choudhary
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi- 75270, Pakistan
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah- 21412, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kourosh Dalvandi
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Mahmood
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Zaheer Ul-Haq
- Dr. Panjwani Center for Molecular Medicine and Drug Research, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Mohammad MY, Musharraf SG, Al-Majid AM, ur-Rahman A, Choudhary MI. Biotransformation of mestanolone and 17-methyl-1-testosterone byRhizopus stolonifer. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2013. [DOI: 10.3109/10242422.2013.801017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zafar S, Bibi M, Yousuf S, Choudhary MI. New metabolites from fungal biotransformation of an oral contraceptive agent: methyloestrenolone. Steroids 2013; 78:418-25. [PMID: 23357433 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Fungal cell cultures were used for the first time for the biotransformation of methyloestrenolone (1), an oral contraceptive. Fermentation of 1 with Macrophomina phaseolina, Aspergillus niger, Gibberella fujikuroi, and Cunninghamella echinulata produced eleven metabolites 2-12, six of which 2-5, 11 and 12 were found to be new. These metabolites were resulted from the hydroxylation at C-1, C-2, C-6, C-10, C-11, and C-17α-CH3, as well as aromatization of ring A of the steroidal skeleton of substrate 1. The transformed products were identified as 17α-methyl-6β,17β-dihydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (2), 17α-(hydroxymethyl)-11β,17β-dihydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (3), 17α-methyl-2α,11β,17β-trihydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (4), 17α-methyl-1β,17β-dihydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (5), 17α-methyl-11α,17β-dihydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (6), 17α-methyl-11β,17β-dihydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (7), 17α-methyl-10β,17β-dihydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (8), 17α-(hydroxymethyl)-17β-hydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (9), 17α-methylestr-1,3,5(10)-trien-3,17β-diol (10), 17α-methyl-3,17β-dihydroxyestr-1,3,5(10)-trien-6-one (11), and 17α-methyl-6β,10β,17β-trihydroxyestr-4-en-3-one (12).
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Zafar
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
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Effective multi-step functional biotransformations of steroids by a newly isolated Fusarium oxysporum SC1301. Tetrahedron 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.10.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Donova MV, Egorova OV. Microbial steroid transformations: current state and prospects. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 94:1423-47. [PMID: 22562163 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studies of steroid modifications catalyzed by microbial whole cells represent a well-established research area in white biotechnology. Still, advances over the last decade in genetic and metabolic engineering, whole-cell biocatalysis in non-conventional media, and process monitoring raised research in this field to a new level. This review summarizes the data on microbial steroid conversion obtained since 2003. The key reactions of structural steroid functionalization by microorganisms are highlighted including sterol side-chain degradation, hydroxylation at various positions of the steroid core, and redox reactions. We also describe methods for enhancement of bioprocess productivity, selectivity of target reactions, and application of microbial transformations for production of valuable pharmaceutical ingredients and precursors. Challenges and prospects of whole-cell biocatalysis applications in steroid industry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina V Donova
- G.K. Skryabin Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. Nauki 5, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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Transformation of prednisolone to a 20β-hydroxy prednisolone compound by Streptomyces roseochromogenes TS79. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:727-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Leisch H, Morley K, Lau PCK. Baeyer−Villiger Monooxygenases: More Than Just Green Chemistry. Chem Rev 2011; 111:4165-222. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1003437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Leisch
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Krista Morley
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
| | - Peter C. K. Lau
- Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Council Canada, 6100 Royalmount Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H4P 2R2, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, 3775 University Street, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2B4, Canada
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Liu Y, Chen G, Ge F, Li W, Zeng L, Cao W. Efficient biotransformation of cholesterol to androsta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione by a newly isolated actinomycete Gordonia neofelifaecis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0513-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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