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Mariyappan V, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G, Ramasamy M. Synthesis of novel rapanone derivatives via organocatalytic reductive C-alkylation: biological evaluation of antioxidant properties, in vivo zebrafish embryo toxicity, and docking studies. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:623-635. [PMID: 38389875 PMCID: PMC10880907 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00564j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A biologically crucial natural product rapanone 1 was isolated from Embelia ribes at the gram scale with excellent purity. Semi-synthetic analogs of 1 semi-synthesized through reductive C-alkylation could increase the therapeutic value of the compounds. Herein, a new synthetic methodology was developed as a single-step reductive C-alkylation protocol using a metal-free, room-temperature-based reaction condition that can be scaled up to gram-scale synthesis with an excellent yield of up to 93%. A straightforward purification protocol was employed for the product obtained by this method. The derivatives of 1 showed antioxidant activity, which was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS scavenging assays. Compounds 5a-5ze showed an IC50 value of 2.48-3.37 μM and 1.81-3.12 μM. Substitution by electron-donating groups on the quinone moiety seems to play an essential role in the increased antioxidant activity of compounds 5a-5i, 5v, 5w, 5zc, and 5z. Further, the in vivo embryotoxicity of 1 and its derivatives was analyzed in a zebrafish-based aquatic toxicology model. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 1 and 5a-5ze at 20 to 160 μM concentrations. They showed reduced toxicity and a survival rate of 90-98% after 96 hpf of treatment; similarly, the compounds 5a-5i, 5v, 5w, 5zc, and 5zd did not significantly affect the hatching rates of 75.66-85.33% or developmental abnormalities of the embryos after 48 hpf of treatment. In silico molecular docking studies for the parent compound, along with its derivatives 5a-5i, 5v-5w, 5zc-5zd, and standard l-ascorbic acid (l-Aa) indicated favorable interactions with the active site of the crystal structure, coupled with the assay protein PDB:1ZB6, which was responsible for the observed biological understanding and potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaithiyalingam Mariyappan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM-Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India https://srmist.irins.org/profile/307007
| | - Ganesh Munuswamy-Ramanujam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM-Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India https://srmist.irins.org/profile/307007
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India
| | - Mohankumar Ramasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology SRM-Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India https://srmist.irins.org/profile/307007
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar Kattankulathur - 603 203 Chengalpattu District Tamil Nadu India
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Mathada BS, Basha NJ, Javeed M, Karunakar P, Venkatesulu A, Erappa K, Varsha A. Novel pyrimidines as COX-2 selective inhibitors: synthesis, DFT analysis, molecular docking and dynamic simulation studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1751-1764. [PMID: 37102863 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2202248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Pyrimidine and its derivatives are associated with varieties of biological properties. Therefore, we herein reported the synthesis of four novel pyrimidines (2, 3, and 4a, b) derivatives. The structure of these molecules is confirmed by spectroscopic methods such as IR, NMR, and Mass analysis. The electronic behavior of synthesized compounds 4a, b and in silico drug design 4 c, d was explained by Density Functional Theory estimations at the DFT/B3LYP level via 6-31 G++ (d, p) replicates the structure and geometry. All the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity compared to standards Celecoxib and Ibuprofen. Compounds 3 and 4a afforded excellent COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activities at IC50 = 5.50 and 5.05 μM against COX-1, 0.85 and 0.65 μM against COX-2, respectively. The standard drugs Celecoxib and Ibuprofen showed inhibitory activity at IC50 = 6.34 and 3.1 μM against COX-1, 0.56 and 1.2 μM against COX-2, respectively. Further, these compounds showed high potential docking with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron protease & COX-2 and predicted drug-likeness for the pyrimidine analogs by using Molinspiration. The protein stability, fluctuations of APO-protein, protein-ligand complexes were investigated through Molecular Dynamics simulations studies using Desmond Maestro 11.3 and potential lead molecules were identified.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N Jeelan Basha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammad Javeed
- P. G. Department and Research Studies in Chemistry, Nrupatunga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashantha Karunakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Adavala Venkatesulu
- Department of Post Graduate Studies & Research Centre in Physics, Govt. First Grade College, Hoskote, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnakanth Erappa
- Department of Post Graduate Studies & Research Centre in Physics, Govt. First Grade College, Hoskote, Karnataka, India
| | - A Varsha
- Department of Biotechnology, PES University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Kamath AJ, Chandy AS, Joseph AA, Gorantla JN, Donadkar AD, Nath LR, Sharifi-Rad J, Calina D. Embelin: A multifaceted anticancer agent with translational potential in targeting tumor progression and metastasis. EXCLI JOURNAL 2023; 22:1311-1329. [PMID: 38234968 PMCID: PMC10792175 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Embelin, a natural para-benzoquinone product, is derived from plants of the Embelia genus, particularly Embelia ribes Burm.f. A staple in traditional medicinal formulations for centuries, Embelin's pharmacological actions are attributed to the hydroxyl benzoquinone present in its structure. Its therapeutic potential is bolstered by unique physical and chemical properties. Recently, Embelin, recognized as a non-peptidic, cell-permeable small inhibitor of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), has garnered significant attention for its anticancer activity. It demonstrates various anticancer mechanisms, such as apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, and autophagy, in different cancer types. Additionally, Embelin modulates several signal transduction pathways, including NF-κB, PI3Kinase/AKT, and STAT3, effectively inhibiting the proliferation of diverse cancer cell lines. This literature review illuminates the anticancer potential of Embelin, detailing its mechanisms of action and prospective clinical applications, based on relevant scientific literature from the past decade sourced from various electronic databases. See also the Graphical abstract(Fig. 1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Jayaprakash Kamath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Alda Sara Chandy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Aina Ann Joseph
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Jaggiah N. Gorantla
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit-48202, Michigan, USA
| | - Asawari Dilip Donadkar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | - Lekshmi R. Nath
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi-682 041, India
| | | | - Daniela Calina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania
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You S, Zhang J, Yu L, Li Z, Zhang J, Zhao N, Xie Z, Li Y, Akram Z, Sun S. Construction of SLC16A1/3 Targeted Gallic Acid-Iron-Embelin Nanoparticles for Regulating Glycolysis and Redox Pathways in Cervical Cancer. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4574-4586. [PMID: 37307591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
SLC16A1 and SLC16A3 (SLC16A1/3) are highly expressed in cervical cancers and associated with the malignant biological behavior of cancer. SLC16A1/3 is the critical hub for regulating the internal and external environment, glycolysis, and redox homeostasis in cervical cancer cells. Inhibiting SLC16A1/3 provides a new thought to eliminate cervical cancer effectively. There are few reports on effective treatment strategies to eliminate cervical cancer by simultaneously targeting SLC16A1/3. GEO database analysis and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction experiment were used to confirm the high expression of SLC16A1/3. The potential inhibitor of SLC16A1/3 was screened from Siwu Decoction by using network pharmacology and molecular docking technology. The mRNA levels and protein levels of SLC16A1/3 in SiHa and HeLa cells treated by Embelin (EMB) were clarified, respectively. Furthermore, the Gallic acid-iron (GA-Fe) drug delivery system was used to improve its anti-cancer performance. Compared with normal cervical cells, SLC16A1/3 mRNA was over-expressed in SiHa and HeLa cells. Through the analysis of Siwu Decoction, a simultaneously targeted SLC16A1/3 inhibitor EMB was discovered. It was found for the first time that EMB promoted lactic acid accumulation and further induced redox dyshomeostasis and glycolysis disorder by simultaneously inhibiting SLC16A1/3. The gallic acid-iron-Embelin (GA-Fe@EMB) drug delivery system delivered EMB, which had a synergistic anti-cervical cancer effect. Under the irradiation of a near-infrared laser, the GA-Fe@EMB could elevate the temperature of the tumor area effectively. Subsequently, EMB was released and mediated the lactic acid accumulation and the GA-Fe nanoparticle synergistic Fenton reaction to promote ROS accumulation, thereby increasing the lethality of the nanoparticles on cervical cancer cells. GA-Fe@EMB can target cervical cancer marker SLC16A1/3 to regulate glycolysis and redox pathways, synergistically with photothermal therapy, which provides a new avenue for the synergistic treatment of malignant cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwan You
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Pharmacy, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Pharmacy, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- School of Medicine, Xinjiang University of Science & Technology, Korla, 841000, China
| | - Lan Yu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zuoping Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Pharmacy, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jiaru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Pharmacy, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Pharmacy, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Pharmacy, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Youping Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Pharmacy, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zubair Akram
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi 832002, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shiguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, Shihezi University College of Pharmacy, Shihezi 832003, Xinjiang, China
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
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Cores Á, Carmona-Zafra N, Clerigué J, Villacampa M, Menéndez JC. Quinones as Neuroprotective Agents. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1464. [PMID: 37508002 PMCID: PMC10376830 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Quinones can in principle be viewed as a double-edged sword in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, since they are often cytoprotective but can also be cytotoxic due to covalent and redox modification of biomolecules. Nevertheless, low doses of moderately electrophilic quinones are generally cytoprotective, mainly due to their ability to activate the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway and thus induce the expression of detoxifying enzymes. Some natural quinones have relevant roles in important physiological processes. One of them is coenzyme Q10, which takes part in the oxidative phosphorylation processes involved in cell energy production, as a proton and electron carrier in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, and shows neuroprotective effects relevant to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Additional neuroprotective quinones that can be regarded as coenzyme Q10 analogues are idobenone, mitoquinone and plastoquinone. Other endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activities include tocopherol-derived quinones, most notably vatiquinone, and vitamin K. A final group of non-endogenous quinones with neuroprotective activity is discussed, comprising embelin, APX-3330, cannabinoid-derived quinones, asterriquinones and other indolylquinones, pyrroloquinolinequinone and its analogues, geldanamycin and its analogues, rifampicin quinone, memoquin and a number of hybrid structures combining quinones with amino acids, cholinesterase inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Cores
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Carmona-Zafra
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Clerigué
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Villacampa
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Carlos Menéndez
- Unidad de Química Orgánica y Farmacéutica, Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal sn, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Animaw Z, Asres K, Abebe A, Taye S, Seyoum G. Acute and developmental toxicity of embelin isolated from Embelia schimperi Vatke fruit: In vivo and in silico studies. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:714-722. [PMID: 37362226 PMCID: PMC10285041 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Embelin is a hydroxybenzoquinone constituent of the Embelia species that has anti-disease properties. However, its toxicity, particularly the in silico, acute, and developmental toxicity profiles, has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Hence, this study aims to assess these toxicity profiles. Materials and Methods In silico and in vivo experimental studies were conducted on embelin isolated from the fruits of Embelia schimperi Vatke. In silico toxicity predictions were computed using the ProTox model. The in vivo experiment was done by administering 5000 mg/kg of embelin to a single female albino Wistar rat, followed by three female rats in the absence of death, to determine the mean lethal dose (LD50). Afterwards, three groups of pregnant rats were treated with embelin at doses of 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg for the developmental toxicity test. Vehicle and ad libitum control groups were used to compare the acute and developmental toxicity variables. Results In silico toxicity predicted that embelin is free from hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, and cytotoxic effects. No inhibitory effect on hERG channels was observed. It has an immunotoxic property and an inhibitory effect on the CYP2D6 enzyme. Since mortality and signs of toxicities were not observed after treatment with 5000 mg/kg, the mean lethal dose (LD50) is determined to be > 5000 mg/kg. There was no significant difference in the morphological scores or number of somites among experimental animals. None of the embryonic systems possessed developmental delays. Nevertheless, the crown-rump length of the high-dose group became significantly shorter. Maternal food intake and weight gain exhibited significant dose-dependent differences between embelin-treated animals and controls. The number of implantations was significantly low in the treatment group, accompanied by a higher frequency of prior resorption. Conclusion Embelin is predicted to have a high probability of immunotoxicity potential and affect drug metabolism by inhibiting CYP2D6. In addition, it affects food intake, weight gain, and the number of implantations in pregnant rats. Therefore, it is highly recommended not to take embelin and embelin-rich plants during pregnancy. Further in vitro and in vivo studies need to be conducted to understand the mechanism behind the toxicity of embelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelalem Animaw
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kaleab Asres
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abiy Abebe
- Traditional and Modern Drug Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Taye
- Traditional and Modern Drug Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Girma Seyoum
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Basavarajaiah SM, Badiger J, Nagesh GY, Gupta N, Karunakar P, Sridhar BT, Javeed M, Kiran KS, Rakesh B. Exploration of Indolo[3,2c]isoquinoline derived triazoles as potential antimicrobial and DNA cleavage agents: Synthesis, DFT calculations, and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Chem 2023; 137:106598. [PMID: 37186963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Indole and its derivatives are well-known assorted motif in drug design and development. We here in reporting synthesis of new 9-chloro-1-(4-substituted phenyl)-12H-indolo[2,3-c][1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-a]isoquinolines 7 (a-h). Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by making use of spectroscopic techniques like IR, NMR and Mass. The DFT calculations were taken for the selected molecules using CAM-B3LYP hybrid functional with a 6-31 + g(d) all-electron basis set using the Gaussian 09 package. The drug-likeness predictions were described for the synthesized derivatives. The In vitro antimicrobial and DNA cleavage activities were reported for all compounds 7 (a-h). The compounds 7a, 7b, and 7h showed excellent microbial inhibition and DNA cleavage activity as compared to standard drugs. Furthermore, the docking studies for the newly synthesized molecules were carried out by Auto dock software with two molecular targets Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor tyrosine kinase (1 M17) and C-kit Tyrosine Kinase (1 T46) exhibited better binding affinity of all synthesized compounds. In addition, the docking results were observed to be in full agreement with the in vitro DNA cleavage assay suggesting the potential of synthesized metal complexes in biological applications. Lastly, the protein stability, fluctuations of APO-Protein, and protein-ligand complexes were investigated through Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations studies using Desmond Maestro 11.3 and potential lead molecules were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaishree Badiger
- Department of Chemistry, MSI Degree College, Kalaburagi 585101, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Nidhi Gupta
- M. M. College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (DEEMED TO BE UNIVERSITY) Mullana, Ambala 133207, Haryana, India
| | - Prashantha Karunakar
- Department of Biotechnology, Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering (Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi), Kumaraswamy Layout, Bangalore 560111 Karnataka, India
| | - Bilgumba Thimmaiah Sridhar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharani Science College for Women, Maharani Cluster University, Benagaluru 560001, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohammad Javeed
- P. G. Department and Research Studies in Chemistry, Nrupatunga University, Bengaluru 560 001, Karnataka, India
| | - K S Kiran
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Jain Deemed-to-be University, Kanakapura Road, Bangalore 562 112, Karnataka, India
| | - Budimath Rakesh
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Davanagere University, Davanagere 577007, Karnataka, India
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Bai X, Wang J, Ding S, Yang S, Pei B, Yao M, Zhu X, Jiang M, Zhang M, Mu W, Guo S. Embelin protects against apoptosis and inflammation by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling in IL-1β-stimulated human nucleus pulposus cells. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102089. [PMID: 37075678 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Embelin is a natural benzoquinone compound that displays a beneficial effect in various inflammatory-related diseases. However, the effect of embelin on degeneration of intervertebral disc (IDD), a chronic inflammatory disorder, has not been reported. This study was attempted to explore the therapeutic action of embelin on IDD in vitro. Network pharmacology analysis was performed for evaluating the link between embelin and IDD. The human nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) were stimulated with IL-1β to induce inflammation. Cell viability of NPCs was assessed by CCK-8 assay. Western blotting was conducted to detect the expression levels of PI3K, p-PI3K, Akt, p-Akt, cleaved caspase-3, caspase-3, Bax, Bcl-2, p65 and p-p65. Apoptotic deaths of NPCs were examined by TUNEL assay. The production of COX-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α was examined by ELISA. It can be seen that 16 overlapping genes were selected from 109 possible targets of embelin and 342 possible targets of IDD. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was a close link between embelin and IDD. We found that embelin dose-dependently improved the cell viability in IL-1β-stimulated NPCs. Embelin elevated the relative levels of p-PI3K/PI3K and p-Akt/Akt in IL-1β-stimulated NPCs. IL-1β induced a significant increase in apoptotic deaths of NPCs, which was attenuated by embelin treatment. IL-1β-induced alternations in expression levels of apoptotic-related proteins including cleaved caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 were prevented by embelin treatment. Pretreatment with LY294002 (an inhibitor of PI3K) reversed the inhibitory effect of embelin on IL-1β-induced apoptosis in NPCs. Embelin treatment caused inhibitory effects on the IL-1β-stimulated production of COX-2, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α, which were abolished by LY294002 treatment. Furthermore, embelin treatment prevented IL-1β-induced phosphorylation of p65 in NPCs, while LY294002 elevated the embelin-caused decrease in p-p65/p65 level. Overall, embelin protected human NPCs against IL-1β-stimulated apoptosis and inflammation by regulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings provided new ideas for the clinical usage of embelin in the prevention and treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Bai
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Jie Wang
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Siguang Ding
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Bo Pei
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Mingyan Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Xiaojuan Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Meichao Jiang
- The Fifth Department of Orthopedics, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Mingyuan Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Laishui County TCM Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 074199, China
| | - Weina Mu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuqin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Baoding NO.1 Central Hospital, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China.
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Nuthakki VK, Choudhary S, Reddy CN, Bhatt S, Jamwal A, Jotshi A, Raghuvanshi R, Sharma A, Thakur S, Jadhav HR, Bharate SS, Nandi U, Kumar A, Bharate SB. Design, Synthesis, and Pharmacological Evaluation of Embelin-Aryl/alkyl Amine Hybrids as Orally Bioavailable Blood-Brain Barrier Permeable Multitargeted Agents with Therapeutic Potential in Alzheimer's Disease: Discovery of SB-1448. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1193-1219. [PMID: 36812360 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex and multifaceted nature of Alzheimer's disease has brought about a pressing demand to develop ligands targeting multiple pathways to combat its outrageous prevalence. Embelin is a major secondary metabolite of Embelia ribes Burm f., one of the oldest herbs in Indian traditional medicine. It is a micromolar inhibitor of cholinesterases (ChEs) and β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) with poor absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. Herein, we synthesize a series of embelin-aryl/alkyl amine hybrids to improve its physicochemical properties and therapeutic potency against targeted enzymes. The most active derivative, 9j (SB-1448), inhibits human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE), human butyrylcholinesterase (hBChE), and human BACE-1 (hBACE-1) with IC50 values of 0.15, 1.6, and 0.6 μM, respectively. It inhibits both ChEs noncompetitively with ki values of 0.21 and 1.3 μM, respectively. It is orally bioavailable, crosses blood-brain barrier (BBB), inhibits Aβ self-aggregation, possesses good ADME properties, and protects neuronal cells from scopolamine-induced cell death. The oral administration of 9j at 30 mg/kg attenuates the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in C57BL/6J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Nuthakki
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sushil Choudhary
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Chilakala N Reddy
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shipra Bhatt
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashiya Jamwal
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Anshika Jotshi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India
| | - Rinky Raghuvanshi
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ankita Sharma
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shikha Thakur
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hemant R Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Sciences Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sonali S Bharate
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM's NMIMS, V.L. Mehta Road, Vile Parle (W), Mumbai 400056, India
| | - Utpal Nandi
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Sandip B Bharate
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, India.,Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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10
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Basha NJ. Small Molecules as Anti‐inflammatory Agents: Molecular Mechanisms and Heterocycles as Inhibitors of Signaling Pathways. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Jeelan Basha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous Bengaluru Karnataka-560043 India
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11
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Martín-Acosta P, Cuadrado I, González-Cofrade L, Pestano R, Hortelano S, de las Heras B, Estévez-Braun A. Synthesis of Quinoline and Dihydroquinoline Embelin Derivatives as Cardioprotective Agents. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:317-329. [PMID: 36749898 PMCID: PMC9972480 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c00924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A set of new dihydroquinoline embelin derivatives was obtained from the reaction of the natural benzoquinone embelin (1) with anilines and aromatic aldehydes in the presence of AgOTf. The synthesis of these compounds involves the formation of a Knoevenagel adduct, followed by nucleophilic addition of aniline and subsequent electrocyclic ring closure. The scope of the reaction regarding the aldehydes and anilines was determined. Quinoline derivatives were also obtained from the corresponding dihydroquinolines under oxidation with DDQ. The cardioprotective activity of the synthesized compounds was screened using a doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity model in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. Some structure-activity relationships were outlined, and the best activities were achieved with quinoline-embelin derivatives having a 4-nitrophenyl group attached at the pyridine ring. The obtained results indicated that embelin derivatives 4i, 6a, 6d, 6k, and 6m could have potential as cardioprotective agents, as they attenuated a DOX-induced cardiotoxicity effect acting on oxidative stress and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Martín-Acosta
- Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez N° 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Irene Cuadrado
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de
Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura González-Cofrade
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de
Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Pestano
- Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez N° 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Hortelano
- Unidad
de Terapias Farmacológicas, Área de Genética
Humana, Instituto de Investigación
de Enfermedades Raras (IIER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda-Pozuelo
Km 2, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz de las Heras
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Farmacognosia y Botánica, Facultad
de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de
Madrid (UCM), Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez-Braun
- Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica Antonio González, Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Universidad
de La Laguna, Avenida Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez N° 2, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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12
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Mathada BS, Basha NJ, Karunakar P, Periyasamy G, Somappa SB, Javeed M, Vanishree S. Investigation of embelin synthetic hybrids as potential COVID-19 and COX inhibitors: Synthesis, spectral analysis, DFT calculations and molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2023; 1273:134356. [PMID: 36277303 PMCID: PMC9575004 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Embelin (2, 5-dihydroxy-3-undecyl-1,4-benzoquinone), a benzoquinone isolated from fruits of Embelia ribes has miscellaneous biological potentials including; anticancer, anti-inflammation, antibiotic, and anti-hyperglycemic activities. Also, embelin down-regulates the overexpression of inflammatory pathways like NF-kB, TACE, TNF-α, and other cytokines. Furthermore, embelin fascinated synthetic interest as a pharmacologically active compound. The present article involves the design, synthesis, DFT calculations, and molecular docking studies of embelin derivatives as cyclooxygenase inhibitors. The structure of these derivatives is confirmed by the various spectral analyses such as IR, NMR, and Mass. The DFT calculations were carried out for the molecules (1-8) using CAM-B3LYP hybrid functional with a 6-31+g(d) all-electron basis set using the Gaussian 09 package. Second-order harmonic vibrational calculations are used to check the minimum nature of the geometry. Further, HOMO and LUMO analyses were used for the charge transfer interface between the structures. Based on our previous work and structural activity relationship study, foresaid embelin derivatives were evaluated for in vitro COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory activity. The compounds 3, 4, 7, and 8 demonstrated excellent COX inhibitions with IC50 values of 1.65, 1.54, 1.56, and 1.23 μM compared to standard drugs Celecoxib and Ibuprofen. Finally, the molecular docking studies carried out with Covid-19 and cyclooxygenase with all the newly synthesized embelin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - N. Jeelan Basha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru 560 043, India,Corresponding author
| | | | - Ganga Periyasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore 560056, India
| | - Sasidhar B. Somappa
- Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Mohammad Javeed
- P. G. Department and Research Studies in Chemistry, Nrupatunga University, Bengaluru 560 001, India
| | - S. Vanishree
- Department of Chemistry, Bangalore University, Jnana Bharathi Campus, Bangalore 560056, India
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13
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Mathada BS, Yernale NG. Current Advances in Transition Metal-Free Access to Indoles. A Review. ORG PREP PROCED INT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00304948.2022.2151810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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14
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Suliphuldevara Mathada B, Gunavanthrao Yernale N, Basha JN. The Multi‐Pharmacological Targeted Role of Indole and its Derivatives: A review. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeelan N. Basha
- Department of Chemistry Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous Bengaluru- 560043 Karnataka India
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15
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Basha NJ. Therapeutic Efficacy of Benzimidazole and Its Analogs: An Update. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2118334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Jeelan Basha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous Bengaluru, India
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16
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Mathada BS, Somappa SB. An insight into the recent developments in anti-infective potential of indole and associated hybrids. J Mol Struct 2022; 1261:132808. [PMID: 35291692 PMCID: PMC8913251 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.132808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prevention, accurate diagnosis, and effective treatment of infections are the main challenges in the overall management of infectious diseases. The best example is the ongoing SARs-COV-2(COVID-19) pandemic; the entire world is extremely worried about at present. Interestingly, heterocyclic moieties provide an ideal scaffold on which suitable pharmacophores can be designed to construct novel drugs. Indoles are amongst the most essential class of heteroaromatics in medicinal chemistry, which are ubiquitous across natural sources. The aforesaid derivatives have become invaluable scaffolds because of their wide spectrum therapeutic applications. Therefore, many researchers are focused on the design and synthesis of indole and associated hybrids of biological relevance. Hence, in the present review, we concisely discuss the indole containing natural sources, marketed drugs, clinical candidates, and their biological activities like antibacterial, antifungal, anti-TB, antiviral, antimalarial, and anti-leishmanial activities. The structure-activity relationships study of indole derivatives is also presented for a better understanding of the identified structures. The literature data presented for the anti-infective agents herein covers largely for the last twelve years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sasidhar B Somappa
- Organic Chemistry Section, Chemical Sciences and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
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17
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Antibacterial Activity of Jojoba Seed residue and Its Possible Active Compound. JURNAL KIMIA SAINS DAN APLIKASI 2022. [DOI: 10.14710/jksa.25.6.218-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) (Link) C.K. is a shrub plant widely used in cosmetics, especially jojoba oil. The residue will remain when producing jojoba oil and become waste. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of Jojoba seed residue (JSR) and its possible active antibacterial compounds. JSR was collected from Sudan and extracted by maceration with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and 70% ethanol. The antibacterial activity was determined with the microdilution method against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). The 70% ethanol extract showed the value of MIC and MBC against E. coli, which was 7.8 mg/ml; meanwhile, against S. aureus was 3.9 mg/mL and 7.8 mg/mL, respectively. Fractionation of 70% ethanol extract using silica gel column chromatography with gradient elution produced ten fractions. Fraction 3 showed the MIC and MBC values in E. coli which were 3.1 mg/mL and 12 mg/ml, and in S. aureus, which were 3.1 mg/mL and 6.2 mg/mL. The fractionation continued to Fraction 3 using preparative thin layer chromatography to collect subfraction 3.2 at an Rf value of 0.76, actively based on contact autobiography against E. coli and S. aureus. Embelin was detected in Subfraction 3.2 using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS) and suggested as the active antibacterial component in JSR.
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18
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Basha NJ, Basavarajaiah SM. Anticancer Potential of Bioactive Molecule Luteolin and Its Analogs: An Update. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2022.2080728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Jeelan Basha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S. M. Basavarajaiah
- P.G. Department of Chemistry, R.V. Road Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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19
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Basavarajaiah SM, Nagesh GY, Javeed M, Bhat R, Nethravathi S, Basha JN, Reddy KR, Nisarga C, Srinivas P. Synthesis, spectral analysis, DFT calculations, biological potential and molecular docking studies of indole appended pyrazolo-triazine. Mol Divers 2022; 27:679-693. [PMID: 35538381 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10448-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 5-(3,5-disubstituted-1H-indol-2-yl)-2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-2,6-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,2,4]triazines (3a-l) were synthesized in single step from 3,5-disubstituted indole-2-carbohydrazide and 4-aminoantipyrine under acidic conditions with excellent yields. The various spectroscopic methods were used to prove the formation of all these products. The compounds 3a, 3b, 3e, 3f, 3i and 3j exhibited excellent antibacterial and antifungal activities with an MIC value of 3.125 µg/ml against the tested pathogens and anti-tuberculosis inhibitory potential against M. tuberculosis which is equivalent to standard drug. The antidiabetic activity of the compounds 3a and 3b showed the maximum potential as glucosidase inhibitors with IC50 = 47.21 μg/ml and IC50 = 48.36 μg/ml, respectively. The physicochemical characteristics like ADMET, drug-likeness and bioactivity scores for these molecules were also disclosed. To comprehend the electronic behavior of compound 3a, density functional theory estimations at the DFT/B3LYP level via 6-31G++ (d, p) have been carried out to replicate the structure and geometry. The first-order hyperpolarizability calculation was used to calculate the nonlinear visual feature of compound 3a. The charge transfer interface among the structure is elucidated by the estimated HOMO-LUMO analysis. Further, molecular docking studies were carried out for synthesized compounds with human maltase-glucoamylase (PDB: 2QMJ).
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Basavarajaiah
- Organic Chemistry Research Lab, PG Department of Chemistry, Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 004, India.
| | - G Y Nagesh
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak First Grade College, Bidar, Karnataka, 585 403, India
| | - Mohammad Javeed
- Department and Research Studies in Chemistry, Nrupatunga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 001, India
| | - Rashmi Bhat
- Organic Chemistry Research Lab, PG Department of Chemistry, Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 004, India
| | - S Nethravathi
- Organic Chemistry Research Lab, PG Department of Chemistry, Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 004, India
| | - Jeelan N Basha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, 560 043, India
| | - K Ramakrishna Reddy
- Department and Research Studies in Chemistry, Nrupatunga University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 001, India
| | - C Nisarga
- Organic Chemistry Research Lab, PG Department of Chemistry, Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 004, India
| | - Pooja Srinivas
- Organic Chemistry Research Lab, PG Department of Chemistry, Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560 004, India
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20
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Jeelan Basha N, Basavarajaiah SM, Shyamsunder K. Therapeutic potential of pyrrole and pyrrolidine analogs: an update. Mol Divers 2022; 26:2915-2937. [PMID: 35079946 PMCID: PMC8788913 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10387-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Jeelan Basha
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India.
| | - S M Basavarajaiah
- P.G. Department of Chemistry, Vijaya College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560004, India
| | - K Shyamsunder
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Academy Degree College-Autonomous, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560043, India
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