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Stanczak N, Harvey MS, Harms D, Hammel JU, Kotthoff U, Loria SF. A new pseudoscorpion genus (Garypinoidea: Garypinidae) from the Eocene supports extinction and range contraction in the European paleobiota. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15989. [PMID: 37953786 PMCID: PMC10637241 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
During the Paleogene, the Holarctic experienced drastic climatic oscillations, including periods of extensive glaciation. These changes had a severe impact on both the flora and fauna causing widespread extinction and range shifts with some taxa retreating to refugia in the Mediterranean Basin. Here we provide evidence for this hypothesis using fossils from the pseudoscorpion family Garypinidae Daday, 1889 (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones). This family comprises 21 extant genera from all continents except Antarctica but is restricted to low mid-latitudes (<44°N) in the Northern Hemisphere. We provide the second record of garypinids from the European succinite ambers of the Eocene by describing the first extinct genus in Garypinidae, Baltamblyolpium gen. nov., which includes two species: Baltamblyolpium gizmotum sp. nov. from Baltic amber and Baltamblyolpium grabenhorsti sp. nov. from Bitterfeld amber. The new genus exhibits a morphology that closely resembles Neoamblyolpium Hoff, 1956 from western North America and the genus Amblyolpium Simon, 1898, which is widespread but includes taxa restricted to Mediterranean refugia in Europe. The discovery of a new fossil genus of Garypinidae from Europe confirms that the family was found at more northerly latitudes during the Eocene, however, extinction and range contraction resulted in their present-day relictual distribution in southern Europe like many other lineages that once thrived in the European "Baltic amber forest" of the Eocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nova Stanczak
- Department of Biology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
- Section Arachnology, Centre for Taxonomy and Morphology, Museum of Nature Hamburg—Zoology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mark S. Harvey
- Collections & Research, Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Australia
- University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia
| | - Danilo Harms
- Section Arachnology, Centre for Taxonomy and Morphology, Museum of Nature Hamburg—Zoology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Hamburg, Germany
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
- Centre for Invasion Biology, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
| | - Jörg U. Hammel
- Institute of Materials Physics, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kotthoff
- Centre for Biomonitoring and Conservation Science, Museum of Nature Hamburg—Geology-Paleontology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie F. Loria
- Section Arachnology, Centre for Taxonomy and Morphology, Museum of Nature Hamburg—Zoology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Urbaniak J, Kwiatkowski P. The Role of the Hercynian Mountains of Central Europe in Shaping Plant Migration Patterns in the Pleistocene-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3317. [PMID: 37765481 PMCID: PMC10537488 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The climatic changes that took place in Europe during the Quaternary period influenced plant habitats as well as their species and vegetation composition. In this article, biogeographical studies on Hercynian mountain plants that include data for the Alps, Carpathians, and European lowlands are reviewed in order to discuss the phylogeographical structure and divergence of the Hercynian populations from those in other European mountain ranges, Scandinavia, and lowlands. The analyzed studies show specific phylogeographical relations between the Hercynian mountains, Alps, Scandinavia, Carpathians, and European lowlands. The results also indicate that the genetic patterns of plant populations in the Hercynian Mountains may differ significantly in terms of origin. The main migration routes of species to the Hercynian ranges began in the Alps or Carpathians. Some species, such as Rubus chamaemorus L., Salix lapponum L., and Salix herbacea L., are glacial relics that may have arrived and settled in the Hercynian Mountains during the Ice Age and that survived in isolated habitats. The Hercynian Mountains are composed of various smaller mountain ranges and are a crossroads of migration routes from different parts of Europe; thus, intensive hybridization has occurred between the plant populations therein, which is indicated by the presence of several divergent genetic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Urbaniak
- Department of Botany and Plant Ecology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-363 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland;
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3
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Tonin R, Wilhelmi S, Gültas M, Gerdol R, Paun O, Trucchi E, Schmitt AO, Wellstein C. Ice holes microrefugia harbor genetically and functionally distinct populations of Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae). Sci Rep 2023; 13:13055. [PMID: 37567871 PMCID: PMC10421893 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mountain terrain, ice holes are little depressions between rock boulders that are characterized by the exit of cold air able to cool down the rock surface even in summer. This cold air creates cold microrefugia in warmer surroundings that preserve plant species probably over thousands of years under extra-zonal climatic conditions. We hypothesized that ice hole populations of the model species Vaccinium vitis-idaea (Ericaceae) show genetic differentiation from nearby zonal subalpine populations, and high functional trait distinctiveness, in agreement with genetic patterns. We genotyped almost 30,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing and measured eight functional traits indicative of individual performance and ecological strategies. Genetic results showed high differentiation among the six populations suggesting isolation. On siliceous bedrock, ice hole individuals exhibited higher levels of admixture than those from subalpine populations which could have experienced more bottlenecks during demographic fluctuations related to glacial cycles. Ice hole and subalpine calcareous populations clearly separated from siliceous populations, indicating a possible effect of bedrock in shaping genetic patterns. Trait analysis reflected the bedrock effect on populations' differentiation. The significant correlation between trait and genetic distances suggests the genetic contribution in shaping intraspecific functional differentiation. In conclusion, extra-zonal populations reveal a prominent genetic and phenotypic differentiation determined by history and ecological contingency. Therefore, microrefugia populations can contribute to the overall variability of the species and lead to intraspecific-driven responses to upcoming environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Tonin
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bozen, Italy
| | - Selina Wilhelmi
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Gültas
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, South Westphalia University of Applied Sciences, 59494, Soest, Germany
| | - Renato Gerdol
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ovidiu Paun
- Department for Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Emiliano Trucchi
- Department of Life and Environmental Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Armin Otto Schmitt
- Breeding Informatics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Integrated Breeding Research (CiBreed), 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Camilla Wellstein
- Faculty of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, 39100, Bozen, Italy.
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4
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Gerschwitz‐Eidt MA, Dillenberger MS, Kadereit JW. Phylogeny of Saxifraga section Saxifraga subsection Arachnoideae (Saxifragaceae) and the origin of low elevation shade-dwelling species. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9728. [PMID: 36636428 PMCID: PMC9829489 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Saxifraga section Saxifraga subsection Arachnoideae is a lineage of 12 species distributed mainly in the European Alps. It is unusual in terms of ecological diversification by containing both high elevation species from exposed alpine habitats and low elevation species from shady habitats such as overhanging rocks and cave entrances. Our aims are to explore which of these habitat types is ancestral, and to identify the possible drivers of this remarkable ecological diversification. Using a Hybseq DNA-sequencing approach and a complete species sample we reconstructed and dated the phylogeny of subsection Arachnoideae. Using Landolt indicator values, this phylogenetic tree was used for the reconstruction of the evolution of temperature, light and soil pH requirements in this lineage. Diversification of subsection Arachnoideae started in the late Pliocene and continued through the Pleistocene. Both diversification among and within clades was largely allopatric, and species from shady habitats with low light requirements are distributed in well-known refugia. We hypothesize that low light requirements evolved when species persisting in cold-stage refugia were forced into marginal habitats by more competitive warm-stage vegetation. While we do not claim that such competition resulted in speciation, it very likely resulted in adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Gerschwitz‐Eidt
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg‐UniversitätMainzGermany
| | - Markus S. Dillenberger
- Institut für Biologie, AG Systematische Botanik und Pflanzengeographie, Freie Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Joachim W. Kadereit
- Institut für Organismische und Molekulare Evolutionsbiologie, Johannes Gutenberg‐UniversitätMainzGermany,Present address:
Systematik, Biodiversität und Evolution der PflanzenLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenMunichGermany
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5
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Steinbauer K, Lamprecht A, Winkler M, Di Cecco V, Fasching V, Ghosn D, Maringer A, Remoundou I, Suen M, Stanisci A, Venn S, Pauli H. Recent changes in high-mountain plant community functional composition in contrasting climate regimes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154541. [PMID: 35302025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-mountain plant communities are strongly determined by abiotic conditions, especially low temperature, and are therefore susceptible to effects of climate warming. Rising temperatures, however, also lead to increased evapotranspiration, which, together with projected shifts in seasonal precipitation patterns, could lead to prolonged, detrimental water deficiencies. The current study aims at comparing alpine plant communities along elevation and water availability gradients from humid conditions (north-eastern Alps) to a moderate (Central Apennines) and a pronounced dry period during summer (Lefka Ori, Crete) in the Mediterranean area. We do this in order to (1) detect relationships between community-based indices (plant functional leaf and growth traits, thermic vegetation indicator, plant life forms, vegetation cover and diversity) and soil temperature and snow duration and (2) assess if climatic changes have already affected the vegetation, by determining directional changes over time (14-year period; 2001-2015) in these indices in the three regions. Plant community indices responded to decreasing temperatures along the elevation gradient in the NE-Alps and the Apennines, but this elevation effect almost disappeared in the summer-dry mountains of Crete. This suggests a shift from low-temperature to drought-dominated ecological filters. Leaf trait (Leaf Dry Matter Content and Specific Leaf Area) responses changed in direction from the Alps to the Apennines, indicating that drought effects already become discernible at the northern margin of the Mediterranean. Over time, a slight increase in vegetation cover was found in all regions, but thermophilisation occurred only in the NE-Alps and Apennines, accompanied by a decline of cold-adapted cushion plants in the Alps. On Crete, xeromorphic shrubs were increasing in abundance. Although critical biodiversity losses have not yet been observed, an intensified monitoring of combined warming-drought impacts will be required in view of threatened alpine plants that are either locally restricted in the south or weakly adapted to drought in the north.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Steinbauer
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; UNESCO-Chair on Sustainable Management of Conservation Areas, Carinthia University of Applied Science, 9524 Villach, Austria; E.C.O. - Institut für Ökologie, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria.
| | - A Lamprecht
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - M Winkler
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - V Di Cecco
- Maiella Seed Bank, Maiella National Park, Loc. Colle Madonna, Lama dei Peligni 66010, Italy
| | - V Fasching
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - D Ghosn
- Department of Geoinformation in Environmental Management - CIHEAM Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsyllio Agrokepiou, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - A Maringer
- Gesaeuse National Park, 8911 Admont, Austria
| | - I Remoundou
- Department of Geoinformation in Environmental Management - CIHEAM Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Chania, Alsyllio Agrokepiou, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - M Suen
- Gesaeuse National Park, 8911 Admont, Austria
| | - A Stanisci
- Dep. Bioscience and Territory, University of Molise, Termoli 86039, Italy
| | - S Venn
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia
| | - H Pauli
- GLORIA Coordination, Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria; GLORIA Coordination, Institute for Interdisciplinary Mountain Research, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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6
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Forcina G, Camacho-Sanchez M, Cornellas A, Leonard JA. Complete mitogenomes reveal limited genetic variability in the garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus of the Iberian Peninsula. ANIMAL BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.32800/abc.2022.45.0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The garden dormouse Eliomys quercinus is a poorly known Western Palearctic species experiencing a global decline. Even though the availability of genetic information is key to assess the driversunderlying demographic changes in wild populations and plan adequate management, data on E. quercinus are still scant. In this study, we reconstructed the complete mitogenomes of four E. quercinus individuals from southern Spain using in–solution enriched libraries, and found evidence of limited genetic variability. We then compared their cytochrome b sequences to those of conspecifics from other countries and supported the divergent but genetically depauperate position of this evolutionarily significant unit (ESU). The information produced will assist future conservation studies on this little–studied rodent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Forcina
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M. Camacho-Sanchez
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A. Cornellas
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J. A. Leonard
- Conservation and Evolutionary Genetics Group, Estación Biológica de Doñana, Sevilla, Spain
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7
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Fenu G, Lazzaro L, Lastrucci L, Viciani D. Persistence of the Strictly Endemic Plants of Forest Margins: The Case of Cirsium alpis-lunae in the Northern Apennines (Italy). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:653. [PMID: 35270122 PMCID: PMC8912507 DOI: 10.3390/plants11050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Narrow endemic plants constitute a pivotal group for conservation, being often reduced to a small contingent of individuals and frequently threatened. However, effective conservation actions require reliable basic information about distribution range, ecological requirements, and population traits. Nevertheless, such knowledge results are incomplete or even completely missing for some neglected or recently described plants, such as Cirsium alpis-lunae, a thistle exclusive to the N-Apennines (Italy). To fill this gap, all sites where C. alpis-lunae grow were monitored, and data on the site and population traits were collected. Our results indicated that this plant is restricted to 16 scattered sites, varied in surface area and number of individuals. Reproductive and juvenile plants showed to be affected by roughly the same variables, in particular the surface of the site, the slope aspect, and the canopy cover. The narrow ecological niche of C. alpis-lunae was mainly determined by the canopy cover, and where coverage increases, the number of individuals decreases. The individuals only grow at forest edges, where the peculiar ecological conditions are limiting factors for the development of forestry cover; some other factors (i.e., high inclination and instability of the substrate) contribute to limiting the development of forestry vegetation and guarantee the persistence of these ecotones. Despite the great difficulties in accessing the sites where this species grows, this study presents, for the first time, a complete picture of the C. alpis-lunae population and yielded important data to identify effective conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fenu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Viale S. Ignazio da Laconi 13, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Lazzaro
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (D.V.)
| | - Lorenzo Lastrucci
- Natural History Museum, Section of Botany, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy;
| | - Daniele Viciani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.L.); (D.V.)
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8
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Climate-Change Impacts on the Southernmost Mediterranean Arctic-Alpine Plant Populations. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced climate- and land-use change have been affecting biogeographical and biodiversity patterns for the past two centuries all over the globe, resulting in increased extinction and biotic homogenization rates. High mountain ecosystems are more sensitive to these changes, which have led to physiological and phenological shifts, as well as to ecosystem processes’ deformation. Glacial relicts, such as arctic-alpine taxa, are sensitive indicators of the effects of global warming and their rear-edge populations could include warm-adapted genotypes that might prove—conservation-wise—useful in an era of unprecedented climate regimes. Despite the ongoing thermophilization in European and Mediterranean summits, it still remains unknown how past and future climate-change might affect the distributional patterns of the glacial relict, arctic-alpine taxa occurring in Greece, their European southernmost distributional limit. Using species distribution models, we investigated the impacts of past and future climate changes on the arctic-alpine taxa occurring in Greece and identified the areas comprising arctic-alpine biodiversity hotspots in Greece. Most of these species will be faced with severe range reductions in the near future, despite their innate resilience to a multitude of threats, while the species richness hotspots will experience both altitudinal and latitudinal shifts. Being long-lived perennials means that there might be an extinction-debt present in these taxa, and a prolonged stability phase could be masking the deleterious effects of climate change on them. Several ex situ conservation measures (e.g., seed collection, population augmentation) should be taken to preserve the southernmost populations of these rare arctic-alpine taxa and a better understanding of their population genetics is urgently needed.
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9
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The palaeoendemic conifer Pherosphaera hookeriana (Podocarpaceae) exhibits high genetic diversity despite Quaternary range contraction and post glacial bottlenecking. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01338-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Jung S, Cho Y. Redefining floristic zones in the Korean Peninsula using high-resolution georeferenced specimen data and self-organizing maps. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11549-11564. [PMID: 33144983 PMCID: PMC7593177 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biota to analyze the distribution pattern of biogeographic regions is essential to gain a better understanding of the ecological processes that cause biotic differentiation and biodiversity at multiple spatiotemporal scales. Recently, the collection of high-resolution biological distribution data (e.g., specimens) and advances in analytical theory have led to the quantitative analysis and more refined spatial delineation of biogeographic regions. This study was conducted to redefine floristic zones in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and to better understand the eco-evolutionary significance of the spatial distribution patterns. Based on 309,333 distribution data of 2,954 vascular plant species in the Korean Peninsula, we derived floristic zones using self-organizing maps. We compared the characteristics of the derived regions with those of historical floristic zones and ecologically important environmental factors (climate, geology, and geography). In the clustering analysis of the floristic assemblages, four distinct regions were identified, namely, the cold floristic zone (Zone I) in high-altitude regions at the center of the Korean Peninsula, cool floristic zone (Zone II) in high-altitude regions in the south of the Korean Peninsula, warm floristic zone (Zone III) in low-altitude regions in the central and southern parts of the Korean Peninsula, and maritime warm floristic zone (Zone IV) including the volcanic islands Jejudo and Ulleungdo. Totally, 1,099 taxa were common to the four floristic zones. Zone IV showed the highest abundance of specific plants (those found in only one zone), with 404 taxa. Our study improves floristic zone definitions using high-resolution regional biological distribution data. It will help better understand and re-establish regional species diversity. In addition, our study provides key data for hotspot analysis required for the conservation of plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songhie Jung
- Gwangneung Forest Conservation CenterKorea National ArboretumPocheonKorea
| | - Yong‐chan Cho
- Gwangneung Forest Conservation CenterKorea National ArboretumPocheonKorea
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11
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Tomasello S, Konowalik K. On the Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood growing in the Illyrian region. PHYTOKEYS 2020; 161:27-40. [PMID: 33005088 PMCID: PMC7508921 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.161.53384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leucanthemopsis alpina (L.) Heywood (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) is a small, caespitose plant growing in high alpine environments in all the main southern European mountain ranges. However, the species status in the Balkan Peninsula (and especially in the Dinaric Alps) is not very well known. Surrounding this area, different L. alpina subspecies are found in the Eastern Alps and in the Carpathians. These subspecies differ from one another, both morphologically and in chromosome number. The present study aims to better characterise the populations of L. alpina in the Illyrian and Balkan regions by undertaking a comprehensive survey of herbarium collections for the species in this area, by applying flow cytometry for ploidy determination and by sequencing of two chloroplast markers. Results from our investigation suggest that the only population of the species in the Dinaric Alps is found in the Vranica Mts (Bosnia and Herzegovina). This population consists of diploid plants (unlike tetraploid populations from the Eastern Alps) that are slightly distinct genetically from those of the subspecies growing in the Eastern Alps and the Tatra Mts. Both the ploidy and their genetic distinction indicate that Vranica Mts most probably served as a refugium for the species during the Pleistocene glaciations. Considering its isolated geographical range and its genetic distinction, the population of L. alpina growing in the Vranica Mts should be considered as a separate subspecies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Tomasello
- Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073, Georg-August University, Göttingen, GermanyGeorg-August UniversityGöttingenGermany
| | - Kamil Konowalik
- Institute of Biology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Kożuchowska 5b, Wroclaw, PolandWroclaw University of Environmental and Life SciencesWroclawPoland
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12
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Spatial Phylogenetics, Biogeographical Patterns and Conservation Implications of the Endemic Flora of Crete (Aegean, Greece) under Climate Change Scenarios. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9080199. [PMID: 32751787 PMCID: PMC7463760 DOI: 10.3390/biology9080199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human-induced biodiversity loss has been accelerating since the industrial revolution. The climate change impacts will severely alter the biodiversity and biogeographical patterns at all scales, leading to biotic homogenization. Due to underfunding, a climate smart, conservation-prioritization scheme is needed to optimize species protection. Spatial phylogenetics enable the identification of endemism centers and provide valuable insights regarding the eco-evolutionary and conservation value, as well as the biogeographical origin of a given area. Many studies exist regarding the conservation prioritization of mainland areas, yet none has assessed how climate change might alter the biodiversity and biogeographical patterns of an island biodiversity hotspot. Thus, we conducted a phylogenetically informed, conservation prioritization study dealing with the effects of climate change on Crete’s plant diversity and biogeographical patterns. Using several macroecological analyses, we identified the current and future endemism centers and assessed the impact of climate change on the biogeographical patterns in Crete. The highlands of Cretan mountains have served as both diversity cradles and museums, due to their stable climate and high topographical heterogeneity, providing important ecosystem services. Historical processes seem to have driven diversification and endemic species distribution in Crete. Due to the changing climate and the subsequent biotic homogenization, Crete’s unique bioregionalization, which strongly reminiscent the spatial configuration of the Pliocene/Pleistocene Cretan paleo-islands, will drastically change. The emergence of the ‘Anthropocene’ era calls for the prioritization of biodiversity-rich areas, serving as mixed-endemism centers, with high overlaps among protected areas and climatic refugia.
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13
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Habitat Islands on the Aegean Islands (Greece): Elevational Gradient of Chasmophytic Diversity, Endemism, Phytogeographical Patterns and need for Monitoring and Conservation. DIVERSITY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/d12010033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The Aegean archipelago, characterized as a natural laboratory for research concerning plant species diversity and phytogeography has a complex geological and paleogeographical history that varies among its phytogeographical areas. A different combination of factors of variable intensity and duration time drives patterns of its impressive plant species richness and endemism. Cliffs, a conspicuous feature of the Aegean landscape, consist of biologically closed communities that serve as refugia for obligate chasmophytes, the majority of which are Greek or Aegean endemics, and for this reason, they are also considered as habitat islands on the Aegean islands. A synoptic analysis is presented concerning chasmophytic plant diversity focusing on endemic obligate chasmophytes. Phytogeographical patterns of obligate chasmophytes, and especially the endemic ones as well as their elevational range and distribution and zeta diversity, are analyzed and discussed in the frame of climatic change, mentioning that the most threatened endemic obligate chasmophytes are those specialized in high elevation areas, and focusing on the need for monitoring and conservation.
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Carbognani M, Piotti A, Leonardi S, Pasini L, Spanu I, Vendramin GG, Tomaselli M, Petraglia A. Reproductive and genetic consequences of extreme isolation in Salix herbacea L. at the rear edge of its distribution. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2019; 124:849-860. [PMID: 31361802 PMCID: PMC6868362 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcz129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS At the rear edge of the distribution of species, extreme isolation and small population size influence the genetic diversity and differentiation of plant populations. This may be particularly true for Arctic-alpine species in mid-latitude mountains, but exactly how peripherality has shaped their genetic and reproductive characteristics is poorly investigated. The present study, focused on Salix herbacea, aims at providing new insights into the causes behind ongoing demographic dynamics and their consequences for peripheral populations of Arctic-alpine species. METHODS We performed a whole-population, highly detailed sampling of the only two S. herbacea populations in the northern Apennines, comparing their clonal and genetic diversity, sex ratio and spatial genetic structure with a reference population from the Alps. After inspecting ~1800 grid intersections in the three populations, 563 ramets were genotyped at 11 nuclear microsatellite markers (nSSRs). Past demography and mating patterns of Apennine populations were investigated to elucidate the possible causes of altered reproductive dynamics. KEY RESULTS Apennine populations, which experienced a Holocene bottleneck and are highly differentiated (FST = 0.15), had lower clonal and genetic diversity compared with the alpine population (RMLG = 1 and HE = 0.71), with the smaller population exhibiting the lowest diversity (RMLG = 0.03 and HE = 0.24). An unbalanced sex ratio was found in the larger (63 F:37 M) and the smaller (99 F:1 M) Apennine population. Both were characterized by the presence of extremely large clones (up to 2500 m2), which, however, did not play a dominant role in local reproductive dynamics. CONCLUSIONS Under conditions of extreme isolation and progressive size reduction, S. herbacea has experienced an alteration of genetic characteristics produced by the prevalence of clonal growth over sexual reproduction. However, our results showed that the larger Apennine population has maintained levels of sexual reproduction enough to counteract a dramatic loss of genetic and clonal diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carbognani
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A Piotti
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - S Leonardi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - L Pasini
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - I Spanu
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - G G Vendramin
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
| | - M Tomaselli
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A Petraglia
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Distribution of Plant Species and Dispersal Traits along Environmental Gradients in Central Mediterranean Summits. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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16
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Benítez-Benítez C, Escudero M, Rodríguez-Sánchez F, Martín-Bravo S, Jiménez-Mejías P. Pliocene-Pleistocene ecological niche evolution shapes the phylogeography of a Mediterranean plant group. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1696-1713. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Benítez-Benítez
- Área de Botánica; Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica; Universidad Pablo de Olavide; Seville Spain
| | - M. Escudero
- Department of Plant Biology and Ecology; University of Seville; Seville Spain
| | - F. Rodríguez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ecología Integrativa; Estación Biológica de Doñana; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Seville Spain
| | - S. Martín-Bravo
- Área de Botánica; Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica; Universidad Pablo de Olavide; Seville Spain
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Giménez-Benavides L, Escudero A, García-Camacho R, García-Fernández A, Iriondo JM, Lara-Romero C, Morente-López J. How does climate change affect regeneration of Mediterranean high-mountain plants? An integration and synthesis of current knowledge. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2018; 20 Suppl 1:50-62. [PMID: 28985449 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean mountains are extraordinarily diverse and hold a high proportion of endemic plants, but they are particularly vulnerable to climate change, and most species distribution models project drastic changes in community composition. Retrospective studies and long-term monitoring also highlight that Mediterranean high-mountain plants are suffering severe range contractions. The aim of this work is to review the current knowledge of climate change impacts on the process of plant regeneration by seed in Mediterranean high-mountain plants, by combining available information from observational and experimental studies. We also discuss some processes that may provide resilience against changing environmental conditions and suggest some research priorities for the future. With some exceptions, there is still little evidence of the direct effects of climate change on pollination and reproductive success of Mediterranean high-mountain plants, and most works are observational and/or centred only in the post-dispersal stages (germination and establishment). The great majority of studies agree that the characteristic summer drought and the extreme heatwaves, which are projected to be more intense in the future, are the most limiting factors for the regeneration process. However, there is an urgent need for studies combining elevational gradient approaches with experimental manipulations of temperature and drought to confirm the magnitude and variability of species' responses. There is also limited knowledge about the ability of Mediterranean high-mountain plants to cope with climate change through phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation processes. This could be achieved by performing common garden and reciprocal translocation experiments with species differing in life history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Giménez-Benavides
- Department Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, C/Tulipán, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Escudero
- Department Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, C/Tulipán, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - R García-Camacho
- Department Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, C/Tulipán, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - A García-Fernández
- Department Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, C/Tulipán, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Iriondo
- Department Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, C/Tulipán, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Lara-Romero
- Global Change Research Department, Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - J Morente-López
- Department Biología y Geología, Física y Química Inorgánica, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos-ESCET, C/Tulipán, Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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Wakui A, Sueyoshi M, Shimokawabe A, Kudo G, Morimoto J, Nakamura F. Environmental factors determining the distribution of highland plants at low-altitude algific talus sites. Ecol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11284-016-1429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jermakowicz E, Brzosko E, Kotowicz J, Wróblewska A. Genetic Diversity of OrchidMalaxis monophyllosOver European Range as an Effect of Population Properties and Postglacial Colonization. POLISH JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.3161/15052249pje2017.65.1.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Jermakowicz
- Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Emilia Brzosko
- Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kotowicz
- Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1M, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ada Wróblewska
- Institute of Biology, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
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Johansson F, Halvarsson P, Mikolajewski D, Höglund J. Genetic differentiation in the boreal dragonfly Leucorrhinia dubia in the Palearctic region. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blw033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Bátori Z, Vojtkó A, Farkas T, Szabó A, Havadtői K, Vojtkó AE, Tölgyesi C, Cseh V, Erdős L, Maák IE, Keppel G. Large- and small-scale environmental factors drive distributions of cool-adapted plants in karstic microrefugia. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:301-309. [PMID: 28025290 PMCID: PMC5321062 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Dolines are small- to large-sized bowl-shaped depressions of karst surfaces. They may constitute important microrefugia, as thermal inversion often maintains cooler conditions within them. This study aimed to identify the effects of large- (macroclimate) and small-scale (slope aspect and vegetation type) environmental factors on cool-adapted plants in karst dolines of East-Central Europe. We also evaluated the potential of these dolines to be microrefugia that mitigate the effects of climate change on cool-adapted plants in both forest and grassland ecosystems. METHODS We compared surveys of plant species composition that were made between 2007 and 2015 in 21 dolines distributed across four mountain ranges (sites) in Hungary and Romania. We examined the effects of environmental factors on the distribution and number of cool-adapted plants on three scales: (1) regional (all sites); (2) within sites and; (3) within dolines. Generalized linear models and non-parametric tests were used for the analyses. KEY RESULTS Macroclimate, vegetation type and aspect were all significant predictors of the diversity of cool-adapted plants. More cool-adapted plants were recorded in the coolest site, with only few found in the warmest site. At the warmest site, the distribution of cool-adapted plants was restricted to the deepest parts of dolines. Within sites of intermediate temperature and humidity, the effect of vegetation type and aspect on the diversity of cool-adapted plants was often significant, with more taxa being found in grasslands (versus forests) and on north-facing slopes (versus south-facing slopes). CONCLUSIONS There is large variation in the number and spatial distribution of cool-adapted plants in karst dolines, which is related to large- and small-scale environmental factors. Both macro- and microrefugia are therefore likely to play important roles in facilitating the persistence of cool-adapted plants under global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Bátori
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - András Vojtkó
- Department of Botany, Eszterházy Károly University of Applied Sciences, H-3300 Eger, Leányka utca 6, Hungary
| | - Tünde Farkas
- Aggtelek National Park Directorate, Tengerszem oldal 1, H-3758 Jósvafő, Hungary
| | - Anna Szabó
- Apáthy István Association, strada Baia Mare 59, RO-400171 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Krisztina Havadtői
- Milvus Group, Bird and Nature Protection Association, strada Márton Áron 9/B, RO-540058 Tîrgu Mureş, Romania
| | - Anna E Vojtkó
- DRI Department of Tisza River Research, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Bem tér 18/C, H-4026 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Tölgyesi
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Viktória Cseh
- Department of Ecology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Erdős
- Institute of Ecology and Botany, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Alkotmány út 2-4, H-2163 Vácrátót, Hungary
| | - István Elek Maák
- Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wilcza Street 64, 00-679 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gunnar Keppel
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, GPO Box 2471, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
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The reliability of conservation status assessments at regional level: Past, present and future perspectives on Gentiana lutea L. ssp. lutea in Sardinia. J Nat Conserv 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Hardion L, Dumas PJ, Abdel-Samad F, Bou Dagher Kharrat M, Surina B, Affre L, Médail F, Bacchetta G, Baumel A. Geographical isolation caused the diversification of the Mediterranean thorny cushion-like Astragalus L. sect. Tragacantha DC. (Fabaceae). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 97:187-195. [PMID: 26804816 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the origin and evolution of Mediterranean vascular flora within the long-term context of climate change requires a continuous study of historical biogeography supported by molecular phylogenetic approaches. Here we provide new insights into the fascinating but often overlooked diversification of Mediterranean xerophytic plants. Growing in some of the most stressing Mediterranean environments, i.e. coastal and mountainous opened habitats, the circum-Mediterranean Astragalus L. sect. Tragacantha DC. (Fabaceae) gathers several thorny cushion-like taxa. These have been the subjects of recent taxonomical studies, but they have not yet been investigated within a comprehensive molecular framework. Bayesian phylogenetics applied to rDNA ITS sequences reveal that the diversification of A. sect. Tragacantha has roots dating back to the Pliocene, and the same data also indicate an eastern-western split giving rise to the five main lineages that exist today. In addition, AFLP fingerprinting supports an old east-west pattern of vicariance that completely rules out the possibility of a recent eastern origin for western taxa. The observed network of genetic relationships implies that contrary to what is widely claimed in the taxonomic literature, it is range fragmentation, as opposed to a coastal-to-mountain ecological shift, that is likely the main driver of diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Hardion
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France; Laboratoire Image Ville Environnement (LIVE), Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Pierre-Jean Dumas
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| | - Farah Abdel-Samad
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France; Laboratoire Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukoz, Mkalles, Lebanon
| | - Magda Bou Dagher Kharrat
- Laboratoire Caractérisation Génomique des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Mar Roukoz, Mkalles, Lebanon
| | - Bostjan Surina
- Natural History Museum Rijeka, Lorenzov prolaz 1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Glagoljaška 8, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenia
| | - Laurence Affre
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Médail
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
| | - Gianluigi Bacchetta
- Centro Conservazione Biodiversità, Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Alex Baumel
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale (IMBE), Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, Marseille, France
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