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Kumasaka S, Kartamihardja AAP, Kumasaka Y, Kameo S, Koyama H, Tsushima Y. Anthropogenic gadolinium in the Tone River (Japan): an update showing a 7.7-fold increase from 1996 to 2020. Eur Radiol Exp 2024; 8:64. [PMID: 38782825 PMCID: PMC11116359 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-024-00460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropogenic gadolinium (Gd), originating from Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is widely identified in the aquatic environment with concerns about toxicity and accumulation. We aimed to present new data on anthropogenic Gd in the Tone River, which has the largest drainage area in Japan, and then to compare the current data with those obtained in 1996. METHODS The water samples were collected on August 9-10, 2020, at 15 different locations of the Tone River in Japan. The concentrations of the rare earth elements (REEs) were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and normalized to Post-Archean Australian Shale to construct shale-normalized REE patterns. The degree of Gd-anomaly was defined as the percentage of anthropogenic Gd to the geogenic background and used to compare the water samples from different locations. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated. RESULTS All the samples displayed positive Gd anomalies. The Gd-anomaly ranged from 121 to 6,545% and displayed a repeating decrease-and-increase trend. The Gd-anomaly showed strong positive correlations to the number of hospitals (r = 0.88; p < 0.001) and their MRI units (r = 0.89; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed notable anomalies of Gd concentrations in river water in Japan, with strong positive correlations to the number of major hospitals and their MRI units. Compared with the previous report in 2000, the Gd-anomaly in Tone River increased from 851% (sampled in 1996) to 6,545%, i.e., 7.7 times, reflecting the increased use of GBCAs in hospitals. RELEVANCE STATEMENT Notable Gd concentration anomalies in river water in Japan were observed. This result underlines the importance of more extensive research on anthropogenic gadolinium, and investigations of risks to human health as well as the development of effective removal technologies may be necessary. KEY POINTS • All water samples from Tone River displayed positive Gd anomalies. • The Gd anomalies increased to 7.7 times higher over the past 24 years. • Correlations between Gd values and the number of hospitals and MRI units were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Kumasaka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan.
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
| | - A Adhipatria P Kartamihardja
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung Sumedang KM.21, Hegarmanah, Kabupaten Sumedang, Jatinangor, Jawa Barat, 45363, Indonesia
| | - Yuka Kumasaka
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Satomi Kameo
- Department of Nutrition, Koshien University, 10-1 Momijigaoka, Takarazuka, Hyogo, 665-0006, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Koyama
- Department of Public Health, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
- Division of Internal Medicine, Gunma Rehabilitation Hospital, 2136 Kamisawatari, Nakanojo, Agatsuma District, Gunma, 377-0541, Japan
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
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Sommer K, Becker T, von Bremen-Kühne M, Gotters M, Quarles CD, Sperling M, Kudla J, Karst U. Analysis of the elemental species-dependent uptake of lanthanide complexes in Arabidopsis thaliana plants by LA-ICP-MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139534. [PMID: 37467858 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are found increasingly in different water bodies, making the investigation of their uptake and distribution behavior in plants a matter of high interest to assess their potential effects on the environment. Depending on the used complexing agent, they are classified into linear or macrocyclic GBCAs, with macrocyclic complexes being more stable. In this study, by using TbCl3, Gd-DTPA-BMA, and Eu-DOTA as model compounds for ionic, linear, and macrocyclic lanthanide species, the elemental species-dependent uptake into leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana under identical biological conditions was studied. After growing for 14 days on medium containing the lanthanide species, the uptake of all studied compounds was confirmed by means of laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). Furthermore, the uptake rate of TbCl3 and the linear Gd-DTPA-BMA was similar, with Tb and Gd hotspots colocated in the areas of hydathodes and the trichomes of the leaves. In contrast, in the case of the macrocyclic Eu-DOTA, Eu was mainly located in the leaf veins. Additionally, Eu was colocated with Tb and Gd in the hydathode at the tip of the leave. Removal of the lanthanide species from the medium led to a decrease in signal intensities, indicating their subsequent release to some extent. However, seven days after the removal, depositions of Eu, Gd, and Tb were still present in the same areas of the leaves as before, showing that complete elimination was not achieved after this period of time. Overall, more Eu was present in the leaves compared to Gd and Tb, which can be explained by the high stability of the Eu-DOTA complex, potentially leading to a higher transport rate into the leaves, whereas TbCl3 and Gd-DTPA-BMA could interact with the roots, reducing their mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Sommer
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tobias Becker
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian von Bremen-Kühne
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mario Gotters
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - C Derrick Quarles
- Elemental Scientific, Inc., 7277 World Communications Dr., Omaha, NE, 68022, USA
| | - Michael Sperling
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany; European Virtual Institute for Speciation Analysis, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jörg Kudla
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology (IBBP), University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstr. 48, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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Szabó S, Zavanyi G, Koleszár G, Del Castillo D, Oláh V, Braun M. Phytoremediation, recovery and toxic effects of ionic gadolinium using the free-floating plant Lemna gibba. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131930. [PMID: 37390689 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The biosorption and recovery of ionic gadolinium (Gd) from contaminated water by the free-floating duckweed Lemna gibba was studied. The highest non-toxic concentration range was determined as (6.7 mg L-1). The concentration of Gd in the medium and in the plant biomass was monitored and a mass balance was established. Tissue Gd concentration of Lemna increased with increasing Gd concentration of the medium. The bioconcentration factor was up to 1134 and in nontoxic concentrations up to 2.5 g kg-1 Gd tissue concentration was reached. Lemna ash contained 23.2 g Gd kg-1. Gd removal efficiency from the medium was 95%, however, only 17-37% of the initial Gd content of the medium accumulated in Lemna biomass, an average of 5% remained in the water, and 60-79% was calculated as a precipitate. Gadolinium-exposed Lemna plants released ionic Gd into the nutrient solution when they were transferred to a Gd-free medium. The experimental results revealed that in constructed wetlands, L. gibba is able to remove ionic Gd from the water and can be suitable for bioremediation and recovery purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sándor Szabó
- Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyíregyháza, P.O. Box 166, H-4401 Nyíregyháza, Hungary.
| | - Györgyi Zavanyi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyíregyháza, P.O. Box 166, H-4401 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Gergő Koleszár
- Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyíregyháza, P.O. Box 166, H-4401 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; Doctoral School of Biological Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Dahlia Del Castillo
- Department of Biology, Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Nyíregyháza, P.O. Box 166, H-4401 Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Viktor Oláh
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Egyetem Square 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mihály Braun
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre (ICER), Institute for Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary
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Laczovics A, Csige I, Szabó S, Tóth A, Kálmán FK, Tóth I, Fülöp Z, Berényi E, Braun M. Relationship between gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent consumption and anthropogenic gadolinium in the influent of a wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 877:162844. [PMID: 36924971 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are highly resistant in the environment. They pass through wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) unhindered escaping degradation. Although GBCAs are subjects of intensive research, we recognized that a quantitative approach to the mass balance of gadolinium, based on known input and output data, is missing. The administered amount of Gd as GBCAs, the number of out- and inpatients and the concentration of rare earth elements (REEs) in wastewater were monitored for 45 days in a medium sized city (ca. 203,000 inhabitants) with two MRI centres. An advection-dispersion type model was established to describe the transport of Gd in the wastewater system. The model calculates with patient locality, excretion kinetics of Gd and the yield of wastewater. The estimated and measured daily amount of anthropogenic gadolinium released to the WWTP were compared. GBCAs (Omniscan and Dotarem) were administered to 1008 patients representing a total of 700 ± 1 g Gd. The amount of total Gd entering the WWTP was 531 ± 2 g, of which the anthropogenic contribution (i.e. GBCAs) was 261 ± 6 g (49 ± 1 % of the total Gd) during the sampling campaign. Local residents and inpatients should fully release Gd in the city, but outpatients only partially. Overall, 37 ± 1 % of the total administered Gd was recovered in the wastewater, so the remaining 63 ± 1 % of administered Gd is expected to be dispensed outside of the sewer system. Our approach enables to better understand the dispersion of GBCAs originated Gd in an urban environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Laczovics
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Radiology and Imaging Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Hungary; Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Hungary
| | - István Csige
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/C, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szabó
- Department of Biology, University of Nyíregyháza, H-4401 Nyíregyháza, PO Box 166, Hungary
| | - Albert Tóth
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/C, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Krisztián Kálmán
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Imre Tóth
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Fülöp
- Debrecen Waterworks Ltd., H-4025 Debrecen, Hatvan u. 12-14, Hungary
| | - Ervin Berényi
- Department of Medical Imaging, Division of Radiology and Imaging Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Hungary; Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt 98, Hungary
| | - Mihály Braun
- Isotope Climatology and Environmental Research Centre, Institute for Nuclear Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-4026 Debrecen, Bem tér 18/C, Hungary.
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Xu J, Li X, Gao T. The Multifaceted Function of Water Hyacinth in Maintaining Environmental Sustainability and the Underlying Mechanisms: A Mini Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16725. [PMID: 36554606 PMCID: PMC9779344 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) (WH) is a widespread aquatic plant. As a top invasive macrophyte, WH causes enormous economic and ecological losses. To control it, various physical, chemical and biological methods have been developed. However, multiple drawbacks of these methods limited their application. While being a noxious macrophyte, WH has great potential in many areas, such as phytoremediation, manufacture of value-added products, and so on. Resource utilization of WH has enormous benefits and therefore, is a sustainable strategy for its control. In accordance with the increasing urgency of maintaining environmental sustainability, this review concisely introduced up to date WH utilization specifically in pollution remediation and curbing the global warming crisis and discussed the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xu
- Correspondence: (J.X.); (T.G.)
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