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Bautista GM, Cera AJ, Chaaban H, McElroy SJ. State-of-the-art review and update of in vivo models of necrotizing enterocolitis. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1161342. [PMID: 37082706 PMCID: PMC10112335 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1161342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
NEC remains one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Animal models of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) have been crucial in improving our understanding of this devastating disease and identifying biochemical pathways with therapeutic potential. The pathogenesis of NEC remains incompletely understood, with no specific entity that unifies all infants that develop NEC. Therefore, investigators rely on animal models to manipulate variables and provide a means to test interventions, making them valuable tools to enhance our understanding and prevent and treat NEC. The advancements in molecular analytic tools, genetic manipulation, and imaging modalities and the emergence of scientific collaborations have given rise to unique perspectives and disease correlates, creating novel pathways of investigation. A critical review and understanding of the current phenotypic considerations of the highly relevant animal models of NEC are crucial to developing novel therapeutic and preventative strategies for NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoanna M. Bautista
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Anjali J. Cera
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Hala Chaaban
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, United States
| | - Steven J. McElroy
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
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Wickramasinghe LC, van Wijngaarden P, Tsantikos E, Hibbs ML. The immunological link between neonatal lung and eye disease. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1322. [PMID: 34466225 PMCID: PMC8387470 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) are two neonatal diseases of major clinical importance, arising in large part as a consequence of supplemental oxygen therapy used to promote the survival of preterm infants. The presence of coincident inflammation in the lungs and eyes of neonates receiving oxygen therapy indicates that a dysregulated immune response serves as a potential common pathogenic factor for both diseases. This review examines the current state of knowledge of immunological dysregulation in BPD and ROP, identifying similarities in the cellular subsets and inflammatory cytokines that are found in the alveoli and retina during the active phase of these diseases, indicating possible mechanistic overlap. In addition, we highlight gaps in the understanding of whether these responses emerge independently in the lung and retina as a consequence of oxygen exposure or arise because of inflammatory spill‐over from the lung. As BPD and ROP are anatomically distinct, they are often considered discreet disease entities and are therefore treated separately. We propose that an improved understanding of the relationship between BPD and ROP is key to the identification of novel therapeutic targets to treat or prevent both conditions simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshanie C Wickramasinghe
- Leukocyte Signalling LaboratoryDepartment of Immunology and PathologyCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- OphthalmologyDepartment of SurgeryUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
- Centre for Eye Research AustraliaRoyal Victorian Eye and Ear HospitalEast MelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Evelyn Tsantikos
- Leukocyte Signalling LaboratoryDepartment of Immunology and PathologyCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Margaret L Hibbs
- Leukocyte Signalling LaboratoryDepartment of Immunology and PathologyCentral Clinical SchoolMonash UniversityMelbourneVICAustralia
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Chen F, Wang D, Li X, Wang H. Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Intestinal Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: Bioinformatics Analysis and In Vivo Validation. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e927476. [PMID: 33290384 PMCID: PMC7733309 DOI: 10.12659/msm.927476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a serious clinical complication. This study aimed to explore the hub genes and pathways of intestinal I/R injury. Material/Methods GSE96733 from the GEO website was extracted to analyze the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of intestinal I/R injured and sham-operated mice at 3 h and 6 h after surgery. The DAVID and STRING databases were used to construct functional enrichment analyses of DEGs and the protein–protein interaction (PPI) network. In Cytoscape software, cytoHubba was used to identify hub genes, and MCODE was used for module analysis. Testing by qRT-PCR detected the expression of hub genes in intestinal I/R injury. Western blot analysis detected the key proteins involved with the important pathways of intestinal I/R injury. Results IL-6, IL-10, CXCL1, CXCL2, and IL-1β were identified as critical upregulated genes, while IRF7, IFIT3, IFIT1, Herc6, and Oasl2 were identified as hub genes among the downregulated genes. The qRT-PCR testing showed the expression of critical upregulated genes was significantly increased in intestinal I/R injury (P<0.05), while the expression of hub downregulated genes was notably reduced (P<0.05). The proteins of CXCL1 and CXCR2 were upregulated following intestinal I/R injury (P<0.05) and the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis was involved with intestinal I/R injury. Conclusions The results of the present study identified IL-6, IL-10, CXCL1, CXCL2, IL-1β, IRF7, IFIT3, IFIT1, Herc6, and Oasl2 as hub genes in intestinal I/R injury and identified the involvement of the CXCL1/CXCR2 axis in intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshou Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
| | - He Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China (mainland)
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Jensen AR, Drucker NA, te Winkel JP, Ferkowicz MJ, Markel TA. The route and timing of hydrogen sulfide therapy critically impacts intestinal recovery following ischemia and reperfusion injury. J Pediatr Surg 2018; 53:1111-1117. [PMID: 29622397 PMCID: PMC5994359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2018.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has many beneficial properties and may serve as a novel treatment in patients suffering from intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R). The purpose of this study was to examine the method of delivery and timing of administration of H2S for intestinal therapy during ischemic injury. We hypothesized that 1) route of administration of hydrogen sulfide would impact intestinal recovery following acute mesenteric ischemia and 2) preischemic H2S conditioning using the optimal mode of administration as determined above would provide superior protection compared to postischemic application. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice underwent intestinal ischemia by temporary occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Following ischemia, animals were treated according to one of the following (N=6 per group): intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of GYY4137 (H2S-releasing donor, 50mg/kg in PBS), vehicle, inhalation of oxygen only, inhalation of 80ppm hydrogen sulfide gas. Following 24-h recovery, perfusion was assessed via laser Doppler imaging, and animals were euthanized. Perfusion and histology data were assessed, and terminal ileum samples were analyzed for cytokine production following ischemia. Once the optimal route of administration was determined, preischemic conditioning with H2S was undertaken using that route of administration. All data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney. P-values <0.05 were significant. RESULTS Mesenteric perfusion following intestinal I/R was superior in mice treated with intraperitoneal (IP) GYY4137 (IP vehicle: 25.6±6.0 vs. IP GYY4137: 79.7±15.1; p=0.02) or intravenous (IV) GYY4137 (IV vehicle: 36.3±5.9 vs. IV GYY4137: 100.7±34.0; p=0.03). This benefit was not observed with inhaled H2S gas (O2 vehicle: 66.6±11.4 vs. H2S gas: 81.8±6.0; p=0.31). However, histological architecture was only preserved with intraperitoneal administration of GYY4127 (IP vehicle: 3.4±0.4 vs. IP GYY4137: 2±0.3; p=0.02). Additionally, IP GYY4137 allowed for significant attenuation of inflammatory chemokine production of IL-6, IP-10 and MIP-2. We then analyzed whether there was a difference between pre- and postischemic administration of IP GYY4137. We found that preconditioning of animals with intraperitoneal GYY4137 only added minor improvements in outcomes compared to postischemic application. CONCLUSION Therapeutic benefits of H2S are superior with intraperitoneal application of an H2S donor compared to other administration routes. Additionally, while intraperitoneal treatment in both the pre- and postischemic period is beneficial, preischemic application of an H2S donor was found to be slightly better. Further studies are needed to examine long term outcomes and further mechanisms of action prior to widespread clinical application. TYPE OF STUDY Basic science. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Jensen
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery,The Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN
| | - Natalie A. Drucker
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery,The Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN
| | - Jan P. te Winkel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery,The Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN
| | - Michael J. Ferkowicz
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery,The Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN
| | - Troy A. Markel
- Department of Surgery, Section of Pediatric Surgery,Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University Health,The Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN
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Gubernatorova EO, Liu X, Othman A, Muraoka WT, Koroleva EP, Andreescu S, Tumanov AV. Europium-Doped Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles Limit Reactive Oxygen Species Formation and Ameliorate Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28481012 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury is associated with the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study demonstrates the therapeutic effectiveness of novel europium-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles (Eu-doped Ceria NPs) as ROS scavengers in a mouse model of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury. An increased production of superoxide radicals is detected in the intestine throughout the ischemia stage and again after initiating reperfusion. These changes in superoxide radical formation are associated with the induction of inflammatory cytokines in the intestine. This study further shows that Eu-Ceria NPs exhibit superoxide scavenging activity in vitro. Importantly, administration of Eu-Ceria NPs into the intestinal lumen during the onset of ischemia effectively blocks superoxide accumulation, reduces the expression of IL-1b, and ameliorates the intestinal pathology. These results suggest that early increased production of ROS during the ischemia-reperfusion promotes intestinal pathology and that mucosal delivery of Eu-Ceria NPs may be a potential therapeutic approach to block ROS accumulation and ameliorate the severity of intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina O. Gubernatorova
- Trudeau Institute Saranac Lake NY 12983 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Avenue, Box 5810 Potsdam NY 13699 USA
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Avenue, Box 5810 Potsdam NY 13699 USA
| | - Ali Othman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Avenue, Box 5810 Potsdam NY 13699 USA
| | | | | | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Avenue, Box 5810 Potsdam NY 13699 USA
| | - Alexei V. Tumanov
- Trudeau Institute Saranac Lake NY 12983 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science Clarkson University 8 Clarkson Avenue, Box 5810 Potsdam NY 13699 USA
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology Moscow 119991 Russia
- University of Texas Health San Antonio Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecuar Genetics San Antonio TX 78229 USA
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Trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced intestinal injury in neonatal mice activates transcriptional networks similar to those seen in human necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:99-112. [PMID: 27656771 PMCID: PMC5235988 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have shown previously that enteral administration of 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid in 10-d-old C57BL/6 pups produces an acute necrotizing enterocolitis with histopathological and inflammatory changes similar to human necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). To determine whether murine neonatal 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-mediated intestinal injury could be used as a NEC model, we compared gene expression profiles of TNBS-mediated intestinal injury and NEC. METHODS Whole-genome microarray analysis was performed on proximal colon from control and TNBS-treated pups (n = 8/group). For comparison, we downloaded human microarray data of NEC (n = 5) and surgical control (n = 4) from a public database. Data were analyzed using the software programs Partek Genomics Suite and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS We detected extensive changes in gene expression in murine TNBS-mediated intestinal injury and human NEC. Using fold-change cut-offs of ±1.5, we identified 4,440 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) in murine TNBS-mediated injury and 1,377 in NEC. Murine TNBS-mediated injury and NEC produced similar changes in expression of orthologous genes (r = 0.611, P < 0.001), and also activated nearly-identical biological processes and pathways. Lipopolysaccharide was top predicted upstream regulator in both the murine and human datasets. CONCLUSION Murine neonatal TNBS-mediated enterocolitis and human NEC activate nearly-identical biological processes, signaling pathways, and transcriptional networks.
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Kono Y, Kawano S, Takaki A, Shimomura Y, Onji M, Ishikawa H, Takahashi S, Horii J, Kobayashi S, Kawai D, Yamamoto K, Okada H. Oxidative stress controlling agents are effective for small intestinal injuries induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 32:136-145. [PMID: 27118323 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Video-capsule endoscopy (VCE) has shown that intestinal ulcers are common in non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) users, although the mechanisms and management have not been clearly defined. To explore the contribution of oxidative stress and potential of anti-oxidants for NSAIDs-induced intestinal ulcers, we assessed human serum oxidative stress balance and the effect of anti-oxidants using a mouse model. METHODS A total of 30 NSAIDs users (17 aspirin and 13 non-aspirin users) received VCE. Serum reactive oxygen metabolite (d-ROM) and antioxidative OXY-adsorbent test (OXY) were measured. The indomethacin (IND)-induced mouse intestinal ulcer model was used to assess the effect of anti-oxidants. Eight-week-old mice were divided into four groups; control diet and diet including IND (N group), IND and L-carnitine (NC group), and IND and vitamin E (NE group). RESULTS Serum OXY levels among non-aspirin users were lower in the mucosal injuries positive group than the negative group (P < 0.05). In the mouse models, the degree of mucosal injuries was lower in NC and NE than N (P < 0.01). Serum d-ROM levels were lower in NC and NE than N (P < 0.01), and OXY levels were higher in NC than N and NE (P < 0.01). The degeneration of intestinal mitochondria was mild in NC and NE. The serum KC/CXCL-1 level and hepatic expression of the anti-oxidant molecule Gpx4 were lower in NC than N. CONCLUSIONS Non-aspirin NSAID-induced intestinal ulcers are related to decreased anti-oxidative stress function. Anti-oxidants, especially L-carnitine, are good candidates for intestinal ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyasu Kono
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Seiji Kawano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Shimomura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Onji
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hisashi Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sakuma Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Joichiro Horii
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fukuyama Medical Center, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Sayo Kobayashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Fukuyama City Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kawai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tsuyama Chuo Hospital, Tsuyama, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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MohanKumar K, Namachivayam K, Chapalamadugu K, Garzon SA, Premkumar MH, Tipparaju S, Maheshwari A. Smad7 interrupts TGF-β signaling in intestinal macrophages and promotes inflammatory activation of these cells during necrotizing enterocolitis. Pediatr Res 2016; 79:951-61. [PMID: 26859364 PMCID: PMC4899224 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2016.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory bowel necrosis of premature infants. Based on our recent findings of increased Smad7 expression in surgically resected bowel affected by NEC, we hypothesized that NEC macrophages undergo inflammatory activation because increased Smad7 expression renders these cells resistant to normal, gut-specific, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β-mediated suppression of inflammatory pathways. METHODS We used surgically resected human NEC tissue, murine models of NEC-like injury, bone marrow-derived and intestinal macrophages, and RAW264.7 cells. Smad7 and IκB kinase-beta (IKK-β) were measured by quantitative PCR, western blots, and immunohistochemistry. Promoter activation was confirmed in luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. RESULTS NEC macrophages showed increased Smad7 expression, particularly in areas with severe tissue damage and high bacterial load. Lipopolysaccharide-induced Smad7 expression suppressed TGF-β signaling and augmented nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation and cytokine production in macrophages. Smad7-mediated NF-κB activation was likely mediated via increased expression of IKK-β, which, further increased Smad7 expression in a feed-forward loop. We show that Smad7 induced IKK-β expression through direct binding to the IKK-β promoter and its transcriptional activation. CONCLUSION Smad7 expression in NEC macrophages interrupts TGF-β signaling and promotes NF-κB-mediated inflammatory signaling in these cells through increased expression of IKK-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan MohanKumar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kopperuncholan Namachivayam
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Kalyan Chapalamadugu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Steven A. Garzon
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Srinivas Tipparaju
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA, Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA, Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA, Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA,Address for correspondence: Akhil Maheshwari, 1 Tampa General Circle, Suite F170, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; Phone: 813-844-3437; Fax: 813-844-1671;
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Zhang S, Duehrkop C, Plock JA, Rieben R. Inhalation anesthesia of rats: influence of the fraction of inspired oxygen on limb ischemia/reperfusion injury. Lab Anim 2015; 50:185-97. [PMID: 26345513 DOI: 10.1177/0023677215604531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhalation anesthesia with isoflurane is a well-established and safe method used in small laboratory animals. In most cases oxygen is used as a carrier gas for isoflurane, but room air or mixtures of oxygen with air or nitrous oxide are also being used. Anesthesia is therefore administered using different fractions of inspired oxygen (FiO2), and this may have consequences for the outcome of experiments. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of FiO2 on rat hind limb ischemia/reperfusion injury and to refine the used inhalation anesthesia. Male Wistar rats were subjected to 3.5 h of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion, and divided into three groups according to FiO2 in the O2/air/isoflurane anesthesia gas mixture: 40%, 60%, and 100% O2 Normal, healthy rats were used as controls. Muscle edema and creatine kinase MM, a marker for myocyte necrosis, were significantly increased with 40% FiO2 as compared with 100% FiO2 (P < 0.05). Partial pressure of oxygen, oxygen saturation, and oxyhemoglobin were significantly higher in the 100% O2 group as compared with 40% O2 No significant differences were detected for other parameters, such as the oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase. We conclude that a refined inhalation anesthesia setting using 40% FiO2, reflecting more or less the clinical situation, leads to a more severe and more physiologically relevant reperfusion injury than higher FiO2. Oxidative stress did not correlate with FiO2 and seemed to have no influence on reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhang
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C Duehrkop
- Department of Immunology, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J A Plock
- Division of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Rieben
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of mortality in preterm infants. This article reviews the immunologic and hematological abnormalities typically seen in infants with NEC, such as elevated plasma cytokine levels, thrombocytopenia, increased or decreased neutrophil counts, low monocyte counts, and anemia. Some of these findings may provide important diagnostic and prognostic information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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Poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase inhibition ameliorates hind limb ischemia reperfusion injury in a murine model of type 2 diabetes. Ann Surg 2014; 258:1087-95. [PMID: 23549425 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e31828cced3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diabetes is known to increase poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase (PARP) activity and posttranslational poly-ADP-ribosylation of several regulatory proteins involved in inflammation and energy metabolism. These experiments test the hypothesis that PARP inhibition will modulate hind limb ischemia reperfusion (IR) in a mouse model of type-II diabetes and ameliorate the ribosylation and the activity/transnuclear localization of the key glycolytic enzyme glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). METHODS db/db mice underwent 1.5 hours of hind limb ischemia followed by 1, 7, or 24 hours of reperfusion. The treatment group received the PARP inhibitor PJ34 (PJ34) over a 24-hour period; the untreated group received Lactated Ringer (LR) at the same time points. IR muscles were analyzed for indices of PARP activity, fiber injury, metabolic activity, inflammation, GAPDH activity/intracellular localization, and poly-ADP-ribosylation of GAPDH. RESULTS PARP activity was significantly lower in the PJ34-treated groups than in the Lactated Ringer group at 7 and 24 hours of reperfusion. There was significantly less muscle fiber injury in the PJ34-treated group than in the Lactated Ringer-treated mice at 24 hours of reperfusion. PJ34 lowered levels of select proinflammatory molecules at 7 hours and 24 hours of IR. There were significant increases in metabolic activity only at 24 hours of IR in the PJ34 group, which temporally correlated with increase in GAPDH activity, decreased GAPDH poly-ADP-ribosylation, and nuclear translocation of GAPDH. CONCLUSIONS PJ34 reduced PARP activity, GAPDH ribosylation, and GAPDH translocation; ameliorated muscle fiber injury; and increased metabolic activity after hind limb IR injury in a murine model of type-II diabetes. PARP inhibition might be a therapeutic strategy after IR in diabetic humans.
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Bouma HR, Samarska IV, Schenk M, Dahlem KKK, van den Bos H, Brebenel I, Duin M, Houwertjes MC, Loef BG, Mungroop HE, Struys MMRF, Epema AH, Henning RH. Microarray analysis of gene expression profiles in the rat kidney demonstrates a local inflammatory response induced by cardiopulmonary bypass. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2013; 30:492-500. [PMID: 23344121 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0b013e32835ce530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a commonly used technique in cardiac surgery but is associated with acute, transient, renal dysfunction that has a negative impact on long-term survival. OBJECTIVE To unravel the molecular pathogenesis of renal injury following CPB. DESIGN To obtain insight into the pathogenesis of renal dysfunction following CPB, we performed a microarray analysis of renal gene expression in the rat. SETTING University Medical Centre Groningen. INTERVENTION Rats underwent CPB or a sham procedure for 60 min and were sacrificed at 60 min, 1 and 5 days after the procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Renal gene expression profile as determined by microarray analysis. RESULTS Expression of 420 genes was significantly altered in CPB compared to the sham procedure, and in 407 genes, this was evident in the acute phase (60 min) following CPB. Gene ontology analysis revealed 28 of these genes were involved in inflammatory responses, with high expression of genes downstream of mitogen-activated protein-kinase (MAP-kinase) signalling pathways. Potent inducers identified are from the interleukin-6 cytokine family that consists of interleukin-6 and oncostatin M (OSM), which signal through the gp130-cytokine receptor complex. The plasma concentration of interleukin-6 was hugely increased by CPB as measured by ELISA. Expression of genes downstream of these signalling pathways that lead to production of chemokines, adhesion molecules and molecules involved in coagulative pathways, was upregulated. CONCLUSION CPB induces an acute and local inflammatory response in the kidney, which might contribute to renal injury. The signalling pathways involved identified by gene expression analysis may represent pharmacological targets to limit renal injury following CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hjalmar R Bouma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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MohanKumar K, Kaza N, Jagadeeswaran R, Garzon SA, Bansal A, Kurundkar AR, Namachivayam K, Remon JI, Bandepalli CR, Feng X, Weitkamp JH, Maheshwari A. Gut mucosal injury in neonates is marked by macrophage infiltration in contrast to pleomorphic infiltrates in adult: evidence from an animal model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 303:G93-102. [PMID: 22538401 PMCID: PMC3404576 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00016.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is an inflammatory bowel necrosis of premature infants. In tissue samples of NEC, we identified numerous macrophages and a few neutrophils but not many lymphocytes. We hypothesized that these pathoanatomic characteristics of NEC represent a common tissue injury response of the gastrointestinal tract to a variety of insults at a specific stage of gut development. To evaluate developmental changes in mucosal inflammatory response, we used trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced inflammation as a nonspecific insult and compared mucosal injury in newborn vs. adult mice. Enterocolitis was induced in 10-day-old pups and adult mice (n = 25 animals per group) by administering TNBS by gavage and enema. Leukocyte populations were enumerated in human NEC and in murine TNBS-enterocolitis using quantitative immunofluorescence. Chemokine expression was measured using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunoblots, and immunohistochemistry. Macrophage recruitment was investigated ex vivo using intestinal tissue-conditioned media and bone marrow-derived macrophages in a microchemotaxis assay. Similar to human NEC, TNBS enterocolitis in pups was marked by a macrophage-rich leukocyte infiltrate in affected tissue. In contrast, TNBS-enterocolitis in adult mice was associated with pleomorphic leukocyte infiltrates. Macrophage precursors were recruited to murine neonatal gastrointestinal tract by the chemokine CXCL5, a known chemoattractant for myeloid cells. We also demonstrated increased expression of CXCL5 in surgically resected tissue samples of human NEC, indicating that a similar pathway was active in NEC. We concluded that gut mucosal injury in the murine neonate is marked by a macrophage-rich leukocyte infiltrate, which contrasts with the pleomorphic leukocyte infiltrates in adult mice. In murine neonatal enterocolitis, macrophages were recruited to the inflamed gut mucosa by the chemokine CXCL5, indicating that CXCL5 and its cognate receptor CXCR2 merit further investigation as potential therapeutic targets in NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan MohanKumar
- Departments of Pediatrics, 1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, ,Departments of 3Pediatrics and
| | - Niroop Kaza
- 4Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
| | - Ramasamy Jagadeeswaran
- Departments of Pediatrics, 1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease,
| | | | | | | | - Kopperuncholan Namachivayam
- Departments of Pediatrics, 1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease,
| | - Juan I. Remon
- Departments of Pediatrics, 1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease,
| | - C. Rekha Bandepalli
- Departments of Pediatrics, 1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease,
| | - Xu Feng
- 4Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama;
| | - Joern-Hendrik Weitkamp
- 6Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Departments of Pediatrics, 1Division of Neonatology and ,2Center for Neonatal and Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease, ,7Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; ,Departments of 3Pediatrics and
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Preconditioning by toll-like receptor 2 agonist Pam3CSK4 reduces CXCL1-dependent leukocyte recruitment in murine myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Crit Care Med 2010; 38:903-9. [PMID: 20081527 DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e3181ce50e6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test whether preconditioning with a toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 agonist protects against myocardial ischemia and reperfusion by interfering with chemokine CXCL1 release from cardiomyocytes. DESIGN C3H mice were challenged with vehicle or synthetic TLR2 agonist Pam3Cys-Ser-Lys4 (Pam3CSK4; 1 mg/kg) 24 hrs before myocardial ischemia (20 mins) and reperfusion (2 hrs or 24 hrs). Infarct size, troponin T release, and leukocyte recruitment were quantified. In murine cardiomyocytes (HL-1), we studied the expression/activation profile of TLR2 in response to stimulation with Pam3CSK4 (0.01-1 mg/mL). Furthermore, we studied the chemokine ligand 1 (CXCL1) response to Pam3CSK4 and ischemia/reperfusion in vivo and in vitro. SETTING University hospital research laboratory. SUBJECTS Anesthetized male mice and murine cardiomyocytes. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Preconditioning by Pam3CSK4 reduced infarct size and troponin T release. This was accompanied by a decreased recruitment of leukocytes into the ischemic area and an improved cardiac function. In HL-1 cells, TLR2 activation amplified the expression of the receptor in a time-dependent manner and led to CXCL1 release in a concentration-dependent manner. Preconditioning by Pam3CSK4 impaired CXCL1 release in response to a second inflammatory stimulus in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Preconditioning by TLR2 agonist Pam3CSK4 reduces myocardial infarct size after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. One of the mechanisms involved is a diminished chemokine release from cardiomyocytes, which subsequently limits leukocyte infiltration.
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Aprahamian CJ, Lorenz RG, Harmon CM, Dimmit RA. Toll-like receptor 2 is protective of ischemia-reperfusion-mediated small-bowel injury in a murine model. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2008; 9:105-9. [PMID: 17906593 DOI: 10.1097/01.pcc.0000288717.44702.c0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In a murine model of intestinal injury, we hypothesized that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), a recognition molecule for commensal bacteria, plays an important role in the development of mucosal immunity and is protective against ischemia/reperfusion injury via the modulation of both innate and acquired immunity. DESIGN Interventional laboratory study. SETTING Academic medical research center. SUBJECTS Four-week-old C57BL/6 wild-type (n = 12) and C57BL/6 TLR2-deficient mice (TLR2-/-) (n = 12). INTERVENTIONS Twenty-four mice underwent laparotomy only or laparotomy plus superior mesenteric artery occlusion (n = 6/group) for 60 mins, followed by 90 mins of recovery. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Mid-jejunal sections were taken for histopathology and messenger RNA expression (reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, normalized to 18s and laparotomy-only controls). Intestinal injury was scored from 0 (no injury) to 4 (transmural necrosis). Statistical analyses were performed using Mann-Whitney U test and Student's t-test (p < .05 significant). TLR2-/- mice had elevated intestinal injury scores (mean +/- SEM) after ischemia/reperfusion vs. wild-type (2.17 +/- 0.40 vs. 0.67 +/- 0.33, p < .05). Intestinal cytokine messenger RNA (mean fold change +/- SEM) of interferon-gamma (0.29 +/- 0.12 vs. 3313 +/- 1710), interleukin-4 (0.25 +/- 0.13 vs. 2.70 +/- 1.08), and interleukin-6 (250.63 +/- 69.60 vs. 320,300 +/- 215,964) in TLR2-/- was significantly decreased (p < .05) after ischemia/reperfusion vs. wild-type. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha messenger RNA levels were unchanged. CONCLUSIONS TLR2-/- mice have a dysregulated mucosal innate immune response and fail to mount a protective response after ischemia-reperfusion compared with wild-type mice. This murine model of intestinal injury may correlate with the early postnatal course of premature infants who may have decreased TLR2 expression and/or decreased luminal commensal bacteria secondary to antibiotic therapy, thus decreasing TLR2-mediated signaling.
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Li HH, Fu XB, Sun TZ, Cai CL, Zhou G, Chen W, Sheng ZY. Non-mitogenic acidic fibroblast growth factor reduces intestinal dysfunction induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury in rats. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007; 22:363-70. [PMID: 17295768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2006.04457.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acidic fibroblast growth factor (aFGF) has potentially therapeutic uses in some diseases, but the mitogenic activity of aFGF has been found to contribute to several human pathologies, so the extensive applications of wild-type aFGF have been limited. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects and mechanisms of wild-type (aFGF) and non-mitogenic aFGF on gut ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. METHODS Rat intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) was produced by clamping the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) for 45 min followed by reperfusion. One hundred and fourteen rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham operation (group C, n = 6), intestinal I/R + 0.1 mL saline (group S, n = 36), intestinal I/R + 4 microg/0.1 mL wild-type aFGF (group W, n = 36) and intestinal I/R + 4 microg/0.1 mL modified aFGF (i.e. non-mitogenic aFGF; group M, n = 36). According to different periods after reperfusion, groups S, W and M were further divided into 0.5-, 1-, 2-, 6-, 12- and 24-h subgroups. The contents of D-lactate and nitrite/nitrate were determined, the changes of intestinal histology were analyzed, the protein expressions of caspase-3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2, and p38 were detected by western blot, and apoptotic cells were examined by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUDP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay at 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24 h after I/R, respectively. RESULTS Compared with rats in group S, intestinal histological damage, apoptotic index, d-lactate content and nitrite/nitrate level all decreased significantly in group W and group M rats. However, there was no difference between rats treated with wild-type aFGF and those with non-mitogenic aFGF. The protein expression of caspase-3, ERK1/2, and p38 in saline-treated rats was higher than those in aFGF-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS Both types of aFGF had protective effects on gut I/R and there was no significant difference between the two aFGF. The protective effects of aFGF may come from the non-mitogenic activity rather than the mitogenic activity of aFGF in tissue repair, indicating a potentially clinical use for the non-mitogenic effects of aFGF in preventing visceral organ injury triggered by I/R injury in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Hong Li
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Burns Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, Beijing, China
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Schmitz JM, McCracken VJ, Dimmitt RA, Lorenz RG. Expression of CXCL15 (Lungkine) in murine gastrointestinal, urogenital, and endocrine organs. J Histochem Cytochem 2007; 55:515-24. [PMID: 17242461 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.6a7121.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The ELR(+) chemokine CXCL15, which recruits neutrophils during pulmonary inflammation, is also known as lungkine due to its reported exclusive expression in the lung. We now report that CXCL15 mRNA and protein are also expressed in other mucosal and endocrine organs including the gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts and the adrenal gland. Our results indicate that CXCL15 is expressed throughout the gastrointestinal tract, with the exception of the cecum. Gastric CXCL15 protein expression is approximately 10-fold lower than pulmonary expression and primarily occurs in a specific lineage of gastric epithelial cells, the prezymogenic and zymogenic cell. Similar to the increased expression of CXCL15 during pulmonary inflammation, gastric inflammation induced by infection with Helicobacter felis caused an increase in gastric CXCL15 expression. However, colonic CXCL15 expression was not altered in two different models of colonic inflammation, the Helicobacter hepaticus T-cell transfer model and the mdr1a(-/-) model of colitis. These findings clearly demonstrate that CXCL15, previously reported to be the only lung-specific chemokine, is also highly expressed in other murine mucosal and endocrine organs. The functional role of CXCL15 in mucosal disease remains to be elucidated. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at (http://www.jhc.org). Please visit this article online to view these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Schmitz
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
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