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Biggs AT. Limits of ethical non-human subjects research in an applied setting. Account Res 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38369700 DOI: 10.1080/08989621.2024.2313018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Ethical research follows numerous rules and regulations to ensure that all human subjects are protected during the collection and dissemination of research outcomes. Nevertheless, there is often a critical distinction drawn between human subjects research and non-human subjects research (NHSR). The latter can also be described as non-research activities, which typically reduces any oversight even if human subjects are involved. Despite the need to conduct ethical NHSR or non-research activities in an applied setting, there are several ways this determination can be used to circumvent regulatory oversight. In particular, the problem arises because one or more of several key functions become conflated in an applied setting, whereas they would be compartmentalized and independent in controlled or experimental settings. These functions include: 1) ethical oversight; 2) funding; 3) execution; and 4) peer review. The current discussion outlines how NHSR in an applied setting can allow these functions to overlap, and how personnel might stretch the boundaries of ethical conduct even while following existing regulations. As such, the goal is to guide future practices when conducting or reviewing NHSR in an applied setting so that unethical practices do not bias the results.
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2
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Robertson C. The Ethics of Research That May Disadvantage Others. Ethics Hum Res 2021; 43:2-16. [PMID: 33463075 DOI: 10.1002/eahr.500074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In prospective interventional research, a treatment may provide an advantage for the recipient over other people who do not receive it. If the intervention proves successful, the treated are better able to compete for such things as a scarce ventilator, a class grade, or a litigation outcome, potentially risking the deaths, jobs, or incomes of nontreated persons. Discussions of ethical concerns related to "bystanders" have typically focused on direct harms (such as infecting them with a virus), rather than the competition for a rivalrous good (such as a ventilator or clinical outcome). After broadly scoping this problem of advantage, this article reveals several reasons that such interventional research is typically permissible, notwithstanding the potential setbacks to nonparticipants. I consider the almost-dispositive concept of clinical equipoise and then glean insights from the harm principle, status quo bias, the leveling-down problem, and a potential bias against prospective interventional research versus program interventions with retrospective study. My consideration of institutional relationships does not change the analysis that such research is permissible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Robertson
- N. Neal Pike Scholar and a professor of law in the School of Law at Boston University
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Karasneh RA, Al-Azzam SI, Alzoubi KH, Hawamdeh SS, Muflih SM. Patient Data Sharing and Confidentiality Practices of Researchers in Jordan. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2019; 12:255-263. [PMID: 31819686 PMCID: PMC6890205 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s227759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The main focus of this study is to assess the knowledge and practices of healthcare practitioners regarding data sharing, security, and confidentiality, with a focus on the use of health data retrieved from electronic health records (EHRs) for research purposes. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based survey study was conducted across all academic institutions including all researchers in the medical field in Jordan. Personal and administrative practices in data sharing were assessed through collecting data from respondents. Results The response rate was 22% with an average of 10.25 years of experience in publications. Almost 60% had published at least 1 to 3 studies using EHRs. The prevalence of researchers who "Always" used antivirus software and preserved patient's information was 75.5% and 92.2%, respectively. However, other personal security and confidentiality measures were not satisfactory. Less than half of health data used in the research was "Always" anonymised or encrypted and only around 44.0% had "Always" used sensitive data with more specificity than normal data. Conclusion Confidentiality and data sharing practices of healthcare practitioners and researchers were generally less than optimal. Efforts from healthcare providers, health institutions, and lawmakers should be put in place to protect the security and confidentiality of electronic patient data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema A Karasneh
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sayer I Al-Azzam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Karem H Alzoubi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sahar S Hawamdeh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Suhaib M Muflih
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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Robertson CT, Loe JD. Federal Government's Proposed Expansion of Regulation of Biospecimen Research Should Be Reconsidered. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:447-449. [PMID: 27028135 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In September, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, together with other federal agencies, announced proposed changes to the rules governing human subjects research. This Commentary discusses how the proposals would affect research using biospecimens that is essential to the future success of precision medicine. We argue that the proposed changes unnecessarily burden such research, without meaningfully advancing the interests of donors. They should be revised before being finalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Robertson
- James E. Rogers College of Law and Arizona Health Sciences Center Regulatory Science Program, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jonathan D Loe
- James E. Rogers College of Law and Arizona Health Sciences Center Regulatory Science Program, University of Arizona , Tucson, Arizona
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Brothers KB, Holm IA, Childerhose JE, Antommaria AHM, Bernhardt BA, Clayton EW, Gelb BD, Joffe S, Lynch JA, McCormick JB, McCullough LB, Parsons DW, Sundaresan AS, Wolf WA, Yu JH, Wilfond BS. When Participants in Genomic Research Grow Up: Contact and Consent at the Age of Majority. J Pediatr 2016; 168:226-231.e1. [PMID: 26477867 PMCID: PMC4824174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B. Brothers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine
| | - Ingrid A. Holm
- Division of Genetics and Genomics and The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital; and the Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School
| | | | | | | | | | - Bruce D. Gelb
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
| | - Steven Joffe
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - John A. Lynch
- Department of Communication, University of Cincinnati
| | - Jennifer B. McCormick
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Health Care and Policy Research, and the Mayo Biomedical Ethics Program, Mayo Clinic
| | | | - D. Williams Parsons
- Texas Children's Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | | | - Wendy A. Wolf
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Joon-Ho Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington
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6
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Secondary use of clinical data: the Vanderbilt approach. J Biomed Inform 2014; 52:28-35. [PMID: 24534443 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen an exponential growth in the quantity of clinical data collected nationwide, triggering an increase in opportunities to reuse the data for biomedical research. The Vanderbilt research data warehouse framework consists of identified and de-identified clinical data repositories, fee-for-service custom services, and tools built atop the data layer to assist researchers across the enterprise. Providing resources dedicated to research initiatives benefits not only the research community, but also clinicians, patients and institutional leadership. This work provides a summary of our approach in the secondary use of clinical data for research domain, including a description of key components and a list of lessons learned, designed to assist others assembling similar services and infrastructure.
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Huser V, Cimino JJ. Don't take your EHR to heaven, donate it to science: legal and research policies for EHR post mortem. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2014; 21:8-12. [PMID: 23966483 PMCID: PMC3912713 DOI: 10.1136/amiajnl-2013-002061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, an important public debate emerged about the digital afterlife of any personal data stored in the cloud. Such debate brings also to attention the importance of transparent management of electronic health record (EHR) data of deceased patients. In this perspective paper, we look at legal and regulatory policies for EHR data post mortem. We analyze observational research situations using EHR data that do not require institutional review board approval. We propose creation of a deceased subject integrated data repository (dsIDR) as an effective tool for piloting certain types of research projects. We highlight several dsIDR challenges in proving death status, informed consent, obtaining data from payers and healthcare providers and the involvement of next of kin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojtech Huser
- Laboratory for Informatics Development, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Wolf SM. Return of individual research results and incidental findings: facing the challenges of translational science. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2013; 14:557-77. [PMID: 23875796 PMCID: PMC4452115 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-091212-153506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The debate over return of individual research results and incidental findings to study participants is a key frontier in research ethics and practice. This is fundamentally a problem of translational science-a question of when information about an individual that is generated in research should be communicated for clinical attention, particularly as technologies such as whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing are increasingly used in clinical care. There is growing consensus that investigators should offer participants at least those individual findings of high clinical importance and actionability. Increasing attention to what information biobanks and secondary researchers owe people who provide data and specimens offers an opportunity to treat these source individuals as research partners. Cutting-edge issues include return of results in pediatric populations and return to kin and family, both before and after the death of the proband, as well as how to manage incidental findings in clinical sequencing. Progress will require an understanding of the continuum linking research and clinical care and developing standards and models for return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Wolf
- Law School, Medical School, and Center for Bioethics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455;
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Brothers KB, Westbrook MJ, Wright MF, Myers JA, Morrison DR, Madison JL, Pulley JM, Clayton EW. Patient awareness and approval for an opt-out genomic biorepository. Per Med 2013; 10. [PMID: 24416062 DOI: 10.2217/pme.13.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM In this study, we sought to assess patient awareness and perceptions of an opt-out biorepository. MATERIALS & METHODS We conducted exit interviews with adult patients and parents of pediatric patients having their blood drawn as part of their clinical care at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (TN, USA). RESULTS 32.9% of all patients and parents of pediatric patients report having heard of the opt-out biorepository, while 92.4% approve of this research effort based on a brief description. Awareness that leftover blood could be used for research increased among adult patients during the study period, from 34.3 to 50.0%. CONCLUSION These findings will inform ongoing assessments of the suitability of opt-out and opt-in methods as alternatives to written informed consent for inclusion in a biorepository.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle B Brothers
- Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University & the Monroe Carell Jr.Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN, USA ; Kosair Charites Pediatric Clinical, Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Mathew J Westbrook
- Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Frances Wright
- Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - John A Myers
- Child Health Services Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Daniel R Morrison
- Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA ; Social Science Division, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Madison
- Office of Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jill M Pulley
- Office of Research, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ellen Wright Clayton
- Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University & the Monroe Carell Jr.Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN, USA
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11
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McGregor TL, Van Driest SL, Brothers KB, Bowton EA, Muglia LJ, Roden DM. Inclusion of pediatric samples in an opt-out biorepository linking DNA to de-identified medical records: pediatric BioVU. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2012; 93:204-11. [PMID: 23281421 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2012.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Vanderbilt DNA repository, BioVU, links DNA from leftover clinical blood samples to de-identified electronic medical records (EMRs). After initiating adult sample collection, pediatric extension required consideration of ethical concerns specific to pediatrics and implementation of specialized DNA extraction methods. In the first year of pediatric sample collection, more than 11,000 samples from individuals younger than 18 years were included. We compared data from the pediatric BioVU cohort with those from the overall Vanderbilt University Medical Center pediatric population and found similar demographic characteristics; however, the BioVU cohort had higher rates of select diseases, medication exposures, and laboratory testing, demonstrating enriched representation of severe or chronic disease. The fact that the sample accumulation is not balanced may accelerate research in some cohorts while limiting the study of relatively benign conditions and the accrual of unaffected and unbiased control samples. BioVU represents a feasible model for pediatric DNA biobanking but involves both ethical and practical considerations specific to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L McGregor
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University and the Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital at Vanderbilt, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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12
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Genomic biorepositories will be important tools to help unravel the effect of common genetic variants on risk for common pediatric diseases. Our objective was to explore how parents would respond to the inclusion of children in an opt-out model biobank. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured interviews with parents in hospital-based pediatric clinics. Participants responded to a description of a biorepository already collecting samples from adults. Two coders independently analyzed and coded interviews using framework analysis. Opt-out forms were later piloted in a clinic area. Parental opt-out choices were recorded electronically, with opt-out rates reported here. RESULTS: Parents strongly supported medical research in general and expressed a high level of trust that Vanderbilt University would keep their child's medical information private. Parents were more likely to allow their child's sample to be included in the biorepository than to allow their child to participate in a hypothetical study that would not help or harm their child, but might help other children. Only a minority were able to volunteer a concern raised by the description of the biobank. The opt-out rate was initially high compared with the opt-out rate in the adult biorepository, but after the first week decreased to near the baseline in adult clinics. CONCLUSION: Parents in our study generally support an opt-out model biobank in children. Most would allow their own child's sample to be included. Institutions seeking to build pediatric biobanks may consider the human non-subjects model as a viable alternative to traditional human-subjects biobanks.
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Wolf SM, Crock BN, Van Ness B, Lawrenz F, Kahn JP, Beskow LM, Cho MK, Christman MF, Green RC, Hall R, Illes J, Keane M, Knoppers BM, Koenig BA, Kohane IS, Leroy B, Maschke KJ, McGeveran W, Ossorio P, Parker LS, Petersen GM, Richardson HS, Scott JA, Terry SF, Wilfond BS, Wolf WA. Managing incidental findings and research results in genomic research involving biobanks and archived data sets. Genet Med 2012; 14:361-84. [PMID: 22436882 PMCID: PMC3597341 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2012.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobanks and archived data sets collecting samples and data have become crucial engines of genetic and genomic research. Unresolved, however, is what responsibilities biobanks should shoulder to manage incidental findings and individual research results of potential health, reproductive, or personal importance to individual contributors (using "biobank" here to refer both to collections of samples and collections of data). This article reports recommendations from a 2-year project funded by the National Institutes of Health. We analyze the responsibilities involved in managing the return of incidental findings and individual research results in a biobank research system (primary research or collection sites, the biobank itself, and secondary research sites). We suggest that biobanks shoulder significant responsibility for seeing that the biobank research system addresses the return question explicitly. When reidentification of individual contributors is possible, the biobank should work to enable the biobank research system to discharge four core responsibilities to (1) clarify the criteria for evaluating findings and the roster of returnable findings, (2) analyze a particular finding in relation to this, (3) reidentify the individual contributor, and (4) recontact the contributor to offer the finding. We suggest that findings that are analytically valid, reveal an established and substantial risk of a serious health condition, and are clinically actionable should generally be offered to consenting contributors. This article specifies 10 concrete recommendations, addressing new biobanks as well as those already in existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Wolf
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
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Buchanan E, Aycock J, Dexter S, Dittrich D, Hvizdak E. Computer science security research and human subjects: emerging considerations for research ethics boards. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2012; 6:71-83. [PMID: 21680978 DOI: 10.1525/jer.2011.6.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper explores the growing concerns with computer science research, and in particular, computer security research and its relationship with the committees that review human subjects research. It offers cases that review boards are likely to confront, and provides a context for appropriate consideration of such research, as issues of bots, clouds, and worms enter the discourse of human subjects review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Buchanan
- Center for Applied Ethics, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, WI 54751, USA.
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Rhodes R, Azzouni J, Baumrin SB, Benkov K, Blaser MJ, Brenner B, Dauben JW, Earle WJ, Frank L, Gligorov N, Goldfarb J, Hirschhorn K, Hirschhorn R, Holzman I, Indyk D, Jabs EW, Lackey DP, Moros DA, Philpott S, Rhodes ME, Richardson LD, Sacks HS, Schwab A, Sperling R, Trusko B, Zweig A. De minimis risk: a proposal for a new category of research risk. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2011; 11:1-7. [PMID: 22047112 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2011.615588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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Langanke M, Brothers KB, Erdmann P, Weinert J, Krafczyk-Korth J, Dörr M, Hoffmann W, Kroemer HK, Assel H. Comparing different scientific approaches to personalized medicine: research ethics and privacy protection. Per Med 2011; 8:437-444. [PMID: 21892358 DOI: 10.2217/pme.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this article, two different scientific approaches to personalized medicine are compared. Biorepository at Vanderbilt University (BioVU) is a genomic biorepository at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, TN, USA. Genetic biosamples are collected from leftover clinical blood samples; medical information is derived from an electronic medical records. Greifswald Approach to Individualized Medicine is a research resource at the University of Greifswald, Germany, comprised of clinical records combined with biosamples collected for research. We demonstrate that although both approaches are based on the collection of clinical data and biosamples, different legal milieus present in the USA and Germany as well as slight differences in scientific goals have led to different 'ethical designs'. While BioVU can successfully operate with an 'opt-out' mechanism, an informed consent-based 'opt-in' model is indispensable to allow GANI_MED to reach its scientific goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Langanke
- Faculty of Theology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Trinidad SB, Fullerton SM, Ludman EJ, Jarvik GP, Larson EB, Burke W. Research ethics. Research practice and participant preferences: the growing gulf. Science 2011; 331:287-8. [PMID: 21252333 PMCID: PMC3044500 DOI: 10.1126/science.1199000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Reframing research practice to align with participant interests is important for ensuring long-term success of genomic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Trinidad
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98185, USA.
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Abstract
Pediatric biobanks are an indispensible resource for the research that will be needed to bring advances in personalized medicine into pediatric medical care. Investigators developing pediatric biobanks have struggled with the ethical and legal challenges that arise in pediatric research. This article explores how one biobank model, the 'human nonsubjects models', is able to respond to such common challenges as the role of the parent and the child in agreeing to research participation, reconsent at the age of majority, data sharing and return of research results. Although this approach does not involve formal informed consent, it is well-suited to pediatric biobanking owing to its potential to reduce risk to children through a combination of advanced deidentification techniques and extensive oversight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Bertram Brothers
- Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, 2525 West End Ave., Suite 400, Nashville, TN 37203, USA, Tel.: +1 615 936 2686
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Angrist M. Urge overkill: protecting deidentified human subjects at what price? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:17-18. [PMID: 20818549 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.494217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Misha Angrist
- Duke University Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, 450 Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708-1009, USA.
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Rothstein MA. Deidentification and its discontents: response to the Open Peer Commentaries. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2010; 10:W1-W2. [PMID: 20818544 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2010.507654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rothstein
- Institute for Bioethics,Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 501 East Broadway, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.
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