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Arias JJ, Tyler AM, Beskow LM, Carillo MC, Dickinson S, Goldman J, Majumder MA, Mello MM, Snyder HM, Yokoyama JS. Data stewardship in FTLD research: Investigator and research participant views. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2886-2893. [PMID: 38456576 PMCID: PMC11032535 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Federal policies and guidelines have expanded the return of individual results to participants and expectations for data sharing between investigators and through repositories. Here, we report investigators' and study participants' views and experiences with data stewardship practices within frontotemporal lobal degeneration (FTLD) research, which reveal unique ethical challenges. METHODS Semi-structured interviews with (1) investigators conducting FTLD research that includes genetic data collection and/or analysis and (2) participants enrolled in a single site longitudinal FTLD study. RESULTS Analysis of the interviews identified three meta themes: perspectives on data sharing, experiences with enrollment and participation, and data management and security as mechanisms for participant protections. DISCUSSION This study identified a set of preliminary gaps and needs regarding data stewardship within FTLD research. The results offer initial insights on ethical challenges to data stewardship aimed at informing future guidelines and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalayne J. Arias
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyWeill Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Health Policy & Behavioral SciencesSchool of Public HealthGeorgia State UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ana M. Tyler
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyWeill Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and SocietyVanderbilt University Medical CenterNashvilleTennesseeUSA
| | - Maria C. Carillo
- Division of Medical & Scientific RelationsAlzheimer's AssociationChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Susan Dickinson
- The Association for Frontotemporal DegenerationKing of PrussiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Jill Goldman
- Neurological InstituteColumbia University Irving Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Mary A. Majumder
- Center for Medical Ethics and Health PolicyBaylor College of MedicineHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Michelle M. Mello
- Stanford Law School and Department of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Heather M. Snyder
- Division of Medical & Scientific RelationsAlzheimer's AssociationChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Jennifer S. Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging CenterDepartment of NeurologyWeill Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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Benedetti DJ, Hammack-Aviran CM, Diehl C, Beskow LM. Corrigendum: Landscape of pediatric cancer treatment refusal and abandonment in the US: a qualitative study. Front Pediatr 2024; 12:1386784. [PMID: 38468872 PMCID: PMC10925743 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2024.1386784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1049661.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Benedetti
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Carolyn Diehl
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Wolf LE, Ram N, Contreras J, Beskow LM. Certificates of confidentiality: privileging research data. J Law Biosci 2024; 11:lsae003. [PMID: 38405099 PMCID: PMC10884565 DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
With the Supreme Court's decision in Dobbs, reproductive research now joins other sensitive research topics that present legal risks to research participants, underscoring the role of Certificates in protecting them. Yet, stakeholders question whether Certificates will hold up in court. In this article, we describe the essential arguments supporting Congress's regulation of biomedical research and, thus, Certificates, under its authority to regulate interstate commerce. Our analysis should reassure researchers and Institutional review boards who rely on Certificates to protect the confidentiality of research participants' data. We conclude with recommendations for stakeholders based on our analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Wolf
- Georgia State University College of Law, 85 Park Place, Atlanta, GA, 30303, United States
| | - Natalie Ram
- University of Maryland Francis King Carey School of Law, 500 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jorge Contreras
- University of Utah S.J. Quinney College of Law, 383 South University Street, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0730, United States
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2525 West End Avenue, Nashville, TN 37203, United States
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Benedetti DJ, Beskow LM, Brown AEC. Overcoming refusal of treatment in pediatric cancer without legal involvement: A descriptive case series from interviews with pediatric oncologists. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2023; 70:e30656. [PMID: 37638811 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
To describe strategies that pediatric oncologists utilize to persuade families to initiate or continue chemotherapy after refusing treatment, we examined transcripts from interviews of oncologists with relevant experience. We identified three cases in which the pediatric oncologists' approaches led to voluntary acceptance of recommended treatment without legal intervention. Strategies used include direct communication with alternative medicine providers, time-limited trial of alternative therapy, and praying with the family. While we cannot conclude whether these approaches could be generalized to other cases, they offer ideas for pediatric oncologists to consider when facing the decision to seek judicial involvement or discontinue persuasive efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Benedetti
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amy E Caruso Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, and Center for Bioethics and Humanities, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
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Al Hussein Al Awamlh B, Wallis CJD, Diehl C, Barocas DA, Beskow LM. The lived experience of prostate cancer: 10-year survivor perspectives following contemporary treatment of localized prostate cancer. J Cancer Surviv 2023:10.1007/s11764-023-01381-6. [PMID: 37171717 DOI: 10.1007/s11764-023-01381-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Studies relying on standardized instruments to measure patient-centered harms and benefits of cancer treatment may fail to capture important elements of the lived experience of cancer patients. Further, qualitative studies on the survivorship experience of men with localized prostate cancer (PCa) are limited. We sought to explore the early experience, long-term experience, and advice provided for others among long-term survivors of localized PCa. METHODS Semi-structured qualitative interviews with a subset (n = 66) of respondents to a survey of 10-year PCa survivors who underwent active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, or radiotherapy. Topics included early and long-term experiences and advice to other men and physicians. RESULTS Immediately after treatment, men were mostly satisfied with radiation and active surveillance due to remaining whole and avoiding surgical removal of the prostate. Meanwhile, men treated with surgery felt relieved by the removal of cancer. Some early negative perception was related to short-term anxiety, particularly among men who underwent active surveillance. Long-term experiences included accepting the trade-offs of urinary and sexual side effects with survival. Most men fared well financially, some had strengthened relationships, and many reported greater appreciation and compassion. Men provided essential advice to other men and physicians on the importance of gathering detailed information on treatments and establishing a strong relationship with physicians. CONCLUSIONS Long-term survivors of localized PCa generally do well by accepting the long-term effects of contemporary treatments, experiencing strengthened relationships, and developing a better overall life approach. IMPLICATIONS FOR CANCER SURVIVORS We provide useful perspectives and insights for men opting to use current-day treatments for localized PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Al Hussein Al Awamlh
- Department of Urology, Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, A-1302, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
| | | | - Carolyn Diehl
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel A Barocas
- Department of Urology, Medical Center North, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, A-1302, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Shinall MC, Ely EW, Diehl C, Beskow LM. ASO Visual Abstract: Patient Perspectives on Perioperative Supportive Care Needs Surrounding Major Abdominal Operations for Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:2606. [PMID: 36585534 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12983-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Myrick C Shinall
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Section of Palliative Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - E Wesley Ely
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonology, and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Valley Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carolyn Diehl
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Shinall MC, Ely EW, Diehl C, Beskow LM. Patient Perspectives on Perioperative Supportive Care Needs Surrounding Major Abdominal Operations for Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2023; 30:2597-2605. [PMID: 36463355 PMCID: PMC10184497 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-022-12895-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The development of supportive care interventions delivered by surgeons for their patients is a major research priority. Designing such interventions requires understanding patients' supportive care needs for major operations. This qualitative analysis aimed to determine the supportive care needs of patients undergoing major abdominal operations for cancer. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews with a subset of participants in a randomized, controlled trial of a specialist palliative care intervention for patients undergoing abdominal resections for cancer (NCT03436290). Sampling was designed to balance the population by sex, age (older vs. younger than 65 years), and treatment group assignment (intervention vs. control). The interview guide was developed to elicit patient perceptions of their supportive care needs from diagnosis to the time of interview, about 1 month after their operation. Two coders used an iterative, inductive method to identify recurring themes in the interviews. RESULTS Analysis of interview transcripts revealed five primary themes: preoperative preparation, postoperative recovery, expectation setting, coordination of care, and provider characteristics. Cutting across these themes were patients' focus on time, timeliness, and timelines, as well as their desires for information both from their surgeons and other sources. Surgeons inspired trust through the quality of their communication and their responsiveness to questions. Patients were sensitive to perceived deviations from their expectations and spoke of the need to develop patience and to expect the unexpected. CONCLUSIONS Patients expressed several needs for supportive care that surgical teams can potentially address to improve the experience of major cancer surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrick C Shinall
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Section of Palliative Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - E Wesley Ely
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonology, and Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Tennessee Valley Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carolyn Diehl
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Benedetti DJ, Hammack-Aviran CM, Diehl C, Beskow LM. Landscape of pediatric cancer treatment refusal and abandonment in the US: A qualitative study. Front Pediatr 2023; 10:1049661. [PMID: 36699305 PMCID: PMC9869139 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.1049661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To describe United States (US) pediatric oncologists' experiences with treatment refusal or abandonment, exploring types and frequency of decision-making conflicts, and their impact. Study design We conducted exploratory qualitative interviews of pediatric oncologists (n = 30) with experience caring for a pediatric patient who refused or abandoned curative treatment. Interviewees were recruited using convenience and nominated expert sampling, soliciting experiences from diverse geographic locations and institution sizes across the US. We analyzed transcripts using applied thematic analysis to identify and refine meaningful domains. Results Many oncologists reported multiple experiences with refusal and abandonment. Most anticipated case frequency would increase due to misinformation, particularly on the internet. Interviewees described cases of treatment refusal and abandonment, but also a wider variety of cases than previously described in existing publications, including cases involving: non-adherence; negotiations for different treatments; negotiations for complementary and alternative medicine; delayed treatment initiation; and refusal of a component of recommended therapy. Cases often involved multiple stages or types of conflicts. Recurring patient/family behaviors emerged: clear opposition to treatment from the outset; hesitancy about treatment despite initiating therapy; and psychosocial circumstances becoming an obstacle to treatment completion. Oncologists revealed substantial professional and personal repercussions of these cases. Conclusion Oncologist interviews highlight a broad range of conflicts, yielding a taxonomy of treatment refusal, non-adherence and abandonment (TRNA) that accounts for the heterogeneity of situations described. Cases' complexity and interrelatedness points to a functional model of TRNA that includes families' behaviors. This preliminary taxonomy and model warrant further research and examination to refine the model and generate strategies to prevent and mitigate TRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Benedetti
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Carolyn Diehl
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Casey JD, Beskow LM, Self WH, Mebazaa A, Collins SP. The approach to informed consent in acute care research - Authors' reply. Lancet Respir Med 2022; 10:e108. [PMID: 36335955 PMCID: PMC9633074 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Casey
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Vanderbilt Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wesley H Self
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- Department of Anesthesia, Burn and Critical Care, University Hospitals Saint-Louis-Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM UMR-S 942, MASCOT, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sean P Collins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Beskow LM, Wolf LE. "Choice of law" in precision medicine research. Am J Hum Genet 2022; 109:1347-1352. [PMID: 35931047 PMCID: PMC9388386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale precision medicine research requires massive amounts of data representing people from all walks of life; thus, in the US, it is often multistate research. Significant legal and ethical quandaries arise as a result of the patchwork of laws states have enacted that may apply to research, are not preempted by federal law, and may impose requirements or provide participant rights and protections that differ from other states. Determining which state's laws apply, and under what circumstances, is not solved by the transition to a single-IRB model and researchers cannot simply choose one state's laws to apply uniformly. At a minimum, the current process of meeting each state's requirements could be made more reliable and efficient. To fundamentally change this status quo, however, requires action at multiple levels. Federally, well-known gaps in the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act should be closed, and a coherent system of compensation for research injury-including non-physical injuries-should be developed. States should clarify which of their laws are intended to apply to research and work collaboratively to harmonize them. At the level of individual research projects, numerous policies and procedures could be standardized through authoritative guidelines. Examples include clarifying the scope of broad consent, understanding and upholding Certificates of Confidentiality, offering individual research results responsibly, and consistently disseminating aggregate results to participants and the public. Overall, development of a choice of law framework specific to the research context could significantly promote clarity and consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 400, Nashville, TN 37203, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Leslie E. Wolf
- Center for Law, Health and Society, Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA
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Casey JD, Beskow LM, Brown J, Brown SM, Gayat É, Ng Gong M, Harhay MO, Jaber S, Jentzer JC, Laterre PF, Marshall JC, Matthay MA, Rice TW, Rosenberg Y, Turnbull AE, Ware LB, Self WH, Mebazaa A, Collins SP. Use of pragmatic and explanatory trial designs in acute care research: lessons from COVID-19. Lancet Respir Med 2022; 10:700-714. [PMID: 35709825 PMCID: PMC9191864 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00044-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Unique challenges arise when conducting trials to evaluate therapies already in common clinical use, including difficulty enrolling patients owing to widespread open-label use of trial therapies and the need for large sample sizes to detect small but clinically meaningful treatment effects. Despite numerous successes in trials evaluating novel interventions such as vaccines, traditional explanatory trials have struggled to provide definitive answers to time-sensitive questions for acutely ill patients with COVID-19. Pragmatic trials, which can increase efficiency by allowing some or all trial procedures to be embedded into clinical care, are increasingly proposed as a means to evaluate therapies that are in common clinical use. In this Personal View, we use two concurrently conducted COVID-19 trials of hydroxychloroquine (the US ORCHID trial and the UK RECOVERY trial) to contrast the effects of explanatory and pragmatic trial designs on trial conduct, trial results, and the care of patients managed outside of clinical trials. In view of the potential advantages and disadvantages of explanatory and pragmatic trial designs, we make recommendations for their optimal use in the evaluation of therapies in the acute care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Casey
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Vanderbilt Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jeremy Brown
- Office of Emergency Care Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Division of Clinical Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Samuel M Brown
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Étienne Gayat
- Department of Anesthesia, Burn and Critical Care, University Hospitals Saint-Louis-Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM UMR-S 942, MASCOT, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Michelle Ng Gong
- Division of Critical Care Medicine and Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael O Harhay
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research (PAIR) Center Clinical Trials Methods and Outcomes Lab, and Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Samir Jaber
- Saint Eloi Intensive Care Unit, Montpellier University Hospital, and PhyMedExp, INSERM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacob C Jentzer
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Pierre-François Laterre
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques St-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John C Marshall
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Matthay
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Todd W Rice
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yves Rosenberg
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison E Turnbull
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lorraine B Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wesley H Self
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexandre Mebazaa
- Department of Anesthesia, Burn and Critical Care, University Hospitals Saint-Louis-Lariboisière, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM UMR-S 942, MASCOT, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sean P Collins
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA; Geriatric Research, Education,and Clinical Center, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, USA
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Beskow LM, Hammack-Aviran C, Hazel JW, Wolf LE. Perspectives on choice of law challenges in multistate precision medicine research. J Law Biosci 2022; 9:lsac010. [PMID: 35479264 PMCID: PMC9036897 DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Federal law establishes minimum standards for protecting human research participants, but many states have enacted laws that may apply to research. Precision medicine research in particular implicates state laws that govern an array of topics, including human subjects research, genetic testing, and both general and genetic privacy and discrimination. Thus, the determination of which state's laws apply, and under what circumstances, can substantially alter participant rights and protections. To shed light on this topic, we conducted interviews with experts in law, human research protections, and precision medicine research. Our goal was to better understand their experiences with choice of law issues, the effects of state law variation on research practices and stakeholder groups, and approaches to addressing such variation. Interviewees were aware of state-based variation in laws that could be applied to research. However, the extent to which they perceived such variability as problematic differed, as did their perceptions of stakeholder roles and responsibilities for addressing state law variation, and their estimations of requisite knowledge among IRBs and researchers. These divergent perspectives create an ethical and legal quandary, and further empirical and normative work is needed to fully characterize the implications of substantive differences in participant rights and protections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashvile, Tennessee, USA
| | - Catherine Hammack-Aviran
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashvile, Tennessee, USA
| | - James W Hazel
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashvile, Tennessee, USA
| | - Leslie E Wolf
- Center for Law, Health and Society, Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Wolf LE, Brown EF, Greeson R, Hammack-Aviran C, Hazel JW, Rencher W, Beskow LM. Addressing choice of law challenges in multi-state precision medicine research: experts' assessment of key factors. J Law Biosci 2022; 9:lsac013. [PMID: 35496982 PMCID: PMC9048655 DOI: 10.1093/jlb/lsac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine research implicates numerous state laws that may affect participants' rights and protections and are not preempted by federal law. The choice of which state's laws apply, and under what circumstances, can have significant impact on research design and oversight. But neither of the traditional approaches to choice of law issues-contractual agreement or determination by a court after a dispute arises-fit the research context well. We hosted a series of workshops with choice of law experts and research law and ethics experts to identify factors that are most crucial to account for in a future choice of law precision medicine research framework. Our workshops focused on precision medicine 'places' and choice of law factors; there was consensus that 'place where the harm occurred' was relevant and best represented by where the participant resides and/or where the research/institution is located. Our experts identified factors that need to be accounted for in a future choice of law framework. They also identified potential approaches, including a federal law or model state law as ways of achieving more uniformity of protections and a comprehensive database of laws, which merit further consideration to provide IRBs and researchers the guidance they require.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Wolf
- Center for Law, Health and Society, Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta, USA
| | - Erin Fuse Brown
- Center for Law, Health and Society, Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta, USA
| | | | | | - James W Hazel
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
| | - William Rencher
- Georgia Health Policy Center, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, USA
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Shinall MC, Beskow LM, Karlekar M, Martin SF, Robbins SG, Tang VL. Psychosocial Stress Before Major Oncologic Operations: A Qualitative Content Analysis of Palliative Care Provider Documentation. Ann Surg 2021; 274:e649-e650. [PMID: 33843799 PMCID: PMC8501144 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000004897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Myrick C. Shinall
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Section of Palliative Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Mohana Karlekar
- Section of Palliative Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sara F. Martin
- Section of Palliative Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Samuel G. Robbins
- Section of Palliative Medicine, Division of General Internal Medicine and Public Health, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Victoria L. Tang
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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Hazel JW, Hammack-Aviran C, Brelsford KM, Malin BA, Beskow LM, Clayton EW. Direct-to-consumer genetic testing: Prospective users' attitudes toward information about ancestry and biological relationships. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260340. [PMID: 34843533 PMCID: PMC8629298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct-to-consumer genetic testing is marketed as a tool to uncover ancestry and kin. Recent studies of actual and potential users have demonstrated that individuals’ responses to the use of these tests for these purposes are complex, with privacy, disruptive consequences, potential for misuse, and secondary use by law enforcement cited as potential concerns. We conducted six focus groups with a diverse sample of participants (n = 62) who were aware of but had not used direct-to-consumer genetic tests, in an effort to understand more about what people considering these tests think about the potential value, risks, and benefits of such testing, taking into account use by third parties, such as potential kin and law enforcement. Participants differed widely in the perceived value of direct-to-consumer genetic tests for ancestry and kinship information for their own lives, including the desirability of contact with previously unknown relatives. Some perceived ancestry testing as mere curiosity or entertainment, while others, particularly those who had gaps in their family history, few living relatives, or who were adopted, saw greater value. Concerns about intrusion into one’s life by purported kin and control of data were widespread, with many participants expressing concern about secondary uses of data that could harm users or their families. The use of direct-to-consumer genetic tests data for forensic genealogy elicited a particularly wide array of reactions, both spontaneously and in response to specific discussion prompts, mirroring the current public debate about law enforcement access to such data. The themes uncovered through our investigation warrant specific attention in the continued development of the science, policy, and practice of commercial direct-to-consumer genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Hazel
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Privacy and Identity in Community Settings (GetPreCiSe), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine Hammack-Aviran
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Privacy and Identity in Community Settings (GetPreCiSe), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Privacy and Identity in Community Settings (GetPreCiSe), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Bradley A. Malin
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Privacy and Identity in Community Settings (GetPreCiSe), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Privacy and Identity in Community Settings (GetPreCiSe), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ellen Wright Clayton
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Privacy and Identity in Community Settings (GetPreCiSe), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Peetz AB, Kuzemchak MD, Streams JR, Patel MB, Guillamondegui OD, Dennis BM, Betzold RD, Gunter OL, Karp SJ, Beskow LM. Regional ethics of surgeon resuscitation for organ transplantation after lethal injury. Surgery 2021; 169:1532-1535. [PMID: 33436273 PMCID: PMC8631573 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trauma patients may present with nonsurvivable injuries, which could be resuscitated for future organ transplantation. Trauma surgeons face an ethical dilemma of deciding whether, when, and how to resuscitate a patient who will not directly benefit from it. As there are no established guidelines to follow, we aimed to describe resuscitation practices for organ transplantation; we hypothesized that resuscitation practices vary regionally. METHOD Over a 3-month period, we surveyed trauma surgeons practicing in Levels I and II trauma centers within a single state using an instrument to measure resuscitation attitudes and practices for organ preservation. Descriptive statistics were calculated for practice patterns. RESULTS The survey response rate was 51% (31/60). Many (81%) had experience with resuscitations where the primary goal was to preserve potential for organ transplantation. Many (90%) said they encountered this dilemma at least monthly. All respondents were willing to intubate; most were willing to start vasopressors (94%) and to transfuse blood (84%) (range, 1 unit to >10 units). Of respondents, 29% would resuscitate for ≥24 hours, and 6% would perform a resuscitative thoracotomy. Respect for patients' dying process and future organ quality were the factors most frequently considered very important or important when deciding to stop or forgo resuscitation, followed closely by concerns about excessive resource use. CONCLUSION Trauma surgeons' regional resuscitation practices vary widely for this patient population. This variation implies a lack of professional consensus regarding initiation and extent of resuscitations in this setting. These data suggest this is a common clinical challenge, which would benefit from further study to determine national variability, areas of equipoise, and features amenable to practice guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan B Peetz
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of General Surgery, Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Surgical Services, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN; Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
| | | | - Jill R Streams
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of General Surgery, Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Mayur B Patel
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of General Surgery, Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Surgical Services, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN; Center for Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship (CIBS) Center, Vanderbilt Center for Health Services Research, Nashville, TN
| | - Oscar D Guillamondegui
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of General Surgery, Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Bradley M Dennis
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of General Surgery, Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Surgical Services, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard D Betzold
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Oliver L Gunter
- Division of Trauma & Surgical Critical Care, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of General Surgery, Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Seth J Karp
- Department of General Surgery, Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN; Surgical Services, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN; Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery & Liver Transplantation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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Abstract
Biomedical research is increasingly capitalizing on an array of data to illuminate the interplay between "omics," lifestyle, and health. Leveraging this information presents opportunities to advance knowledge but also poses risks to research participants. In interviews with thought leaders, we asked which data type associated with a hypothetical precision medicine research endeavor was riskiest: 42% chose ongoing access to electronic health records, 17% chose genomic analyses of biospecimens, and 15% chose streaming data from mobile devices. Other responses included "It depends" (15%), the three types are equally risky (8%), and the combination of data types together is riskiest (3%). When asked to consider the hypothetical study overall, 60% rated the likelihood of the risks materializing as low, but 20% rated the potential consequences as severe. These results have implications for study design and informed consent, including placing appropriate emphasis on the risks and protections for the full range of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Beskow
- Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics and a professor of health policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Catherine M Hammack-Aviran
- Associate in health policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Kathleen M Brelsford
- Research assistant professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center at the time of this work
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Beskow LM, Hammack-Aviran CM, Brelsford KM. Developing model biobanking consent language: what matters to prospective participants? BMC Med Res Methodol 2020; 20:119. [PMID: 32414333 PMCID: PMC7227271 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-020-01001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efforts to improve informed consent have led to calls for providing information a reasonable person would want to have, in a way that facilitates understanding of the reasons why one might or might not want to participate. At the same time, advances in large-scale genomic research have expanded both the opportunities and the risks for participants, families, and communities. To advance the use of effective consent materials that reflect this landscape, we used empirical data to develop model consent language, as well as brief questions to assist people in thinking about their own values relative to participation. METHODS We conducted in-person interviews to gather preliminary input on these materials from a diverse sample (n = 32) of the general population in Nashville, Tennessee. We asked them to highlight information they found especially reassuring or concerning, their hypothetical willingness to participate, and their opinions about the values questions. RESULTS Consent information most often highlighted as reassuring included the purpose of the biobank, the existence and composition of a multidisciplinary oversight committee, the importance of participants' privacy and efforts to protect it, and controlled access to a scientific database. Information most often highlighted as concerning included the deposition of data in a publicly accessible database, the risk of unintended access to data, the potential for non-research use of data, and use of medical record information in general. Seventy-five percent of participants indicated initial willingness to participate in the hypothetical biobank; this decreased to 66% as participants more closely considered the information over the course of the interview. A large majority rated the values questions as helpful. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with other research on public perspectives on biobanking and genomic cohort studies, suggesting that our model language effectively captures commonly expressed reasons for and against participation. Our study enriches this literature by connecting specific consent form disclosures with qualitative data regarding what participants found especially reassuring or concerning and why. Interventions that facilitate individuals' closer engagement with consent information may result in participation decisions more closely aligned with their values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 400, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA.
| | - Catherine M Hammack-Aviran
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 400, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Kathleen M Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 400, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
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Hammack-Aviran CM, Brelsford KM, McKenna KC, Graham RD, Lampron ZM, Beskow LM. Research Use of Electronic Health Records: Patients' Views on Alternative Approaches to Permission. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2020; 11:172-186. [PMID: 32338567 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2020.1755383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Background: The increased use of electronic health records (EHRs) has resulted in new opportunities for research, but also raises concerns regarding privacy, confidentiality, and patient awareness. Because public trust is essential to the success of the research enterprise, patient perspectives are essential to the development and implementation of ethical approaches to the research use of EHRs. Yet, little is known about patients' views and expectations regarding various approaches to seeking permission for research use of their EHR data. Methods: We conducted semi-structured interviews with 120 patients in four counties in diverse regions of the southeastern United States: Appalachia, the Mississippi Delta, and the Piedmont area of North Carolina. We asked participants to consider, from multiple stakeholder perspectives, the advantages and disadvantages of three approaches to notifying patients of, or obtaining permission for, research use of their EHR data; whether they believed it would be acceptable if their healthcare organization used each approach; and which approach would be most appropriate. Results: Nearly all participants said General Notification, Broad Permission, and Categorical Permission would each be acceptable approaches to notification of, or permission for, EHR research. Over half identified Broad Permission as the most appropriate approach. Across all of these discussions, major themes included the importance of clarity, simplicity, and usability of patient-facing materials, as well as the level of transparency, trustworthiness, and respect for patients the approach conveys. Conclusions: Our findings help to inform the development and implementation of ethical approaches to the research use of EHRs by identifying key patient considerations regarding various approaches to permission and suggesting potential actions for healthcare organizations and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Hammack-Aviran
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathleen M Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kevin C McKenna
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ross D Graham
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Zachary M Lampron
- Department of Pragmatic Health Systems Research, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Beskow LM, Hammack-Aviran CM, Brelsford KM, O’Rourke PP. Expert Perspectives on Oversight for Unregulated mHealth Research: Empirical Data and Commentary. J Law Med Ethics 2020; 48:138-146. [PMID: 32342753 PMCID: PMC7783510 DOI: 10.1177/1073110520917039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In qualitative interviews with a diverse group of experts, the vast majority believed unregulated researchers should seek out independent oversight. Reasons included the need for objectivity, protecting app users from research risks, and consistency in standards for the ethical conduct of research. Concerns included burdening minimal risk research and limitations in current systems of oversight. Literature and analysis supports the use of IRBs even when not required by regulations, and the need for evidence-based improvements in IRB processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN)
| | | | - Kathleen M. Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN)
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Rothstein MA, Wilbanks JT, Beskow LM, Brelsford KM, Brothers KB, Doerr M, Evans BJ, Hammack-Aviran CM, McGowan ML, Tovino SA. Unregulated Health Research Using Mobile Devices: Ethical Considerations and Policy Recommendations. J Law Med Ethics 2020; 48:196-226. [PMID: 32342752 DOI: 10.1177/1073110520917047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mobile devices with health apps, direct-to-consumer genetic testing, crowd-sourced information, and other data sources have enabled research by new classes of researchers. Independent researchers, citizen scientists, patient-directed researchers, self-experimenters, and others are not covered by federal research regulations because they are not recipients of federal financial assistance or conducting research in anticipation of a submission to the FDA for approval of a new drug or medical device. This article addresses the difficult policy challenge of promoting the welfare and interests of research participants, as well as the public, in the absence of regulatory requirements and without discouraging independent, innovative scientific inquiry. The article recommends a series of measures, including education, consultation, transparency, self-governance, and regulation to strike the appropriate balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rothstein
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
| | - John T Wilbanks
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
| | - Kathleen M Brelsford
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
| | - Kyle B Brothers
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
| | - Megan Doerr
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
| | - Barbara J Evans
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
| | - Catherine M Hammack-Aviran
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
| | - Michelle L McGowan
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
| | - Stacey A Tovino
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. John T. Wilbanks is Chief Commons Officer of Sage Bionetworks. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Megan Doerr, M.S., L.G.C., is Principal Scientist, Governance at Sage Bionetworks. Barbara J. Evans, J.D., Ph.D., is Mary Ann and Lawrence E. Faust Professor of Law, Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Director of the Center for Biotechnology and Law, University of Houston. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, M.A., J.D., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Michelle L. McGowan, Ph.D., is Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center. Stacey A. Tovino, J.D., Ph.D., is Judge Jack and Lulu Lehman Professor of Law at the William S. Boyd School of Law, University of Nevada-Las Vegas
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Wolf LE, Hammack CM, Brown EF, Brelsford KM, Beskow LM. Protecting Participants in Genomic Research: Understanding the "Web of Protections" Afforded by Federal and State Law. J Law Med Ethics 2020; 48:126-141. [PMID: 32342774 PMCID: PMC7307001 DOI: 10.1177/1073110520917000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Researchers now commonly collect biospecimens for genomic analysis together with information from mobile devices and electronic health records. This rich combination of data creates new opportunities for understanding and addressing important health issues, but also intensifies challenges to privacy and confidentiality. Here, we elucidate the "web" of legal protections for precision medicine research by integrating findings from qualitative interviews with structured legal research and applying them to realistic research scenarios involving various privacy threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Wolf
- Leslie E. Wolf, J.D., M.P.H., is a Distinguished University Professor and Professor of Law at Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia and Director of the GSU Center for Law, Health & Society. Catherine M. Hammack, J.D., M.A., is an Associate in Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Erin Fuse Brown, J.D., M.P.H., is an Associate Professor of Law at the Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. Kathleen M. Brelsford, M.A., Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D. is a Professor of Health Policy and the Anne Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Catherine M Hammack
- Leslie E. Wolf, J.D., M.P.H., is a Distinguished University Professor and Professor of Law at Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia and Director of the GSU Center for Law, Health & Society. Catherine M. Hammack, J.D., M.A., is an Associate in Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Erin Fuse Brown, J.D., M.P.H., is an Associate Professor of Law at the Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. Kathleen M. Brelsford, M.A., Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D. is a Professor of Health Policy and the Anne Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Erin Fuse Brown
- Leslie E. Wolf, J.D., M.P.H., is a Distinguished University Professor and Professor of Law at Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia and Director of the GSU Center for Law, Health & Society. Catherine M. Hammack, J.D., M.A., is an Associate in Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Erin Fuse Brown, J.D., M.P.H., is an Associate Professor of Law at the Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. Kathleen M. Brelsford, M.A., Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D. is a Professor of Health Policy and the Anne Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Kathleen M Brelsford
- Leslie E. Wolf, J.D., M.P.H., is a Distinguished University Professor and Professor of Law at Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia and Director of the GSU Center for Law, Health & Society. Catherine M. Hammack, J.D., M.A., is an Associate in Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Erin Fuse Brown, J.D., M.P.H., is an Associate Professor of Law at the Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. Kathleen M. Brelsford, M.A., Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D. is a Professor of Health Policy and the Anne Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Leslie E. Wolf, J.D., M.P.H., is a Distinguished University Professor and Professor of Law at Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia and Director of the GSU Center for Law, Health & Society. Catherine M. Hammack, J.D., M.A., is an Associate in Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Erin Fuse Brown, J.D., M.P.H., is an Associate Professor of Law at the Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. Kathleen M. Brelsford, M.A., Ph.D., M.P.H., is a Research Assistant Professor in the Department of Health Policy and a member of the core faculty of the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D. is a Professor of Health Policy and the Anne Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee
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Hammack-Aviran CM, Brelsford KM, Beskow LM. Ethical Considerations in the Conduct of Unregulated mHealth Research: Expert Perspectives. J Law Med Ethics 2020; 48:9-36. [PMID: 32342756 PMCID: PMC7789882 DOI: 10.1177/1073110520917027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To assist in resolving ethical questions surrounding unregulated mHealth research, we conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with experts from four key stakeholder groups: patient/research advocates, researchers, regulatory professionals, and mobile app/device developers. They discussed challenges and potential solutions in the context of two hypothetical scenarios involving unregulated mHealth research, including notifications/permissions for research use of mHealth data, data access procedures, new primary data collection, offering individual research results, and data sharing and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kathleen M. Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN)
| | - Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN)
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25
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Brelsford KM, Spratt SE, Beskow LM. Research use of electronic health records: patients' perspectives on contact by researchers. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2019; 25:1122-1129. [PMID: 29986107 PMCID: PMC6118867 DOI: 10.1093/jamia/ocy087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The use of electronic health records (EHRs) for research has the potential to improve the diagnosis and treatment of disease, yet contact with patients based on results of EHR phenotyping has received little attention. Researchers will almost certainly discover discrepancies in EHRs that call for resolution and, in some cases, raise the ethical dilemma of whether to contact patients about a potentially undiagnosed or untreated health concern. The objective of this study was to explore patients' attitudes and opinions about potential contact by researchers who have had access to their EHRs. Materials and methods We conducted 15 focus groups in four diverse counties in the southeastern United States. We designed vignettes to describe different situations in which researchers conducting a hypothetical study might have reason to consider contact with patients. Results Many patients believed it was important for researchers to take action if they discovered information suggesting a current serious health concern. Relaying the information through patients' physicians was considered the most appropriate course of action. Across vignettes, there were significant differences between urban and rural sites. Discussion and conclusions Researchers may increasingly encounter situations involving contact with patients following EHR phenotyping. They should carefully consider the possibility of such contact when planning their studies, including the time and expertise needed to adjudicate potentially serious discrepancies. Our focus group results are one source of input for the development of ethical approaches to the research use of EHRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, and Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Susan E Spratt
- Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, and Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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26
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Shinall MC, Hoskins A, Hawkins AT, Bailey C, Brown A, Agarwal R, Duggan MC, Beskow LM, Periyakoil VS, Penson DF, Jarrett RT, Chandrasekhar R, Ely EW. A randomized trial of a specialist palliative care intervention for patients undergoing surgery for cancer: rationale and design of the Surgery for Cancer with Option of Palliative Care Expert (SCOPE) Trial. Trials 2019; 20:713. [PMID: 31829237 PMCID: PMC6907134 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3754-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In medical oncology settings, early specialist palliative care interventions have demonstrated improvements in patient quality of life and survival compared with usual oncologic care. However, the effect of early specialist palliative care interventions in surgical oncology settings is not well studied. METHODS The Surgery for Cancer with Option for Palliative Care Expert (SCOPE) Trial is a single-center, prospective, single-blind, randomized controlled trial of a specialist palliative care intervention for cancer patients undergoing non-palliative surgery. It will enroll 236 patients scheduled for major abdominal operations for malignancy, who will be randomized 1:1 at enrollment to receive usual care (control arm) or specialist palliative care consultation (intervention arm). Intervention arm patients will receive consultations from a palliative care specialist (physician or nurse practitioner) preoperatively and postoperatively. The primary outcome is physical and functional wellbeing at 90 days postoperatively. Secondary outcomes are quality of life at 90 days postoperatively, posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms at 180 days postoperatively, days alive at home without an emergency room visit in the first 90 postoperative days, and overall survival at 1 year postoperatively. Participants will be followed for 3 years after surgery for exploratory analyses of their ongoing quality of life, healthcare utilization, and mortality. DISCUSSION SCOPE is an ongoing randomized controlled trial evaluating specialist palliative care interventions for cancer patients undergoing non-palliative oncologic surgery. Findings from the study will inform ways to identify and improve care of surgical patients who will likely benefit from specialist palliative care services. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03436290 First Registered: 16 February 2018 Enrollment Began: 1 March 2018 Last Update: 20 December 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrick C Shinall
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Room D5203 MCN, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Section of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Aimee Hoskins
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander T Hawkins
- Section of Colon & Rectal Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christina Bailey
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alaina Brown
- Division of GYN Oncology, Department of OB/GYN, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rajiv Agarwal
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Maria C Duggan
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - David F Penson
- Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan T Jarrett
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rameela Chandrasekhar
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - E Wesley Ely
- Critical Illness, Brain Dysfunction, and Survivorship Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Geriatrics Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health System, Nashville, TN, USA.,Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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27
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Rothstein MA, Zawati MH, Beskow LM, Brelsford KM, Brothers KB, Hammack-Aviran CM, Hazel JW, Joly Y, Lang M, Patrinos D, Saltzman A, Knoppers BM. Legal and Ethical Challenges of International Direct-to-Participant Genomic Research: Conclusions and Recommendations. J Law Med Ethics 2019; 47:705-731. [PMID: 31957580 DOI: 10.1177/1073110519898297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Rothstein
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Ma'n H Zawati
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Kathleen M Brelsford
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Kyle B Brothers
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Catherine M Hammack-Aviran
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - James W Hazel
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Yann Joly
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Michael Lang
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Dimitri Patrinos
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Andrea Saltzman
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
| | - Bartha Maria Knoppers
- Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law and Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Ma'n H. Zawati, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Executive Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Assistant Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kathleen M. Brelsford, Ph.D., M.P.H., is Research Assistant Professor at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Kyle B. Brothers, M.D., Ph.D., is Endowed Chair of Pediatric Clinical and Translational Research, University of Louisville School of Medicine. Catherine M. Hammack-Aviran, J.D., M.A., is Associate in Health Policy at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. James W. Hazel, J.D., Ph.D., is a Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Yann Joly, Ph.D. (D.C.L.), is Research Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy and Associate Professor, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Michael Lang, B.C.L., LL.B., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Dimitri Patrinos, B.Sc., LL.B., J.D., is a Research Assistant at the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine. Andrea Saltzman, B.S.N., M.A., is Director, Office of Research Subject Protection, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University. Bartha Maria Knoppers, Ph.D. (Comparative Medical Law), is Canada Research Chair in Law and Medicine, Professor and Director of the Centre of Genomics and Policy, Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Faculty of Medicine
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Peetz AB, Patel MB, Guillamondegui OD, Dennis BM, Betzold RD, Streams JR, Gunter O, Karp SJ, Beskow LM, Meador KG. Resuscitating the Dying for Organ Donation: A Statewide Survey of Trauma Surgeons. J Am Coll Surg 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.08.856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
A growing proportion of prospective research participants in the United States speak limited or no English. We conducted cognitive interviews with native Spanish speakers to test Spanish-language translations of simplified and traditional biobank consent forms. Comprehension was generally high and did not differ by form. Most of those who received the simplified form felt it contained the right amount of information, compared with fewer than half of those who received the traditional form. Qualitative results allowed us to identify overarching issues related to tone, formality, and voice that may affect prospective participants' trust and willingness to participate. Certain characteristics of written Spanish are seemingly at odds with recommended actions to simplify consent forms; thus, even when significant empirical effort has been expended to develop simplified consent materials in English, additional work is needed to ensure the accuracy, comprehensibility, and cultural-congruence of Spanish-language translations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Brelsford
- Research assistant professor in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Ernesto Ruiz
- Postdoctoral fellow in the Department of Family and Community Medicine at Meharry Medical College
| | - Catherine M Hammack
- Associate in health policy in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Professor and the Ann Geddes Stahlman chair in medical ethics in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Wolf
- Center for Law, Health & Society, Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Abstract
Data documenting poor understanding among research participants and real-time efforts to assess comprehension in large-scale studies are focusing new attention on informed consent comprehension. Within the context of biobanking consent, we previously convened a multidisciplinary panel to reach consensus about what information must be understood for a prospective participant's consent to be considered valid. Subsequently, we presented them with data from another study showing that many U.S. adults would fail to comprehend the information the panel had deemed essential. When asked to evaluate the importance of the information again, panelists' opinions shifted dramatically in the direction of requiring that less information be understood. Follow-up interviews indicated significant uncertainty about defining a threshold of understanding and what should happen when prospective participants are unable to grasp key information. These findings have important implications for urgently needed discussion of whether consent comprehension is an ethical requirement or an ethical aspiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society and Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Kevin P. Weinfurt
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
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Abstract
Precision medicine research is rapidly taking a lead role in the pursuit of new ways to improve health and prevent disease, but also presents new challenges for protecting human subjects. The extent to which the current "web" of legal protections, including technical data security measures, as well as measures to restrict access or prevent misuse of research data, will protect participants in this context remains largely unknown. Understanding the strength, usefulness, and limitations of this constellation of laws, regulations, and procedures is critical to ensuring not only that participants are protected, but also that their participation decisions are accurately informed. To address these gaps, we conducted in-depth interviews with a diverse group of 60 thought-leaders to explore their perspectives on the protections associated with precision medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Hammack
- Catherine M. Hammack, M.A., J.D., is an Associate in Health Policy in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN). Kathleen M. Brelsford, M.P.H., Ph.D., is a Research Assistant Professor in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN). Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is a Professor of Health Policy and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN)
| | - Kathleen M Brelsford
- Catherine M. Hammack, M.A., J.D., is an Associate in Health Policy in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN). Kathleen M. Brelsford, M.P.H., Ph.D., is a Research Assistant Professor in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN). Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is a Professor of Health Policy and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN)
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Catherine M. Hammack, M.A., J.D., is an Associate in Health Policy in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN). Kathleen M. Brelsford, M.P.H., Ph.D., is a Research Assistant Professor in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN). Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is a Professor of Health Policy and Ann Geddes Stahlman Chair in Medical Ethics in the Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society at Vanderbilt University Medical Center (Nashville, TN)
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Beskow LM, Brelsford KM, Hammack CM. Patient perspectives on use of electronic health records for research recruitment. BMC Med Res Methodol 2019; 19:42. [PMID: 30808279 PMCID: PMC6390331 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-019-0686-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EHR phenotyping offers the ability to rapidly assemble a precisely defined cohort of patients prescreened for eligibility to participate in health-related research. Even so, stakeholders in the process must still contend with the practical and ethical challenges associated with research recruitment. Patient perspectives on these matters are particularly important given that the success of research recruitment depends on patients' willingness to participate. METHODS We conducted 15 focus groups (n = 110 participants) in four counties in diverse regions of the southeastern US: Appalachia, the Mississippi Delta, and the Piedmont area of North Carolina. Based on a hypothetical study of a behavioral intervention for type 2 diabetes, we asked about the acceptability and appropriateness of direct investigator versus physician-mediated contact with patients for research recruitment, and whether patients should be asked to opt in or opt out of further contact in response to recruitment letters. RESULTS For initial contact, nearly all participants said it would be acceptable for researchers to contact patients directly and three-fourths said that it would be acceptable for researchers to contact patients through their physicians. When we asked which would be most appropriate, a substantial majority chose direct contact. Themes that arose in the discussion included trust and transparency, decision-making power, the effect on research, and the effect on patient care. For response expectations, the vast majority of participants said both opt-in and opt-out would be acceptable-typically finding neither especially problematic and noting that both afford patients the opportunity to make their own decisions. CONCLUSIONS External validity relies heavily on researchers' success enrolling eligible patients and failure to reach accrual targets is a costly and common barrier to advancing scientific knowledge. Our results suggest that patients recognize multiple advantages and disadvantages of different research recruitment strategies and place value on the implications not just for themselves, but also for researchers and healthcare providers. Our findings, including rich qualitative detail, contribute to the body of empirical and ethical literature on improving research recruitment and suggest specific ways forward as well as important areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 400, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Kathleen M. Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 400, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
| | - Catherine M. Hammack
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Avenue, Suite 400, Nashville, TN 37203 USA
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Abstract
Precision medicine research is underway to identify targeted approaches to improving health and preventing disease. However, such endeavors raise significant privacy and confidentiality concerns. The objective of this study was to elucidate the potential benefits and harms associated with precision medicine research through in-depth interviews with a diverse group of thought leaders, including primarily U.S.-based experts and scholars in the areas of ethics, genome research, health law, historically-disadvantaged populations, informatics, and participant-centric perspectives, as well as government officials and human subjects protections leaders. The results suggest the prospect of an array of individual and societal benefits, as well as physical, dignitary, group, economic, psychological, and legal harms. Relative to the way risks and harms are commonly described in consent forms for precision medicine research, the thought leaders we interviewed arguably emphasized a somewhat different set of issues. The return of individual research results, harm to socially-identifiable groups, the value-dependent nature of many benefits and harms, and the risks to the research enterprise itself emerged as important cross-cutting themes. Our findings highlight specific challenges that warrant concentrated care during the design, conduct, dissemination, and translation of precision medicine research and in the development of consent materials and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Catherine M. Hammack
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kathleen M. Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Abstract
Certificates of Confidentiality ("Certificates") are a federal legal tool designed to protect sensitive, identifiable research data from compelled disclosure. Congress first authorized their use in 1970 to facilitate research on illegal drug use. The scope of their use was later expanded to cover mental health research and then again to apply broadly to identifiable, sensitive research data, regardless of topic. Certificates can be critical to enabling conduct of essential research on sensitive topics, such as effective interventions to curb the opioid epidemic or reduce HIV transmission among minority youth. Nevertheless, there have been criticisms about Certificates and their use on several grounds. For example, researchers and institutional review boards ("IRBs") may lack sufficient knowledge about them and, therefore, may not consider using them in studies for which they would be appropriate. In contrast to other protections, such as Department of Justice Privacy Certificates, Certificate protections were not automatically extended to these studies, but instead required an application. In addition, the concept of identifiable data had not kept up with technological changes that may allow for reidentification of data previously considered unidentifiable. Although a researcher who obtained a Certificate could use it to resist a legal demand for identifiable data, little was known about the actual effectiveness of the protection provided. The 21st Century Cures Act substantially revises the Certificates authorizing statute, and many of the changes are directly responsive to the criticisms that have been raised. Significantly, the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS") must issue Certificate protection to federally funded research involving identifiable, sensitive research data, and the National Institutes of Health ("NIH") will automatically include such protections to research it funds. Non-federally funded researchers can continue to apply for Certificate protection. The definition of identifiable has been expanded to include data "for which there is at least a very small risk" of identification. Certificates will now not only protect against compelled disclosure, but also render protected data inadmissible in legal proceedings without participant consent. In addition, voluntary disclosure is no longer authorized, but there is now a broad exception for disclosure as required by federal, state, and local laws. In this paper, based on our previous research on Certificates, we critically evaluate the 21st Century Cures Act's Certificates revisions and their positive and negative impact on the dual goals of facilitating important, sensitive research while maximally protecting individual research participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E. Wolf
- Georgia State University College of Law and School of Public Health,
| | - Laura M. Beskow
- Vanderbilt Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University,
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36
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Wolf SM, Scholtes E, Koenig BA, Petersen GM, Berry SA, Beskow LM, Daly MB, Fernandez CV, Green RC, LeRoy BS, Lindor NM, O'Rourke PP, Breitkopf CR, Rothstein MA, Van Ness B, Wilfond BS. Pragmatic Tools for Sharing Genomic Research Results with the Relatives of Living and Deceased Research Participants. J Law Med Ethics 2018; 46:87-109. [PMID: 30008546 PMCID: PMC6040667 DOI: 10.1177/1073110518766024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Returning genomic research results to family members raises complex questions. Genomic research on life-limiting conditions such as cancer, and research involving storage and reanalysis of data and specimens long into the future, makes these questions pressing. This author group, funded by an NIH grant, published consensus recommendations presenting a framework. This follow-up paper offers concrete guidance and tools for implementation. The group collected and analyzed relevant documents and guidance, including tools from the Clinical Sequencing Exploratory Research (CSER) Consortium. The authors then negotiated a consensus toolkit of processes and documents. That toolkit offers sample consent and notification documents plus decision flow-charts to address return of results to family of living and deceased participants, in adult and pediatric research. Core concerns are eliciting participant preferences on sharing results with family and on choice of a representative to make decisions about sharing after participant death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Wolf
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Emily Scholtes
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Barbara A Koenig
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Gloria M Petersen
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Susan A Berry
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Mary B Daly
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Conrad V Fernandez
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Robert C Green
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Bonnie S LeRoy
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - P Pearl O'Rourke
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Carmen Radecki Breitkopf
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Mark A Rothstein
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Brian Van Ness
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
| | - Benjamin S Wilfond
- Susan M. Wolf, J.D., is McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; and Chair of the Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences, University of Minnesota. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Emily Scholtes, J.D., is a graduate of the University of Minnesota Law School, where she served as a Research Assistant on the project on return of genomic results to family members. She then clerked for the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit before going into private practice. The views expressed in this article are exclusively those of the authors. This article has been prepared for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Barbara A. Koenig, Ph.D., is Director of Bioethics and Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Gloria M. Petersen, Ph.D., is Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. She was one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1R01CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband. Susan A. Berry, M.D., is Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics. Laura M. Beskow, M.P.H., Ph.D., is Professor of Health Policy and Director of Research Ethics, Center for Biomedical Ethics & Society, Vanderbilt University. She received her M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration, with a minor in Epidemiology, at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Mary B. Daly, M.D., Ph.D., is a medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer. Conrad V. Fernandez, B.Sc., M.D., is Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia. Robert C. Green, M.D., M.P.H., is a medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns. Bonnie S. LeRoy, M.S., C.G.C., is Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. Her work focuses on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. She served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03. Noralane M. Lindor, M.D., is Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her medical degree from Mayo Medical School, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester. P. Pearl O'Rourke, M.D., is Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School. Carmen Radecki Breitkopf, Ph.D., is Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany. Mark A. Rothstein, J.D., is Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law at the University of Louisville School of Medicine. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health. Brian Van Ness, Ph.D., is Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota. Benjamin S. Wilfond, M.D., is Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is past-President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
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Burke W, Beskow LM, Trinidad SB, Fullerton SM, Brelsford K. Informed Consent in Translational Genomics: Insufficient Without Trustworthy Governance. J Law Med Ethics 2018; 46:79-86. [PMID: 29962827 PMCID: PMC6023399 DOI: 10.1177/1073110518766023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Neither the range of potential results from genomic research that might be returned to participants nor future uses of stored data and biospecimens can be fully predicted at the outset of a study. Informed consent procedures require clear explanations about how and by whom decisions are made and what principles and criteria apply. To ensure trustworthy research governance, there is also a need for empirical studies incorporating public input to evaluate and strengthen these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wylie Burke
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, Box 357120, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195; Work phone: 206-221-5482; Home phone 206-232-6760; Cell phone: 206-619-3191
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Aves, Suite 400, Nashville TN 37203; Work phone: 615-936-2686
| | - Susan Brown Trinidad
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, Box 357120, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195; Work phone:206-543-2508;Home phone: 206-842-9241;Cell phone: 360-850-3428
| | - Stephanie M Fullerton
- Department of Bioethics and Humanities, Box 357120, University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195; Work phone: 206-616-1864; Home phone: 206-297-1005; Cell phone: 206-529-7029
| | - Kathleen Brelsford
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 2525 West End Aves, Suite 400, Nashville TN 37203; Work phone: 615-936-2686
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Abstract
Human biospecimens have played a crucial role in scientific and medical advances. Although the ethical and policy issues associated with biospecimen research have long been the subject of scholarly debate, the story of attention of a much broader audience. The story has been a catalyst for policy change, including major regulatory changes proposed in the United States surrounding informed consent. These proposals are premised in part on public opinion data, necessitating a closer look at what such data tell us. The development of biospecimen policy should be informed by many considerations—one of which is public input, robustly gathered, on acceptable approaches that optimize shared interests, including access for all to the benefits of research. There is a need for consent approaches that are guided by realistic aspirations and a balanced view of autonomy within an expanded ethical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Beskow
- Program for Empirical Bioethics, Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27705; .,Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Weinfurt KP, Bollinger JM, Brelsford KM, Crayton TJ, Topazian RJ, Kass NE, Beskow LM, Sugarman J. Patients' Views Concerning Research on Medical Practices: Implications for Consent. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2015; 7:76-91. [PMID: 27800531 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2015.1117536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative effectiveness research (CER) and pragmatic clinical trials commonly test interventions that are in routine use and pose minimal incremental risk or burdens to patients who participate in this research. The objective of this study was to elicit the range of patients' views and opinions regarding a variety of different types of research on usual medical practices, especially notification and authorization for them. METHODS We conducted twelve focus groups with adults in five U.S. cities-six focus groups addressing CER ("CER groups") and six groups addressing research involving hospital operations and clinician interventions ("Operations groups"). Participants discussed hypothetical research studies and potential methods of notifying patients and obtaining their authorization to participate. Group discussions were recorded, transcribed, and coded to identify patients' views related to research on standard medical practice. RESULTS A total of ninety six people participated. Twelve key themes emerged from participants' discussions of the hypothetical research studies; these themes were then grouped into four general categories: clinical care; notification and authorization; communication; and conduct and design of research. The desire to be actively notified and asked was more prominent with regard to CER studies than with regard to Operations studies. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that effective policy and guidance will involve balancing different patients' interests and potentially different sets of interests for different types of research studies on usual medical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P Weinfurt
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Juli M Bollinger
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kathleen M Brelsford
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Travis J Crayton
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Rachel J Topazian
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nancy E Kass
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC; Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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41
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McKinney RE, Beskow LM, Ford DE, Lantos JD, McCall J, Patrick-Lake B, Pletcher MJ, Rath B, Schmidt H, Weinfurt K. Use of altered informed consent in pragmatic clinical research. Clin Trials 2015; 12:494-502. [PMID: 26374677 PMCID: PMC4688909 DOI: 10.1177/1740774515597688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are situations in which the requirement to obtain conventional written informed consent can impose significant or even insurmountable barriers to conducting pragmatic clinical research, including some comparative effectiveness studies and cluster-randomized trials. Although certain federal regulations governing research in the United States (45 CFR 46) define circumstances in which any of the required elements may be waived, the same standards apply regardless of whether any single element is to be waived or whether consent is to be waived in its entirety. Using the same threshold for a partial or complete waiver limits the options available to institutional review boards as they seek to optimize a consent process. In this article, we argue that new standards are necessary in order to enable important pragmatic clinical research while at the same time protecting patients' rights and interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross E McKinney
- Trent Center for Bioethics, Humanities, & History of Medicine and Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Ford
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John D Lantos
- Children's Mercy Bioethics Center, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, US
| | | | - Bray Patrick-Lake
- Clinical Trials Transformation Initiative, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark J Pletcher
- Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian Rath
- Buchanan Ingersoll & Rooney PC, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hollie Schmidt
- Accelerated Cure Project for Multiple Sclerosis, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Kevin Weinfurt
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA Department of Psychiatry, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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42
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Wolf LE, Patel MJ, Williams Tarver BA, Austin JL, Dame LA, Beskow LM. Certificates of Confidentiality: Protecting Human Subject Research Data in Law and Practice. J Law Med Ethics 2015; 43:594-609. [PMID: 26479569 PMCID: PMC4636332 DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The federal Certificate of Confidentiality plays an important role in research on sensitive topics by authorizing researchers to refuse to disclose identifiable research data in response to subpoenas in any legal setting. However, there is little known about how effective Certificates are in practice. This article draws on our legal and empirical research on this topic to fill this information gap. It includes a description of the purpose of Certificates, their legislative and regulatory history, and a summary of the few reported and unreported cases that have dealt with Certificates. In addition, we outline other statutory confidentiality protections, compare them to the Certificate's protections, and analyze some of the vulnerabilities of a Certificate's protections. This analysis allows us to make specific recommendations for strengthening the protections afforded to research data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Wolf
- Professor of Law at Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia, and Director of the GSU Center for Law, Health & Society. She received her J.D. in 1991 from Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts and her M.P.H. in 1997 from Johns Hopkins School of Public Health in Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mayank J Patel
- Attorney with Jones Day in Atlanta, Georgia. He received his J.D. in 2012 from Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia and his M.P.H. in 2009 from the George Washington University in Washington, D.C. He was a research assistant with Professor Wolf from 2010-2012
| | - Brett A Williams Tarver
- Attorney with Insley & Race in Atlanta, Georgia. She received her J.D. in 2012 from Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. She was a research assistant with Professor Wolf from 2010-2012
| | - Jeffrey L Austin
- Research associate with the University of North Carolina School of Government in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. He received his J.D. in 2012 from Georgia State University College of Law in Atlanta, Georgia. He was a research assistant with Professor Wolf from 2010-2012
| | - Lauren A Dame
- Associate Director of Graduate Studies, MA in Bioethics and Science Policy at Duke University and a Senior Lecturing Fellow at Duke University School of Law in Durham, North Carolina. She received her J.D. in 1983 from Harvard Law School in Cambridge, Massachusetts and her M.P.H. in 1992 from the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Associate Professor with the Duke Clinical Research Institute and the Duke University School of Medicine, Department of General Internal Medicine. She received her M.P.H. in 1995 from Boston University and her Ph.D. in Health Policy and Administration with a minor in Epidemiology in 2005 from the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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43
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Wolf SM, Branum R, Koenig BA, Petersen GM, Berry SA, Beskow LM, Daly MB, Fernandez CV, Green RC, LeRoy BS, Lindor NM, O'Rourke PP, Breitkopf CR, Rothstein MA, Van Ness B, Wilfond BS. Returning a Research Participant's Genomic Results to Relatives: Analysis and Recommendations. J Law Med Ethics 2015; 43:440-63. [PMID: 26479555 PMCID: PMC4617203 DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Genomic research results and incidental findings with health implications for a research participant are of potential interest not only to the participant, but also to the participant's family. Yet investigators lack guidance on return of results to relatives, including after the participant's death. In this paper, a national working group offers consensus analysis and recommendations, including an ethical framework to guide investigators in managing this challenging issue, before and after the participant's death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Wolf
- McKnight Presidential Professor of Law, Medicine & Public Policy; Faegre Baker Daniels Professor of Law; Professor of Medicine; Faculty member, Center for Bioethics; and Chair, Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences at the University of Minnesota. She is one of three Principal Investigators on NIH/NCI/NHGRI grant 1-R01-CA154517 on return of genomic results to family members, including after the death of the proband
| | - Rebecca Branum
- Policy director at the Minnesota State College Student Association and previously served as a Research Associate at the University of Minnesota's Consortium on Law and Values in Health, Environment & the Life Sciences
| | - Barbara A Koenig
- Professor of Bioethics and Medical Anthropology based at the Institute for Health & Aging, University of California, San Francisco. Currently, she co-directs a Center of Excellence in ELSI Research focused on translational genomics, co-leads an NCI/NHGRI R01 on return of results in genomic biobanks, and directs the ELSI component of a U19 award focused on newborn screening in an era of whole genome analysis
| | - Gloria M Petersen
- Professor of Epidemiology in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's degree in Anthropology from University of Oregon, and Ph.D. in Anthropology from UCLA. She is a Founding Fellow of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics
| | - Susan A Berry
- Professor of Pediatrics & Genetics and Division Director for Genetics and Metabolism in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota. She is a member of the Minnesota Department of Health Newborn Screening Advisory Committee, the Society for Inherited Metabolic Disease, and the American Society of Human Genetics, and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the American College of Medical Genetics
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Associate Professor at the Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Clinical Research Institute, where her work focuses on ethics and policy issues in biomedical research - particularly human subjects issues in large-scale genomic and translational research. She holds a B.S. in nutrition from Iowa State University, an M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University, and a Ph.D. in health policy and administration from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Mary B Daly
- Medical oncologist and epidemiologist who chairs the Department of Clinical Genetics at Fox Chase Cancer Center. Her research focuses on defining the best methods of communicating hereditary cancer risk information and on providing risk management strategies and coping skills to family members dealing with an increased risk for cancer
| | - Conrad V Fernandez
- Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine, and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his Hon. B.Sc. at the University of Western Ontario, his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia
| | - Robert C Green
- Medical geneticist and physician-scientist who directs the G2P Research Program in translational genomics and health outcomes in the Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School. He is also Associate Director for Research at Partners Personalized Medicine. Dr. Green leads and co-leads the MedSeq Project and the BabySeq Project respectively, two NIH-funded randomized trials designed to explore the medical, behavioral, and economic implications of integrating genome sequencing into the medical care of adults and newborns
| | - Bonnie S LeRoy
- Professor and Director of the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling, University of Minnesota. The primary focus of her work is on preparing graduate students to enter the profession of genetic counseling. Her research examines the ethical and social challenges associated with the genetic counseling profession. Prof. LeRoy served as the President of the American Board of Genetic Counseling from 2001-03
| | - Noralane M Lindor
- Professor of Medical Genetics in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic in Scottsdale, Arizona. She received her Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Minnesota, her doctorate of medicine from Mayo Medical School in Rochester, Minnesota, and did her residencies at Bowman Gray School of Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and at Mayo Clinic in Rochester
| | - P Pearl O'Rourke
- Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston, and Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She received her B.A. from Yale University, and completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School
| | - Carmen Radecki Breitkopf
- Associate Professor of Health Services Research in the Department of Health Sciences Research at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Rochester, Minnesota. She earned her Master's and Doctoral degrees in Psychology from the State University of New York at Albany
| | - Mark A Rothstein
- Herbert F. Boehl Chair of Law & Medicine and Director of the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy & Law, University of Louisville School of Medicine. From 1999-2008, he served as Chair of the Subcommittee on Privacy and Confidentiality of the National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, the statutory advisory committee to the Secretary of Health and Human Services on health information policy. He is past-President of the American Society of Law, Medicine & Ethics and serves as Public Health Ethics editor for the American Journal of Public Health
| | - Brian Van Ness
- Professor of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development at the University of Minnesota. He earned his doctorate in Biochemistry from the University of Minnesota, completed a postdoctoral fellowship at Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, and has served as the Department Head and Director of the Institute of Human Genetics at the University of Minnesota
| | - Benjamin S Wilfond
- Director of the Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital; Professor and Chief of the Division of Bioethics; Professor, Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics; and Adjunct Professor, Department of Bioethics and Humanities, University of Washington School of Medicine. He is President of the Association of Bioethics Program Directors, Chair for the Clinical Research Ethics Consultation Working Group for the Clinical and Translational Science Awards program, and a member of the Bioethics and Legal Working Group of the Newborn Screening Translational Research Network
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44
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Abstract
We surveyed IRB chairs' perspectives on offering individual genetic research results to participants and families, including family members of deceased participants, and the IRB's role in addressing these issues. Given a particular hypothetical scenario, respondents favored offering results to participants but not family members, giving choices at the time of initial consent, and honoring elicited choices. They felt IRBs should have authority regarding the process issues, but a more limited role in medical and scientific issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Beskow
- Associate Professor at the Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Clinical Research Institute, where her work focuses on ethics and policy issues in biomedical research - particularly human subjects issues in large-scale genomic and translational research. She holds a B.S. in nutrition from Iowa State University, an M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University, and a Ph.D. in health policy and administration from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - P Pearl O'Rourke
- Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston. She is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She received her B.A. from Yale University, and completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School
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45
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Fernandez CV, O'Rourke PP, Beskow LM. Canadian Research Ethics Board Leadership Attitudes to the Return of Genetic Research Results to Individuals and Their Families. J Law Med Ethics 2015; 43:514-22. [PMID: 26479560 PMCID: PMC4617195 DOI: 10.1111/jlme.12293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Genomic research may uncover results that have direct actionable benefit to the individual. An emerging debate is the degree to which researchers may have responsibility to offer results to the biological relatives of the research participant. In a companion study to one carried out in the United States, we describe the attitudes of Canadian Research Ethics Board (REB) chairs to this issue and their opinions as to the role of the REB in developing related policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad V Fernandez
- Professor and Head of the Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology in the Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Dalhousie University and is cross-appointed in Bioethics, Medicine and Postgraduate Studies. He obtained his Hon. B.Sc. at the University of Western Ontario, his medical degree at McMaster University, specialist certification in Pediatrics as a Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada at Dalhousie University, and completed specialty training in Pediatric Hematology/Oncology at the University of British Columbia
| | - P Pearl O'Rourke
- Director of Human Research Affairs at Partners HealthCare in Boston. She is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. She received her B.A. from Yale University, and completed medical school at Dartmouth Medical School and the University of Minnesota Medical School
| | - Laura M Beskow
- Associate Professor at the Duke University School of Medicine and Duke Clinical Research Institute, where her work focuses on ethics and policy issues in biomedical research-particularly human subjects issues in large-scale genomic and translational research. She holds a B.S. in nutrition from Iowa State University, an M.P.H. with a concentration in health law from Boston University, and a Ph.D. in health policy and administration from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
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46
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Beskow LM, Dombeck CB, Thompson CP, Watson-Ormond JK, Weinfurt KP. Informed consent for biobanking: consensus-based guidelines for adequate comprehension. Genet Med 2014; 17:226-33. [PMID: 25144889 PMCID: PMC4336635 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Federal regulations and best practice guidelines identify categories of information that should be communicated to prospective biobank participants during the informed consent process. However, uncertainty remains about which of this information participants must understand to provide valid consent. Methods We conducted a Delphi process to define “adequate comprehension” in the context of biobanking consent. The process involved an iterative series of 3 online surveys of a diverse panel of 51 experts, including genome scientists, biobank managers, ethics and policy experts, and community and participant representatives. We sought consensus (greater than 70% agreement) concerning what specific details participants should know about 16 biobank consent topics. Results Consensus was achieved for 15 of the 16 consent topics. The exception was the comprehension needed regarding the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act. Conclusions Our Delphi process was successful in identifying a concise set of key points that prospective participants must grasp to provide valid consent for biobanking. Specifying the level of knowledge sufficient for individuals to make an informed choice provides a basis for improving consent forms and processes, as well as an absolute metric for assessing the effectiveness of other interventions to improve comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Beskow
- 1] Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA [2] Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Carrie B Dombeck
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cole P Thompson
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - J Kemp Watson-Ormond
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin P Weinfurt
- 1] Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA [2] Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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47
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Botkin JR, Anderson R, Murray T, Beskow LM, Maschke K, Cuttler L. Proposed regulations for research with biospecimens: responses from stakeholders at CTSA consortium institutions. Am J Med Genet A 2014; 164A:892-7. [PMID: 24459038 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.36365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Secondary research with biospecimens acquired through clinical care and through research is often conducted without the informed consent of individuals from whom the specimens were acquired. While such uses are consistent with the current federal regulations, surveys of the general public suggest that many individuals would prefer more information and choice regarding research use of biospecimens. The federal government issued an Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (ANPRM) in 2011 that proposed a number of potential changes in the regulations governing human subjects. These proposed regulations are particularly pertinent to institutions committed to research involving human subjects-including institutions in the NIH-funded Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) consortium. In this study, we reviewed public responses by CTSA-funded institutions and CTSA-affiliated organizations and groups regarding the proposed changes in the ANPRM with respect to research with biospecimens. Our results indicate that the majority of responses to the ANPRM from CTSA institutions were not supportive of the proposed changes. While many responses acknowledge a need to change current research practices regarding biospecimens, the proposed changes in the ANPRM received only limited support from this subgroup of academic research institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey R Botkin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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48
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Certificates of Confidentiality are intended to facilitate participation in critical public health research by protecting against forced disclosure of identifying data in legal proceedings, but little is known about the effect of Certificate descriptions in consent forms. METHODS To gain preliminary insights, we conducted qualitative interviews with 50 HIV-positive individuals in Durham, North Carolina to explore their subjective understanding of Certificate descriptions and whether their reactions differed based on receiving a standard versus simplified description. RESULTS Most interviewees were neither reassured nor alarmed by Certificate information, and most said it would not influence their willingness to participate or provide truthful information. However, compared with those receiving the simplified description, more who read the standard description said it raised new concerns, that their likelihood of participating would be lower, and that they might be less forthcoming. Most interviewees said they found the Certificate description clear, but standard-group participants often found particular words and phrases confusing, while simplified-group participants more often questioned the information's substance. CONCLUSIONS Valid informed consent requires comprehension and voluntariness. Our findings highlight the importance of developing consent descriptions of Certificates and other confidentiality protections that are simple and accurate. These qualitative results provide rich detail to inform a larger, quantitative study that would permit further rigorous comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Beskow
- Duke Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy, 240 North Building, Duke University, Campus Box 90141, Durham, NC 27708 USA, Tel: 919-668-2293, FAX: 919-668-0799
| | - Devon K. Check
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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49
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Check DK, Wolf LE, Dame LA, Beskow LM. Certificates of confidentiality and informed consent: perspectives of IRB chairs and institutional legal counsel. IRB 2014; 36:1-8. [PMID: 24649737 PMCID: PMC4076050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Devon K. Check
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Leslie E. Wolf
- Center for Law, Health & Society, Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lauren A. Dame
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Laura M. Beskow
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
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50
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Wolf LE, Dame LA, Patel MJ, Williams BA, Austin JA, Beskow LM. Certificates of confidentiality: legal counsels' experiences with and perspectives on legal demands for research data. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2013; 7:1-9. [PMID: 23086043 DOI: 10.1525/jer.2012.7.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The certificate of confidentiality (Certificate) is an important tool for protecting identifiable, sensitive human subjects research data in the United States. However, little is known about the Certificate's effectiveness in protecting identifiable data. We interviewed 24 legal counsel representing U.S. research institutions about their experiences with legal demands for research data. Our respondents reported few, if any, legal demands over the course of their tenure, but two-thirds had experience with legal demands for data protected by a Certificate. They reported such demands often were resolved without disclosure of identifiable research data, typically without court intervention. While our respondents reported similar success protecting identifiable data in court, they often did not rely on the Certificate to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E Wolf
- Georgia State University College of Law, Atlanta, GA 303202-4037, USA.
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