1
|
Iwai Y, Behne MF, Long JM, Brinkley-Rubinstein L. US Prison Policies on Organ Donation for Individuals Who Are Incarcerated. JAMA Netw Open 2023; 6:e232047. [PMID: 36884254 PMCID: PMC9996393 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.2047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This cross-sectional study collects data on US prison policies concerning organ donation by incarcerated individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Iwai
- currently a medical student at University of North Carolina School of Medicine at Chapel Hill
| | - Michael Forrest Behne
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- currently a graduate student at University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill
| | - Jason M. Long
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Lauren Brinkley-Rubinstein
- Center for Health Equity Research, Department of Social Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
- currently affiliated with Department of Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Robertson MP, Lavee J. Execution by organ procurement: Breaching the dead donor rule in China. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:1804-1812. [PMID: 35377533 PMCID: PMC9542006 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The dead donor rule is fundamental to transplant ethics. The rule states that organ procurement must not commence until the donor is both dead and formally pronounced so, and by the same token, that procurement of organs must not cause the death of the donor. In a separate area of medical practice, there has been intense controversy around the participation of physicians in the execution of capital prisoners. These two apparently disparate topics converge in a unique case: the intimate involvement of transplant surgeons in China in the execution of prisoners via the procurement of organs. We use computational text analysis to conduct a forensic review of 2838 papers drawn from a dataset of 124 770 Chinese-language transplant publications. Our algorithm searched for evidence of problematic declarations of brain death during organ procurement. We find evidence in 71 of these reports, spread nationwide, that brain death could not have properly been declared. In these cases, the removal of the heart during organ procurement must have been the proximate cause of the donor's death. Because these organ donors could only have been prisoners, our findings strongly suggest that physicians in the People's Republic of China have participated in executions by organ removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P. Robertson
- Australian National UniversityVictims of Communism Memorial FoundationWashingtonD.C.USA
| | - Jacob Lavee
- Heart Transplantation UnitLeviev Cardiothoracic CenterSheba Medical CenterFaculty of MedicineTel Aviv UniversityRamat GanIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hereth B. Moral Neuroenhancement for Prisoners of War. NEUROETHICS-NETH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12152-022-09482-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
4
|
Caplan AL. The ethics of the unmentionable. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ETHICS 2020; 46:687-688. [PMID: 32895297 DOI: 10.1136/medethics-2020-106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
|
5
|
Nie JB, Jones DG. Confucian Ethics on the Commercial Use of Human Bodies and Body Parts: Yi (Righteousness) or/and Li (Profit)? ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2019; 12:444-453. [PMID: 30900810 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In China as elsewhere in the world, human bodies and body parts have long been used for a wide range of medical and non-medical purposes. In recent decades, China has played a considerable role in some of the public exhibitions of plastinated bodies and body parts, and the commercial trade in organ donations. These contemporary developments have raised numerous challenging ethical and governance questions. In spite of the growing role of China in these, there have been few studies devoted to Chinese ethical thinking that might govern its policies on the use of human bodies and body parts, and in particular on the issue of commercialization. The present study is an attempt to bridge this gap, and concludes that Confucian thinking stresses the primacy of righteousness over profits and utilities. This conclusion is reached directly by drawing on Confucian ethical responses to the peculiar practice of using human body parts, such as placenta and flesh, as drugs in traditional Chinese medicine in imperial China and what has been called "yili zhibian," the major Confucian discourse on yi (righteousness or justice) and li (profit or interest) in its long history. The principle of prioritizing righteousness over profit leads to a general moral opposition to the commodification of human bodies and body parts. While Confucianism may not place an absolute prohibition on any such use, it does require that any commercial uses are made subject to the fundamental moral principles, such as righteousness, as well as adequate ethical governance procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Bao Nie
- Bioethics Centre, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - David Gareth Jones
- Department of Anatomy, Division of Health Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rogers W, Robertson MP, Ballantyne A, Blakely B, Catsanos R, Clay-Williams R, Fiatarone Singh M. Compliance with ethical standards in the reporting of donor sources and ethics review in peer-reviewed publications involving organ transplantation in China: a scoping review. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024473. [PMID: 30723071 PMCID: PMC6377532 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate whether papers reporting research on Chinese transplant recipients comply with international professional standards aimed at excluding publication of research that: (1) involves any biological material from executed prisoners; (2) lacks Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval and (3) lacks consent of donors. DESIGN Scoping review based on Arksey and O'Mallee's methodological framework. DATA SOURCES Medline, Scopus and Embase were searched from January 2000 to April 2017. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included research papers published in peer-reviewed English-language journals reporting on outcomes of research involving recipients of transplanted hearts, livers or lungs in mainland China. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were extracted by individual authors working independently following training and benchmarking. Descriptive statistics were compiled using Excel. RESULTS 445 included studies reported on outcomes of 85 477 transplants. 412 (92.5%) failed to report whether or not organs were sourced from executed prisoners; and 439 (99%) failed to report that organ sources gave consent for transplantation. In contrast, 324 (73%) reported approval from an IRB. Of the papers claiming that no prisoners' organs were involved in the transplants, 19 of them involved 2688 transplants that took place prior to 2010, when there was no volunteer donor programme in China. DISCUSSION The transplant research community has failed to implement ethical standards banning publication of research using material from executed prisoners. As a result, a large body of unethical research now exists, raising issues of complicity and moral hazard to the extent that the transplant community uses and benefits from the results of this research. We call for retraction of this literature pending investigation of individual papers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Rogers
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Department of Philosophy, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Angela Ballantyne
- Department of Primary Health Care and General Practice, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Brette Blakely
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Robyn Clay-Williams
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Maria Fiatarone Singh
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jones DG, Nie JB. Does Confucianism allow for body donation? ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2018; 11:525-531. [PMID: 29338121 DOI: 10.1002/ase.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Confucianism has been widely perceived as a major moral and cultural obstacle to the donation of bodies for anatomical purposes. The rationale for this is the Confucian stress on xiao (filial piety), whereby individuals' bodies are to be intact at death. In the view of many, the result is a prohibition on the donation of bodies to anatomy departments for the purpose of dissection. The role of dissection throughout the development of anatomy within a Confucian context is traced, and in contemporary China the establishment of donation programs and the appearance of memorial monuments is noted. In reassessing Confucian attitudes, the stress laid on a particular interpretation of filial piety is questioned, and an attempt is made to balance this with the Confucian emphasis on a moral duty to those outside one's immediate family. The authors argue that the fundamental Confucian norm ren (humaneness or benevolence) allows for body donation as people have a moral duty to help others. Moreover, the other central Confucian value, li (rites), offers important insights on how body donation should be performed as a communal activity, particularly the necessity of developing ethically and culturally appropriate rituals for body donation. In seeking to learn from this from a Western perspective, it is contended that in all societies the voluntary donation of bodies is a deeply human activity that is to reflect the characteristics of the community within which it takes place. This is in large part because it has educational and personal repercussions for students. Anat Sci Educ 11: 525-531. © 2018 American Association of Anatomists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Gareth Jones
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jing-Bao Nie
- Division of Health Sciences, Bioethics Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Since 1997, execution in China has been increasingly performed by lethal injection. The current criteria for determination of death for execution by lethal injection (cessation of heartbeat, cessation of respiration, and dilated pupils) neither conform to current medical science nor to any standard of medical ethics. In practice, death is pronounced in China within tens of seconds after starting the lethal injection. At this stage, however, neither the common criteria for cardiopulmonary death (irreversible cessation of heartbeat and breathing) nor that of brain death (irreversible cessation of brain functions) have been met. To declare a still-living person dead is incompatible with human dignity, regardless of the processes following death pronouncement. This ethical concern is further aggravated if organs are procured from the prisoners. Analysis of postmortem blood thiopental level data from the United States indicates that thiopental, as used, may not provide sufficient surgical anesthesia. The dose of thiopental used in China is kept secret. It cannot be excluded that some of the organ explantation surgeries on prisoners subjected to lethal injection are performed under insufficient anesthesia in China. In such cases, the inmate may potentially experience asphyxiation and pain. Yet this can be easily overlooked by the medical professionals performing the explantation surgery because pancuronium prevents muscle responses to pain, resulting in an extremely inhumane situation. We call for an immediate revision of the death determination criteria in execution by lethal injection in China. Biological death must be ensured before death pronouncement, regardless of whether organ procurement is involved or not.
Collapse
|
9
|
Kirby J. Is There a Particular Ethical Practice and Policy Space in North America for Uncontrolled Kidney Donation after Circulatory Death? THE JOURNAL OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS : A JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF LAW, MEDICINE & ETHICS 2017; 45:142-148. [PMID: 28661283 DOI: 10.1177/1073110517703108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite successful transplantation outcomes in Europe, uncontrolled organ donation after circulatory determination of death (uDCDD) has essentially been a non-starter in North America. In this paper, I identify and explore a set of interesting, ethics-related considerations that are of relevance to this organ donation-transplantation practice. The analysis provides a theoretical platform for my development of a proposal for the creation of a particular ethical practice and policy space for kidney uDCDD in the U.S. and Canada that recognizes and aims to effectively address the various, identified challenges and constraints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kirby
- Jeffrey Kirby, M.D., M.A.(Phil.)., is a Professor in the Department of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University. As a healthcare ethicist with a background in medicine and philosophy, he works with health organizations and government to support their capacities for ethics-informed decision making. His academic and research interests include: the ethics analysis of complex healthcare practices; critical care ethics; social justice and accountability in health policy development; the ethics of assisted dying; and organ donation/transplantation ethics
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Human rights violations in organ procurement practice in China. BMC Med Ethics 2017; 18:11. [PMID: 28178953 PMCID: PMC5299785 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-017-0169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 90% of the organs transplanted in China before 2010 were procured from prisoners. Although Chinese officials announced in December 2014 that the country would completely cease using organs harvested from prisoners, no regulatory adjustments or changes in China's organ donation laws followed. As a result, the use of prisoner organs remains legal in China if consent is obtained. DISCUSSION We have collected and analysed available evidence on human rights violations in the organ procurement practice in China. We demonstrate that the practice not only violates international ethics standards, it is also associated with a large scale neglect of fundamental human rights. This includes organ procurement without consent from prisoners or their families as well as procurement of organs from incompletely executed, still-living prisoners. The human rights critique of these practices will also address the specific situatedness of prisoners, often conditioned and traumatized by a cascade of human rights abuses in judicial structures. CONCLUSION To end the unethical practice and the abuse associated with it, we suggest to inextricably bind the use of human organs procured in the Chinese transplant system to enacting Chinese legislation prohibiting the use of organs from executed prisoners and making explicit rules for law enforcement. Other than that, the international community must cease to abet the continuation of the present system by demanding an authoritative ban on the use of organs from executed Chinese prisoners.
Collapse
|
11
|
Kirby J. Organ donation after assisted death: Is it more or less ethically-problematic than donation after circulatory death? MEDICINE, HEALTH CARE, AND PHILOSOPHY 2016; 19:629-635. [PMID: 27263089 DOI: 10.1007/s11019-016-9711-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A provocative question has emerged since the Supreme Court of Canada's decision on assisted dying: Should Canadians who request, and are granted, an assisted death be considered a legitimate source of transplantable organs? A related question is addressed in this paper: is controlled organ donation after assisted death (cDAD) more or less ethically-problematic than standard, controlled organ donation after circulatory determination of death (cDCDD)? Controversial, ethics-related dimensions of cDCD that are of relevance to this research question are explored, and morally-relevant distinctions between cDAD and cDCD are identified. In addition, a set of morally-relevant advantages of one practice over the other is uncovered, and a few potential, theoretical issues specifically related to cDAD practice are articulated. Despite these concerns, the analysis suggests a counterintuitive conclusion: cDAD is, overall, less ethically-problematic than cDCDD. The former practice better respects the autonomy interests of the potential donor, and a claim regarding irreversibility of cessation of the donor's circulatory function in the cDAD context can be supported. Further, with cDAD, there is no possibility that the donor will have negative sensory experiences during organ procurement surgery. Although the development of appropriate policy-decision and regulatory approaches in this domain will be complex and challenging, the comparative ethical analysis of these two organ donation practices has the potential to constructively inform the deliberations of relevant stakeholders, resource persons and decision makers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Kirby
- Department of Bioethics, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, C-320, 5849 University Avenue, Halifax, NS, B3H 4H7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Timsit MO, Kleinclauss F, Mamzer Bruneel M, Thuret R. Le donneur vivant de rein. Prog Urol 2016; 26:940-963. [DOI: 10.1016/j.purol.2016.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
13
|
Allison KC, Caplan A, Shapiro ME, Els C, Paul NW, Li H. Historical development and current status of organ procurement from death-row prisoners in China. BMC Med Ethics 2015; 16:85. [PMID: 26630929 PMCID: PMC4668660 DOI: 10.1186/s12910-015-0074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In December 2014, China announced that only voluntarily donated organs from citizens would be used for transplantation after January 1, 2015. Many medical professionals worldwide believe that China has stopped using organs from death-row prisoners. Discussion In the present article, we briefly review the historical development of organ procurement from death-row prisoners in China and comprehensively analyze the social-political background and the legal basis of the announcement. The announcement was not accompanied by any change in organ sourcing legislations or regulations. As a fact, the use of prisoner organs remains legal in China. Even after January 2015, key Chinese transplant officials have repeatedly stated that death-row prisoners have the same right as regular citizens to “voluntarily donate” organs. This perpetuates an unethical organ procurement system in ongoing violation of international standards. Conclusions Organ sourcing from death-row prisoners has not stopped in China. The 2014 announcement refers to the intention to stop the use of organs illegally harvested without the consent of the prisoners. Prisoner organs procured with “consent” are now simply labelled as “voluntarily donations from citizens”. The semantic switch may whitewash sourcing from both death-row prisoners and prisoners of conscience. China can gain credibility only by enacting new legislation prohibiting use of prisoner organs and by making its organ sourcing system open to international inspections. Until international ethical standards are transparently met, sanctions should remain. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12910-015-0074-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kirk C Allison
- Program in Human Rights and Health/Division of Health Policy and Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Arthur Caplan
- Division of Medical Ethics, Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | | | - Charl Els
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
| | - Norbert W Paul
- Institute for History, Philosophy and Ethics of Medicine, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Huige Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Trey
- Doctors Against Forced Organ Procurement, Washington DC, USA
| | - Adnan Sharif
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK.
| | - Maria Fiatarone Singh
- Exercise, Health and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zain Khalpey
- Heart Transplant Program, Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Arthur L Caplan
- Division of Medical Ethics, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sharif A, Singh MF, Trey T, Lavee J. Organ procurement from executed prisoners in China. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:2246-52. [PMID: 25059474 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Organ procurement from executed prisoners in China is internationally condemned, yet this practice continues unabated in 2014. This is despite repeated announcements from Chinese authorities that constructive measures have been undertaken to conform to accepted ethical standards. While there is unanimous agreement on the unethical nature of using organs from executed prisoners, due to its limitations on voluntary and informed consent, there is insufficient coverage of forced organ procurement from prisoners of conscience without consent. Strategies to influence positive change in China over the last few decades have failed to bring this practice to an end. While organ donation and transplantation services in China have undergone considerable structural changes in the last few years, fundamental attempts to shift practice to ethically sourced organs have floundered. In this article, we discuss the organ trade in China, reflect upon organ procurement from executed prisoners (including both capital prisoners and prisoners of conscience) and provide an overview of contradictory Chinese efforts to halt forced organ procurement from executed prisoners. Finally, we highlight current actions being taken to address this issue and offer comprehensive recommendations to bring this ethically indefensible practice to an immediate end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sharif
- Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK; Advisory Board, Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting, Washington, DC
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lin SS, Rich L, Pal JD, Sade RM. Prisoners on death row should be accepted as organ donors. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93:1773-9. [PMID: 22632483 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu S Lin
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gardner M. Retribution, deterrence, and organ donation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2011; 11:7-9. [PMID: 21943260 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2011.603799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Gardner
- Department of Philosophy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Johnson LSM. The ethically dubious practice of thwarting the redemption of the condemned. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2011; 11:9-10. [PMID: 21943261 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2011.603800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Syd M Johnson
- Dalhousie University, Novel Tech Ethics, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Murphy P. Would donation undercut the morality of execution? THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2011; 11:13-14. [PMID: 21943263 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2011.603811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Murphy
- Department of Philosophy and Religion, University of Indianapolis, IN 46227, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Tsai DFC, Tsai MK, Ko WJ. Organs by firing squad: the medical and moral implausibility of death penalty organ procurement. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2011; 11:11-13. [PMID: 21943262 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2011.603805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fu-Chang Tsai
- Department of Social Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Potter NN. What it means to treat people as ends-in-themselves. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2011; 11:6-7. [PMID: 21943259 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2011.603801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
|