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Sibiya A, Jeyavani J, Ramesh D, Bhavaniramya S, Vaseeharan B. Ecotoxicological Research on the Toxic Impact of Zinc Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles on Oreochromis mossambicus. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2024; 39:4946-4959. [PMID: 38982579 DOI: 10.1002/tox.24365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) have been widely used and are eventually been discharged into the natural aquatic ecosystem. The current study examined and correlated the toxicity of AgNPs and ZnONPs on the Mozambique tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus. Lethal concentration (LC50) was determined with four different concentrations (0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20 mg/L) of AgNPs and ZnONPs; subsequently, the fishes were exposed to sublethal concentrations for a period of 21 days, and the oxidative stress and antioxidant and nonantioxidant parameters were studied. Results revealed oxidative stress evinced by increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) protein carbonyl activity (PCA), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activity, metallothionein (MT) activity, and reduced glutathione in chronic exposure compared with acute exposure. Nonspecific immunological characteristics such as lysozyme (LYZ), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and respiratory burst activity (RBA) were also noticed in the serum. Furthermore, severe histological damages including damages in telangiectasia and epithelial cell hyperplasia were found in the combined treated group with Ag and ZnONPs than in individual treatments. When Ag and ZnONPs were combined, a reduction in the accumulation of Ag was observed in the liver, which increased drastically in individual exposure. The current findings highlight the importance of taking into account the combined exposure and correlation of NPs, their bioavailability, and toxicity in the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashokkumar Sibiya
- Nano Biosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Jeyaraj Jeyavani
- Nano Biosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Dharmaraj Ramesh
- Nano Biosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Sundaresan Bhavaniramya
- Nano Biosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
| | - Baskaralingam Vaseeharan
- Nano Biosciences and Nanopharmacology Division, Biomaterials and Biotechnology in Animal Health Lab, Department of Animal Health and Management, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, India
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Huang F, Long Q, Liu S, Chen Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Dong R, Guo J, Chen B. Urinary Excretion of Cyanuric Acid in Association with Urolithiasis: A Matched Case-Control Study in Shanghai Adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148726. [PMID: 35886578 PMCID: PMC9317901 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) has raised human concern since the 2008 milk scandal. Co-exposure to MEL and one of its analogues, cyanuric acid (CYA), has been reported to have a synergistic effect on promoting urolithiasis. However, few epidemiological studies have reported urolithiasis in association with exposure to CYA based on our knowledge. We therefore conducted a case-control study to investigate whether cases of urolithiasis had higher excretion of urinary CYA than the controls. Spot urine samples from 70 adult cases and first-morning urine samples from 70 controls (matched by age and sex) were collected for the measurement of MEL, CYA, and other two analogues in urine. The case group also had 2.81-fold higher concentration of urinary CYA than the control group (34.87 versus 12.43 ng/mL, p-value < 0.001). Multivariate conditional logistic regression models adjusting potential confounders of personal characteristics identified the risk factor of urinary CYA as a continuous variable with odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval, 95%CI) of 1.11 (1.02−1.21) (p-value = 0.021) and having meals at restaurants with OR of 5.71 (1.01−32.31) (p-value = 0.049). Compared to the participants having the lowest quartile of CYA concentration in urine, participants at the second, third, and fourth quartile groups had ORs of 13.94, 83.69, and 118.65 with p-values of 0.004, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively. The high excretion of urinary CYA in urolithiasis cases might be the sign of stones in patients consisting of CYA, then proving the attribution of CYA exposure in the etiology of urolithiasis. These findings are important since CYA is a degraded by-product of chlorinated isocyanuric acid disinfectants, which are widely used in daily life not only in swimming pool water but also in other scenarios, such as serving as anti-pandemic disinfectants. Risk assessment of CYA serving as a by-product of disinfectants needs to be conducted in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Huang
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Qilai Long
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Q.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Shaojie Liu
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Yanyun Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Q.L.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yifei Wang
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Hangwei Wang
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Ruihua Dong
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
| | - Jianming Guo
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (Q.L.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Bo Chen
- Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; (F.H.); (S.L.); (Y.W.); (H.W.); (R.D.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.); (B.C.)
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Magara G, Prearo M, Vercelli C, Barbero R, Micera M, Botto A, Caimi C, Caldaroni B, Bertea CM, Mannino G, Barceló D, Renzi M, Gasco L, Re G, Dondo A, Elia AC, Pastorino P. Modulation of Antioxidant Defense in Farmed Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Fed with a Diet Supplemented by the Waste Derived from the Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Basil ( Ocimum basilicum). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020415. [PMID: 35204297 PMCID: PMC8869336 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytotherapy is based on the use of plants to prevent or treat human and animal diseases. Recently, the use of essential oils and polyphenol-enriched extracts is also rapidly increasing in the aquaculture sector as a means of greater industrial and environmental sustainability. Previous studies assessed the antibacterial and antiparasitic effects of these bioactive compounds on fish. However, studies on the modulation of oxidative stress biomarkers are still scant to date. Thus, in this study, the modulation of antioxidant defense against oxidative stress exerted by fish diets supplemented with a basil supercritical extract (F1-BEO) was assessed in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. The F1-BEO extracted with supercritical fluid extraction was added to the commercial feed flour (0.5, 1, 2, 3% w/w) and mixed with fish oil to obtain a suitable compound for pellet preparation. Fish were fed for 30 days. The levels of stress biomarkers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, lactate dehydrogenase, glutathione and malondialdehyde showed a boost in the antioxidant pathway in fish fed with a 0.5% F1-BEO-supplemented diet. Higher F1-BEO supplementation led to a failure of activity of several enzymes and the depletion of glutathione levels. Malondialdehyde concentration suggests a sufficient oxidative stress defense against lipid peroxidation in all experimental groups, except for a 3% F1-BEO-supplemented diet (liver 168.87 ± 38.79 nmol/mg prot; kidney 146.86 ± 23.28 nmol/mg prot), compared to control (liver 127.76 ± 18.15 nmol/mg prot; kidney 98.68 ± 15.65 nmol/mg prot). Our results suggest supplementing F1-BEO in fish diets up to 0.5% to avoid potential oxidative pressure in farmed trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (B.C.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Marino Prearo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Cristina Vercelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (C.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Raffaella Barbero
- ASL TO4, Servizio Veterinario-Igiene Degli Allevamenti e Delle Produzioni Zootecniche, Settimo Torinese, 10036 Turin, Italy;
| | - Marco Micera
- Exenia Group S.R.L, Pinerolo, 10064 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (A.B.)
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Botto
- Exenia Group S.R.L, Pinerolo, 10064 Turin, Italy; (M.M.); (A.B.)
| | - Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (B.C.); (A.C.E.)
| | | | - Giuseppe Mannino
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy;
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-0116706362 (G.M.); +39-0112686251 (P.P.)
| | - Damià Barceló
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monia Renzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.)
| | - Giovanni Re
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095 Turin, Italy; (C.V.); (G.R.)
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.)
| | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (G.M.); (B.C.); (A.C.E.)
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d’Aosta, 10154 Turin, Italy; (M.P.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (P.P.); Tel.: +39-0116706362 (G.M.); +39-0112686251 (P.P.)
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Magara G, Elia AC, Dörr AJM, Abete MC, Brizio P, Caldaroni B, Righetti M, Pastorino P, Scoparo M, Prearo M. Metal load and oxidative stress driven by organotin compounds on rainbow trout. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35012-35022. [PMID: 33665696 PMCID: PMC8275540 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12984-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin-based (TBT) antifouling paints, widely used for the treatment of flooded surfaces, have been banned in 2008 for their high environmental persistence and bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. Although it is still present in aquatic ecosystems, oxidative stress driven by TBT has been still poorly investigated in fish. The aim of the study was to examine the time-course stress responses in liver of rainbow trout that received a single intraperitoneal injection of tributyltin chloride (TBTC) or tributyltin ethoxide (TBTE), both at a dose of 0.05 and 0.5 mg/kg. Levels of metallothioneins, total glutathione, malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase were evaluated at 3 and 6 days post-injection. Tin load was measured in the muscle of the same fish. Differences were observed in the time-course accumulation of tin with a clear dose-response relationship. Although individual oxidative stress biomarkers varied, the biomarker profile indicated different stress mechanisms caused by both TBTC and TBTE. The weak induction of metal-trapping metallothioneins and the changes of oxidative stress biomarkers suggested a stress-pressure in both TBT-treated trout, advising for an ecotoxicological risk for freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Brizio
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marzia Righetti
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
| | - Melissa Scoparo
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Torino, Italy
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Chronic Cyanuric Acid Exposure Depresses Hippocampal LTP but Does Not Disrupt Spatial Learning or Memory in the Morris Water Maze. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1148-1159. [PMID: 33751468 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cyanuric acid (CA) causes multiple organ failure accompanied by the involvement in kinds of target proteins, which are detectable and play central roles in the CNS. The hippocampus has been identified as a brain area which was especially vulnerable in developmental condition associated with cognitive dysfunction. No studies have examined the effects of CA on hippocampal function after in vitro or in vivo treatment. Here, we aimed to examine hippocampal synaptic function and adverse behavioral effects using a rat model administered CA intraperitoneally or intrahippocampally. We found that infusion of CA induced a depression in the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) of the CA1 neurons in dose-dependent pattern. Both intraperitoneal and intrahippocampal injections of CA suppressed hippocampal LTP from Schaffer collaterals to CA1 regions. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), a presynaptic phenomenon, was enhanced while the total and phosphorylated expression of NMDA-GluN1, NMDA-GluN2A, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-GluA1 subunits were comparable between CA-treated and control groups. In Morris water maze test, both groups could effectively learn and retain spatial memory. Our studies provide the first evidence for the neurotoxic effect of CA and the insight into its potential mechanisms.
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Caimi C, Gasco L, Biasato I, Malfatto V, Varello K, Prearo M, Pastorino P, Bona MC, Francese DR, Schiavone A, Elia AC, Dörr AJM, Gai F. Could Dietary Black Soldier Fly Meal Inclusion Affect the Liver and Intestinal Histological Traits and the Oxidative Stress Biomarkers of Siberian Sturgeon ( Acipenser baerii) Juveniles? Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E155. [PMID: 31963360 PMCID: PMC7022867 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The trial investigates if a highly defatted Hermetia illucens larva meal (H) at two dietary inclusion levels and a vegetable protein based diet (VEG) influences the normal gut and liver histology and the oxidative stress biomarkers in liver and kidney of Siberian sturgeon juveniles. Fish were fed four diets: one control diet (H0) containing 70% of fishmeal (FM), two diets including 18.5% (H185) and 37.5% (H375) of highly defatted H in substitution for 25% and 50% of FM, and one vegetable protein based diet (VEG). At the end of a growth trial, 12 fish per treatment were sacrificed by over-anaesthesia to collect 12 liver and 5 distal intestine samples for histological analyses, as well as 12 liver and kidney samples for biochemical analyses. The H and VEG diets did not significantly affect the histology of liver and distal intestine, but alterations of the oxidative stress biomarkers were detected at the highest inclusion level of H (37.5%). In order to avoid unfavorable effects on the fish health, an inclusion level up to 18.5% of H is recommended for Siberian sturgeon juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Caimi
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Vanda Malfatto
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy; (C.C.); (L.G.); (V.M.)
| | - Katia Varello
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Marino Prearo
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Maria Cristina Bona
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Danila Raffaella Francese
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Via Bologna 148, 10154 Torino, Italy; (K.V.); (M.P.); (P.P.); (M.C.B.); (D.R.F.)
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
| | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.C.E.); (A.J.M.D.)
| | - Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (A.C.E.); (A.J.M.D.)
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy;
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Elia AC, Prearo M, Dörr AJM, Pacini N, Magara G, Brizio P, Gasco L, Abete MC. Effects of astaxanthin and canthaxanthin on oxidative stress biomarkers in rainbow trout. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2019; 82:760-768. [PMID: 31370749 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1648346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Farmed trout are commonly fed carotenoid-enriched diets during the finishing period to acquire typical red-to-pink flesh color in salmonid muscle. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of two xanthophylls, astaxanthin (Ax) or canthaxanthin (Cx), administered individually or in combination, on oxidative stress biomarkers in kidney and liver of rainbow trout. Specimens were fed Ax (75 mg/kg) or Cx (25 mg/kg) individually or in combination in the diets for 8 weeks. Changes in concentration of oxidative stress biomarkers, including total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase, were recorded in Ax- and Cx-dosed trout. These two carotenoids, predominantly Cx, initiated enzymatic responses in rainbow trout. It is noteworthy that lipid peroxidation processes were not apparent in all Ax or Cx-dosed trout. Further, both combined xanthophylls did not exert significant synergistic effects in liver and kidney. Biomarker responses were generally altered in both tissues through the 4 and 8 weeks suggesting that different time-dependent mechanisms led to enhanced antioxidant defense in Ax and/or Cx-fed trout. Data demonstrated that these two xanthophylls did not exert detrimental effects on rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont , Torino , Italy
| | | | - Nicole Pacini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Paola Brizio
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont , Torino , Italy
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino , Grugliasco , Italy
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Tebby C, Brochot C, Dorne JL, Beaudouin R. Investigating the interaction between melamine and cyanuric acid using a Physiologically-Based Toxicokinetic model in rainbow trout. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 370:184-195. [PMID: 30922832 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Following outbreaks of feed and food adulterations with a melamine and cyanuric acid mixture in 2007 and melamine in 2008 respectively, the kinetics and toxicodynamics of the mixture have been investigated particularly in sensitive species such as the rainbow trout. Tissue concentrations and intensity of the adverse effect, melamine-cyanurate crystal formation in kidney, were reported in similar experimental conditions. Here, a recent PBTK model for rainbow trout has been applied to model the kinetics of both single compounds based on residue levels in tissues. Both PBTK models for the single compounds were combined and a model of crystal formation for the mixture melamine-cyanuric acid was also added to predict the intensity of crystal formation under the assumptions that crystals formed either in urine or in kidney tissue. Modelling the kinetics of melamine and cyanuric acid provided a better understanding and prediction of intensity of crystal formation in case of sequential exposures with varying intensity or co-exposure. This study demonstrates, for the first time, how fish PBTK models can play a key role in the understanding and prediction of toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of mixtures. This study also illustrates how adverse effects may potentially occur even when the compounds are not administered together as a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleo Tebby
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Céline Brochot
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Jean-Lou Dorne
- European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), Scientific Committee and Emerging Risks Unit, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Rémy Beaudouin
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Models for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology Unit, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), UMR-I 02 SEBIO, Parc ALATA, BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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Magara G, Elia AC, Syberg K, Khan FR. Single contaminant and combined exposures of polyethylene microplastics and fluoranthene: accumulation and oxidative stress response in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:761-773. [PMID: 29969377 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1488639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The microplastic "vector effect" has received increasing attention. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of polyethylene microplastic beads (PE MP) on accumulation and associated oxidative stress responses attributed to fluoranthene (Flu) in blue mussels, Mytilus edulis. Blue mussels were exposed for 96 h to four treatment groups: Flu-only, MP-only, Flu and MP coexposure, and Flu-incubated MP. Treatments were conducted at a low and high concentration (50 μg/L and 100 Flu μg/L and 100, and 1000 MP/mL). Results demonstrated that in both the gill and digestive gland, coexposure did not markedly affect Flu uptake, but this treatment significantly decreased tissue Flu concentrations. Antioxidant responses including activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (GPx), and levels of total glutathione (GSH) in both gills and digestive glands were significantly altered suggesting a perturbation of redox state induced by the exposure conditions. Although individual biomarkers varied, the biomarker profile enabled certain generalizations to be made. Antioxidant responses occurred more likely in gill tissue than in digestive gland. Individual contaminant exposures to Flu or MP led to varying responses, but coexposures and incubated exposures did not result in additive or synergistic effects. Exposure concentrations (i.e., low or high treatments) were not a consistent a predictor of response; and the internal Flu dose did not consistently predict outcome of various biomarkers. Importantly, MP-only exposure appeared to be capable of eliciting direct effects on the oxidative stress system as demonstrated by the activities of CAT and GPx. These findings warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Magara
- a Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Antonia Concetta Elia
- a Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Kristian Syberg
- b Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Roskilde , Denmark
| | - Farhan R Khan
- b Department of Science and Environment , Roskilde University , Roskilde , Denmark
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Elia AC, Magara G, Caruso C, Masoero L, Prearo M, Arsieni P, Caldaroni B, Dörr AJM, Scoparo M, Salvati S, Brizio P, Squadrone S, Abete MC. A comparative study on subacute toxicity of arsenic trioxide and dimethylarsinic acid on antioxidant status in Crandell Rees feline kidney (CRFK), human hepatocellular carcinoma (PLC/PRF/5), and epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cell lines. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:333-348. [PMID: 29498595 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1442758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a global contaminant of terrestrial and aquatic environments posing concern for environmental and human health. The effects of subacute concentrations of arsenic trioxide (AsIII) and dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV) were examined using Crandell Rees feline kidney (CRFK), human hepatocellular carcinoma (PLC/PRF/5), and epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC). Whole monolayer with suffering cells (confluence 100%, pyknosis and refractive cells; value scale = 2) led to identification of subacute As concentrations for the three cell lines. The selected AsIII concentrations were 1.33 µM for CRFK and 33.37 µM for PLC/PRF/5 and EPC, at 48 hr time point. The selected DMAV concentrations were 0.67 mM for PLC/PRF/5, 1.33 mM for CRFK, and 2.67 mM for EPC for 48 hr. Unlike the AsIII test, the three cell lines did not exhibit marked susceptibility to DMAV-mediated toxicity. Several oxidative stress biomarker levels, directly or indirectly associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glyoxalase I, glyoxalase II, and total glutathione, were determined in the three cell lines at 24 and 48 hr. Antioxidant responses in metal-treated cells were significantly altered compared to controls, suggesting a perturbation of redox state. The weakening of antioxidant pathway in either healthy or tumoral cells was greater using AsIII than DMAV. Differences in level of several oxidative stress biomarkers suggest that the oxidative stress mechanism induced by AsIII is distinctly different from DMAV. Multifaceted mechanisms of action underlying ROS generation in tumor and nontumor cells versus AsIII and DMAV exposure are thus involved. Since As-mediated toxicity is quite complex, more data regarding both oxidant-enhancement and oxidant-lowering strategies may be useful to improve knowledge regarding the influence of As on human and animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Gabriele Magara
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudio Caruso
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Loretta Masoero
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Paola Arsieni
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | | | - Melissa Scoparo
- a Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie , Università degli Studi di Perugia , Perugia , Italy
| | - Stefania Salvati
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
| | - Paola Brizio
- b Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte , Torino , Italy
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Elia AC, Giorda F, Pacini N, Dörr AJM, Scanzio T, Prearo M. Subacute Toxicity Effects of Deltamethrin on Oxidative Stress Markers in Rainbow Trout. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2017; 29:165-172. [PMID: 28792275 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2017.1349006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Deltamethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide that is considered extremely toxic to aquatic organisms. We evaluated the effect of subacute doses (0.033, 0.1, or 0.3 mg/kg) of deltamethrin on micronucleus frequency and oxidative stress markers in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss at 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 d after intracoelomic injection. No genotoxic damage was recorded, as no specimen showed a micronucleus number above the physiological range. Deltamethrin exposure elicited a transient reduction in the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione S-transferase and a persistent decrease in glutathione reductase activity. Overall, the lower antioxidant enzyme activity in the deltamethrin-treated fish was mainly dose-dependent. Received May 27, 2016 accepted June 18, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- a Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Federica Giorda
- b Fish Disease Laboratory , State Veterinary Institute , Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin , Italy
| | - Nicole Pacini
- a Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr
- a Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Tommaso Scanzio
- b Fish Disease Laboratory , State Veterinary Institute , Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin , Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- b Fish Disease Laboratory , State Veterinary Institute , Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin , Italy
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Savdan M, Çakır M, Vatansev H, Küçükkartallar T, Tekin A, Tavlı Ş. Preventing oxygen free radical damage by proanthocyanidin in obstructive jaundice. Turk J Surg 2017; 33:62-68. [PMID: 28740952 DOI: 10.5152/turkjsurg.2017.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tissue damage and endotoxemia in obstructive jaundice are attributed to the increase in oxygen free-radicals. We aimed at evaluating the possible protective effect of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE), which is a potent exogenous free-radical scavenger and antioxidant. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was performed at the Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine Research and Application Center for Experimental Medicine Laboratory with ethical approval. 30 Wistar-Albino rats were used and were divided into 3 groups. The common bile duct was identified and only dissected in the first group (sham). Following dissection of the common bile duct it was ligated with 4/0 silk just above the pancreas in the second group (control). After ligation of the common bile duct, 100mg/kg/day GSPE was administered via orogastric lavage for 10 days in the third group. RESULTS Biochemical values revealed a statistically significant difference between Group I and the others. There was no difference between Group II and III regarding biochemical values. There was a statistically significant difference, however, between Group II and III with regards to nitric oxide levels. There was a statistically significant difference between Group I and the other groups concerning hepatic and pulmonary tissue damage on histopathologic evaluation. There was no difference among the groups with regards to renal tubular damage. CONCLUSION Proanthocyanidin is an effective natural antioxidant in decreasing the level of tissue damage caused by oxygen free-radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervan Savdan
- Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Murat Çakır
- Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hüsamettin Vatansev
- Department of Biochemistry, Selçuk University School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Tevfik Küçükkartallar
- Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tekin
- Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
| | - Şakir Tavlı
- Department of General Surgery, Necmettin Erbakan University Meram School of Medicine, Konya, Turkey
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Elia AC, Magara G, Righetti M, Dörr AJM, Scanzio T, Pacini N, Abete MC, Prearo M. Oxidative stress and related biomarkers in cupric and cuprous chloride-treated rainbow trout. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10205-10219. [PMID: 28265874 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined the time-course stress responses in the liver of rainbow trout exposed to cuprous chloride (CuCl) and cupric chloride (CuCl2). The treatment groups received a single intraperitoneal injection of CuCl or CuCl2 (both at a dose of 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg); the control group received only the physiologic solution vehicle. Liver tissue samples were analyzed for total copper, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glyoxalases, and lactate dehydrogenase at 3, 6, and 9 days post-injection. Total glutathione, metallothionein, and malondialdehyde levels were also measured. The time course of metal accumulation differed between the groups; no dose-response relationship for metal load was found. Both copper species elicited significant changes in oxidative stress markers and in metal trapping. Copper underwent adaptive shifts in glutathione and metallothionein concentrations. The defense strategy primarily versus CuCl2 first involved glutathione, with a peak in metallothionein levels at day 6 for CuCl2 (at both doses) and for CuCl (0.05 mg/kg). Early stimulation of lipid peroxidation was noted after treatment with the higher copper dose and at day 9 after treatment with the lower dose of both CuCl and CuCl2. Antioxidant enzyme activity was impaired due to a more or a less severe oxidative stress condition in relation to the copper species and exposure time. Copper dynamics, in terms of metal accumulation and homeostatic regulation, is noticeably complex. The present findings may advance our understanding of the effects of both copper species on the antioxidant response of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marzia Righetti
- Fish Disease Laboratory, State Veterinary Institute, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Scanzio
- Fish Disease Laboratory, State Veterinary Institute, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicole Pacini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- C.Re.A.A. National Reference Centre for the Surveillance and Monitoring of Animal Feed, State Veterinary Institute, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- Fish Disease Laboratory, State Veterinary Institute, 10154, Turin, Italy
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14
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An H, Li X, Yang Q, Wang D, Xie T, Zhao J, Xu Q, Chen F, Zhong Y, Yuan Y, Zeng G. The behavior of melamine in biological wastewater treatment system. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 322:445-453. [PMID: 27773438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MA) is a significant raw material for industry and home furnishing, and an intermediate for pharmacy. However it is also a hazardous material when being added to food as a protein substitute due to the high nitrogen content. In this study, the behavior of MA in activated sludge was investigated. Experiments showed that MA was removed during biological wastewater treatment process, and the removal was mainly achieved by activated sludge adsorption instead of biodegradation. Low levels of MA (0.001-0.10mg/L) in wastewater had negligible influence on the performance of activated sludge, but high levels of MA deteriorated biological nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The presence of MA (1.00 and 5.00mg/L) decreased total nitrogen removal efficiency from 94.15% to 79.47% and 68.04%, respectively. The corresponding concentration of effluent phosphorus increased from 0.11 to 1.45 and 2.06mg/L, respectively. It was also observed that MA inhibited the enzyme activities of nitrite oxidoreductase, nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase and exopolyphosphatase, which were closely relevant to nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Further investigation showed that the presence of high MA concentrations promoted the consumption and synthesis of glycogen, thereby providing the advantage for the growth of glycogen accumulating organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxue An
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Ting Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianwei Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qiuxiang Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Fei Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yu Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yujie Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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15
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Elia AC, Pacini N, Fioravanti ML, Dörr AJM, Zaccaroni A, Parmeggiani AM, Gustinelli A, Mordenti O, Abete MC, Prearo M. Assessment of Detoxifying Markers for Florfenicol in Rainbow Trout Liver. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2016; 28:258-265. [PMID: 27791693 DOI: 10.1080/08997659.2016.1206637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Florfenicol (FF) is employed in fish farms to contest or prevent bacterial infections. However, this pharmaceutical may produce reactive oxygen species that may cause biochemical changes in antibiotic-treated fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of FF on Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss treated for 10 d with 7.5 and 15 mg/kg FF followed by a withdrawal period of 5 d. Superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glyoxalase I and glyoxalase II, total glutathione, lactic dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase were investigated in the livers of treated and untreated fish. A general impairment of antioxidant enzymes and metabolic indicators was measured in FF-treated Rainbow Trout. Onset of oxidative damage may have occurred during the antibiotic treatment as a consequence of the effect of FF toxicity at mainly the highest dose. Nevertheless, the rise in levels of total glutathione and glutathione S-transferase even after the withdrawal period may shield the antibiotic-mediated oxidative processes. Received December 22, 2015; accepted May 26, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- a Department of Chemistry , Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto, 8, Perugia 06123 , Italy
| | - Nicole Pacini
- a Department of Chemistry , Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto, 8, Perugia 06123 , Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Fioravanti
- b Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano Emilia 40064 , Italy
| | - Ambrosius Josef Martin Dörr
- a Department of Chemistry , Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto, 8, Perugia 06123 , Italy
| | - Annalisa Zaccaroni
- b Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano Emilia 40064 , Italy
| | - Alba Maria Parmeggiani
- b Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano Emilia 40064 , Italy
| | - Andrea Gustinelli
- b Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano Emilia 40064 , Italy
| | - Oliviero Mordenti
- b Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences , University of Bologna , Via Tolara di Sopra, 50, Ozzano Emilia 40064 , Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- c National Reference Centre for the Surveillance and Monitoring of Animal Feed, State Veterinary Institute , Via Bologna, 148, Turin 10154 , Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- d Fish Disease Laboratory , State Veterinary Institute , Via Bologna, 148, Turin 10154 , Italy
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16
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Pampanin DM, Le Goff J, Skogland K, Marcucci CR, Øysæd KB, Lorentzen M, Jørgensen KB, Sydnes MO. Biological effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and their first metabolic products in in vivo exposed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2016; 79:633-646. [PMID: 27484143 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2016.1171993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The monitoring of the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the aquatic environment is a worldwide activity since some of these compounds are well-established carcinogens and mutagens. Contaminants in this class are in fact regarded as priority hazardous substances for environmental pollution (Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC). In this study, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was selected to assess in vivo effects of two PAH and their first metabolic products, namely, the corresponding trans-dihydrodiols, using biological markers. Fish were exposed for 1 wk to a single PAH (naphthalene or chrysene) and its synthetic metabolites ((1R,2R)-1,2-dihydronaphthalene-1,2-diol and (1R,2R)-1,2-dihydrochrysene-1,2-diol) by intraperitoneal injection in a continuous seawater flow system. After exposure, PAH metabolism including PAH metabolites in bile and ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity, oxidative stress glutathione S-transferases (GST) and catalase (CAT) activities, and genotoxicity such as DNA adducts were evaluated, as well as general health conditions including condition index (CI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and gonadosomatic index (GSI). PAH metabolite values were low and not significantly different when measured with the fixed-wavelength fluorescence screening method, while the gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) method showed an apparent dose response in fish exposed to naphthalene. DNA adduct levels ≥0.16 × 10(-8) relative adduct level (RAL) were detected. It should be noted that 0.16 × 10(-8) RAL is considered the maximal acceptable background level for this species. The other biomarkers activities of catalase, GST, and EROD did not display a particular compound- or dose-related response. The GSI values were significantly lower in some chrysene- and in both naphthalene- and naphthalene diol-exposed groups compared to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela M Pampanin
- a International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS) , Environment Department , Randaberg , Norway
| | | | - Karianne Skogland
- a International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS) , Environment Department , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Cristian R Marcucci
- a International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS) , Environment Department , Randaberg , Norway
- c Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science , University of Stavanger , Stavanger , Norway
| | - Kjell Birger Øysæd
- a International Research Institute of Stavanger (IRIS) , Environment Department , Randaberg , Norway
| | - Marianne Lorentzen
- c Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science , University of Stavanger , Stavanger , Norway
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- c Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science , University of Stavanger , Stavanger , Norway
| | - Magne O Sydnes
- c Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Natural Science , University of Stavanger , Stavanger , Norway
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17
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Pacini N, Dörr AJM, Elia AC, Scoparo M, Abete MC, Prearo M. Melamine-cyanurate complexes and oxidative stress markers in trout kidney following melamine and cyanuric acid long-term co-exposure and withdrawal. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1609-1619. [PMID: 24952615 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-014-9952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In 2007, renal failure and death in pets were linked to pet food containing both melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CYA). In mammals and fish, the co-administration of MEL and CYA causes renal crystal formation. Moreover, little is known about the process of crystal removal in fish. The aim of this study was to evaluate the formation of MEL-cyanurate crystals in kidney of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed combined MEL and CYA diets for 10 weeks at 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg in feed (equivalent to 2.5, 5, 10 mg/kg body weight of trout fed 1 % body weight per day). During the exposure trial and throughout a withdrawal period, prooxidant effects of MEL and CYA were evaluated on oxidative stress markers such as catalase, glutathione S-transferase and malondialdehyde. Crystal formation was dose and time dependent, and after six withdrawal weeks, crystals persisted in kidney of trout treated the highest triazine dose. Catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity in kidney of trout exposed to both triazines for 10 weeks indicated that MEL (with or without CYA) can exert a higher prooxidant effect than CYA dispensed singly. Although the enzymes activity increase appears to be reverted after two MEL withdrawal weeks, persistence of crystals may lead to severe damage in renal cells of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pacini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
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18
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Elia AC, Ciccotelli V, Pacini N, Dörr AJM, Gili M, Natali M, Gasco L, Prearo M, Abete MC. Transferability of oxytetracycline (OTC) from feed to carp muscle and evaluation of the antibiotic effects on antioxidant systems in liver and kidney. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 40:1055-1068. [PMID: 24390127 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Oxytetracycline (OTC) is employed in fish farms to contest or prevent bacterial infections. We simulated an OTC treatment at therapeutic level (75 mg kg(-1)) and at higher doses (150, 300 mg kg(-1)) for 10 days. A withdrawal period of 10 days was considered for treated carp, carrying out the same chemical and biochemical analyses (total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase and malondialdehyde). The aim was to obtain data related to the carryover in muscle and on variations in the antioxidant indicators in liver and kidney. The OTC residual levels in muscle showed a dose-response relationship. After 10 days of treatment at the recommended dose (75 mg kg(-1)), the mean value in muscle was 295 μg kg(-1). After 10 withdrawal days, residues in all treated groups were not entirely eliminated by fish. Residues of recommended 75 mg kg(-1) OTC dose were lower than the maximum permitted by EEC regulation: 100 μg kg(-1). Disturbance in the antioxidant systems in liver and kidney was recorded in (150, 300 mg kg(-1)) carp, as well as during the withdrawal period. A lowered superoxide dismutase activity and higher levels of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione were evaluated in liver, while in kidney only higher malondialdehyde and glutathione S-transferase concentrations were recorded for 300 mg kg(-1) dose. The therapeutic OTC dose exerted lower effects, and only in liver, enhancement of GPx and GR activities was recorded. After the withdrawal period, altered antioxidant responses in tissues were restored for all three OTC doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Cellular and Environmental Biology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy,
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Elia AC, Abete MC, Pacini N, Dörr AJM, Scanzio T, Prearo M. Antioxidant biomarker survey ensuing long-term selenium withdrawal in Acipenser baeri fed Se-cysteine diets. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 37:1131-1139. [PMID: 24802526 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Two selenium withdrawal periods, 30 and 90 days, were considered for sturgeon fed 90 days three Se-cysteine diets (1.25, 5, 20 mgkg(-1)). Subsequently Acipenser baeri was fed the previous control diet (0.32 mgSekg(-1)) for 90 days. Levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, glyoxalase-II and malondialdehyde were determined in liver and kidney. Chemical analyses were carried out for the same tissues and for muscle. A reduction of Se levels in all tissues was recorded and the metalloid concentration decreased more quickly in liver than in kidney and muscle. At the end of the withdrawal Se concentration in muscle remained high in specimens previously fed 20 mgSekg(-1) diet, and disturbance of key antioxidant enzymes was recorded in liver and kidney. Moreover, alterations in glutathione peroxidases, and glyoxalase-II activities persisted even after 90 withdrawal days and were indicative of oxidative stress induced by Se-cysteine concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Cellular and Environmental Biology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- C.Re.A.A. National Reference Centre for the Surveillance and Monitoring of Animal Feed, State Veterinary Institute, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Nicole Pacini
- Department of Cellular and Environmental Biology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Scanzio
- Fish Disease Laboratory, State Veterinary Institute, 10154 Turin, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- Fish Disease Laboratory, State Veterinary Institute, 10154 Turin, Italy
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Liu F, Gao Y, Li W, Shao J. Determination of melamine based on electrochemiluminescence of Ru(bpy)32+ at chemically converted graphene-modified glassy carbon electrode. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra03918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of Ru(bpy)32+ at chemically converted graphene (CCG)-modified glassy carbon (GC) electrode has been employed for the determination of melamine in milk with a remarkable detection limit of 5.0 × 10−15 mol L−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Liu
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116023, China, UK
| | - Yulong Gao
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116023, China, UK
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116023, China, UK
| | - Jiantao Shao
- School of Chemistry
- Dalian University of Technology
- Dalian 116023, China, UK
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Kim GH, Kang MJ, Noh K, Oh DG, Kang W, Jeong HG, Lee KY, Kim H, Kim HS, Jeong TC. Nephrotoxic potential and toxicokinetics of melamine combined with cyanuric acid in rats. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2014; 77:1346-1358. [PMID: 25343285 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2014.951592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the nephrotoxic potential of melamine (MEL) and cyanuric acid (CA) in male Sprague-Dawley rats, 7-d repeated-dose studies were performed. The experimental groups of MEL100 and CA100 were orally administered with MEL and CA at 100 mg/kg/d for 7 d, respectively. In groups dosed with MEL-CA mixtures, melamine and cyanuric acid (1:1) were simultaneously administered at 4, 20, or 100 mg/kg/d for 7 d (i.e., MEL-CA4, MEL-CA20, or MEL-CA100, respectively). Body weights were not markedly affected in MEL100, CA100, and MEL-CA4 groups, but significantly reduced in MEL-CA 20 and 100 rats. Most parameters determined in sera and tissues were not markedly altered in MEL100, CA100, and MEL-CA4-treated rodents. However, BUN, creatinine, total protein, and kidney weights were significantly increased in MEL-CA20- and MEL-CA100-treated animals. Renal histopathologic findings also revealed signs of toxicity, including tubular dilatation, crystal deposition, granulomatous tubulo-interstitial inflammation, and tubular necrosis with regeneration. Data suggested that the combination of MEL and CA might be responsible for observed nephrotoxicity that was not seen following individual exposure to either MEL or CA alone. Subsequently, the concentrations of MEL and CA were determined in serum, urine, and kidney tissues by using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Toxicokinetic studies indicated that MEL or CA alone might be eliminated almost completely within 24 h after dosing showing no accumulation in kidney. However, the combined MEL-CA dose produced marked accumulation of chemicals in blood and kidneys. These results suggested that combined MEL and CA might produce renal toxicity due to significant chemical accumulation in kidney accompanied by low excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghee Hwan Kim
- a College of Pharmacy , Yeungnam University , Gyeongsan , Korea
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Pacini N, Elia AC, Abete MC, Dörr AJM, Brizio P, Gasco L, Righetti M, Prearo M. Antioxidant response versus selenium accumulation in the liver and kidney of the Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri). CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:2405-2412. [PMID: 24034889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of selenium on concentrations of metabolites and enzyme activities acting as antioxidant markers in liver and kidney of Siberian sturgeon Acipenser baeri. Sturgeons were fed selenium cysteine for 30 and 60 d at 1.25, 5, 20mg Sekg(-1). Selenium level in the control feed was 0.32 mg kg(-1). Se concentration was measured in liver, kidney and muscle of every specimen. Sturgeon accumulated Se in tissues with a clear dose-response relationship and the highest Se concentration was recorded in liver. This outcome is lined up with the findings obtained on the antioxidant markers evaluated in both tissues, and in which a dose-response for several biomarkers was recorded in liver. The superoxide dismutase activity in Se-treated fish was generally induced, while catalase activity was lower in liver or unaltered in kidney. The concentrations of glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reductase and total glutathione responded differently for both tissues and were induced in a different way at both endpoints. No changes of glyoxalase I activity were noted for both Se-treated tissues, while for glyoxalase II enzyme in liver a dose-related pattern was found showing a reversible effect (decreased and increased counteractive response) only in the 5 mg kg(-1) group. Moreover, the highest Se concentrations did not cause marked changes in malondialdehyde levels of liver and kidney. The enhancement of glutathione peroxidase activity in Se-treated sturgeon might have prevented the lipid peroxidation in both tissues, providing to the Siberian sturgeon a great defense ability versus the prooxidant effect of selenium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Pacini
- Department of Cellular and Environmental Biology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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