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Velasquez X, Morov AR, Astrahan P, Tchernov D, Meron D, Almeda R, Rubin-Blum M, Rahav E, Guy-Haim T. Bioconcentration and lethal effects of gas-condensate and crude oil on nearshore copepod assemblages. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 203:116402. [PMID: 38701601 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The progressive establishment of gas platforms and increasing petroleum accidents pose a threat to zooplankton communities and thus to pelagic ecosystems. This study is the first to compare the impacts of gas-condensate and crude oil on copepod assemblages. We conducted microcosm experiments simulating slick scenarios at five different concentrations of gas-condensate and crude oil to determine and compare their lethal effects and the bioconcentration of low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (LMW-PAHs) in eastern Mediterranean coastal copepod assemblages. We found that gas-condensate had a two-times higher toxic effect than crude oil, significantly reducing copepod survival with increased exposure levels. The LMW-PAHs bioconcentration factor was 1-2 orders of magnitude higher in copepods exposed to gas-condensate than in those exposed to crude oil. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was significantly lower in calanoids vs. cyclopoid copepods, suggesting that calanoids are more susceptible to gas-condensate and crude oil pollution, with potential trophic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Velasquez
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Haifa, Israel; Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Arseniy R Morov
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Haifa, Israel
| | - Peleg Astrahan
- The Yigal Alon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KKL), Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, Israel
| | - Dan Tchernov
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalit Meron
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Rodrigo Almeda
- University of las Palmas of Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Maxim Rubin-Blum
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Haifa, Israel; Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Eyal Rahav
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Guy-Haim
- National Institute of Oceanography, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), Haifa, Israel.
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2
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Hansen BH, Altin D, Nordtug T. Do oil droplets and chemical dispersants contribute to uptake of oil compounds and toxicity of crude oil dispersions in cold-water copepods? JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37870159 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2271003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Accidental crude oil spills to the marine environment cause dispersion of oil into the water column through the actions of breaking waves, a process that can be facilitated using chemical dispersants. Oil dispersions contain dispersed micron-sized oil droplets and dissolved oil components, and the toxicity of oil dispersions has been assumed to be associated primarily with the latter. However, most hydrophobic, bioaccumulative and toxic crude oil components are retained within the droplets which may interact with marine filter-feeders. We here summarize the findings of 15 years of research using a unique methodology to generate controlled concentrations and droplet size distributions of dispersed crude oil to study effects on the filter-feeding cold-water copepod Calanus finmarchicus. We focus primarily on the contribution of chemical dispersants and micron-sized oil droplets to uptake and toxicity of oil compounds. Oil dispersion exposures cause PAH uptake and oil droplet accumulation on copepod body surfaces and inside their gastrointestinal tract, and exposures to high exposure (mg/L range) reduce feeding activity, causes reproductive impairments and mortality. These effects were slightly higher in the presence of chemical dispersants, possibly due to higher filtration of chemically dispersed droplets. For C. finmarchicus, dispersions containing oil droplets caused more severe toxic effects than filtered dispersions, thus, oil droplets contribute to the observed toxicity. The methodology for generating crude oil dispersion is a valuable tool to isolate impacts of crude oil microdroplets and can facilitate future research on oil dispersion toxicity and produce data to improve oil spill models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dag Altin
- BioTrix, Trondheim, Norway
- Research Infrastructure SeaLab, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
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3
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Picone M, Russo M, Distefano GG, Baccichet M, Marchetto D, Volpi Ghirardini A, Lunde Hermansson A, Petrovic M, Gros M, Garcia E, Giubilato E, Calgaro L, Magnusson K, Granberg M, Marcomini A. Impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) discharge waters on planktonic biological indicators. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 190:114846. [PMID: 36965268 PMCID: PMC10152311 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems (EGCS), operating in open-loop mode, continuously release acidic effluents (scrubber waters) to marine waters. Furthermore, scrubber waters contain high concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and alkylated PAHs, potentially affecting the plankton in the receiving waters. Toxicity tests evidenced significant impairments in planktonic indicators after acute, early-life stage, and long-term exposures to scrubber water produced by a vessel operating with high sulphur fuel. Acute effects on bacterial bioluminescence (Aliivibrio fischeri), algal growth (Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Dunaliella tertiolecta), and copepod survival (Acartia tonsa) were evident at 10 % and 20 % scrubber water, while larval development in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) showed a 50 % reduction at ∼5 % scrubber water. Conversely, larval development and reproductive success of A. tonsa were severely affected at scrubber water concentrations ≤1.1 %, indicating the risk of severe impacts on copepod populations which in turn may result in impairment of the whole food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Picone
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatic, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Martina Russo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatic, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giuseppe Distefano
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatic, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Marco Baccichet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatic, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Davide Marchetto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatic, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Annamaria Volpi Ghirardini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatic, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Anna Lunde Hermansson
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Hörselgången 4, 41756 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Mira Petrovic
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig lluís companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Gros
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona (UDG), Girona, Spain
| | - Elisa Garcia
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), C. Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona (UDG), Girona, Spain
| | - Elisa Giubilato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatic, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Loris Calgaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatic, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Kerstin Magnusson
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Kristineberg 566, 451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Maria Granberg
- Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), Kristineberg Marine Research Station, Kristineberg 566, 451 78 Fiskebäckskil, Sweden
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatic, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University Venice, via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Italy
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4
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Soloperto S, Altin D, Hallmann A, Skottene E, Hansen BH, Jenssen BM, Ciesielski TM. Oil-mediated oxidative-stress responses in a keystone zooplanktonic species, Calanus finmarchicus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151365. [PMID: 34742810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The copepod Calanus finmarchicus is an ecologically important species in the North Atlantic, Norwegian and Barents seas. Accidental or continuous petroleum pollution from oil and gas production in these seas may pose a significant threat to this low trophic level keystone species. Responses related to oxidative stress, protein damage and lipid peroxidation were investigated in C. finmarchicus exposed to a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of a naphthenic North Atlantic crude oil. The exposure concentration corresponded to 50% of the 96 h LC50, and samples were obtained at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exposure initiation. Gene expressions (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione synthetase, heat shock protein 70 and 90, ubiquitin and cytochrome P-450 330A1), enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) and concentrations of total glutathione and malondialdehyde were analyzed. Gene expression analyses showed no differences between controls and the exposed animals, however significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activity and malondialdehyde concentrations were found in the exposed group, suggests lipid peroxidation as main toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Soloperto
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Anna Hallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elise Skottene
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn H Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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5
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Schmutz A, Tremblay R, Audet C, Gagné JP, Pelletier É, St-Louis R. Under ice spills of conventional crude oil and diluted bitumen: Physiological resilience of the blue mussel and transgenerational effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 779:146316. [PMID: 34030258 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spillages at sea of diluted bitumen (dilbit) from oil sands have received little attention until now. To our best knowledge, there are no reports on the impact of a severe exposure to dilbit on the Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis). In this study, adult Blue mussels were exposed to one conventional crude oil (Heidrun) and two dilbits (Cold Lake Blend and Access Western Blend) for a period of 7 days in an ice-covered environment and then maintained for three months until the spawning season. The exposed mussels were monitored for aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation, physiological energetic budget, cellular stress, byssus production and gametogenesis. In spring, spawning was induced to characterize breeding success. Bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was detected after three days of exposure, with higher concentrations of PAHs associated to the conventional oil (5.49 ± 0.12 μg·g-1 d.w.) compared to both dilbits (0.91 ± 0.02 μg·g-1; 0.51 ± 0.03 μg·g-1 d.w.). Despite a fast depuration rate and a good resilience of the exposed mussels, significant negative effects were observed at the cellular, physiological and fitness levels, especially in offspring. Our results suggest a higher toxicity of the diluted bitumen compared to the conventional crude despite the lower bioaccumulation of total PAHs. Dilbit treatments caused evident negative transgenerational effects on unexposed F1 generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Schmutz
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada; Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada.
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Gagné
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Émilien Pelletier
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski (ISMER), Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Richard St-Louis
- Département de biologie, chimie et géographie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Québec G5L 3A1, Canada
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6
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Hafez T, Bilbao D, Etxebarria N, Duran R, Ortiz-Zarragoitia M. Application of a biological multilevel response approach in the copepod Acartia tonsa for toxicity testing of three oil Water Accommodated Fractions. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 169:105378. [PMID: 34102532 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copepods play a critical role in the marine food webs, being a food source for marine organisms. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of Water Accommodated Fractions (WAFs) from three types of oil: Naphthenic North Sea crude oil (NNS), Intermediate Fuel Oil (IFO 180) and a commercial Marine Gas Oil (MGO). The WAFs were prepared at 10 °C and 30 PSU (practical salinity unit), and tested on the marine copepod Acartia tonsa at different endpoints and at different levels of biological organization. We determined the median lethal concentrations after 96 h (LC50) and reproduction capabilities were calculated in adult females following seven days of exposure to sublethal WAF doses. The total lipid content was measured in reproductive females using Nile red lipophilic dye after 96 h of WAF exposure. We also measured the transcription levels of genes involved in antioxidant response and xenobiotic biotransformation after short exposure for 48 h. High doses (7% WAF) of MGO affected survival, percentage of fecund females, egg hatching success, and total lipid content. The IFO 180 WAF affected, at medium (20%) and high (40%) doses, the number of fecund females, mortality and produced significant effects on gene expression levels. In conclusion, toxicity assays showed that the WAFs prepared from refined oils were more toxic than crude oil WAF to Acartia tonsa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamer Hafez
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea 47, E-48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Dennis Bilbao
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea 47, E-48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain; IBeA Research Group, Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea 47, E-48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain; IBeA Research Group, Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Robert Duran
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY Group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, E2S-UPPA, IPREM UMR CNRS 5254, BP 1155, 64013 Pau Cedex, France.
| | - Maren Ortiz-Zarragoitia
- CBET Research Group, Dept. of Zoology and Animal Cell Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Sarriena z/g, E-48940, Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PiE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Hiribidea 47, E-48620, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
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7
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Simão FCP, Gravato C, Machado AL, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Effects of pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene on the reproduction and newborn morphology and behavior of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128448. [PMID: 33032223 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants of aquatic ecosystems. Because they are persistent, there is great potential for chronic toxicity to aquatic species, and the evaluation of reproductive effects is fundamental. In this context, planarians are interesting experimental animals, since they can be sensitive to environmental pollutants, and a wide range of reproductive-related endpoints can be assessed. In this work we evaluated fecundity (number of cocoons), fertility (number of newborns), newborn anomalies, adult weight, regenerative abilities and PAH-residues in tissues of the freshwater planarian Girardia tigrina, exposed to either pyrene or benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P). Pyrene reduced planarian fecundity and fertility at 18.75 μg L-1 and 75.00 μg L-1, while B[a]P reduced planarian fecundity at the 37.50 μg L-1 treatment, which was accompanied by a 33.7% reduction in fertility. Cocoons were kept in clean media and newborns were evaluated for behavioral and morphological anomalies. Many of the newborns resulting from the B[a]P experiment revealed behavioral anomalies, such as spasms and uncoordinated movements. These behavioral anomalies were observed in 12.9% and 38.2% of newborns resulting from the exposure of adult planarians to 9.38 μg L-1 and 37.50 μg L-1 of B[a]P, respectively. This study is the first report on the effects of PAHs in freshwater planarians' sexual reproduction and a decreased reproductive output was evidenced. Moreover, the exposure of adults to B[a]P lead to defects in newborns, raising concern on the possible long-term consequences of these compounds for natural planarian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima C P Simão
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Carlos Gravato
- Faculdade de Ciências & CESAM, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Machado
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- CESAM & Departamento de Biologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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8
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Broch OJ, Nepstad R, Ellingsen I, Bast R, Skeie GM, Carroll J. Simulating crude oil exposure, uptake and effects in North Atlantic Calanus finmarchicus populations. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105184. [PMID: 33065519 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A simulation model framework (SYMBIOSES) that includes a 3-dimensional ocean physics and biology model and a model for transport and fate of oil was used to investigate the potential for bioaccumulation and lethal/sublethal effects of oil components in the copepod Calanus finmarchicus in the Lofoten-Vesterålen archipelago of Norway. The oil model is coupled with the biology model by way of a bioaccumulation model, from which mortality and reduction in reproduction are calculated via a total body burden (TBB). The simulation results indicate that copepod body burden levels are affected by the spill type (surface spill, subsea blowout) and the spill timing (spring, autumn). The effects of oil component bioaccumulation on the copepod population for all scenarios are small, though greatest in the subsea blowout scenarios. We attribute this to the limited spatial and temporal overlap between copepods and oil in the environment simulated by the model. The coupling of the processes of oil transport, bioaccumulation/excretion and the associated effects are discussed in the context of the model framework and with a view towards applications for Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Jacob Broch
- SINTEF Ocean, Postboks 4762 Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Raymond Nepstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Postboks 4762 Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Radovan Bast
- High Performance Computing Group, IT Department, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Geir Morten Skeie
- Akvaplan-niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - JoLynn Carroll
- Akvaplan-niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
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9
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Beyer J, Goksøyr A, Hjermann DØ, Klungsøyr J. Environmental effects of offshore produced water discharges: A review focused on the Norwegian continental shelf. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105155. [PMID: 32992224 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW), a large byproduct of offshore oil and gas extraction, is reinjected to formations or discharged to the sea after treatment. The discharges contain dispersed crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs), metals, and many other constituents of environmental relevance. Risk-based regulation, greener offshore chemicals and improved cleaning systems have reduced environmental risks of PW discharges, but PW is still the largest operational source of oil pollution to the sea from the offshore petroleum industry. Monitoring surveys find detectable exposures in caged mussel and fish several km downstream from PW outfalls, but biomarkers indicate only mild acute effects in these sentinels. On the other hand, increased concentrations of DNA adducts are found repeatedly in benthic fish populations, especially in haddock. It is uncertain whether increased adducts could be a long-term effect of sediment contamination due to ongoing PW discharges, or earlier discharges of oil-containing drilling waste. Another concern is uncertainty regarding the possible effect of PW discharges in the sub-Arctic Southern Barents Sea. So far, research suggests that sub-arctic species are largely comparable to temperate species in their sensitivity to PW exposure. Larval deformities and cardiac toxicity in fish early life stages are among the biomarkers and adverse outcome pathways that currently receive much attention in PW effect research. Herein, we summarize the accumulated ecotoxicological knowledge of offshore PW discharges and highlight some key remaining knowledge needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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10
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Dinh KV, Dinh HT, Pham HT, Selck H, Truong KN. Development of metal adaptation in a tropical marine zooplankton. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10212. [PMID: 32576953 PMCID: PMC7311422 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical marine ecosystems are highly vulnerable to pollution and climate change. It is relatively unknown how tropical species may develop an increased tolerance to these stressors and the cost of adaptations. We addressed these issues by exposing a keystone tropical marine copepod, Pseudodiaptomus annandalei, to copper (Cu) for 7 generations (F1–F7) during three treatments: control, Cu and pCu (the recovery treatment). In F7, we tested the “contaminant-induced climate change sensitivity” hypothesis (TICS) by exposing copepods to Cu and extreme temperature. We tracked fitness and productivity of all generations. In F1, Cu did not affect survival and grazing but decreased nauplii production. In F2-F4, male survival, grazing, and nauplii production were lower in Cu, but recovered in pCu, indicating transgenerational plasticity. Strikingly, in F5-F6 nauplii production of Cu-exposed females increased, and did not recover in pCu. The earlier result suggests an increased Cu tolerance while the latter result revealed its cost. In F7, extreme temperature resulted in more pronounced reductions in grazing, and nauplii production of Cu or pCu than in control, supporting TICS. The results suggest that widespread pollution in tropical regions may result in high vulnerability of species in these regions to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuong V Dinh
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA. .,Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark. .,Cam Ranh Centre for Tropical Marine Research and Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University, No 2 Nguyen Dinh Chieu Street, Nha Trang City, Vietnam.
| | - Hanh T Dinh
- Northern National Broodstock Center for Mariculture, Research Institute for Aquaculture No 1, Xuan Dam Commune, Cat Ba, Hai Phong, Vietnam
| | - Hong T Pham
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Thuyloi University, 175 Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Henriette Selck
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kiem N Truong
- Department of Ecology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Ha Noi, Vietnam.
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Toxværd K, Dinh KV, Henriksen O, Hjorth M, Nielsen TG. Delayed effects of pyrene exposure during overwintering on the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 217:105332. [PMID: 31698182 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calanus hyperboreus is the largest copepod and a key species in the Arctic food web. During the spring bloom, C. hyperboreus builds up large lipid reserves, which enable it to survive and produce eggs during overwintering. The ecological effects of oil exposure on overwintering C. hyperboreus are unknown. The present study empirically tested if exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pyrene from crude oil affects the survival, egg production, and hatching success of overwintering C. hyperboreus. We also tested the delayed effects on faecal pellet production and lipid recovery in clean seawater. Direct exposure did not reduce survival and egg production, but reduced hatching success 3-18 times by the end of the exposure period. Remarkably, we documented strong delayed effects of pyrene on faecal pellet production and the recovery of lipid reserves. The current study reveals a high vulnerability of this key species of Arctic zooplankton to oil exposure during winter. Together with our previous study on C. glacialis, we complete the picture of the impact of oil on the largest and most lipid-rich copepod C. hyperboreus, which potentially can have huge ecological consequences for the fragile Arctic marine food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Toxværd
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Cowi Denmark, Department of Water & Nature, Parallelvej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Khuong V Dinh
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Ole Henriksen
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Morten Hjorth
- Cowi Denmark, Department of Water & Nature, Parallelvej 2, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 201, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Lemcke S, Holding J, Møller EF, Thyrring J, Gustavson K, Juul-Pedersen T, Sejr MK. Acute oil exposure reduces physiological process rates in Arctic phyto- and zooplankton. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 28:26-36. [PMID: 30460435 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arctic shipping and oil exploration are expected to increase, as sea ice extent is reduced. This enhances the risk for accidental oil spills throughout the Arctic, which emphasises the need to quantify potential consequences to the marine ecosystem and to evaluate risk and choose appropriate remediation methods. This study investigated the sensitivity of Arctic marine plankton to the water accommodated fraction (WAF) of heavy fuel oil. Arctic marine phytoplankton and copepods (Calanus finmarchicus) were exposed to three WAF concentrations corresponding to total hydrocarbon contents of 0.07 mg l-1, 0.28 mg l-1 and 0.55 mg l-1. Additionally, the potential phototoxic effects of exposing the WAF to sunlight, including the UV spectrum, were tested. The study determined sub-lethal effects of WAF exposure on rates of key ecosystem processes: primary production of phytoplankton and grazing (faecal pellet production) of copepods. Both phytoplankton and copepods responded negatively to WAF exposure. Biomass specific primary production was reduced by 6, 52 and 73% and faecal pellet production by 18, 51 and 86% with increasing WAF concentrations compared to controls. The phototoxic effect reduced primary production in the two highest WAF concentration treatments by 71 and 91%, respectively. This experiment contributes to the limited knowledge of acute sub-lethal effects of potential oil spills to the Arctic pelagic food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Signe Lemcke
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Johnna Holding
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Eva Friis Møller
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Marine Diversity and Experimental Ecology, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jakob Thyrring
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CV3 0ET, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Gustavson
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Environment, Aarhus University, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Juul-Pedersen
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Greenland Climate Research Centre, PO Box 570, 3900, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Mikael K Sejr
- Department of Bioscience, Arctic Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Marine Ecology, Aarhus University, 8600, Silkeborg, Denmark
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13
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Hansen BH, Olsen AJ, Salaberria I, Altin D, Øverjordet IB, Gardinali P, Booth A, Nordtug T. Partitioning of PAHs between Crude Oil Microdroplets, Water, and Copepod Biomass in Oil-in-Seawater Dispersions of Different Crude Oils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14436-14444. [PMID: 30481011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of oil microdroplets on the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between water and marine zooplankton was evaluated. The experimental approach allowed direct comparison of crude oil dispersions (containing both micro-oil droplets and water-soluble fraction; WSF) with the corresponding WSF (without oil droplets). Dispersion concentration and oil type have an impact on the PAH composition of WSFs and therefore affect dispersion bioavailability. Higher T-PAH body residues were observed in copepods treated with dispersions compared to the corresponding WSFs. PAHs with log Kow 3-4.5 displayed comparable accumulation factors between treatments; however, accumulation factors for less soluble PAHs (log Kow = 4.5-6) were higher for the WSF than for the dispersions, suggesting low bioavailability for components contained in oil droplets. The higher PAH body residue in dispersion exposures is assumed to result mainly from copepods grazing on oil droplets, which offers an alternative uptake route to passive diffusion. To a large degree this route is controlled by the filtration rates of the copepods, which may be inversely related to droplet concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders J Olsen
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | | | | | - Piero Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southeast Environmental Research Center , Florida International University , North Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Andy Booth
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
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Toxværd K, Van Dinh K, Henriksen O, Hjorth M, Nielsen TG. Impact of Pyrene Exposure during Overwintering of the Arctic Copepod Calanus glacialis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10328-10336. [PMID: 30130096 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b03327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While ongoing warming and sea ice decline threaten unique Arctic ecosystems, they improve the prospect of exploiting fossil fuels in the seafloor. Arctic Calanus copepods can accumulate oil compounds in the large lipid reserves that enable them to cope with highly seasonal food availability characteristic of the Arctic. While spending a significant part of their lives overwintering at depth, their vulnerability to oil contamination during winter remains unknown. We investigated effects of the hazardous crude oil component pyrene on overwintering Calanus glacialis, a key species in Arctic shelf areas. Females were exposed from December to March and then transferred to clean water and fed until April. We showed that long-term exposure during overwintering reduced survival and lipid mobilization in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations previously considered sublethal. After exposure, strong delayed effects were observed in lipid recovery, fecal pellet, and egg production. We showed that 50% lethal threshold concentrations were at least 300 times lower than expected, and that 50% effect thresholds for pellet and egg production were at least 10 times lower than previously documented. Our study provides novel insights to the effects of oil contamination during winter, which is essential to evaluate ecological impacts of Arctic oil pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstine Toxværd
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet Building 201 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
- COWI Denmark , Department of Water & Nature , Parallelvej 2 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Khuong Van Dinh
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet Building 201 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Ole Henriksen
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet Building 201 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Morten Hjorth
- COWI Denmark , Department of Water & Nature , Parallelvej 2 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
| | - Torkel Gissel Nielsen
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, National Institute of Aquatic Resources , Technical University of Denmark , Kemitorvet Building 201 , 2800 Kongens Lyngby , Denmark
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Øverjordet IB, Nepstad R, Hansen BH, Jager T, Farkas J, Altin D, Brönner U, Nordtug T. Toxicokinetics of Crude Oil Components in Arctic Copepods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:9899-9907. [PMID: 29897747 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The risk of accidental oil spills in the Arctic is on the rise due to increased shipping and oil exploration activities, making it essential to calibrate parameters for risk assessment of oil spills to Arctic conditions. The toxicokinetics of crude oil components were assessed by exposing one lipid-poor (CIII) and one lipid-rich (CV) stage of the Arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus to crude oil WSF (water-soluble fraction). Water concentrations and total body residues (BR), as well as lipid volume fractions, were measured at regular intervals during exposure and recovery. Bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and elimination rates ( ke) for 26 petrogenic oil components were estimated from one-compartment models fitted to the BR data. Our parameters were compared to estimations made by the OMEGA bioaccumulation model, which uses the octanol-water partitioning coefficient ( KOW) in QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationship) predictions. Our parameters for the lipid-poor CIIIs generally agreed with the OMEGA predictions, while neither the BCFs nor the kes for the lipid-rich CVs fitted within the realistic range of the OMEGA parameters. Both the uptake and elimination rates for the CVs were in general half an order of magnitude lower than the OMEGA predictions, showing an overestimation of these parameters by the OMEGA model.
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