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Sukuroglu AA, Burgaz S. Micronuclei and other nuclear anomalies in exfoliated urothelial cells and urinary 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine levels among Turkish hairdressers. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 896:503754. [PMID: 38821667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Hairdressers are constantly occupationally exposed to many chemicals have the potential to cause allergies and carcinogenic effects, act as skin and eye irritants and induce oxidative stress and DNA damage. This study aimed to evaluate occupation-induced genotoxicity based on the presence of micronucleus (MN) and other nuclear anomalies in urothelial cells and measure oxidative DNA damage based on the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level in the urine of Turkish hairdressers. Originality of this study comes from that there was no study on MN and other nuclear anomalies frequencies and oxidative DNA damage in urine samples of hairdressers in the literature. The mean±standard deviation frequency (‰) of micronucleated (MNed) cells was higher in the hairdresser group (n=56) (4.81±7.87, p<0.001) than in the control group (n=56) (0.93±1.85). Nuclear buds were not observed in either group. While the frequency of basal cells was higher in the control group (446.6±106.21) than in the hairdresser group (367.78±101.51, p<0.001), the frequency of binuclear, karyolytic, pycnotic and karyorrhectic cells were higher in the hairdresser group (0.41±0.80, p<0.001; 438.02±118.27, p<0.001; 0.43±0.76, p<0.001; and 47.27±28.40, p<0.001) than in the control group (0.04±0.27, 358.57±95.71, 0.05±0.23 and 24.41±14.50). Condensed chromatins were observed only in the hairdresser group. Specific gravity adjusted 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level was statistically lower in the hairdresser group (908.21±403.25 ng/mL-SG) compared to the control group (1003.09±327.09 ng/mL-SG) (p=0.024). No significant correlation was found between the 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine level and the frequency MN. The amount of formaldehyde released during Brazilian keratin treatment was higher than the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists -Threshold Limit Value (ACGIH-TLV; 0.1 ppm). Similarly, the amount of ethyl acetate released in three salons was above the recommended limit (400 ppm). These findings suggest that hairdressers have an increased risk of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity owing to occupational exposure, regardless of age, working hours, smoking and alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Aktas Sukuroglu
- Mersin University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Mersin 33169, Turkey.
| | - Sema Burgaz
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Ankara 06330, Turkey
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Teglia F, Collatuzzo G, Boffetta P. Occupational Cancers among Employed Women: A Narrative Review. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15041334. [PMID: 36831675 PMCID: PMC9954144 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15041334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The facts that occupational cancer in women is under-investigated, with few in-depth analyses are well known. In recent decades the workforce has changed, with an increasing number of women employed. Therefore, the inclusion of women in occupational cancer studies has become more urgent and feasible than in the past decades. The difficulties to evaluate occupational causes of female gynecologic tumors in most past cohorts and the potential variation in outcome responses between men and women must be taken into consideration. This narrative review discusses women's occupational cancer as a current area of research, focusing on three groups of workers characterized by peculiar exposure to occupational carcinogens and where women are often employed: beauticians and hairdressers; farmers; and healthcare workers. We discuss the most relevant cancers in each working category, with a particular focus on female breast cancer. In the three industries reviewed in detail, there are some risk factors which may affect primarily women, inducing breast cancer and cervical cancer, as well as risk factors that are carcinogenic in both genders, but whose effects are less well known in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Teglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Collatuzzo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, New York, NY 11794, USA
- Correspondence:
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Farhadi S, Jolehar M, Safapour F. Micronucleus Assay of Buccal Mucosal Cells in Hairdressers: The Importance of Occupational Exposure. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2131-2134. [PMID: 30139212 PMCID: PMC6171387 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.8.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective: Today, the chemical materials available in hair dyes are considered risk factors for many
cancers, particularly oral cancer. This study was performed to study the effect of occupational exposure on micronucleus
(MN) frequency of buccal mucosa cells in hairdressers. Materials and methods: This historical cohort study was
performed on 28 hairdressers and 28 control samples. To eliminate the gender variable, all the samples were women
and they were matched by age. Buccal mucosa cells were removed using a wet spatula and after fixation, Papanicolaou
staining method was applied. The percentage of the cells containing MN was registered. T-test was used to compare
the results between the two groups. Results: The mean percentages of MN in buccal mucosa cells of hairdresser’s and
control sample were 16.61±4.95 and 8.84±4.74, respectively, with a significant difference (P<0.001). In addition, higher
MN mean percentage was reported in subjects working more than 60 hours weekly compared with those working 60
hours and less; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.14). Conclusion: In the present study,
hairdressers demonstrate significantly higher average of MN in buccal mucosa cells. Also, it seems increment in their
working time can increase MN frequency in these studied samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Farhadi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dental Branch of Tehran, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Tsigonia A, Lagoudi A, Chandrinou S, Linos A, Evlogias N, Alexopoulos EC. Indoor air in beauty salons and occupational health exposure of cosmetologists to chemical substances. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:314-24. [PMID: 20195448 PMCID: PMC2819791 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7010314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The indoor environment in four beauty salons located in Athens (Greece) was examined in order to investigate the occupational health exposure of cosmetologists to various chemical products typically used in their work. Chemical substances chosen for investigation were volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, ozone and carbon dioxide. Total VOCs levels measured showed significant variation (100-1,450 microg m(-3)) depending on the products used and the number of treatments carried out, as well as ventilation. The main VOCs found in the salons were aromatics (toluene, xylene), esters and ketones (ethyl acetate, acetone, etc.) which are used as solvents in various beauty products; terpenes (pinene, limonene, camphor, menthenol) which have a particular odor and others like camphor which have specific properties. Ozone concentrations measured in all salons were quite low (0.1 and 13.3 microg m(-3)) and formaldehyde concentrations detected were lower than the detection limit of the method in all salons (<0.05 ppm). Carbon dioxide levels ranged between 402 and 1,268 ppm, depending on the number of people present in the salons during measurements and ventilation. Cosmetologists may be exposed to high concentrations of a mixture of volatile organic compounds although these levels could be decreased significantly by following certain practices such as good ventilation of the areas, closing the packages of the beauty products when not in use and finally selecting safer beauty products without strong odor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsigonia
- Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210 Athens, Greece; E-Mail:
(A.T. & N.E.)
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Athens University, 11527 Athens, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Argyro Lagoudi
- Terra Nova L.t.d., Environmental Engineering Consultancy, 11527 Athens, Greece; E-Mails:
(A.L.);
(S.C.)
| | - Stavroula Chandrinou
- Terra Nova L.t.d., Environmental Engineering Consultancy, 11527 Athens, Greece; E-Mails:
(A.L.);
(S.C.)
| | - Athena Linos
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Athens University, 11527 Athens, Greece; E-Mail:
| | - Nikos Evlogias
- Department of Aesthetics and Cosmetology, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, 12210 Athens, Greece; E-Mail:
(A.T. & N.E.)
| | - Evangelos C. Alexopoulos
- Occupational Health Unit, Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, Patras University, 26500 Rio Patras, Greece
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail:
; Tel.: +30-2610-969-873; Fax: +30-2610-996-101
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Safety assessment of personal care products/cosmetics and their ingredients. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 243:239-59. [PMID: 20005888 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2009] [Revised: 11/27/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We attempt to review the safety assessment of personal care products (PCP) and ingredients that are representative and pose complex safety issues. PCP are generally applied to human skin and mainly produce local exposure, although skin penetration or use in the oral cavity, on the face, lips, eyes and mucosa may also produce human systemic exposure. In the EU, US and Japan, the safety of PCP is regulated under cosmetic and/or drug regulations. Oxidative hair dyes contain arylamines, the most chemically reactive ingredients of PCP. Although arylamines have an allergic potential, taking into account the high number of consumers exposed, the incidence and prevalence of hair dye allergy appears to be low and stable. A recent (2001) epidemiology study suggested an association of oxidative hair dye use and increased bladder cancer risk in consumers, although this was not confirmed by subsequent or previous epidemiologic investigations. The results of genetic toxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity studies suggest that modern hair dyes and their ingredients pose no genotoxic, carcinogenic or reproductive risk. Recent reports suggest that arylamines contained in oxidative hair dyes are N-acetylated in human or mammalian skin resulting in systemic exposure to traces of detoxified, i.e. non-genotoxic, metabolites, whereas human hepatocytes were unable to transform hair dye arylamines to potentially carcinogenic metabolites. An expert panel of the International Agency on Research of Cancer (IARC) concluded that there is no evidence for a causal association of hair dye exposure with an elevated cancer risk in consumers. Ultraviolet filters have important benefits by protecting the consumer against adverse effects of UV radiation; these substances undergo a stringent safety evaluation under current international regulations prior to their marketing. Concerns were also raised about the safety of solid nanoparticles in PCP, mainly TiO(2) and ZnO in sunscreens. However, current evidence suggests that these particles are non-toxic, do not penetrate into or through normal or compromised human skin and, therefore, pose no risk to human health. The increasing use of natural plant ingredients in personal care products raised new safety issues that require novel approaches to their safety evaluation similar to those of plant-derived food ingredients. For example, the Threshold of Toxicological Concern (TTC) is a promising tool to assess the safety of substances present at trace levels as well as minor ingredients of plant-derived substances. The potential human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients is increasingly estimated on the basis of in vitro skin penetration data. However, new evidence suggests that the in vitro test may overestimate human systemic exposure to PCP ingredients due to the absence of metabolism in cadaver skin or misclassification of skin residues that, in vivo, remain in the stratum corneum or hair follicle openings, i.e. outside the living skin. Overall, today's safety assessment of PCP and their ingredients is not only based on science, but also on their respective regulatory status as well as other issues, such as the ethics of animal testing. Nevertheless, the record shows that today's PCP are safe and offer multiple benefits to quality of life and health of the consumer. In the interest of all stakeholders, consumers, regulatory bodies and producers, there is an urgent need for an international harmonization on the status and safety requirements of these products and their ingredients.
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Preston RJ, Skare JA, Aardema MJ. A review of biomonitoring studies measuring genotoxicity in humans exposed to hair dyes. Mutagenesis 2009; 25:17-23. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gep044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Takkouche B, Regueira-Mendez C, Montes-Martinez A. Risk of cancer among hairdressers and related workers: a meta-analysis. Int J Epidemiol 2009; 38:1512-31. [DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyp283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Nohynek GJ, Fautz R, Benech-Kieffer F, Toutain H. Toxicity and human health risk of hair dyes. Food Chem Toxicol 2004; 42:517-43. [PMID: 15019177 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2003.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hair dyes and their ingredients have moderate to low acute toxicity. Human poisoning accidents are rare and have only been reported following oral ingestion. Contact sensitisation to hair dyes has been a safety issue, mainly as a consequence of unprotected professional exposure. Although the use of hair dyes has dramatically increased in industrialised countries during the last decades, the prevalence of sensitisation to hair dyes in the general and professional populations has stabilised or declined. In vitro genotoxicity tests on hair dye ingredients frequently had positive results, although their correlation with in vivo carcinogenicity for the chemical class of oxidative hair dye ingredients (aromatic amines) is uncertain. Positive in vivo genotoxicity results on hair dyes are rare. Studies in man found no evidence of genotoxic effects of hair dyes or their ingredients. On the basis of mechanistic studies, some in vivo positive hair dye ingredients (p-aminophenol, Lawsone) have been shown to pose no or negligible risk to human health. Although a recent case-control epidemiology study suggested an association of hair dye use and bladder cancer, a number of other studies, including prospective investigations on large populations, found no or negative correlations for bladder or other cancers. Although in vivo topical carcinogenicity studies on hair dye ingredients or commercial formulations yielded no evidence for systemic toxicity or carcinogenicity, oral carcinogenicity studies on hair dye ingredients at oral doses up to the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) suggested that some ingredients are carcinogenic in rodents. Human systemic exposure to various (14)C-labelled oxidative hair dyes under conditions of use was below 1.0% of the amount applied. Conservative risk assessments suggested no or negligible cancer risk, including for ingredients that were found to be positive in oral carcinogenicity studies. The results of reproductive toxicity studies and epidemiological investigations suggested that hair dyes and their ingredients pose no risk of adverse reproductive effects. In conclusion, the weight of evidence suggests that consumer or professional exposure to hair dyes poses no carcinogenic or other human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard J Nohynek
- L'Oreal Research and Development, Worldwide Safety Department, 25-29, quai Aulagnier, 92600 Asnières, France.
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Combes R, Balls M, Bansil L, Barratt M, Bell D, Botham P, Broadhead C, Clothier R, George E, Fentem J, Jackson M, Indans I, Loizu G, Navaratnam V, Pentreath V, Phillips B, Stemplewski H, Stewart J. An assessment of progress in the use of alternatives in toxicity testing since the publication of the report of the second FRAME Toxicity Committee (1991). Altern Lab Anim 2002; 30:365-406. [PMID: 12234245 DOI: 10.1177/026119290203000403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Combes
- FRAME, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
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Lamba AB, Ward MH, Weeks JL, Dosemeci M. Cancer mortality patterns among hairdressers and barbers in 24 US states, 1984 to 1995. J Occup Environ Med 2001; 43:250-8. [PMID: 11285873 DOI: 10.1097/00043764-200103000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We evaluated cancer mortality patterns among hairdressers and barbers, according to occupation, coded on 7.2 million death certificates in 24 states from 1984 to 1995. Of the 38,721 deaths among white and black hairdressers and barbers of both sexes, 9495 were from all malignant neoplasms. Mortality odds ratios were significantly elevated for all malignant neoplasms, lung cancer, and all lymphatic and hemopoietic cancers among black and white female hairdressers. White female hairdressers had significant excess mortality from cancers of the stomach, colon, pancreas, breast, and bladder and from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and lymphoid leukemia; mortality from these cancers was also elevated among black female hairdressers. White male hairdressers had significantly elevated mortality from non-melanoma skin cancer and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Mortality from all malignant neoplasms, although significantly elevated among both white and black female hairdressers, was significantly below the null for white male hairdressers. Black and white male barbers had significantly elevated mortality from stomach and pharyngeal cancer, respectively. A significant deficit in mortality from all neoplasms and cancers of the pancreas, lung, and prostate was noted for white male barbers. This large study of cancer mortality among hairdressers and barbers showed some differences in mortality patterns by gender and race. Further studies are required to determine if specific occupational exposures may explain some of the elevated cancer rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Lamba
- Dennison Associates Inc., Falls Church, Va, USA
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Sardaş S, Aygün N, Karakaya AE. Genotoxicity studies on professional hair colorists exposed to oxidation hair dyes. Mutat Res 1997; 394:153-61. [PMID: 9434854 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(97)00135-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The cytogenic repercussions of occupational exposure to oxidation hair dyes were assessed by using three assays in professional hair colorists. The assays were sister chromatid exchanges (SCE) in circulating lymphocytes to evaluate the interchange of DNA replication products at apparently homologous chromosomal loci, single cell gel electrophoretic (SCGE) assay to detect the presence of DNA strand breaks/alkali-labile damage, and the Ames assay using Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 to detect the urine mutagenicity. The ability of these assays to detect genetic damage caused by oxidation hair dyes in man compared with closely matched controls produced the following findings. (i) The SCE assay could not detect the mutagenic effect in lymphocytes of exposed subjects from whom complete data were obtained. However, subjects (controls and exposed) with a history of smoking had slightly increased SCEs than the non-smokers in both groups. (ii) The extent of DNA migration (SCGE assay) did not distinguish between the samples in either the exposed or control subjects. Like the SCE results, the exposed and control smoker subjects showed a greater proportion of damaged lymphocytes with apparent migration of DNA. (iii) No clear differences in the mutagenic activity of the urine samples were observed between the exposed and control subjects. But, pooling exposed and controls together, a positive and significant variation in the urinary mutagenic effect was observed with the number of cigarettes smoked per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sardaş
- Gazi University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Ankara, Turkey
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Rossi C, Poli P, Buschini A, Cassoni F, Magnani F, Lucertini S, Tolomei S, Gerbelli C. Occupational genotoxicity assessment by mutagenicity assays. Toxicol Lett 1995; 77:289-98. [PMID: 7618153 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(95)03309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mutagenic activity measured by Ames test and by gene conversion, point mutation and mitochondrial mutability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae D7 strain was determined in the indoor environment of a glass factory. The results suggest that the increase in mutagenicity of air sample collected near the machinery is due to the thermal decomposition of oils. Modified assays were therefore compared for their ability to detect mutagens contained in urinary concentrates of exposed workers. The bacterial tests were performed by microsuspension assay in TA98, TA100 strains and in YG1024, YG1029 strains which overproduce O-acetyltransferase. Significant differences are evidenced both in the eukaryotic and prokaryotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rossi
- Institute of Genetics, University of Parma, Italy
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