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Park JH, Park EK, Cho YK, Shin IS, Lee H. Normalizing the Optical Signal Enables Robust Assays with Lateral Flow Biosensors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17723-17731. [PMID: 35664567 PMCID: PMC9161384 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are widely adopted for fast, on-site molecular diagnostics. Obtaining high-precision assay results, however, remains challenging and often requires a dedicated optical setup to control the imaging environment. Here, we describe quick light normalization exam (qLiNE) that transforms ubiquitous smartphones into a robust LFA reader. qLiNE used a reference card, printed with geometric patterns and color standards, for real-time optical calibration: a photo of an LFA test strip was taken along with the card, and the image was processed using a smartphone app to correct shape distortion, illumination brightness, and color imbalances. This approach yielded consistent optical signal, enabling quantitative molecular analyses under different illumination conditions. We adapted qLiNE to detect cortisol, a known stress hormone, in saliva samples at point-of-use settings. The assay was fast (15 min) and sensitive (detection limit, 0.16 ng/mL). The serial qLiNE assay detected diurnal cycles of cortisol levels as well as stress-induced cortisol increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Park
- Center
for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital
and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
| | - Eung-Kyu Park
- QSTAG
CO., LTD., 165 Convencia-daero,
Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21998, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kwan Cho
- Center
for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Kennedy College of Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts 01854, United States
| | - Ik-Soo Shin
- QSTAG
CO., LTD., 165 Convencia-daero,
Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21998, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Soongsil University, 369 Sangdo-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06978, Republic
of Korea
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center
for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
- Department
of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital
and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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2
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Das S, Bhatia R. Electrochemical Lateral Flow Immunoassay Technology has Revealed Diverse Trends as Point of Care Devices in Diagnosis. CURR ANAL CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411018666220210122902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shibam Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab-142001, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Analysis, ISF College of Pharmacy Moga, Punjab-142001, India
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3
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Ali Z, Sánchez E, Tehseen M, Mahas A, Marsic T, Aman R, Sivakrishna Rao G, Alhamlan FS, Alsanea MS, Al-Qahtani AA, Hamdan S, Mahfouz M. Bio-SCAN: A CRISPR/dCas9-Based Lateral Flow Assay for Rapid, Specific, and Sensitive Detection of SARS-CoV-2. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:406-419. [PMID: 34939798 PMCID: PMC8751644 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.1c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Simple, rapid, specific, and sensitive point-of-care detection methods are needed to contain the spread of SARS-CoV-2. CRISPR/Cas9-based lateral flow assays are emerging as a powerful alternative for COVID-19 diagnostics. Here, we developed Bio-SCAN (biotin-coupled specific CRISPR-based assay for nucleic acid detection) as an accurate pathogen detection platform that requires no sophisticated equipment or technical expertise. Bio-SCAN detects the SARS-CoV-2 genome in less than 1 h from sample collection to result. In the first step, the target nucleic acid sequence is isothermally amplified in 15 min via recombinase polymerase amplification before being precisely detected by biotin-labeled nuclease-dead SpCas9 (dCas9) on commercially available lateral flow strips. The resulting readout is visible to the naked eye. Compared to other CRISPR-Cas-based pathogen detection assays, Bio-SCAN requires no additional reporters, probes, enhancers, reagents, or sophisticated devices to interpret the results. Bio-SCAN is highly sensitive and successfully detected a clinically relevant level (4 copies/μL) of synthetic SARS-CoV-2 RNA genome. Similarly, Bio-SCAN showed 100% negative and 96% positive predictive agreement with RT-qPCR results when using clinical samples (86 nasopharyngeal swab samples). Furthermore, incorporating variant-specific sgRNAs in the detection reaction allowed Bio-SCAN to efficiently distinguish between the α, β, and δ SARS-CoV-2 variants. Also, our results confirmed that the Bio-SCAN reagents have a long shelf life and can be assembled locally in nonlaboratory and limited-resource settings. Furthermore, the Bio-SCAN platform is compatible with the nucleic acid quick extraction protocol. Our results highlight the potential of Bio-SCAN as a promising point-of-care diagnostic platform that can facilitate low-cost mass screening for SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic
Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Edith Sánchez
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic
Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Muhammad Tehseen
- Laboratory of DNA Replication and Recombination,
Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mahas
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic
Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Tin Marsic
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic
Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Rashid Aman
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic
Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Gundra Sivakrishna Rao
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic
Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
| | - Fatimah Saeed Alhamlan
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King
Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Madain S. Alsanea
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King
Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Infection and Immunity, King
Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Samir Hamdan
- Laboratory of DNA Replication and Recombination,
Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900,
Saudi Arabia
| | - Magdy Mahfouz
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering and Synthetic
Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, 4700 King Abdullah University of
Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi
Arabia
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4
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Udourioh GA, Solomon MM, Epelle EI. Metal Organic Frameworks as Biosensing Materials for COVID-19. Cell Mol Bioeng 2021; 14:535-553. [PMID: 34249167 PMCID: PMC8260022 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-021-00686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic outbreak is the most startling public health crises with attendant global socio-economic burden ever experienced in the twenty-first century. The level of devastation by this outbreak is such that highly impacted countries will take years to recover. Studies have shown that timely detection based on accelerated sample testing and accurate diagnosis are crucial steps to reducing or preventing the spread of any pandemic outbreak. In this opinionated review, the impacts of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) as a biosensor in a pandemic outbreak is investigated with reference to COVID-19. Biosensing technologies have been proven to be very effective in clinical analyses, especially in assessment of severe infectious diseases. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR, RT-PCR, CRISPR) - based test methods predominantly used for SARS-COV-2 diagnoses have serious limitations and the health scientists and researchers are urged to come up with a more robust and versatile system for solving diagnostic problem associated with the current and future pandemic outbreaks. MOFs, an emerging crystalline material with unique characteristics will serve as promising biosensing materials in a pandemic outbreak such as the one we are in. We hereby highlight the characteristics of MOFs and their sensing applications, potentials as biosensors in a pandemic outbreak and draw the attention of researchers to a new vista of research that needs immediate action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin A. Udourioh
- Analytical/Material Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Applied Sciences, Veritas University, Abuja, P.O.Box 6523, Garki, Abuja Nigeria
| | - Moses M. Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaanland, Km10, Idiroko Road, Ota, Ogun State Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel I. Epelle
- Institute for Materials and Processes (IMP), School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FB UK
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5
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Andryukov BG, Lyapun IN, Matosova EV, Somova LM. Biosensor Technologies in Medicine: from Detection of Biochemical Markers to Research into Molecular Targets (Review). Sovrem Tekhnologii Med 2021; 12:70-83. [PMID: 34796021 PMCID: PMC8596237 DOI: 10.17691/stm2020.12.6.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections are a major cause of premature death. Fast and accurate laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases is a key condition for the timely initiation and success of treatment. Potentially, it can reduce morbidity, as well as prevent the outbreak and spread of dangerous epidemics. The traditional methods of laboratory diagnostics of infectious diseases are quite time- and labour-consuming, require expensive equipment and trained personnel, which is crucial within limited resources. The fast biosensor-based methods that combine the diagnostic capabilities of biomedicine with modern technological advances in microelectronics, optoelectronics, and nanotechnology make an alternative. The modern achievements in the development of label-free biosensors make them promising diagnostic tools that combine rapid detection of specific molecular markers, simplicity, ease-of-use, efficiency, accuracy, and cost-effectiveness with the tendency to the development of portable platforms. These qualities exceed the generally accepted standards of microbiological and immunological diagnostics and open up broad prospects for using these analytical systems in clinical practice directly at the site of medical care provision (point-of-care, POC concept). A wide variety of modern biosensor designs are based on the use of diverse formats of analytical and technological strategies, identification of various regulatory and functional molecular markers associated with infectious pathogens. The solution to the existing problems in biosensing will open up great prospects for these rapidly developing diagnostic biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Andryukov
- Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology; G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia
| | - I N Lyapun
- Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology; G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia
| | - E V Matosova
- Junior Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology; G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia
| | - L M Somova
- Professor, Chief Researcher, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology G.P. Somov Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, 1 Selskaya St., Vladivostok, 690087, Russia
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6
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Bisen S, Aftab A, Jeeva K, Silamparasan M, Yadav S, Chandra D, Sankar M, Garg R, Raina OK. Molecular and serological detection of Anaplasma infection in carrier cattle in north India. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2021; 24:100550. [PMID: 34024367 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2021.100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Anaplasma marginale infection in cattle (n = 216) in the states of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, North India was screened by microscopy and nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Two recombinant proteins viz. major surface protein (MSP) 5 and MSP2 of A. marginale were expressed in Escherichia coli and their potential in the detection of antibodies to Anaplasma species in the cattle was evaluated by immunoglobulin G-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (IgG-ELISA). The MSP5 IgG ELISA results were compared with competitive (c) inhibition ELISA. Microscopy being the least sensitive diagnostic test detected 12.0% of animals positive for A. marginale infection while nested-PCR detected 87.9% of these animals as positive for A. marginale infection. The recombinant MSP5 antigen showed positive reactivity in 170/190 nested-PCR confirmed positive animals (sensitivity 89.5%) with specificity of 77.0%. In comparison, the recombinant MSP2 antigen showed lesser sensitivity and specificity of 79.0% and 69.2%, respectively. The cELISA was more sensitive and specific than IgG-ELISA. However, molecular detection by msp5 nested-PCR was highly sensitive and reliable for detection of carrier cattle for Anaplasma infection. The study indicated that a large cattle population (87.9%) was carrier for A. marginale infection in this region of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savita Bisen
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Andleeb Aftab
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - K Jeeva
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - M Silamparasan
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Shobha Yadav
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Dinesh Chandra
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - M Sankar
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - Rajat Garg
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India
| | - O K Raina
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, India.
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7
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Andryukov BG, Lyapun IN, Bynina MP, Matosova EV. Simplified formats of modern biosensors: 60 years of using immunochromatographic test systems in laboratory diagnostics. Klin Lab Diagn 2021; 65:611-618. [PMID: 33245650 DOI: 10.18821/0869-2084-2020-65-10-611-618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunochromatographic test systems known to foreign laboratory diagnostic experts as lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) are simplified tape formats of modern biosensors. For 60 years, they have been widely used for the rapid detection of target molecules (ligands) in biosubstrates and the diagnosis of many diseases and conditions. The growing popularity of these test systems for providing medical care or diagnostics in developing countries, medical facilities, in emergency situations, as well as for individual home use by patients while monitoring their health are the main factors contributing to the continuous development and improvement of these methods, the emergence of a new generation of formats. The attractiveness and popularity of these fast, easy-to-use, inexpensive and portable diagnostic tools is associated primarily with their high analytical sensitivity and specificity, as well as the ease of interpretation of the results. These qualities have passed the test of time, and today LFIA test systems are fully consistent with the modern world concept of «point-of-care testing», finding wide application not only in medicine, but also in ecology, veterinary medicine, and agriculture. This review will highlight the modern principles of designing the most widely used formats of immunochromatographic test systems for clinical laboratory diagnostics, summarize the main advantages and disadvantages of the method, as well as current achievements and prospects of LFIA technology. Modern innovations aimed at improving the analytical characteristics of LFIA technology are interesting, promising and can bring additional benefits to immunochromatographic platforms that have gained popularity and attractiveness for six decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Georgievich Andryukov
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Education and Science.,Far Eastern Federal University of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia
| | - I N Lyapun
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Education and Science
| | - M P Bynina
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Education and Science
| | - E V Matosova
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Russian Ministry of Education and Science
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Current Challenges for the Effective Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1353:131-149. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-85113-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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9
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Dhamad AE, Abdal Rhida MA. COVID-19: molecular and serological detection methods. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10180. [PMID: 33083156 PMCID: PMC7547594 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was declared as a pandemic disease by the World Health Organization in early 2020, many countries, organizations and companies have tried to find the best way to diagnose the virus and contain its spreading. SARS-CoV-2 is a positive-sense single RNA (+ssRNA) coronavirus and mainly spreads through droplets, respiratory secretions, and direct contact. The early detection of the virus plays a central role in lowering COVID19 incidents and mortality rates. Thus, finding a simple, accurate, cheap and quick detection approach for SARS-CoV-2 at early stage of the viral infection is urgent and at high demand all around the world. The Food and Drug Administration and other health agencies have declared Emergency Use Authorization to develop diagnostic methods for COVID-19 and fulfill the demand. However, not all developed methods are appropriate and selecting a suitable method is challenging. Among all detection methods, rRT-PCR is the gold standard method. Unlike molecular methods, serological methods lack the ability of early detection with low accuracy. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge about COVID-19 detection methods aiming to highlight the advantages and disadvantages of molecular and serological methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed E. Dhamad
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wasit University, Kut, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Muna A. Abdal Rhida
- Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas at Fayetteville, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wasit University, Kut, Wasit, Iraq
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10
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In vitro validation of the tear matrix metalloproteinase 9 in-situ immunoassay. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15126. [PMID: 32934302 PMCID: PMC7492475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71977-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to validate a tear MMP-9 in-situ immunoassay (InflammaDry) and to identify factors that could affect results or interpretation. Three factors were examined: sample concentration, volume, and time. Recombinant human (rh) MMP-9 (10 or 20 μl; 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1,000 ng/ml) was applied to the kit and the detection limit and assay reproducibility were examined. At a rhMMP-9 volume of 10 μl (≥ 50 ng/ml), all positive results were identified by densitometry at 10 and 20 min; however, after 20 min, more than half of the nine ophthalmologists interpreted a positive result. At a rhMMP-9 volume of 20 μl (≥ 25 ng/ml), ophthalmologists and densitometry identified almost all test lines at 10 and 20 min. At 10 μl, densitometry showed a linear dose–response pattern. At 20 μl, densitometry showed a linear dose–response pattern at concentrations up to 500 ng/ml; however, full saturation was achieved at concentrations ≥ 500 ng/ml. When the same amount of rhMMP-9 was applied, the density result increased significantly upon doubling of the solvent volume (i.e., by adding the same volume of PBS to a sample). InflammaDry showed a high inter- and intra-assay coefficient of variation at 10 min (28.4% and 24.7%, respectively). The results of the MMP-9 in-situ immunoassay varied significantly depending on sample volume. Therefore, when interpreting the results, careful attention must be paid to tear volume.
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11
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Andryukov BG. Six decades of lateral flow immunoassay: from determining metabolic markers to diagnosing COVID-19. AIMS Microbiol 2020; 6:280-304. [PMID: 33134745 PMCID: PMC7595842 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Technologies based on lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA), known in some countries of the world as immunochromatographic tests, have been successfully used for the last six decades in diagnostics of many diseases and conditions as they allow rapid detection of molecular ligands in biosubstrates. The popularity of these diagnostic platforms is constantly increasing in healthcare facilities, particularly those facing limited budgets and time, as well as in household use for individual health monitoring. The advantages of these low-cost devices over modern laboratory-based analyzers come from their availability, opportunity of rapid detection, and ease of use. The attractiveness of these portable diagnostic tools is associated primarily with their high analytical sensitivity and specificity, as well as with the easy visual readout of results. These qualities explain the growing popularity of LFIA in developing countries, when applied at small hospitals, in emergency situations where screening and monitoring health condition is crucially important, and as well as for self-testing of patients. These tools have passed the test of time, and now LFIA test systems are fully consistent with the world's modern concept of ‘point-of-care testing’, finding a wide range of applications not only in human medicine, but also in ecology, veterinary medicine, and agriculture. The extensive opportunities provided by LFIA contribute to the continuous development and improvement of this technology and to the creation of new-generation formats. This review will highlight the modern principles of design of the most widely used formats of test-systems for clinical laboratory diagnostics, summarize the main advantages and disadvantages of the method, as well as the current achievements and prospects of the LFIA technology. The latest innovations are aimed at improving the analytical performance of LFIA platforms for the diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections, including COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris G Andryukov
- Somov Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Vladivostok, Russian Federation.,Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), Vladivostok, Russian Federation
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12
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Stuart Tayebwa D, Magdy Beshbishy A, Batiha GES, Komugisha M, Joseph B, Vudriko P, Yahia R, Alkazmi L, Hetta HF, Yokoyama N, Igarashi I. Assessing the Immunochromatographic Test Strip for Serological Detection of Bovine Babesiosis in Uganda. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8081110. [PMID: 32722070 PMCID: PMC7464521 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Uganda, bovine babesiosis continues to cause losses to the livestock industry because of shortages of cheap, quick, and reliable diagnostic tools to guide prescription measures. In this study, the presence of antibodies to Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis in 401 bovine blood samples obtained from eastern and central areas of Uganda were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and immunochromatographic test strips (ICTs). The ELISA and ICT test used targeted the B. bigemina C-terminal rhoptry-associated protein (RAP-1/CT17) and B. bovis spherical body protein-4 (SPB-4). Using ELISA, single-ICT and dual-ICT, positive samples for B. bovis were detected in 25 (6.2%), 17 (4.3%), and 14 (3.7%) samples respectively, and positive samples for B. bigemina were detected in 34 (8.4%), 27 (6.7%), and 25 (6.2%), respectively. Additionally, a total of 13 animals (3.2%) had a mixed infection. The correlation between ELISA and single-ICT strips results revealed slight agreement with kappa values ranging from 0.088 to 0.191 between both methods, while the comparison between dual-ICT and single-ICT results showed very good agreement with kappa values >0.80. This study documented the seroprevalence of bovine babesiosis in central and eastern Uganda, and showed that ICT could, after further optimization, be a useful rapid diagnostic test for the diagnosis of bovine babesiosis in field settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Stuart Tayebwa
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
- RTC Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animals’ Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda;
| | - Amany Magdy Beshbishy
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, El-Beheira, Egypt
- Correspondence: (G.E.-S.B.); (I.I.); Tel.: +20-45-271-6024 (G.E.-S.B. & I.I.); Fax: +20-45-271-6024 (G.E.-S.B. & I.I.)
| | - Mariam Komugisha
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries, Entebbe 513, Uganda;
| | - Byaruhanga Joseph
- RTC Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animals’ Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda;
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
- RTC Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animals’ Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala 7062, Uganda;
| | - Ramadan Yahia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia 11566, Egypt;
| | - Luay Alkazmi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Helal F. Hetta
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0595, USA
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
| | - Ikuo Igarashi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Nishi 2 -13, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; (D.S.T.); (A.M.B.); (P.V.); (N.Y.)
- Correspondence: (G.E.-S.B.); (I.I.); Tel.: +20-45-271-6024 (G.E.-S.B. & I.I.); Fax: +20-45-271-6024 (G.E.-S.B. & I.I.)
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Label-Free Biosensors for Laboratory-Based Diagnostics of Infections: Current Achievements and New Trends. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10020011. [PMID: 32059538 PMCID: PMC7169461 DOI: 10.3390/bios10020011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Infections pose a serious global public health problem and are a major cause of premature mortality worldwide. One of the most challenging objectives faced by modern medicine is timely and accurate laboratory-based diagnostics of infectious diseases. Being a key factor of timely initiation and success of treatment, it may potentially provide reduction in incidence of a disease, as well as prevent outbreak and spread of dangerous epidemics. The traditional methods of laboratory-based diagnostics of infectious diseases are quite time- and labor-consuming, require expensive equipment and qualified personnel, which restricts their use in case of limited resources. Over the past six decades, diagnostic technologies based on lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) have been and remain true alternatives to modern laboratory analyzers and have been successfully used to quickly detect molecular ligands in biosubstrates to diagnose many infectious diseases and septic conditions. These devices are considered as simplified formats of modern biosensors. Recent advances in the development of label-free biosensor technologies have made them promising diagnostic tools that combine rapid pathogen indication, simplicity, user-friendliness, operational efficiency, accuracy, and cost effectiveness, with a trend towards creation of portable platforms. These qualities exceed the generally accepted standards of microbiological and immunological diagnostics and open up a broad range of applications of these analytical systems in clinical practice immediately at the site of medical care (point-of-care concept, POC). A great variety of modern nanoarchitectonics of biosensors are based on the use of a broad range of analytical and constructive strategies and identification of various regulatory and functional molecular markers associated with infectious bacterial pathogens. Resolution of the existing biosensing issues will provide rapid development of diagnostic biotechnologies.
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Abstract
Lateral flow assays (LFAs) are the technology behind low-cost, simple, rapid and portable detection devices popular in biomedicine, agriculture, food and environmental sciences. This review presents an overview of the principle of the method and the critical components of the assay, focusing on lateral flow immunoassays. This type of assay has recently attracted considerable interest because of its potential to provide instantaneous diagnosis directly to patients. The range and interpretation of results and parameters used for evaluation of the assay will also be discussed. The main advantages and disadvantages of LFAs will be summarized and relevant future improvements to testing devices and strategies will be proposed. Finally, the major recent advances and future diagnostic applications in the LFA field will be explored.
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Chung C, Wilson C, Bandaranayaka-Mudiyanselage CB, Kang E, Adams DS, Kappmeyer LS, Knowles DP, McElwain TF, Evermann JF, Ueti MW, Scoles GA, Lee SS, McGuire TC. Improved diagnostic performance of a commercial Anaplasma antibody competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using recombinant major surface protein 5-glutathione S-transferase fusion protein as antigen. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 26:61-71. [PMID: 24318928 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713511813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study tested the hypothesis that removal of maltose binding protein (MBP) from recombinant antigen used for plate coating would improve the specificity of a commercial Anaplasma antibody competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). The number of 358 sera with significant MBP antibody binding (≥30%I) in Anaplasma-negative herds was 139 (38.8%) when tested using the recombinant major surface protein 5 (rMSP5)-MBP cELISA without MBP adsorption. All but 8 of the MBP binders were rendered negative (<30%I) using the commercial rMSP5-MBP cELISA with MBP adsorption, resulting in 97.8% specificity. This specificity was higher than some previous reports, so to improve the specificity of the commercial cELISA, a new recombinant antigen designated rMSP5-glutathione S-transferase (GST) was developed, eliminating MBP from the antigen and obviating the need for MBP adsorption. Using the rMSP5-GST cELISA, only 1 of 358 Anaplasma-negative sera, which included the 139 sera with significant (≥30%I) MBP binding in the rMSP5-MBP cELISA without MBP adsorption, was positive. This resulted in an improved diagnostic specificity of 99.7%. The rMSP5-GST cELISA without MBP adsorption had comparable analytical sensitivity to the rMSP5-MBP cELISA with MBP adsorption and had 100% diagnostic sensitivity when tested with 135 positive sera defined by nested polymerase chain reaction. Further, the rMSP5-GST cELISA resolved 103 false-positive reactions from selected sera with possible false-positive reactions obtained using the rMSP5-MBP cELISA with MBP adsorption and improved the resolution of 29 of 31 other sera. In summary, the rMSP5-GST cELISA was a faster and simpler assay with higher specificity, comparable sensitivity, and improved resolution in comparison with the rMSP5-MBP cELISA with MBP adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungwon Chung
- 1Chungwon Chung, VMRD Inc., 425 NW Albion Drive, Pullman, WA 99163.
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Ahmad AL, Low SC, Shukor SRA, Ismail A. INVESTIGATING MEMBRANE MORPHOLOGY AND QUANTITY OF IMMOBILIZED PROTEIN FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF LATERAL FLOW IMMUNOASSAY. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2012; 33:48-58. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2011.591479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Detection of sulphathiazole in honey samples using a lateral flow immunoassay. Food Chem 2011; 129:624-629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Revised: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Nielsen K, Yu WL, Kelly L, Williams J, Dajer A, Gutierrez E, Ramirez Cruz G, Renteria T, Bermudez R, Algire J. Validation and field assessment of a rapid lateral flow assay for detection of bovine antibody to Anaplasma marginale. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2009; 30:313-21. [PMID: 19591044 DOI: 10.1080/15321810903084749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The lateral flow assay (LFA) is a rapid diagnostic test which may be performed under most conditions and is especially useful for field applications. This type of assay was applied to the detection of antibody to bovine Anaplasma marginale using sera from endemic areas and from areas which have been free from infection for more than 25 years. Briefly, the test uses recombinant A. marginale major surface protein 5 peptide (Msp5), immobilized on a cellulose acetate membrane. A serum sample is added to a pad containing a monoclonal antibody specific for bovine IgG(1), conjugated with colloidal gold, located at one end of the strip. The sample and gold conjugate are wicked along the membrane and if antibody is present in the serum, a visible line will form between the Msp5-antibody-conjugate immune complex in minutes. An additional band of recombinant protein A/G was added to the membrane as a positive control reaction of the monoclonal antibody conjugate. For comparison, direct examination of blood smears and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed on some of the samples. Using samples from herds in one endemic area, the PCR gave a sensitivity value of 9.2% while a commercial competitive enzyme immunoassay (CELISA) gave a sensitivity value of 17.2% and the LFA values of 20.5%. In a second endemic area, selected samples, all positive by direct examination gave a 71.7% sensitivity values with the PCR, 94.5% with the CELISA and 95.5% with the LFA. Using sera from a disease-free area, the specificity values were 100% for the PCR (testing a proportion of randomly selected samples), 99.5% for the CELISA and 98.0% for the LFA. It is envisaged that the validated LFA will be a useful tool for screening cattle moving from an area with infection to a disease-free area.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nielsen
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Ottawa Laboratory (Fallowfield), Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Aslan K, Geddes CD. New tools for rapid clinical and bioagent diagnostics: microwaves and plasmonic nanostructures. Analyst 2008; 133:1469-80. [PMID: 18936822 DOI: 10.1039/b808292h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this timely review, we summarize recent work on ultra-fast and sensitive bioassays based on microwave heating, and provide our current interpretation of the role of the combined use of microwave energy and plasmonic nanostructures for applications in rapid clinical and bioagent diagnostics. The incorporation of microwave heating into plasmonic nanostructure-based bioassays brings new advancements to diagnostic tests. A temperature gradient, created by the selective heating of water in the presence of plasmonic nanostructures, results in an increased mass transfer of target biomolecules towards the biorecognition partners placed on the plasmonic nanostructures, enabling diagnostic tests to be completed in less than a minute, and in some cases only a few seconds, by further microwave heating. The diagnostic tests can also be run in complex biological samples, such as human serum and whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadir Aslan
- Institute of Fluorescence, Laboratory for Advanced Medical Plasmonics, Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Maryland Biotechnology Institute, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Lateral flow (immuno)assay: its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. A literature survey. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:569-82. [PMID: 18696055 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2287-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 941] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lateral flow (immuno)assays are currently used for qualitative, semiquantitative and to some extent quantitative monitoring in resource-poor or non-laboratory environments. Applications include tests on pathogens, drugs, hormones and metabolites in biomedical, phytosanitary, veterinary, feed/food and environmental settings. We describe principles of current formats, applications, limitations and perspectives for quantitative monitoring. We illustrate the potentials and limitations of analysis with lateral flow (immuno)assays using a literature survey and a SWOT analysis (acronym for "strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats"). Articles referred to in this survey were searched for on MEDLINE, Scopus and in references of reviewed papers. Search terms included "immunochromatography", "sol particle immunoassay", "lateral flow immunoassay" and "dipstick assay".
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