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Min MO, Albert JM, Minnes S, Kim JY, Kim SK, Singer LT. Prenatal cocaine exposure and self-reported behavioral adjustments from ages 12 to 21: environmental pathways. Psychol Med 2024; 54:721-731. [PMID: 37614188 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291723002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In a birth-cohort study, we followed offspring with prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) to investigate longitudinal associations of PCE with self-reported behavioral adjustment from early adolescence to emerging adulthood (EA). Environmental pathways (family functioning, non-kinship care, maltreatment) were specified as potential mediators of PCE. METHODS Participants were 372 (190 PCE; 47% male), primarily Black, low socioeconomic status, enrolled at birth. Internalizing and externalizing behaviors were assessed using Youth Self-Report at ages 12 and 15 and Adult Self-Report at age 21. Extended random-intercept cross-lagged panel modeling was used to account for potential bidirectional relationships between internalizing and externalizing behaviors over time, examining potential mediators. RESULTS Adjusting for covariates, significant indirect effects were found for each mediator at different ages. For family functioning, these were both internalizing (β = 0.83, p = 0.04) and externalizing behaviors (β = 1.58, p = 0.02) at age 12 and externalizing behaviors at age 15 (β = 0.51, p = 0.03); for non-kinship care, externalizing behaviors at ages 12 (β = 0.63, p = 0.02) and 15 (β = 0.20, p = 0.03); and for maltreatment, both internalizing and externalizing behaviors at ages 15 (β = 0.64, p = 0.02 for internalizing; β = 0.50, p = 0.03 for externalizing) and 21 (β = 1.39, p = 0.01 for internalizing; β = 1.11, p = 0.01 for externalizing). Direct associations of PCE with internalizing and externalizing behaviors were not observed, nor cross-lagged relationships between internalizing and externalizing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Negative associations of PCE with behavioral adjustment persist into EA via environmental pathways, specifying intervention points to disrupt adverse pathways toward healthy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Albert
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks North Dakota, USA
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Morrison CA, Corbeil T, Kluisza L, Poku O, Liotta L, Attoh Okine ND, Dolezal C, Wiznia A, Abrams EJ, Robbins RN, Mellins CA. Identifying the Mental Health Effects of Cumulative Traumatic Exposure in HIV-Affected Youth: A Longitudinal Assessment. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024; 95:18-25. [PMID: 37820277 PMCID: PMC10841068 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000003313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic events (TEs) in early life can precede adult psychopathology. Limited research exists on this relationship in young adults with perinatally acquired HIV-infection (PHIV) or perinatal HIV-exposure without infection (PHEU), who often experience social and health disparities. This study examined TEs experienced in childhood/adolescence and their association with psychiatric and substance use disorders in young adults with PHIV and PHEU. METHODS Participants in a New York City-based longitudinal cohort study were assessed for TE exposure at enrollment (mean age = 12 years) and the first 2 follow-up interviews. Past-year psychiatric and substance use disorders were evaluated via psychiatric interview (DISC-IV) at the fifth follow-up interview (mean age = 22 years). Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models assessed associations between cumulative childhood/adolescence TEs and young adult psychiatric and substance use outcomes. Group differences were tested for PHIV and PHEU subgroups. RESULTS Among 236 participants (60% Black, 51% Latinx), mean cumulative traumatic event count was 3.09 (SD = 1.77); 26% had a past-year psychiatric diagnosis, and 28% had a past-year substance use diagnosis. Increased TEs were associated with past-year psychiatric diagnoses in young adulthood [average marginal effects (AME) 4.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.83 to 7.58]; for PHEU participants, increased TEs were associated with a past-year substance use disorder (AME 15.67, 95% CI: 8.08 to 23.25). CONCLUSIONS High levels of TEs in childhood/adolescence may contribute to psychiatric and substance use disorders in young adults with PHIV or PHEU. Research exploring relationships between TE exposure and later psychiatric problems is needed to inform interventions for HIV-affected youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey A Morrison
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Thomas Corbeil
- Mental Health Data Science, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Luke Kluisza
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ohemaa Poku
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Lucy Liotta
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Naa-Djama Attoh Okine
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Curtis Dolezal
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Andrew Wiznia
- Jacobi Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, The Bronx, NY; and
| | - Elaine J Abrams
- ICAP at Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health and Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Reuben N Robbins
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Claude A Mellins
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University, New York, NY
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Rossi R, Reda F, Federico I, Jannini TB, Socci V, D'Aurizio G, Pettorruso M, Pacitti F, Rossi A, Martinotti G, Di Lorenzo G. The association between traumatic experiences and substance and behavioral addictions in late adolescence: A role for PTSD and cPTSD as potential mediators. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:82-90. [PMID: 37897840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Traumatic experiences (TEs) are a risk factor for behavioral and substance addictions (SBAs). However, the role of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (cPTSD) deserves further elucidation. The present study assesses the association between different types of TEs on cannabis, alcohol, gambling, and problematic internet use in late adolescents. Furthermore, this study aims at evaluating the role of PTSD and cPTSD as potential mediators. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on one thousand ten late adolescents (510 males, 498 females; age: mean = 18.7, SD = 0.65). Data regarding intentional (iTEs) and unintentional TEs (uTEs), cannabis, alcohol, gambling and problematic use of the internet (PIU), PTSD, and cPTSD were collected. Association between TEs, SBAs, and PTSD/cPTSD symptoms were explored by means of logistic regressions. Mediation was assessed using a path analysis. RESULTS uTEs were associated with cannabis use (OR = 1.34 [1.13,1.59]) and alcohol use (OR = 1.21 [1.10,1.35]), iTEs were associated with cannabis use (OR = 1.15 [1.06,1.25]), alcohol use (OR = 1.08 [1.02,1.13]), and PIU (OR = 1.17 [1.10,1.24]). PTSD was associated with alcohol use (OR = 1.59 [1.03,2.46]) and PIU (OR = 1.92 [1.18,3.13]). cPTSD was associated with cannabis use (OR = 3.54 [1.56,8.04]) and PIU (OR = 5.13 [2.71,9.70]). cPTSD mediated 58.75% of the total effect of iTEs on cannabis. Regarding PIU, PTSD mediated 68.18% of the effect of uTEs; the effect of iTEs on PIU was mediated by 65.5% via cPTSD and 34.45% via PTSD. CONCLUSION cPTSD and SBAs show a complex pattern of association. A thorough assessment of stress-related conditions, including cPTSD, is of pivotal importance in treating SBAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Rossi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Reda
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Isabella Federico
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Tommaso B Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Socci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giulia D'Aurizio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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Mayanja Y, Kamacooko O, Lunkuse JF, Kyegombe N, Ruzagira E. Prevalence, Perpetrators, and Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence Among Adolescents Living in Urban Slums of Kampala, Uganda. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:8377-8399. [PMID: 36825721 DOI: 10.1177/08862605231155128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) poses a public health burden, yet few studies have assessed co-existence of physical, emotional, and sexual IPV among adolescents. We assessed recent IPV victimization and associated factors and described IPV patterns and perpetrators among young people from urban slums in Kampala, Uganda. We conducted a prospective cohort study among 14 to 19-year-old individuals enrolled from March 2019 to March 2020 and followed quarterly for 12 months. We collected data on socio-demographics, sexual behavior, and substance use through interviews. Recent IPV victimization was documented at all visits if a participant reported experiencing physical, emotional, and/or sexual IPV in the past 3 months. Baseline factors associated with recent IPV victimization were determined using multivariable logistic regression. We enrolled 490 adolescents (60.6% female) with median age 18 years (Interquartile range (IQR) 17-18 years), 91.0% had less than secondary level education. Females mainly engaged in sex work (17.5%) and selling fruits/snacks (9.1%) while males commonly earned from sale of metal scrap or plastic waste (28.5%), 41% reported ≥10 life-time sexual partners, 16.1% were high-risk alcohol drinkers and 34.9% used illicit drugs in the past 3 months. Overall, 27.8% reported recent IPV victimization (20.0% females) with emotional IPV being common (17.8%). At baseline, recent IPV victimization was associated with high-risk alcohol consumption (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.57; 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.44, 4.58]), reported paid sex in the past 3 months (aOR 1.82; [1.02, 3.22]) and being separated (aOR 2.47; [1.29, 4.73]). Recent IPV victimization declined from baseline to month 9 and increased at month 12 visits which coincided with the COVID-19 pandemic. IPV victimization is high among young people living in urban slums with emotional IPV being prevalent. IPV interventions are needed and should also address excessive alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunia Mayanja
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Onesmus Kamacooko
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jane Frances Lunkuse
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Nambusi Kyegombe
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eugene Ruzagira
- Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (MRC/UVRI and LSHTM) Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Min MO, Minnes S, Kim SK, Kim JY, Singer LT. Prenatal cocaine exposure and substance use disorder in emerging adulthood at age 21. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 242:109736. [PMID: 36516550 PMCID: PMC9772296 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) has been associated with child and adolescent externalizing behaviors and early substance use, yet few studies investigated its association with substance use disorder (SUD) in emerging adults. The present study examined the association of PCE with SUD in emerging adulthood, and whether childhood externalizing behaviors and adolescent substance use mediated the relationship. METHODS Participants were 367 (187 PCE; 53% female) adults at age 21, primarily urban African American who were recruited at birth. PCE and exposure to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana were determined using biologic assays for drug metabolites and/or maternal self-report at birth. Offspring externalizing problems were assessed using the Youth Self-Report at age 12, substance use and substance use-related problems via biologic assays and/or self-report at age 15, and SUD determined using DSM-5 diagnostic criteria at age 21. RESULTS About 32.3% of the emerging adults were determined to have marijuana use disorder, 30.3% tobacco use disorder, and 15.5% alcohol use disorder. PCE was related to greater externalizing behaviors at age 12 (β = 0.12, p = .042), which in turn was related to SUD (β = 0.22, p = .008). PCE was also related to substance use, mainly marijuana, at age 15 (β = 0.22, p = .011), which was related to SUD (β = 0.51, p < .001). Total indirect effects including these two pathways were significant (β = 0.19, p = .002). CONCLUSIONS PCE may increase risk for SUD in emerging adulthood through childhood externalizing behaviors and adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, USA
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, USA
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Violent Behavior and Substance Use Among Adolescents—Results from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey (PeNSE). Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00607-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Perry EW, Culbreth R, Self-Brown S, Gilmore AK, Kasirye R, Musuya T, Ndetei D, Swahn MH. Violence Exposure, Self-Reported Mental Health Concerns and Use of Alcohol and Drugs for Coping among Youth in the Slums of Kampala, Uganda. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH 2022; 53:83-110. [PMID: 38577222 PMCID: PMC10989775 DOI: 10.1080/00207411.2022.2073755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to a) compute the prevalence of violence exposure types, polyvictimization, and self-reported depression, anxiety, and using substances to cope among youth ages 12 to 18 years living on the streets or in the slums of Kampala, Uganda, (b) examine the independent associations among orphan status, violence exposure types, and self-reported mental health concerns, and c) explore the association between polyvictimization and mental health concerns. Data are from a 2014 cross-sectional survey of service-seeking youth ages 12 to 18 years (N = 1134) in Kampala, Uganda. Violence exposure types explored in this study were: witnessing family physical violence, direct physical abuse by a parent, any rape history, and physical dating violence. We used descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression to test study objectives. Over half of the sample (60.5%) reported experiencing at least one type of violence exposure; many youth endorsed self-reported depression (57.8%), anxiety (76.8%), and substance use to cope (37.0%). Exposure to violence was associated with higher odds for self-reported depression, anxiety, and using substances to cope. These findings underscore the urgent need to implement evidence-based interventions among this young, underserved population and their families to prevent violence, improve mental health outcomes, and promote resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Culbreth
- Byrdine F. Lewis College of Nursing and Health Professions, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Amanda K Gilmore
- School of Public Health, National Center for Sexual Violence Prevention, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Tina Musuya
- Center for Domestic Violence Prevention, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Ndetei
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, Africa Mental Health Foundation, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Monica H Swahn
- Wellstar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA USA, School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA USA
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Min MO, Kim JY, Minnes S, Kim SK, Musson Rose D, Singer LT. Substance use and individual assets in urban adolescents: Subgroups and correlates in emerging adulthood. J Adolesc 2022; 94:684-697. [PMID: 35615786 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To investigate patterns of divergence in adolescent adjustment, this study examined the co-occurring patterns of adolescents' individual assets (e.g., school engagement, values) and substance use, and whether the co-occurring patterns were associated with later functioning in emerging adulthood. METHODS Participants were 358 (54% females), predominantly African American, urban adolescents, recruited at birth for a prospective study on the effects of prenatal substance exposure in the Midwest United States. Individual assets, using the Developmental Assets Profile, substance use (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana), via biologic assays and self-report, and substance use-related problems were assessed at age 15 years. High-school completion, substance use disorder, mental health symptoms, and legal problems were assessed at age 21 years. RESULTS Latent class analysis identified five classes as follows: high assets with low substance use (C1, 10.2%); moderate assets with low substance use (C2, 28.7%); low assets with low substance use (C3, 32%); moderate assets with high substance use (C4, 9.4%); and low assets with high substance use (C5, 19.2%). Despite similar levels of assets, adolescents in C5 reported more life adversities (suboptimal caregiving environment, daily hassles, non-birth parents' care) than those in C3. C4 and C5 reported more substance use disorder at age 21 years than the three low substance use classes; adolescents in C5 were less likely to complete high school than those in C2. More females in C5 reported greater mental health symptoms than those in C1 and C3, and criminal justice involvement than those in C1. CONCLUSIONS The current findings underscore the significance of substance use in adolescence in disrupting healthy transition to adulthood, especially among females in the context of low individual assets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Social Work, College of Nursing and Professional Disciplines, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sun-Kyung Kim
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Devon Musson Rose
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Min MO, Lewis BA, Minnes S, Gonzalez-Pons KM, Kim JY, Singer LT. Preschool blood lead levels, language competency, and substance use in adolescence. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 206:112273. [PMID: 34710438 PMCID: PMC8810688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated lead levels in children are a persistent public health problem, particularly in urban areas in the United States, yet few prospective studies have examined the association of childhood lead levels with substance use in adolescence. OBJECTIVES To determine the association of early lead levels with adolescent substance use and whether childhood IQ, language skills, and externalizing (aggressive and disruptive) behavior mediate the association, controlling for confounding biological and environmental factors. METHODS The participants (N = 265) were a subsample of a prospective birth cohort study on the developmental effects of prenatal cocaine exposure in the Midwest United States. Blood lead levels (BLL) were assessed at age 4, IQ at age 11, language skills and externalizing behavior at age 12, and substance (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana) use and substance use-related problems at age 15. Biologic assays (hair, urine, bloodspots), along with self-report, were utilized to determine adolescent substance use. Path analyses were conducted to examine the direct and indirect associations of BLL with adolescent substance use. RESULTS The children's mean BLL at 4 years of age was 7.07 (SD = 4.12) μg/dL. Approximately 31% of adolescents used tobacco or marijuana, 40% used alcohol, and 23% reported experiencing substance use-related problems at age 15.7 (SD = 0.28). Elevated BLL was related to a higher likelihood of substance use. Childhood language skills fully mediated the relationship of BLL with substance use-related problems. IQ was related to neither substance use nor substance use-related problems. DISCUSSION Elevated BLL in preschool years is a risk factor for adolescent substance use and related problems. Early screening and intervention for language impairment may reduce substance use-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, United States.
| | - Barbara A Lewis
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | | | - June-Yung Kim
- Department of Social Work, University of North Dakota, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Psychological Sciences, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, United States
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Condon EM, Dettmer A, Baker E, McFaul C, Stover CS. Early Life Adversity and Males: Biology, Behavior, and Implications for Fathers' Parenting. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104531. [PMID: 35063493 PMCID: PMC9236197 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Fathers have an important and unique influence on child development, but influences on fathers' parenting have been vastly understudied in the scientific literature. In particular, very little empirical research exists on the effects of early life adversity (ELA; e.g. childhood maltreatment, parental separation) on later parenting among fathers. In this review, we draw from both the human and non-human animal literature to examine the effects of ELA, specifically among males, in the following areas: 1) neurobiology and neurocognitive functioning, 2) hormones and hormone receptors, 3) gene-environment interactions and epigenetics, and 4) behavior and development. Based on these findings, we present a conceptual model to describe the biological and behavioral pathways through which exposure to ELA may influence parenting among males, with a goal of guiding future research and intervention development in this area. Empirical studies are needed to improve understanding of the relationship between ELA and father's parenting, inform the development of paternal and biparental interventions, and prevent intergenerational transmission of ELA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Condon
- University of Connecticut School of Nursing, 231 Glenbrook Rd, Storrs CT 06269, United States; Yale Early Stress and Adversity Consortium, United States.
| | - Amanda Dettmer
- Yale Early Stress and Adversity Consortium, United States; Yale Child Study Center, 230 S Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Ellie Baker
- Yale Child Study Center, 230 S Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06519, United States; Division of Psychology and Language Science, University College London (UCL), 26 Bedford Way, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AP, United Kingdom
| | - Ciara McFaul
- Yale Child Study Center, 230 S Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Carla Smith Stover
- Yale Early Stress and Adversity Consortium, United States; Yale Child Study Center, 230 S Frontage Rd, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
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Queiroz DDR, Barros MVGD, Aguilar JA, Soares FC, Tassitano RDM, Bezerra J, Silva LMPD. Consumo de álcool e drogas ilícitas e envolvimento de adolescentes em violência física em Pernambuco, Brasil. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00050820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
O objetivo foi estimar a prevalência e analisar a associação do consumo de álcool e drogas ilícitas com indicadores de violência física em adolescentes. Estudo transversal repetido com estudantes do Ensino Médio em escolas da rede pública em Pernambuco, Brasil (2006, n = 4.207; 2011, n = 6.264). Os dados foram obtidos por questionário. Os indicadores de violência física foram: vitimização por violência física; envolvimento em brigas. As variáveis independentes foram: consumo de álcool e uso de drogas ilícitas. A regressão logística binária foi utilizada para verificar a associação entre o consumo de álcool e drogas e ter sofrido violência física. A prevalência do consumo de álcool por adolescentes que sofreram violência física reduziu em cinco anos, porém, nenhuma alteração foi constatada no uso de drogas ilícitas. As variáveis comportamentais estiveram associadas aos diferentes indicadores de violência, apresentando em geral uma tendência de aumento. Em 2006, adolescentes que usavam drogas ilícitas apresentaram uma chance 2,12 maior de sofrer violência física, e em 2011 este valor foi de 2,41 (IC95%: 1,80; 3,22). A chance de adolescentes que consumiam bebida alcoólica ter envolvimento em brigas aumentou de 1,96 (IC95%: 1,64; 2,34) em 2006, para 2,11 (IC95%: 1,78; 2,51) em 2011. O consumo de álcool pelos adolescentes que sofreram violência física diminuiu em cinco anos, entretanto, o risco de os adolescentes que consumiram bebida alcoólica ou usaram drogas ilícitas sofrerem violência física aumentou ao longo de cinco anos.
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Min MO, Minnes S, Momotaz H, Singer LT, Wasden A, Bearer CF. Fatty acid ethyl esters in meconium and substance use in adolescence. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2021; 83:106946. [PMID: 33340653 PMCID: PMC7855880 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) continues to be a serious public health problem, yet no reliable clinical tools are available for assessing levels of drinking during pregnancy. Fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs), the nonoxidative metabolites of ethanol measured in meconium, are potential biomarkers to quantify the level of PAE. The association between the concentrations of FAEEs from meconium and adolescent substance use and related problems was examined in a prospective birth-cohort of adolescents exposed to alcohol and drugs in utero. FAEEs were quantified with gas chromatography via a flame ionization detector. Meconium was analyzed for FAEEs in 216 newborns; 183 of them (81 boys, 102 girls) were assessed at age 15 for alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use using biologic assays and self-report. Substance use problems were assessed using the Problem Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers. Findings from multivariable logistic regression analyses indicated that, after controlling for other prenatal drug exposure and covariates, higher concentrations of FAEEs (ethyl myristate, ethyl palmitate, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, ethyl linolenate, and ethyl arachidonate) were related to a greater likelihood of marijuana use and experiencing substance use problems, but not tobacco or alcohol use, at age 15. Elevated levels of FAEEs in meconium may be promising markers for PAE, identifying newborns at risk for early substance use and developing substance use problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Hasina Momotaz
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, United States
| | - Anna Wasden
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, United States
| | - Cynthia F Bearer
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, United States
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CHEN CHIUNGM, HARFORD THOMASC, GRANT BRIDGETF, CHOU SPATRICIA. Association between aggressive and non-fatal suicidal behaviors among U.S. high school students. J Affect Disord 2020; 277:649-657. [PMID: 32911215 PMCID: PMC7572741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study quantified the association between aggressive and non-fatal suicidal behaviors (NFSB) among U.S. high school students and examined whether the association could be explained by substance use, bullying and sexual/dating violence victimization, and other potential risk factors. METHOD Data were based on self-reports from 14,765 students who responded to the 2017 National Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Confirmatory latent class analysis (LCA) identified two distinct, dichotomous latent class variables manifested by indicators of past-year NFSB (i.e., ideation, plan, and attempt) and aggressive behavior (i.e., physical fighting in general and on school property). The structural model estimated the odds ratios between NFSB, aggressive behavior, and their potential risk factors. RESULTS Without adjusting for covariates, the confirmatory LCA estimated an odds ratio (OR) of 2.55 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.93, 3.37) between two latent class variables for violence against self (NFSB) and others (physical fighting). The net association, however, was rendered nonsignificant (OR = 1.08 [95% CI: 0.88, 1.31]) when adjusted for covariates. Significant common risk factors included exposure to physical dating violence, being bullied on school property and/or electronically, being threatened or injured by someone with a weapon on school property, and lifetime illegal drug use and prescription opioid misuse. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional data do not allow assessment of causal relationships. CONCLUSIONS Findings elucidated the association between NFSB and aggressive behavior, with serious implications for prevention and intervention. Targeting substance use, bullying, and sexual and dating violence will protect students from engaging in both types of violent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHIUNG M. CHEN
- CSR, Incorporated, Arlington, Virginia,Correspondence may be sent to Chiung M. Chen at CSR, Incorporated, 901 N. Stuart Street, Suite 904-A, Arlington, VA 22203,
| | | | - BRIDGET F. GRANT
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - S. PATRICIA CHOU
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Saadatmand F, Dearfield C, Bronson J, Harrison R. Exposure to personal and community violence and associated drug use outcomes in African American young adults. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 21:708-729. [PMID: 32729783 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1795040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to violence (ETV) during one's life has been associated with increased risk for substance abuse. Adolescent ETV is also related to substance abuse into adulthood, and has been shown to have a cumulative effect. This study adds to the understanding of how ETV relates to a range of substance use outcomes by specifying how different types of violence affects substance use behaviors in African American young adults, and examines how this exposure is moderated by other life stressors, and health and social experiences. METHOD Factor analysis was conducted to identify unique types of ETV in 638 African American men and women ages 18-25. The resulting factors represent 1) childhood ETV and 2) community ETV as adults. These were regressed upon substance abuse outcomes. RESULTS 78% of the respondents were exposed to some form of violence during their childhood. Lower childhood ETV were significantly associated with a lower risk of engaging in dangerous substance use behaviors. Adult experiences of community violence had more significant predictors of drug use than childhood ETV. Witnessing gunfire or an assault, witnessing or being a victim of sexual assault, and carrying a weapon were consistent risk factors for dangerous drug behaviors, although specific drug use behaviors differed across genders. CONCLUSIONS ETV served as an independent explanatory factor for specific drug use behaviors at different stages of life. Future research is needed to understand how these factors put respondents at risk for drug use behaviors or make them less likely to engage in dangerous use patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Craig Dearfield
- Department of Epidemiology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jennifer Bronson
- National Association of State Mental Health Program Directors Research Institute (NRI), Falls Church, Virginia, USA
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Couture MC, Garcia D, Whaley R, Grinshteyn E. Effect of fear of victimization on hazardous alcohol drinking, tobacco, and marijuana use among university students: A tale of two sexes. Addict Behav 2020; 106:106355. [PMID: 32088422 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fear of victimization has been associated with poorer physical and mental health, yet is understudied in public health. Few studies have examined sex differences in the effects of fear of victimization on substance use. We examined associations between fear of victimization and hazardous alcohol drinking, tobacco, and marijuana use among female and male university students. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among university students in an urban location (n = 1415). Socio-demographics, substance use, and fear related to various crimes were measured using online surveys. All fear types were summed into a total fear score and categorized into quartiles: no/little fear, moderate fear, high fear, and very high fear. Chi-square tests and multiple logistic regression models were used to examine associations between fear of victimization, hazardous alcohol drinking, tobacco and marijuana use, by sex. RESULTS Females were more likely to report high and very high fear of victimization (26.6% and 33.1%) than male students (19.8% and 16.3%; p < 0.001). In multiple logistic regression models, associations differed by sex: moderate, high, and very high fear were all independently associated with hazardous drinking among females but not males. Female students with very high fear of victimization were more likely to report tobacco use. High and very high fear was also independently associated with marijuana use among female only. CONCLUSIONS Higher fear of victimization was associated with substance use among females but not male students. Public health and health care professionals should acknowledge fear of victimization as a potential risk factor for substance use, particularly among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Couture
- Department of Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Dellanira Garcia
- Department of Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Reid Whaley
- Department of Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Erin Grinshteyn
- Department of Health Professions, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Othman S, Cohn JE, Toscano M, Shokri T, Zwillenberg S. Substance Use and Maxillofacial Trauma: A Comprehensive Patient Profile. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 78:235-240. [PMID: 31783005 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Maxillofacial trauma confers an increased risk of long-term clinical sequelae with a substantial economic burden on the health care system. Substance use has long been correlated with an increased risk of trauma, yet to date, a comprehensive profile of substance users incurring facial fractures has not been established. We aimed to establish patterns and trends of substance use and specific substances in the setting of maxillofacial trauma. PATIENTS AND METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted at our institution examining patients with maxillofacial fractures from 2016 to 2017. Information on age, gender, race, urine drug screen status, setting of presentation, mechanism of injury, trauma history, and injury severity was collected and examined for associations with particular substances. RESULTS We included 388 patients for analysis. Patients with positive urine drug screen results were significantly more likely to be men, present in an urban setting, incur poly-facial trauma, and have a history of facial trauma. In addition, alcohol use correlated significantly with injury severity in the context of polytrauma. Living in an urban setting and using phencyclidine were both significantly associated with a history of maxillofacial trauma. CONCLUSIONS Patients with comorbid maxillofacial trauma and substance use exhibit particular patterns in presentation and history. Establishing a profile for these patients allows for the development of prevention and rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Othman
- Medical Student, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Jason E Cohn
- Resident, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Toscano
- Medical Student, New York Institute of Technology College of Osteopathic Medicine, Glen Head, NY
| | - Tom Shokri
- Resident, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
| | - Seth Zwillenberg
- Professor, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA
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Min MO, Yoon D, Minnes S, Ridenour T, Singer LT. Profiles of individual assets and mental health symptoms in at-risk early adolescents. J Adolesc 2019; 75:1-11. [PMID: 31288121 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies investigated the combined patterns of individual assets (e.g., social competence, positive identity) and mental health symptoms (MHS) in adolescents. This study examined the patterns of early adolescents' individual assets and MHS and whether identified patterns were associated with later adolescents' outcomes. METHODS Participants were 352 (164 boys, 188 girls) adolescents who were primarily African-American and from low socioeconomic status families, participating in a prospective study of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure from birth in the Midwest United States. Individual assets, using the Developmental Assets Profile, and MHS, using the Youth Self-Report, were assessed at age 12. Substance use, via self-report and biologic assays, early (before age 15) sexual behaviors, and behavioral adjustment were assessed at age 15. RESULTS Latent profile analysis indicated four distinctive profiles: low assets with elevated MHS (P1, n = 54, 15.3%); adequate assets with thought and social problems (P2, n = 84, 23.9%); low assets without MHS (P3, n = 101, 28.7%); and high assets without MHS (P4, n = 113, 32.1%). Children in the profile with high assets without MHS (P4) were more likely to have a higher IQ and to be in a more optimal environment (higher parental monitoring and less family conflict) than those in other profiles. Although profiles with MHS were associated with adolescent risk behaviors, this relationship was more pronounced for girls than for boys. CONCLUSIONS Girls in the low assets with elevated MHS (P1) should be a primary concern for preventive intervention. Our study demonstrates the heterogeneity of individual patterns of adaptation and maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalhee Yoon
- Binghamton University-State University of New York, Department of Social Work, USA
| | - Sonia Minnes
- Case Western Reserve University, Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, USA
| | - Ty Ridenour
- Research Triangle Institute International, USA
| | - Lynn T Singer
- Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Psychiatry & Pediatrics, USA
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Min MO, Minnes S, Kim JY, Yoon M, Singer LT. Association of prenatal cocaine exposure, childhood maltreatment, and responses to stress in adolescence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 177:93-100. [PMID: 28582699 PMCID: PMC5541909 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) may alter responses to stress. Children with PCE tend to grow up in suboptimal caregiving environments, conducive to child maltreatment (CM). Guided by the diathesis-stress model, the present study examined differences in self-reported responses to stress and coping in adolescents with and without PCE and explored whether childhood maltreatment (CM) moderated the effects of PCE. METHODS Adolescents (N=363; 184 PCE, 179 non-cocaine exposed (NCE)), primarily African-American and of low socioeconomic status, were prospectively enrolled in a longitudinal study at birth. The Responses to Stress Questionnaire was used to assess volitional coping (primary control, secondary control, disengagement) and involuntary responses (involuntary engagement, involuntary disengagement) to stress at the 15- and 17-year follow-up visits. CM was assessed retrospectively at age 17 using the Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire. RESULTS Findings from longitudinal mixed model analyses indicated that PCE was associated with poorer coping strategies only among adolescents with a history of CM. Adolescents with PCE who experienced CM reported less dominant use of primary (e.g., problem solving, emotional regulation) and secondary control (e.g., cognitive restructuring) and more dominant use of disengagement (e.g., denial, avoidance) and involuntary disengagement (e.g., inaction) than adolescents with PCE who did not experience CM or NCE adolescents regardless of CM. CM was associated with more dominant use of involuntary engagement (e.g., intrusive thoughts). CONCLUSIONS PCE may increase sensitivity to CM, predisposing increased vulnerability to environmental risk. Continued studies into adulthood will elucidate how coping and involuntary stress responses affect social, vocational, and behavioral adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meeyoung O Min
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
| | - Sonia Minnes
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - June-Yung Kim
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Miyoung Yoon
- The Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lynn T Singer
- School of Medicine, Departments of Environmental Health Sciences, Psychiatry and Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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