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Oh H, Sami M, Blevins B, Hanson H, Herzig E, Ho C, Lee R, Wong K, Huh J. Denial of Personal Racial Discrimination and Its Impact Among People of Color Who Use Substances: Implications for Measuring Racial Discrimination in Substance Use Research. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02033-w. [PMID: 38858337 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02033-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though racism is pervasive, some people of color may deny experiencing racial discrimination or may report being unaffected by it. This study examines the contexts and factors that may contribute to these responses among people who use substances. METHODS We conducted seven focus groups (5-9 participants per group, total N = 43) among Black, Latino, and Asian American adults between the ages of 21 to 44 years old who reported current use of two or more of the following substances: alcohol, cigarettes, e-cigarettes, or cannabis. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. RESULTS Across all three ethno-racial groups, we found some respondents minimized or denied personal experiences of racial discrimination or hesitated to identify their experiences as racial discrimination, which in turn led to respondents to express uncertainty about seeing any sort of connection between racial discrimination and substance use. Themes included a minority comparison effect; a drowning out effect; diversity and racial composition of context; passing as White; and covertness of racism. Also, there were contradictions in accounts, and responses often depended on orienting cues. CONCLUSIONS While researchers continue to find associations between racial discrimination and substance use, some people of color may not acknowledge this connection. Recommendations include aligning definitions of racism between academic and public/popular discourse; updating measures to keep up with the evolving forms of racism using context-specific examples; combining subjective measures of racial discrimination with objective measures of racism; and dialoguing with the public to raise awareness around how racism is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Oh
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Emma Herzig
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Catherine Ho
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ryan Lee
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Kelly Wong
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jimi Huh
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
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Mattingly DT, Mezuk B, Elliott MR, Fleischer NL. Discrimination and Tobacco Use Outcomes Among US Adults: Effect Modification by Race/Ethnicity. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024; 11:395-405. [PMID: 36696079 PMCID: PMC11186478 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Racial/ethnic discrimination (hereafter, discrimination) is associated with tobacco use. However, little is known about the relationship between discrimination and dual/polytobacco use and tobacco use disorder (TUD), including how these relationships vary by race/ethnicity. METHODS Data on adults 18 and older come from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (n = 35,881). Past-year discrimination was measured using the Experiences of Discrimination scale. Past 30-day exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use was measured as the mutually exclusive use of any combination of four types of tobacco products: cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems, other combustibles (i.e., cigars and pipe), and smokeless tobacco. Past-year TUD was defined according to DSM-5 criteria. Associations between discrimination and exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use and discrimination and TUD were estimated using multinomial logistic regression and logistic regression, respectively. Models were stratified by race/ethnicity (i.e., Hispanic, non-Hispanic (NH) White, NH Black, another race/ethnicity) to assess effect modification. RESULTS Adults who used tobacco and who had TUD was 24.2% and 19.2%, respectively. More discrimination was associated with higher odds of exclusive, dual, and polytobacco use as well as TUD. Models stratified by race/ethnicity suggest that discrimination was associated with dual/polytobacco use among NH Black adults (OR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.002-1.11) and NH White adults (OR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.13-1.22). While more discrimination was associated with TUD among all racial/ethnic groups, the relationship was the strongest for NH White adults. CONCLUSIONS Discrimination was associated with more severe tobacco use outcomes among multiple racial/ethnic groups, but associations were the strongest for NH White adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delvon T Mattingly
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Briana Mezuk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Michael R Elliott
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104, USA
| | - Nancy L Fleischer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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Goreis A, Nater UM, Mewes R. Psychological Consequences of Chronic Ethnic Discrimination in Male Turkish Immigrants Living in Austria: A 30-Day Ambulatory Assessment Study. Ann Behav Med 2024; 58:111-121. [PMID: 37857265 PMCID: PMC10831213 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic ethnic discrimination may be associated with negative psychological consequences in ethnic minority groups. However, little is known about the impact of acute discriminatory events on people who experience chronic ethnic discrimination. PURPOSE We examined the impact of chronic and acute ethnic discrimination on the daily lives of Turkish immigrants in Austria, a population often overlooked in discrimination research. METHODS Ninety male Turkish immigrants living in Austria (60 experiencing chronic and 30 infrequent ethnic discrimination) reported discriminatory events in real time for 30 days. Additionally, subjective stress, reactivity to daily hassles, affect, and maladaptive coping were assessed daily. RESULTS Participants experiencing chronic ethnic discrimination indicated higher daily values for stress, negative affect, reactivity to daily hassles, and anticipation and avoidance coping. Negative psychological states increased for all participants on days when discriminatory events occurred, but participants with chronic ethnic discrimination showed significantly stronger increases in maladaptive coping and reactivity to daily hassles, with the latter effect persisting until the next day. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to demonstrate interaction effects of chronic and acute ethnic discrimination on psychological factors in daily life. The results may advance the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to health disparities in ethnic minority populations and may inform the development of targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Goreis
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Research Platform “The Stress of Life – Processes and Mechanisms Underlying Everyday Life Stress”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Urs M Nater
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ricarda Mewes
- Outpatient Unit for Research, Teaching and Practice, Faculty of Psychology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University Research Platform “The Stress of Life – Processes and Mechanisms Underlying Everyday Life Stress”, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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García-Ramírez G, Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Vaeth PAC, Caetano R. Recreational marijuana legalization and marijuana and alcohol co-use among adolescents: Differential associations among racial and ethnic groups. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-14. [PMID: 37870062 PMCID: PMC11035481 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2270546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
We examined associations of the 2016 legalization of recreational marijuana (RML) in California with marijuana and alcohol co-use among race/ethnic groups using successive cross-sections from 7th, 9th, and 11th graders (N = 3,319,329) in the 2010-11 to 2018-19 California Healthy Kids Surveys. Multilevel logistic regressions indicated a stronger positive association between RML and co-use among non-Hispanic/Latine White youth (OR = 1.21) relative to Hispanic/Latine (OR = 1.02) or Black youth (OR = 0.85). Among drinkers who had not consumed five or more drinks on any occasion in the past 30-days (non-heavy drinkers), the positive association between RML and co-use was stronger among American Indian/Alaska Native youth (OR = 2.19) compared to non-Hispanic/Latine Whites (OR = 1.56). For heavier drinkers it was stronger for Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (OR = 1.47). Among marijuana users, there was a stronger inverse association between RML and co-use among Black youth (OR = 0.72) compared to non-Hispanic/Latine White youth (OR = 0.84). RML may increase the risk of co-use to a greater extent among non-Hispanic/Latine White youth than other race/ethnic groups in California, but broadly increases the risk among youth who engage in alcohol use or heavy drinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisel García-Ramírez
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
- University of California, Berkeley, California
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Joel W Grube
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
- University of California, Berkeley, California
| | | | - Raul Caetano
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California
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Cindik-Herbrüggen ED, Demirkol R, Zengin O. The effects of perceived discrimination on immigrants' mental health: A pilot study from Germany. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:1847-1854. [PMID: 34904257 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to reveal the effects of discrimination perceived by Turkish immigrants on their mental health. DESIGN AND METHODS The participants of this pilot study were 111 Turkish immigrant patients treated at the Neuro-Psychiatrisches Zentrum Riem. FINDINGS The preliminary findings illustrated that perceived individual discrimination was significantly correlated with three coping strategies, namely, substance use, friend support, and personal support. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the coping strategies and social support mechanisms of Turkish immigrants who perceived discrimination and employed strategies to combat it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oğuzhan Zengin
- Department of Social Work, Karabuk University, Karabük, Turkey
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Sexual Orientation Discrimination and Exclusive, Dual, and Polytobacco Use among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19106305. [PMID: 35627843 PMCID: PMC9142070 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19106305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Research on whether sexual orientation discrimination is associated with multiple tobacco product use among sexual minority (SM) adults is limited. Thus, we explored the associations between sexual orientation discrimination and exclusive, dual, and polyuse among a subset of SM adults (18+) (n = 3453) using the 2012–2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. We evaluated six indicators of prior-to-past-year sexual orientation discrimination separately and as a summary scale and defined past-year exclusive, dual, and polyuse based on cigarette, electronic nicotine delivery systems, other combustible (cigars and traditional pipe), and smokeless tobacco products. Using multinomial logistic regression, we estimated adjusted associations between sexual orientation discrimination and exclusive, dual, and polyuse. Experiencing discrimination in public places, being called names, and being bullied, assaulted, or threatened were associated with dual use, while experiencing discrimination when obtaining health care or insurance and when receiving health care were associated with polyuse. Each one-unit increase in the sexual orientation discrimination summary scale was associated with 5% and 10% higher odds of dual (95% CI: 1.01–1.10) and polyuse (95% CI: 1.02–1.18), respectively. To conclude, we advise health professionals to consider the salience of discrimination against SM adults and how these experiences lead to dual/polyuse.
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Zimmerman GM, Trovato D, Miller-Smith A. Discrimination in Context: Examining Neighborhood-Level Variation in the Incidence and Adverse Effects of Perceived Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Among Chicago Youth. RACE AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2022; 15:1-24. [PMID: 35601816 PMCID: PMC9106986 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-022-09367-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research links interpersonal racial and ethnic discrimination to adverse youth outcomes. Yet, studies examining the relevance of neighborhood context for discrimination are sparse. This study examines neighborhood-level variation in the incidence and impact of perceived racial and ethnic discrimination on depressive symptoms, suicidal behavior, violent behavior, and substance use. Hierarchical regression models on a sample of 1333 African American and Hispanic youth (52.44% female; x̄ = 13.03 years, SD = 3.25 at wave 1) residing in 238 Chicago neighborhoods from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods indicated little to no neighborhood-level variation in the incidence and impact of discrimination. Findings suggest that the experience of discrimination among youth of color is ubiquitous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Zimmerman
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Daniel Trovato
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Ayanna Miller-Smith
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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Gavin AR, Woo B, Conway A, Takeuchi D. The Association between Racial Discrimination, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Cardiovascular-Related Conditions Among Non-Hispanic Blacks: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 9:193-200. [PMID: 33496956 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-020-00943-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the association between racial discrimination and cardiovascular-related conditions and whether PTSD mediates this relationship in a nationally representative sample of non-Hispanic Blacks. METHODS We used data from the 2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions to conduct logistic regression analyses to examine the association between racial discrimination, PTSD, and cardiovascular-related conditions. We also performed mediation analyses to assess whether the association between racial discrimination and cardiovascular conditions was partly explained by PTSD. RESULTS Racial discrimination was positively associated with both PTSD and cardiovascular-related conditions. Additionally, PTSD was positively associated with cardiovascular conditions. Results from the fully adjusted mediation models suggest that PTSD significantly mediated the association between racial discrimination and cardiovascular conditions. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate an association between racial discrimination and cardiovascular-related conditions that is significantly mediated by PTSD. To improve cardiovascular functioning among non-Hispanic Blacks, health care professionals in conjunction with Black communities must adopt culturally competent screening for and treatment for PTSD. To address racial differences in cardiovascular conditions, public health efforts must address institutional policies that negatively alter health opportunities among the Black population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Gavin
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Bongki Woo
- College of Social Work, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Anne Conway
- College of Social Work, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - David Takeuchi
- School of Social Work, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Mattingly DT, Fleischer NL, Colston DC, Mezuk B. Perceived racial discrimination and polysubstance use among African American and Afro-Caribbean adults: Results from the National Survey of American Life. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 21:1-20. [PMID: 33135969 PMCID: PMC8428662 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1836700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between perceived racial discrimination (PRD) and patterns of substance use. Data come from the 2001-2003 National Survey of American Life (N = 3,589). PRD was derived from the Major Experiences of Discrimination Scale. Multinomial logistic regression estimated the relationship between PRD and patterns of substance use (i.e., never/former, single-substance, dual-substance, and polysubstance [3+ substances]) based on six substances; effect modification by ethnicity and sex was assessed by stratification. Study findings indicated that PRD was associated with greater odds of lifetime and current polysubstance use. Results from the effect modification analyses suggested differential associations by ethnicity and sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delvon T. Mattingly
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Nancy L. Fleischer
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David C. Colston
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Briana Mezuk
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Online tobacco marketing among US adolescent sexual, gender, racial, and ethnic minorities. Addict Behav 2019; 95:189-196. [PMID: 30954888 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The tobacco industry has previously targeted sexual/gender and racial/ethnic minorities with focused campaigns in traditional, offline marketing. We assess whether these populations report more engagement with online tobacco marketing compared with heterosexual and non-Hispanic white youth. METHODS Data were from 8015 adolescents sampled between 2014 and 2015 in the nationally-representative Population Assessment for Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Engagement with online tobacco marketing within the past year was assessed through eight forms of engagement. A weighted logistic regression model was fit with engagement as outcome and socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics, internet-related and substance use behavior, tobacco-related risk factors, tobacco use status, and prior engagement with online tobacco marketing as covariates. RESULTS Accounting for other covariates including tobacco use status and prior engagement with online tobacco marketing, the odds of past-year engagement were higher for sexual minority males (aOR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.05-2.35) compared to straight males and higher for sexual minority females (aOR = 1.45; 95% CI: 1.13-1.87) compared to straight females. The odds of past-year engagement were also higher for Hispanics (aOR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.11-1.56) and non-Hispanic Blacks (aOR = 1.42; 95% CI: 1.14-1.77) compared to non-Hispanic Whites. CONCLUSIONS Sexual/gender and and racial/ethnic minority youth reported higher engagement with online tobacco marketing than their heterosexual and non-Hispanic white peers, respectively.
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McKone KM, Kennedy TM, Piasecki TM, Molina BS, Pedersen SL. In-the-Moment Drinking Characteristics: An Examination Across Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder History and Race. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:1273-1283. [PMID: 30986327 PMCID: PMC6867083 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults with a history of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and Black drinkers are at elevated risk for alcohol problems and alcohol use disorder. Processes that increase risk for these distinct populations have not focused on in-the-moment behaviors that occur while drinking. The present study examined in-the-moment drinking characteristics (i.e., location, social context, day, time, drink type, speed of consumption) that may differ for individuals with and without ADHD histories or for Black and White drinkers. We also examined the interplay among these in-the-moment drinking characteristics to further understanding of contexts when risk may be momentarily increased. METHODS As part of a larger study, 135 individuals (Mage = 27.81, 69.6% male, 45.9% ADHD, 69.6% White) completed a 10-day ecological momentary assessment protocol that included self-initiated reports following consumption of an alcoholic drink. Hypotheses were tested using multilevel modeling. RESULTS Controlling for multiple demographic covariates, Black drinkers drank significantly more quickly than White drinkers and were more likely to consume hard liquor-containing beverages. Differences in drinking speed remained significant when adjusting for Black drinkers' greater likelihood to consume liquor-containing beverages and momentary experience of discrimination; however, Black drinkers' increased likelihood to consume liquor-containing beverages was no longer significant when adjusting for momentary experience of discrimination. Individuals with ADHD histories did not differ from those without ADHD histories in any in-the-moment drinking characteristics. ADHD and race did not interact to predict any drinking characteristic. CONCLUSIONS Differences in speed of alcohol consumption and propensity to consume liquor-containing beverages may contribute to increased risk for alcohol problems experienced by Black drinkers compared to White drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M.P. McKone
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Traci M. Kennedy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Thomas M. Piasecki
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, 210 McAlester Hall, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Brooke S.G. Molina
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Sarah L. Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Montgomery L, Zapolski T, Banks DE, Floyd A. Puff, puff, drink: The association between blunt and alcohol use among African American adolescents and young adults. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ORTHOPSYCHIATRY 2019; 89:609-615. [PMID: 30676054 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although African Americans report lower levels of alcohol use relative to their White counterparts, they experience higher rates of alcohol-related problems (e.g., alcohol dependence). One understudied connection between alcohol use and dependence is the dual use of illicit drugs, especially marijuana use. It is speculated that blunt use in combination with alcohol will have more adverse alcohol-related consequences among African Americans than alcohol use alone or alcohol and nonblunt marijuana use. The current study uses pooled data from the 2011-2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health to examine the odds of alcohol dependence based on alcohol and marijuana typology in comparison to alcohol only users. Among 11,124 African American adolescents (12-17) and young adults (18-25) who consumed alcohol in the past year, 57.5%, 36.8%, and 5.7% reported alcohol use alone and in combination with blunt use and nonblunt marijuana use, respectively. Relative to alcohol users only, youth who used alcohol and blunts had increased odds of having alcohol dependence. This association was not found among youth who reported alcohol and nonblunt marijuana use. The increased rates of alcohol dependence highlight the public health concern of dual alcohol and a specific type of marijuana use (i.e., blunts) among African American youth. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTrice Montgomery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Addiction Sciences Division, University of Cincinnati
| | - Tamika Zapolski
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Devin E Banks
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis
| | - Alfonso Floyd
- Psychology Department, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Beverly HK, Castro Y, Opara I. Age of First Marijuana Use and Its Impact on Education Attainment and Employment Status. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2019; 49:228-237. [PMID: 31341332 DOI: 10.1177/0022042618823007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increased prevalence of marijuana use among youth, the increase in state legalization, and changing social norms in the United States, it is important to understand the long-term impact of marijuana use initiation. This study examined whether age of first marijuana use is associated with educational attainment and employment status. Data from 5,988 adults aged 26 to 49 years who participated in the 2015 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were used in the current study. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the odds of graduating from high school and being employed. Controlling for demographics, persons with late-early first use had significantly higher odds of graduating from high school and being employed compared with persons with early first use. Results underscore the importance of early prevention for youth aged 15 and younger and have implications for intervention and policy development.
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