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Hammarin G, Norder P, Harimoorthy R, Chen G, Berntsen P, Widlund PO, Stoij C, Rodilla H, Swenson J, Brändén G, Neutze R. No observable non-thermal effect of microwave radiation on the growth of microtubules. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18286. [PMID: 39112501 PMCID: PMC11306338 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-68852-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite widespread public interest in the health impact of exposure to microwave radiation, studies of the influence of microwave radiation on biological samples are often inconclusive or contradictory. Here we examine the influence of microwave radiation of frequencies 3.5 GHz, 20 GHz and 29 GHz on the growth of microtubules, which are biological nanotubes that perform diverse functions in eukaryotic cells. Since microtubules are highly polar and can extend several micrometres in length, they are predicted to be sensitive to non-ionizing radiation. Moreover, it has been speculated that tubulin dimers within microtubules might rapidly toggle between different conformations, potentially participating in computational or other cooperative processes. Our data show that exposure to microwave radiation yields a microtubule growth curve that is distorted relative to control studies utilizing a homogeneous temperature jump. However, this apparent effect of non-ionizing radiation is reproduced by control experiments using an infrared laser or hot air to heat the sample and thereby mimic the thermal history of samples exposed to microwaves. As such, no non-thermal effects of microwave radiation on microtubule growth can be assigned. Our results highlight the need for appropriate control experiments in biophysical studies that may impact on the sphere of public interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greger Hammarin
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Norder
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rajiv Harimoorthy
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Guo Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Berntsen
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Monash Health Imaging, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Per O Widlund
- Institution of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Helena Rodilla
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Swenson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gisela Brändén
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Richard Neutze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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2
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Yang U, Kang B, Yong MJ, Yang DH, Choi SY, Je JH, Oh SS. Type-Independent 3D Writing and Nano-Patterning of Confined Biopolymers. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207403. [PMID: 36825681 PMCID: PMC10161081 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biopolymers are essential building blocks that constitute cells and tissues with well-defined molecular structures and diverse biological functions. Their three-dimensional (3D) complex architectures are used to analyze, control, and mimic various cells and their ensembles. However, the free-form and high-resolution structuring of various biopolymers remain challenging because their structural and rheological control depend critically on their polymeric types at the submicron scale. Here, direct 3D writing of intact biopolymers is demonstrated using a systemic combination of nanoscale confinement, evaporation, and solidification of a biopolymer-containing solution. A femtoliter solution is confined in an ultra-shallow liquid interface between a fine-tuned nanopipette and a chosen substrate surface to achieve directional growth of biopolymer nanowires via solvent-exclusive evaporation and concurrent solution supply. The evaporation-dependent printing is biopolymer type-independent, therefore, the 3D motor-operated precise nanopipette positioning allows in situ printing of nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and proteins with submicron resolution. By controlling concentrations and molecular weights, several different biopolymers are reproducibly patterned with desired size and geometry, and their 3D architectures are biologically active in various solvents with no structural deformation. Notably, protein-based nanowire patterns exhibit pin-point localization of spatiotemporal biofunctions, including target recognition and catalytic peroxidation, indicating their application potential in organ-on-chips and micro-tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Un Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Byunghwa Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Moon-Jung Yong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hwan Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Si-Young Choi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Je
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
- Nanoblesse, 85-11 (4th fl.) Namwon-Ro, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37883, South Korea
| | - Seung Soo Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 37673, South Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University, 85 Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 21983, South Korea
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3
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Havelka D, Zhernov I, Teplan M, Lánský Z, Chafai DE, Cifra M. Lab-on-chip microscope platform for electro-manipulation of a dense microtubules network. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2462. [PMID: 35165315 PMCID: PMC8844285 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06255-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric field (PEF) technology is promising for the manipulation of biomolecular components and has potential applications in biomedicine and bionanotechnology. Microtubules, nanoscopic tubular structures self-assembled from protein tubulin, serve as important components in basic cellular processes as well as in engineered biomolecular nanosystems. Recent studies in cell-based models have demonstrated that PEF affects the cytoskeleton, including microtubules. However, the direct effects of PEF on microtubules are not clear. In this work, we developed a lab-on-a-chip platform integrated with a total internal reflection fluorescence microscope system to elucidate the PEF effects on a microtubules network mimicking the cell-like density of microtubules. The designed platform enables the delivery of short (microsecond-scale), high-field-strength (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\le$$\end{document}≤ 25 kV/cm) electric pulses far from the electrode/electrolyte interface. We showed that microsecond PEF is capable of overcoming the non-covalent microtubule bonding force to the substrate and translocating the microtubules. This microsecond PEF effect combined with macromolecular crowding led to aggregation of microtubules. Our results expand the toolbox of bioelectronics technologies and electromagnetic tools for the manipulation of biomolecular nanoscopic systems and contribute to the understanding of microsecond PEF effects on a microtubule cytoskeleton.
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4
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Generation of Electromagnetic Field by Microtubules. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158215. [PMID: 34360980 PMCID: PMC8348406 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The general mechanism of controlling, information and organization in biological systems is based on the internal coherent electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field is supposed to be generated by microtubules composed of identical tubulin heterodimers with periodic organization and containing electric dipoles. We used a classical dipole theory of generation of the electromagnetic field to analyze the space–time coherence. The structure of microtubules with the helical and axial periodicity enables the interaction of the field in time shifted by one or more periods of oscillation and generation of coherent signals. Inner cavity excitation should provide equal energy distribution in a microtubule. The supplied energy coherently excites oscillators with a high electrical quality, microtubule inner cavity, and electrons at molecular orbitals and in ‘semiconduction’ and ‘conduction’ bands. The suggested mechanism is supposed to be a general phenomenon for a large group of helical systems.
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5
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Matthew UO, Kazaure JS. Chemical polarization effects of electromagnetic field radiation from the novel 5G network deployment at ultra high frequency. HEALTH AND TECHNOLOGY 2021; 11:305-317. [PMID: 33527067 PMCID: PMC7839940 DOI: 10.1007/s12553-020-00501-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The wide-spectrum of non-ionizing, non-visible radiation emitted from the novel 5G network deployment was investigated and found liable to produce effects capable of heating up and altering human body nomenclature. The Ultra-high frequency magnetic fields, induced circulation of currents in the surrounding human body when potentially exposed. The quantum of these electromagnetic charges is influenced by the magnitude of the external magnetic field. The Magnetic fields warming is the major organic consequence of the electromagnetic fields radiofrequency radiation emitted from 5G network installation especially at a very high frequencies. From the current research, the levels of electromagnetic fields to which individuals are naturally unmasked under 4G network and 5G network technology in SCENARIO1, SCENARIO 2 and SCENARIO 3 are very negligible to alter human body dipolar chemistry. On the several findings of the research, deploying 5G network technology under the ultra-high frequency above 20 GHz will produce effect that will heat up the human body tissues due to electromagnetic field inducement since human body is dipolar in nature. The research established that while the current digital society will continue investment into 5G network technology, caution must be applied not to deploy 5G network under ultra-high frequency above 20 GHz due to its adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugochukwu O. Matthew
- Computer Science Department, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Jigawa State, P.M.B, Kazaure, 5004 Nigeria
| | - Jazuli S. Kazaure
- Electrical & Electronics Department, Computer Science Department, Hussaini Adamu Federal Polytechnic, Jigawa State, P.M.B, Kazaure, 5004 Nigeria
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6
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Kalra AP, Eakins BB, Patel SD, Ciniero G, Rezania V, Shankar K, Tuszynski JA. All Wired Up: An Exploration of the Electrical Properties of Microtubules and Tubulin. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16301-16320. [PMID: 33213135 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are hollow, cylindrical polymers of the protein α, β tubulin, that interact mechanochemically with a variety of macromolecules. Due to their mechanically robust nature, microtubules have gained attention as tracks for precisely directed transport of nanomaterials within lab-on-a-chip devices. Primarily due to the unusually negative tail-like C-termini of tubulin, recent work demonstrates that these biopolymers are also involved in a broad spectrum of intracellular electrical signaling. Microtubules and their electrostatic properties are discussed in this Review, followed by an evaluation of how these biopolymers respond mechanically to electrical stimuli, through microtubule migration, electrorotation and C-termini conformation changes. Literature focusing on how microtubules act as nanowires capable of intracellular ionic transport, charge storage, and ionic signal amplification is reviewed, illustrating how these biopolymers attenuate ionic movement in response to electrical stimuli. The Review ends with a discussion on the important questions, challenges, and future opportunities for intracellular microtubule-based electrical signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarat P Kalra
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
| | - Boden B Eakins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9107-116 St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
| | - Sahil D Patel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9107-116 St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
| | - Gloria Ciniero
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Vahid Rezania
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Karthik Shankar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, 9107-116 St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2 V4, Canada
| | - Jack A Tuszynski
- Department of Physics, University of Alberta, 11335 Saskatchewan Dr NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering (DIMEAS), Politecnico di Torino, Torino 10129, Italy
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada
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7
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Graybill PM, Davalos RV. Cytoskeletal Disruption after Electroporation and Its Significance to Pulsed Electric Field Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1132. [PMID: 32366043 PMCID: PMC7281591 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed electric fields (PEFs) have become clinically important through the success of Irreversible Electroporation (IRE), Electrochemotherapy (ECT), and nanosecond PEFs (nsPEFs) for the treatment of tumors. PEFs increase the permeability of cell membranes, a phenomenon known as electroporation. In addition to well-known membrane effects, PEFs can cause profound cytoskeletal disruption. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of cytoskeletal disruption after PEFs. Compiling available studies, we describe PEF-induced cytoskeletal disruption and possible mechanisms of disruption. Additionally, we consider how cytoskeletal alterations contribute to cell-cell and cell-substrate disruption. We conclude with a discussion of cytoskeletal disruption-induced anti-vascular effects of PEFs and consider how a better understanding of cytoskeletal disruption after PEFs may lead to more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M. Graybill
- BEMS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Rafael V. Davalos
- BEMS Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Virginia Tech–Wake Forest University, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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8
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Investigation of the Electrical Properties of Microtubule Ensembles under Cell-Like Conditions. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10020265. [PMID: 32033331 PMCID: PMC7075204 DOI: 10.3390/nano10020265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are hollow cylindrical polymers composed of the highly negatively-charged (~23e), high dipole moment (1750 D) protein α, β- tubulin. While the roles of microtubules in chromosomal segregation, macromolecular transport, and cell migration are relatively well-understood, studies on the electrical properties of microtubules have only recently gained strong interest. Here, we show that while microtubules at physiological concentrations increase solution capacitance, free tubulin has no appreciable effect. Further, we observed a decrease in electrical resistance of solution, with charge transport peaking between 20-60 Hz in the presence of microtubules, consistent with recent findings that microtubules exhibit electric oscillations at such low frequencies. We were able to quantify the capacitance and resistance of the microtubules (MT) network at physiological tubulin concentrations to be 1.27 × 10-5 F and 9.74 × 104 Ω. Our results show that in addition to macromolecular transport, microtubules also act as charge storage devices through counterionic condensation across a broad frequency spectrum. We conclude with a hypothesis of an electrically tunable cytoskeleton where the dielectric properties of tubulin are polymerisation-state dependent.
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9
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Bailey AG, Lowe CP. Possible mechanism for aligning microscopic flexible filaments predicted using "caterpillar" hydrodynamics. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:062417. [PMID: 29347415 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.062417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We use the "caterpillar" model for accurately calculating the inhomogeneous hydrodynamic friction along a microscopic slender cylindrical filaments using Oseen level hydrodynamics. The methodology is applied to study the motion of a flexible filament in a circularly polarized field. Our results predict that in dilute solution alignment occurs along the axis of the field. For electric fields, the strengths and frequencies required are deduced. These are experimentally accessible. We therefore propose that this is a practical method for aligning filaments such as microtubules and functionalized carbon nanotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Bailey
- Haas School of Business, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C P Lowe
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam, Netherlands
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10
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Unraveling the mechanistic effects of electric field stimulation towards directing stem cell fate and function: A tissue engineering perspective. Biomaterials 2017; 150:60-86. [PMID: 29032331 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Electric field (EF) stimulation can play a vital role in eliciting appropriate stem cell response. Such an approach is recently being established to guide stem cell differentiation through osteogenesis/neurogenesis/cardiomyogenesis. Despite significant recent efforts, the biophysical mechanisms by which stem cells sense, interpret and transform electrical cues into biochemical and biological signals still remain unclear. The present review critically analyses the variety of EF stimulation approaches that can be employed to evoke appropriate stem cell response and also makes an attempt to summarize the underlying concepts of this notion, placing special emphasis on stem cell based tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. This review also discusses the major signaling pathways and cellular responses that are elicited by electric stimulation, including the participation of reactive oxygen species and heat shock proteins, modulation of intracellular calcium ion concentration, ATP production and numerous other events involving the clustering or reassembling of cell surface receptors, cytoskeletal remodeling and so on. The specific advantages of using external electric stimulation in different modalities to regulate stem cell fate processes are highlighted with explicit examples, in vitro and in vivo.
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11
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Agrawal L, Sahu S, Ghosh S, Shiga T, Fujita D, Bandyopadhyay A. Inventing atomic resolution scanning dielectric microscopy to see a single protein complex operation live at resonance in a neuron without touching or adulterating the cell. J Integr Neurosci 2017; 15:435-462. [PMID: 28142317 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635216500333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A substantial ion flow in a normally wet protein masks any other forms of signal transmission. We use hysteresis and linear conduction (both are artifacts) as a marker to precisely wet a protein, which restricts the ionic conduction (hysteresis disappears), and at the same time, it is not denatured (quantized conductance and Raman spectra are intact). Pure electric visualization of proteins at work by eliminating the screening of ions, electrons, would change the way we study biology. Here we discuss the technical challenges resolved for imaging a protein or live cell using nonlinear dielectric response (spatial distribution of conductance, capacitance and phase, GCP trio). We electromagnetically triggered electrical, mechanical, thermal and ionic resonant vibrations in a protein. During resonant oscillations, we imaged the protein using resonant scanning tunneling microscopy of biomaterials (Brestum) and during ionic firing we imaged live what happens inside an axon core of a neuron by using our atomic scale scanning dielectric microscopy (Asadim). Both Asadim and Brestum are housed in a homebuilt scanning tunneling microscope (bio-STM) and a special micro-grid developed by us (patent JP-5187804) for fractal supercomputing. We found the trick to turn a membrane transparent and see inside without making any physical contact. We image live that a protein molecule adopts a unique configuration for each resonance frequency, - thus far unknown to biology. "Membrane alone fires" is found to be wrong after a century, micro-neuro-filaments communicate prior to firing to decide its necessity and then regulate it suitably. We introduce a series of technologies e.g., fractal grid, point contact, micro THz antenna, to discover that from atomic structure to a living cell, the biomaterials vibrate collectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh Agrawal
- * National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satyajit Sahu
- † Nano Bio Systems Science, IIT Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Subrata Ghosh
- ‡ CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology; Natural Products Chemistry Division, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
| | - Takashi Shiga
- § Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujita
- * National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
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12
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Ghosh S, Sahu S, Agrawal L, Shiga T, Bandyopadhyay A. Inventing a co-axial atomic resolution patch clamp to study a single resonating protein complex and ultra-low power communication deep inside a living neuron cell. J Integr Neurosci 2017; 15:403-433. [PMID: 28100105 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635216500321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To read the signals of single molecules in vitro on a surface, or inside a living cell or organ, we introduce a coaxial atom tip (coat) and a coaxial atomic patch clamp (COAPAP). The metal-insulator-metal cavity of these probes extends to the atomic scale (0.1[Formula: see text]nm), it eliminates the cellular or environmental noise with a S/N ratio 105. Five ac signals are simultaneously applied during a measurement by COAT and COAPAP to shield a true signal under environmental noise in five unique ways. The electromagnetic drive in the triaxial atomic tips is specifically designed to sense anharmonic vibrational and transmission signals for any system between 0.1[Formula: see text]nm and 50[Formula: see text]nm where the smallest nanopatch clamp cannot reach. COAT and COAPAP reliably pick up the atomic scale vibrations under the extreme noise of a living cell. Each protein's distinct electromagnetic, mechanical, electrical and ionic vibrational signature studied in vitro in a protected environment is found to match with the ones studied inside a live neuron. Thus, we could confirm that by using our probe blindly we could hold on to a single molecule or its complex in the invisible domain of a living cell. Our decade long investigations on perfecting the tools to measure bio-resonance of all forms and simultaneously in all frequency domains are summarized. It shows that the ratio of emission to absorption resonance frequencies of a biomaterial is around [Formula: see text], only a few in the entire em spectrum are active that regulates all other resonances, like mechanical, ionic, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Ghosh
- * CSIR-North East Institute of Science & Technology, Natural Products Chemistry Division, Jorhat-785006, Assam, India
| | - Satyajit Sahu
- † Nano Bio Systems Science, IIT Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lokesh Agrawal
- ‡ National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiga
- § Department of Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan
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13
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Laux EM, Knigge X, Bier FF, Wenger C, Hölzel R. Aligned Immobilization of Proteins Using AC Electric Fields. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1514-1520. [PMID: 26779699 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Protein molecules are aligned and immobilized from solution by AC electric fields. In a single-step experiment, the enhanced green fluorescent proteins are immobilized on the surface as well as at the edges of planar nanoelectrodes. Alignment is found to follow the molecules' geometrical shape with their longitudinal axes parallel to the electric field. Simultaneous dielectrophoretic attraction and AC electroosmotic flow are identified as the dominant forces causing protein movement and alignment. Molecular orientation is determined by fluorescence microscopy based on polarized excitation of the proteins' chromophores. The chromophores' orientation with respect to the whole molecule supports X-ray crystal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Laux
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Xenia Knigge
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Frank F Bier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Christian Wenger
- IHP GmbH-Leibniz Institute for Innovative Microelectronics, Im Technologiepark 25, 15235, Frankfurt/Oder, Germany
| | - Ralph Hölzel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalytics and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), Am Mühlenberg 13, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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14
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Kamburova K, Radeva T, Stoilova-McPhie S, Stoylov SP. Electric polarization and size of lipid nanotubes—an electric light scattering study. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3688-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Potapova TV. Structural and functional organization of growing tips of Neurospora crassa Hyphae. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:593-607. [PMID: 25108323 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914070025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Data are presented on a variety of intracellular structures of the vegetative hyphae of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa and the involvement of these structures in the tip growth of the hyphae. Current ideas on the molecular and genetic mechanisms of tip growth and regulation of this process are considered. On the basis of comparison of data on behaviors of mitochondria and microtubules and data on the electrical heterogeneity of the hyphal apex, a hypothesis is proposed about a possible supervisory role of the longitudinal electric field in the structural and functional organization of growing tips of the N. crassa hyphae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T V Potapova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
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16
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Šrobár F. Radiating Fröhlich system as a model of cellular electromagnetism. Electromagn Biol Med 2014; 34:355-60. [PMID: 25026881 DOI: 10.3109/15368378.2014.934381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Oscillating polar entities inside the biological cells, most notably microtubules, are bound to emit electromagnetic radiation. This phenomenon is described by Fröhlich kinetic equations expressing, in terms of quantum occupancy numbers of each discrete collective oscillatory mode, the balance between incoming metabolic energy flow and losses due to linear and non-linear interactions with the thermal environs of the oscillators. Hitherto, radiation losses have not been introduced as part of the balance; it was assumed that they were proportional to the modal occupation numbers. It is demonstrated that this formulation is incorrect and the radiation losses must be taken into account in the kinetic equations explicitly. Results of a numerical study of kinetic equations, enlarged in this sense, are presented for the case of three coupled oscillators which was shown to evince the essential attributes of the Fröhlich systems. Oscillator eigenfrequencies were chosen, alternatively, to fall into the MHz and the THz frequency domains. It was found that large radiation levels destroy the main hallmark of the Fröhlich systems, the energy condensation in the lowest frequency mode. The system then functions as a convertor of metabolic energy into radiation. At more moderate radiation levels, both energy condensation and significant radiation can coexist. Possible consequences for the cell physiology are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fedor Šrobár
- a Senior Scientist Formerly Affiliated with the Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic , Praha , Czech Republic
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17
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Havelka D, Kučera O, Deriu MA, Cifra M. Electro-acoustic behavior of the mitotic spindle: a semi-classical coarse-grained model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86501. [PMID: 24497952 PMCID: PMC3907432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of chromosome separation during mitosis is not fully understood yet. Microtubules forming mitotic spindles are targets of treatment strategies which are aimed at (i) the triggering of the apoptosis or (ii) the interruption of uncontrolled cell division. Despite these facts, only few physical models relating to the dynamics of mitotic spindles exist up to now. In this paper, we present the first electromechanical model which enables calculation of the electromagnetic field coupled to acoustic vibrations of the mitotic spindle. This electromagnetic field originates from the electrical polarity of microtubules which form the mitotic spindle. The model is based on the approximation of resonantly vibrating microtubules by a network of oscillating electric dipoles. Our computational results predict the existence of a rapidly changing electric field which is generated by either driven or endogenous vibrations of the mitotic spindle. For certain values of parameters, the intensity of the electric field and its gradient reach values which may exert a not-inconsiderable force on chromosomes which are aligned in the spindle midzone. Our model may describe possible mechanisms of the effects of ultra-short electrical and mechanical pulses on dividing cells--a strategy used in novel methods for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Havelka
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Electromagnetic Field, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
- * E-mail:
| | - Ondřej Kučera
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marco A. Deriu
- Institute of Computer Integrated Manufacturing for Sustainable Innovation, Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Manno, Switzerland
| | - Michal Cifra
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
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18
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Mavromatos NE. Quantum Coherence in (Brain) Microtubules and Efficient Energy and Information Transport. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/329/1/012026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Stoylov SP, Stoilova-McPhie S. Electro-optic properties of organic nanotubes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 166:24-35. [PMID: 21679911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review article the theoretical and experimental possibilities of applying EO-methods for estimation of the physico-chemical properties of the organic nanotubes (ONTs) are studied. The ONTs are highly organized nanostructures of strongly elongated, anysometric, and hollow cylinders with a size range of 1 nm to 10,000 nm, e.g. in aqueous solutions they could behave as colloid (disperse) particles. They have high interaction ability due to their extremely large curved, rolled-up external surfaces (bilayers of membrane walls) and unique properties because of their specific electric charge distribution and dynamics that make possible the functionalization of their surfaces. Thus they could template guestsubstances such as membrane proteins and protein complexes on the exterior surfaces and in the membrane. We performed our investigations for the case of ONT aqueous colloid suspension. Following our earlier proposition of the general expression for the electro-optic (EO) effect we derived equations for the evaluation of the electric properties of ONT particles such as mechanism of electric polarization and identification of their most important electric Dipole Moments (DM), permanent (pDM) and induced (iDMs). Further we recommend ways for the calculation of their magnitude and direction. Also we evaluated some geometrical properties such as length of the ONT particles and their polydispersity. The knowledge that we provided about the ONT properties may enable us to elucidate and predict their biological activity. Templating biological active ligands (such as membrane proteins and protein complexes) on the inner and outer surfaces as well as in the surface membrane creates their potential usefulness as carrier and deliverer of biopharmaceuticals in bio-nanodevices. The theoretical equations were compared with the experimental data for ONTs such as (lipid) LNT, Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) and microtubules (MT). Comparison of EO methods with other methods used till now shows that the EO methods are faster, not invasive and do not alter the studied particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoyl P Stoylov
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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20
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Potapova TV, Boitzova LY, Golyshev SA. Problem of interactions between intracellular structures during the Neurospora crassa tip growth. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2011; 436:44-8. [PMID: 21369903 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672911010145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T V Potapova
- Belozerskii Institute of Physicochemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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21
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Lee H, Mijović J. Bio-nano complexes: DNA/surfactant/single-walled carbon nanotube interactions in electric field. POLYMER 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2008.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Fulga F, Nicolau DV, Nicolau DV. Models of protein linear molecular motors for dynamic nanodevices. Integr Biol (Camb) 2008; 1:150-69. [PMID: 20023800 DOI: 10.1039/b814985b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein molecular motors are natural nano-machines that convert the chemical energy from the hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate into mechanical work. These efficient machines are central to many biological processes, including cellular motion, muscle contraction and cell division. The remarkable energetic efficiency of the protein molecular motors coupled with their nano-scale has prompted an increasing number of studies focusing on their integration in hybrid micro- and nanodevices, in particular using linear molecular motors. The translation of these tentative devices into technologically and economically feasible ones requires an engineering, design-orientated approach based on a structured formalism, preferably mathematical. This contribution reviews the present state of the art in the modelling of protein linear molecular motors, as relevant to the future design-orientated development of hybrid dynamic nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florin Fulga
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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23
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Uppalapati M, Huang YM, Jackson TN, Hancock WO. Microtubule alignment and manipulation using AC electrokinetics. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1371-81. [PMID: 18720434 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200701088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The kinesin-microtubule system plays an important role in intracellular transport and is a model system for integrating biomotor-driven transport into microengineered devices. AC electrokinetics provides a novel tool for manipulating and organizing microtubules in solution, enabling new experimental geometries for investigating and controlling the interactions of microtubules and microtubule motors in vitro. By fabricating microelectrodes on glass substrates and generating AC electric fields across solutions of microtubules in low-ionic-strength buffers, bundles of microtubules are collected and aligned and the electrical properties of microtubules in solution are measured. The AC electric fields result in electro-osmotic flow, electrothermal flow, and dielectrophoresis of microtubules, which can be controlled by varying the solution conductivity, AC frequency, and electrode geometry. By mapping the solution conductivity and AC frequency over which positive dielectrophoresis occurs, the apparent conductivity of taxol-stabilized bovine-brain microtubules in PIPES buffer is measured to be 250 mS m(-1). By maximizing dielectrophoretic forces and minimizing electro-osmotic and electrothermal flow, microtubules are assembled into opposed asters. These experiments demonstrate that AC electrokinetics provides a powerful new tool for kinesin-driven transport applications and for investigating the role of microtubule motors in development and maintenance of the mitotic spindle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruti Uppalapati
- Department of Bioengineering 229 Hallowell Bldg. Penn State University University Park, PA 16802, USA
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24
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Ramalho R, Soares H, Melo L. Microtubule behavior under strong electromagnetic fields. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2006.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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25
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van den Heuvel MGL, de Graaff MP, Lemay SG, Dekker C. Electrophoresis of individual microtubules in microchannels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:7770-5. [PMID: 17470799 PMCID: PMC1876522 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608316104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We use micrometer-sized fluidic channels to confine and measure electrophoresis of freely suspended individual microtubules. We measure orientation-dependent velocities of microtubules and the electro-osmotic flow mobility in our channels to infer the anisotropic electrophoretic mobility of microtubules under physiological conditions. We discuss the difference between electrophoresis and purely hydrodynamic motion and its implications for interpreting mobility measurements. We show that the mobility anisotropy is a factor of 0.83, clearly different from the well known anisotropy factor of 0.5 in Stokes drag coefficients for cylindrical objects. We also show that the velocity is independent of microtubule length, which would be different for hydrodynamic motion. We demonstrate that the electric force on the counterions has important consequences for the interpretation of electrophoresis experiments and that ignoring this can lead to an underestimation of the effective charge by orders of magnitude. From the electrophoresis measurements, we calculate an effective surface-charge density of -36.7 +/- 0.4 mC/m2 for microtubules. Electrophoretic measurements of subtilisin-digested microtubules, which have the negatively charged C termini on the outer surface removed, show a 24% decrease in mobility and, correspondingly, in surface charge, but no change in anisotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. L. van den Heuvel
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M. P. de Graaff
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S. G. Lemay
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C. Dekker
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
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26
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Abstract
Myosin–actin and kinesin–microtubule linear protein motor systems and their application in hybrid nanodevices are reviewed. Research during the past several decades has provided a wealth of understanding about the fundamentals of protein motors that continues to be pursued. It has also laid the foundations for a new branch of investigation that considers the application of these motors as key functional elements in laboratory-on-a-chip and other micro/nanodevices. Current models of myosin and kinesin motors are introduced and the effects of motility assay parameters, including temperature, toxicity, and in particular, surface effects on motor protein operation, are discussed. These parameters set the boundaries for gliding and bead motility assays. The review describes recent developments in assay motility confinement and unidirectional control, using micro- and nano-fabricated structures, surface patterning, microfluidic flow, electromagnetic fields, and self-assembled actin filament/microtubule tracks. Current protein motor assays are primitive devices, and the developments in governing control can lead to promising applications such as sensing, nano-mechanical drivers, and biocomputation.
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27
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Hutchins BM, Platt M, Hancock WO, Williams ME. Directing transport of CoFe2O4-functionalized microtubules with magnetic fields. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2007; 3:126-31. [PMID: 17294483 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200600410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Hutchins
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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