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Ding W, Cai W, Wang H. P53 and pRB induction improves response to radiation therapy in HPV-positive laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2024; 79:100415. [PMID: 38897099 PMCID: PMC11237859 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinsp.2024.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with Human Papillomavirus (HPV+)-associated Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (LSCC) exhibit dramatically improved survival relative to those with HPV-Negative (HPV-) tumors. In this study, the authors aimed to investigate the radiosensitivity of all available confirmed HPV+ and HPV-LSCC cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Primary LSCC cells were generated from tumor specimens obtained from patients. Real-time PCR was performed to confirm HPV infection and the expression of HPV-related genes (E6 and E7), p53, and pRB. Clonogenic survival assays, western blotting, and flow cytometry were used to assess radiation sensitivity, apoptosis, and the expression of p53 and pRB. p53 and pRB knockout cells were generated using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. RESULTS HPV+ LSCC cells displayed enhanced radiation sensitivity compared to HPV- cells. Radiation-induced apoptosis in HPV+ LSCC cells, accompanied by increased levels of p53 and pRB. Knockout of p53 or pRB led to radiation resistance and attenuated radiation-induced apoptosis in HPV+ LSCC cells. In vivo experiments showed similar results, where knockout of p53 or pRB decreased radiosensitivity in tumor-bearing mice. CONCLUSION The present findings demonstrated that HPV+ LSCC cells displayed obvious inherent radiation sensitivity, corresponding to increased apoptosis following radiation exposure. Mechanism study showed that the expression of p53 and pRB in HPV+ cells are required for radiation sensitivity. These findings highlight a novel mechanism by which p53 and pRB play key roles in the radiation sensitivity of HPV+ LSCC compared to HPV-LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Ding
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weiwei Cai
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haili Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Gao T, Li M, Wu D, Xiao N, Huang D, Deng L, Yang L, Tian C, Cao Y, Zhang J, Gu J, Yu Y. Exploring the pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma via microarray data analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1201401. [PMID: 37383715 PMCID: PMC10293624 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1201401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the increasing number of research endeavors dedicated to investigating the relationship between colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the underlying pathogenic mechanism remains largely elusive. The aim of this study is to shed light on the molecular mechanism involved in the development of this comorbidity. Methods: The gene expression profiles of CRC (GSE90627) and HCC (GSE45267) were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. After identifying the common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of psoriasis and atherosclerosis, three kinds of analyses were performed, namely, functional annotation, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and module construction, and hub gene identification, survival analysis and co-expression analysis. Results: A total of 150 common downregulated differentially expressed genes and 148 upregulated differentially expressed genes were selected for subsequent analyses. The significance of chemokines and cytokines in the pathogenesis of these two ailments is underscored by functional analysis. Seven gene modules that were closely connected were identified. Moreover, the lipopolysaccharide-mediated signaling pathway is intricately linked to the development of both diseases. Finally, 10 important hub genes were identified using cytoHubba, including CDK1, KIF11, CDC20, CCNA2, TOP2A, CCNB1, NUSAP1, BUB1B, ASPM, and MAD2L1. Conclusion: Our study reveals the common pathogenesis of colorectal carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. These common pathways and hub genes may provide new ideas for further mechanism research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Gao
- The First Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mengping Li
- The First Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dailin Wu
- The First Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ni Xiao
- The First Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dan Huang
- The First Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Deng
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lunwei Yang
- The First Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Tian
- The First Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- The First Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jihong Gu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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Zhou S, Ou H, Wu Y, Qi D, Pei X, Yu X, Hu X, Wu E. Targeting tumor endothelial cells with methyltransferase inhibitors: Mechanisms of action and the potential of combination therapy. Pharmacol Ther 2023:108434. [PMID: 37172786 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Tumor endothelial cells (TECs) reside in the inner lining of blood vessels and represent a promising target for targeted cancer therapy. DNA methylation is a chemical process that involves the transfer of a methyl group to a specific base in the DNA strand, catalyzed by DNA methyltransferase (DNMT). DNMT inhibitors (DNMTis) can inhibit the activity of DNMTs, thereby preventing the transfer of methyl groups from s-adenosyl methionine (SAM) to cytosine. Currently, the most viable therapy for TECs is the development of DNMTis to release cancer suppressor genes from their repressed state. In this review, we first outline the characteristics of TECs and describe the development of tumor blood vessels and TECs. Abnormal DNA methylation is closely linked to tumor initiation, progression, and cell carcinogenesis, as evidenced by numerous studies. Therefore, we summarize the role of DNA methylation and DNA methyltransferase and the therapeutic potential of four types of DNMTi in targeting TECs. Finally, we discuss the accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities associated with combination therapy with DNMTis for TECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biosensing, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Hailong Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Biosensing, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yatao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biosensing, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Dan Qi
- Texas A & M University Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Xiaming Pei
- Department of Urology, Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Department of Urology, Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biosensing, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China; Research Institute of Hunan University in Chongqing, Chongqing 401120, China.
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX 78508, USA; Texas A & M University Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy, College Station, TX 77843, USA; LIVESTRONG Cancer Institutes, Department of Oncology, Dell Medical School, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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ETNK2 Low-Expression Predicts Poor Prognosis in Renal Cell Carcinoma with Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2023; 2023:1743357. [PMID: 36866238 PMCID: PMC9974283 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1743357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Background The ethanolamine kinase 2 (ETNK2) gene is implicated in carcinogenesis, but its expression and involvement in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) remain unknown. Methods Initially, we conducted a pan-cancer study in which we searched the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis, the UALCAN, and the Human Protein Atlas databases to determine the expression level of the ETNK2 gene in KIRC. The Kaplan-Meier curve was then used to calculate the overall survival (OS) of KIRC patients. We then used the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and enrichment analysis to explain the mechanism of the ETNK2 gene. Finally, the immune cell infiltration analysis was performed. Results Although the ETNK2 gene expression was lower in KIRC tissues, the findings illustrated a link between the ETNK2 gene expression and a shorter OS time for KIRC patients. DEGs and enrichment analysis revealed that the ETNK2 gene in KIRC involved multiple metabolic pathways. Finally, the ETNK2 gene expression has been linked to several immune cell infiltrations. Conclusions According to the findings, the ETNK2 gene plays a crucial role in tumor growth. It can potentially serve as a negative prognostic biological marker for KIRC by modifying immune infiltrating cells.
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Xu M, Chen X, Yu Z, Li X. Receptors that bind to PEDF and their therapeutic roles in retinal diseases. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1116136. [PMID: 37139333 PMCID: PMC10149954 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1116136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal neovascular, neurodegenerative, and inflammatory diseases represented by diabetic retinopathy are the main types of blinding eye disorders that continually cause the increased burden worldwide. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous factor with multiple effects including neurotrophic activity, anti-angiogenesis, anti-tumorigenesis, and anti-inflammatory activity. PEDF activity depends on the interaction with the proteins on the cell surface. At present, seven independent receptors, including adipose triglyceride lipase, laminin receptor, lipoprotein receptor-related protein, plexin domain-containing 1, plexin domain-containing 2, F1-ATP synthase, and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2, have been demonstrated and confirmed to be high affinity receptors for PEDF. Understanding the interactions between PEDF and PEDF receptors, their roles in normal cellular metabolism and the response the initiate in disease will be accommodating for elucidating the ways in which inflammation, angiogenesis, and neurodegeneration exacerbate disease pathology. In this review, we firstly introduce PEDF receptors comprehensively, focusing particularly on their expression pattern, ligands, related diseases, and signal transduction pathways, respectively. We also discuss the interactive ways of PEDF and receptors to expand the prospective understanding of PEDF receptors in the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases.
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Zhang Y, Yang H, Wang L, Zhou H, Zhang G, Xiao Z, Xue X. TOP2A correlates with poor prognosis and affects radioresistance of medulloblastoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:918959. [PMID: 35912241 PMCID: PMC9337862 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.918959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy remains the standard treatment for medulloblastoma (MB), and the radioresistance contributes to tumor recurrence and poor clinical outcomes. Nuclear DNA topoisomerase II-alpha (TOP2A) is a key catalytic enzyme that initiates DNA replication, and studies have shown that TOP2A is closely related to the therapeutic effects of radiation. In this study, we found that TOP2A was significantly upregulated in MB, and high expression of TOP2A related to poor prognosis of MB patients. Knockdown of TOP2A inhibited MB cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, whereas overexpression of TOP2A enhanced the proliferative and invasive ability of MB cells. Moreover, si-TOP2A transfection in combination with irradiation (IR) significantly reduced the tumorigenicity of MB cells, compared with those transfected with si-TOP2A alone. Cell survival curve analysis revealed that the survival fraction of MB cells was significantly reduced upon TOP2A downregulation and that si-TOP2A-transfected cells had decreased D0, Dq, and SF2 values, indicating that TOP2A knockdown suppresses the resistance to radiotherapy in MB cells. In addition, western blot analysis demonstrated that the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway was inhibited after TOP2A downregulation alone or in combination with IR treatment, whereas overexpression of TOP2A exhibited the opposite effects. Gene set enrichment analysis also revealed that Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is enriched in TOP2A high-expression phenotypes. Collectively, these data indicate that high expression of TOP2A leads to poor prognosis of MB, and downregulation of TOP2A inhibits the malignant behaviour as well as the radioresistance of MB cells. The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may be involved in the molecular mechanisms of TOP2A mediated reduced tumorigenicity and radioresistance of MB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Haiyan Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liwen Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huandi Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Zhiqing Xiao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiaoying Xue
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoying Xue,
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Kuzmina NS. Radiation-Induced DNA Methylation Disorders: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies. BIOL BULL+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021110066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Cheng G, Song C. Association of pigment epithelium derived factor expression with cancer progression and prognosis: a meta-analysis study. Discov Oncol 2021; 12:61. [PMID: 35201465 PMCID: PMC8777498 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-021-00457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) is a secreted protein that strongly suppresses angiogenesis and directly inhibits cancer cells proliferation. The differential expression of PEDF has been observed in multiple types of human tumors. However, it is unclear as to how PEDF expression is associated with cancer progression and if PEDF could serve as a prognostic marker for cancer patients. METHODS We performed a comprehensive search for the studies on PEDF expression in 14 top-ranked types of solid tumor cancer with the highest incidence. A systemic approach was used to screen for qualified studies and to extract data. Meta-analysis was performed to investigate if PEDF expression is associated with the TNM staging, tumor size, lymph node invasion, distal metastasis and pathological grade of tumor in a pan-cancer manner. A Kaplan-Meier curve was plotted with the digitally-reconstituted patient survival data to study the effect of PEDF expression on the prognosis of cancer patients. RESULTS A total of nine studies were selected, reviewed and analyzed. Meta-analysis suggested that decreased PEDF protein expression was associated with higher TNM staging (OR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.61-2.81), larger tumor size (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.1-1.84), larger possibility of lymph node invasion (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.26-2.22) and higher pathological grade (OR = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2-2.13). No correlation was found between PEDF expression and tumor distal metastasis, gender or age. In addition, low PEDF protein level in tumor tissue is correlated with shorter overall survival (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Low PEDF protein expression in cancer is significantly associated with more advanced cancer progression and significantly poorer survival. The differential clinical outcome among patients with various PEDF expression suggests its prognostic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Cheng
- Department of Physiology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Crystal Song
- Department of Physiology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Carlos-Reyes A, Muñiz-Lino MA, Romero-Garcia S, López-Camarillo C, Hernández-de la Cruz ON. Biological Adaptations of Tumor Cells to Radiation Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:718636. [PMID: 34900673 PMCID: PMC8652287 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.718636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy has been used worldwide for many decades as a therapeutic regimen for the treatment of different types of cancer. Just over 50% of cancer patients are treated with radiotherapy alone or with other types of antitumor therapy. Radiation can induce different types of cell damage: directly, it can induce DNA single- and double-strand breaks; indirectly, it can induce the formation of free radicals, which can interact with different components of cells, including the genome, promoting structural alterations. During treatment, radiosensitive tumor cells decrease their rate of cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest stimulated by DNA damage. Then, DNA repair mechanisms are turned on to alleviate the damage, but cell death mechanisms are activated if damage persists and cannot be repaired. Interestingly, some cells can evade apoptosis because genome damage triggers the cellular overactivation of some DNA repair pathways. Additionally, some surviving cells exposed to radiation may have alterations in the expression of tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, enhancing different hallmarks of cancer, such as migration, invasion, and metastasis. The activation of these genetic pathways and other epigenetic and structural cellular changes in the irradiated cells and extracellular factors, such as the tumor microenvironment, is crucial in developing tumor radioresistance. The tumor microenvironment is largely responsible for the poor efficacy of antitumor therapy, tumor relapse, and poor prognosis observed in some patients. In this review, we describe strategies that tumor cells use to respond to radiation stress, adapt, and proliferate after radiotherapy, promoting the appearance of tumor radioresistance. Also, we discuss the clinical impact of radioresistance in patient outcomes. Knowledge of such cellular strategies could help the development of new clinical interventions, increasing the radiosensitization of tumor cells, improving the effectiveness of these therapies, and increasing the survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Carlos-Reyes
- Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Marcos A. Muñiz-Lino
- Laboratorio de Patología y Medicina Bucal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Susana Romero-Garcia
- Department of Chronic-Degenerative Diseases, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases “Ismael Cosío Villegas”, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César López-Camarillo
- Posgrado en Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Autónoma de la Ciudad de México, Mexico, Mexico City
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Miwa T, Kanda M, Shimizu D, Umeda S, Sawaki K, Tanaka H, Tanaka C, Hattori N, Hayashi M, Yamada S, Nakayama G, Koike M, Kodera Y. Hepatic metastasis of gastric cancer is associated with enhanced expression of ethanolamine kinase 2 via the p53-Bcl-2 intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Br J Cancer 2021; 124:1449-1460. [PMID: 33531692 PMCID: PMC8039033 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01271-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) with hepatic metastasis has a poor prognosis. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in hepatic metastasis may contribute to the development of sensitive diagnostic biomarkers and novel therapeutic strategies. METHODS We performed transcriptome analysis of surgically resected specimens from patients with advanced GC. One of the genes identified as specifically associated with hepatic metastasis was selected for detailed analysis. GC cell lines with knockout of the candidate gene were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Expression of the candidate gene was analysed in GC tissues from 300 patients. RESULTS Ethanolamine kinase 2 (ETNK2) was differentially upregulated in GC patients with hepatic metastasis. ETNK2 expression was elevated in GC cell lines derived from haematogenous metastases. ETNK2 knockout significantly suppressed proliferation, invasion, and migration; increased apoptosis; reduced Bcl-2 protein expression; and increased phosphorylated p53 expression. In mouse xenograft models, ETNK2 knockout virtually abolished hepatic metastasis. Stratification of GC patients based on ETNK2 mRNA level revealed significant associations between high ETNK2 tumour expression and both hepatic recurrence and worse prognosis. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of ETNK2 in GC enhances hepatic metastasis, possibly via dysregulation of p53-Bcl-2-associated apoptosis. ETNK2 expression may serve as a biomarker for predicting hepatic recurrence and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miwa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mitsuro Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Dai Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinichi Umeda
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Sawaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chie Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norifumi Hattori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masamichi Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamada
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Goro Nakayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koike
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kodera
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery (Surgery II), Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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A novel methylation signature predicts radiotherapy sensitivity in glioma. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20406. [PMID: 33230136 PMCID: PMC7683673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77259-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and malignant cancer of the central nervous system, and radiotherapy is widely applied in GBM treatment; however, the sensitivity to radiotherapy varies in different patients. To solve this clinical dilemma, a radiosensitivity prediction signature was constructed in the present study based on genomic methylation. In total, 1044 primary GBM samples with clinical and methylation microarray data were involved in this study. LASSO-COX, GSVA, Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis, and COX regression were performed for the construction and verification of predictive models. The R programming language was used as the main tool for statistical analysis and graphical work. Via the integration analysis of methylation and the survival data of primary GBM, a novel prognostic and radiosensitivity prediction signature was constructed. This signature was found to be stable in prognosis prediction in the TCGA and CGGA databases. The possible mechanism was also explored, and it was found that this signature is closely related to DNA repair functions. Most importantly, this signature could predict whether GBM patients could benefit from radiotherapy. In summary, a radiosensitivity prediction signature for GBM patients based on five methylated probes was constructed, and presents great potential for clinical application.
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Lou M, Li R, Lang TY, Zhang LY, Zhou Q, Li L. Aberrant methylation of GADD45A is associated with decreased radiosensitivity in cervical cancer through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:8. [PMID: 33240414 PMCID: PMC7681222 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inactivation of GADD45A is a common occurrence in different types of cancer. However, little is known regarding its association with radiosensitivity in cervical cancer (CC). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the association between aberrant GADD45A methylation and radiosensitivity in CC. SiHa, HeLa and CaSki CC cells were treated with 5-azacytidine (5-azaC), with or without irradiation. The expression levels of GADD45A and AKT related molecules were detected via reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analyses. The methylation status of GADD45A was assessed via methylation-specific PCR and cell proliferation assays, while clonogenic assays and flow cytometric analysis were performed to assess the function of the genes (GADD45A and AKT) in the CC cell lines. The results demonstrated that methylation of GADD45A was significantly higher in the radioresistant tissues (63.16%) compared with the radiosensitive samples (33.33%). In addition, the surviving fraction of SiHa cells following irradiation with 2 Gy was demonstrated to be highest amongst the three CC cells (CaSki, 57±9.5%; HeLa, 70±4% and SiHa, 75±10%). The survival rate of SiHa cells following treatment with 5-azaC and ionizing radiation (IR) significantly decreased as the radiation dose increased, compared with treatment with IR alone. Following overexpression of GADD45A or treatment with 5-azaC, the radiosensitivity of SiHa cells significantly increased compared with both the control vector and PBS treated groups. In addition, the AKT inhibitor, MK-2206, increased the radiosensitivity of SiHa cells. Notably, aberrant methylation of GADD45A was associated with decreased radiosensitivity in CC, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was essential for radioresistance, which was mediated through downregulation of GADD45A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Lou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
| | - Rong Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Ting-Yuan Lang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Li-Ying Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530000, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China.,Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital and Chongqing Cancer Institute and Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing 400030, P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, P.R. China
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Chen M, Zhu H, Mao YJ, Cao N, Yu YL, Li LY, Zhao Q, Wu M, Ye M. Regulation of IL12B Expression in Human Macrophages by TALEN-mediated Epigenome Editing. Curr Med Sci 2020; 40:900-909. [PMID: 33123904 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-020-2249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the exact etiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unclear, exaggerated immune response in genetically predisposed individuals has been reported. Th1 and Th17 cells mediate IBD development. Macrophages produce IL-12 and IL-23 that share p40 subunit encoded by IL12B gene as heteromer partner to drive Th1 and Th17 differentiation. The available animal and human data strongly support the pathogenic role of IL-12/IL-23 in IBD development and suggest that blocking p40 might be the potential strategy for IBD treatment. Furthermore, aberrant alteration of some cytokines expression via epigenetic mechanisms is involved in pathogenesis of IBD. In this study, we analyzed core promoter region of IL12B gene and investigated whether IL12B expression could be regulated through targeted epigenetic modification with gene editing technology. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) are widely used in the field of genome editing and can specifically target DNA sequence in the host genome. We synthesized the TALE DNA-binding domains that target the promoter of human IL12B gene and fused it with the functional catalytic domains of epigenetic enzymes. Transient expression of these engineered enzymes demonstrated that the TALE-DNMT3A targeted the selected IL12B promoter region, induced loci-specific DNA methylation, and down-regulated IL-12B expression in various human cell lines. Collectively, our data suggested that epigenetic editing of IL12B through methylating DNA on its promoter might be developed as a potential therapeutic strategy for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hua Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yu-Juan Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Nan Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ya-Li Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lian-Yun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Hubei Clinical Center and Key Lab of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mei Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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14
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Milutin Gašperov N, Sabol I, Božinović K, Dediol E, Mravak-Stipetić M, Licastro D, Dal Monego S, Grce M. DNA Methylome Distinguishes Head and Neck Cancer from Potentially Malignant Oral Lesions and Healthy Oral Mucosa. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186853. [PMID: 32961999 PMCID: PMC7554960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong need to find new, good biomarkers of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) because of the bad prognoses and high mortality rates. The aim of this study was to identify the potential biomarkers in HNSCC that have differences in their DNA methylome and potentially premalignant oral lesions, in comparison to healthy oral mucosa. In this study, 32 oral samples were tested: nine healthy oral mucosae, 13 HNSCC, and 10 oral lesions for DNA methylation by the Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. Our findings showed that a panel of genes significantly hypermethylated in their promoters or specific sites in HNSCC samples in comparison to healthy oral samples, which are mainly oncogenes, receptor, and transcription factor genes, or genes included in cell cycle, transformation, apoptosis, and autophagy. A group of hypomethylated genes in HNSCC, in comparison to healthy oral mucosa, are mainly involved in the host immune response and transcriptional regulation. The results also showed significant differences in gene methylation between HNSCC and potentially premalignant oral lesions, as well as differently methylated genes that discriminate between oral lesions and healthy mucosa. The given methylation panels point to novel potential biomarkers for early diagnostics of HNSCC, as well as potentially premalignant oral lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Milutin Gašperov
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.G.); (M.G.)
| | - Ivan Sabol
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Ksenija Božinović
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (K.B.)
| | - Emil Dediol
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Clinical Hospital Dubrava, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marinka Mravak-Stipetić
- Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Danilo Licastro
- ARGO Open Lab Platform for Genome sequencing, AREA Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (D.L.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Simeone Dal Monego
- ARGO Open Lab Platform for Genome sequencing, AREA Science Park, Padriciano, 99, 34149 Trieste, Italy; (D.L.); (S.D.M.)
| | - Magdalena Grce
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Ruđer Bošković Institute, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.S.); (K.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.M.G.); (M.G.)
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15
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Peng L, Huang YT, Zhang F, Chen JY, Huo X. Chronic cadmium exposure aggravates malignant phenotypes of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway via hypermethylation of the casein kinase 1α promoter. Cancer Manag Res 2018; 11:81-93. [PMID: 30588112 PMCID: PMC6304082 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s171200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study has shown that cadmium (Cd) exposure is not only a risk factor for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but also correlated with the clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. However, the underlying molecular events of Cd involved in NPC progression remain to be elucidated. PURPOSE The objective of this study was to decipher how Cd impacts the malignant phenotypes of NPC cells. METHODS NPC cell lines CNE-1 and CNE-2 were continuously exposed with 1 μM Cd chloride for 10 weeks, designating as chronic Cd treated NPC cells (CCT-NPC). MTT assay, colony formation assay and xenograft tumor growth were used to assess cell viability in vitro and in vivo. Transwell assays were performed to detect cell invasion and migration. The protein levels of E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Vimentin as well as β-catenin and casein kinase 1α(CK1α) were measured by Western blot. Immunofluorescence staining was used to observe the distribution of filament actin (F-actin), β-catenin and CK1α. The mRNA levels of downstream target genes of β-catenin were detected by RT-PCR. Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity was assessed by TOPFlash/FOPFlash dual luciferase report system. MS-PCR was used to detect the methylation status of CK1α. Finally, the activation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway and cell biological properties were examined following treatment of CCT-NPC cells with 5-aza-2-deoxy-cytidine(5-aza-CdR). RESULTS CCT-NPC cells showed an increase in cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion and migration compared to the parental cells. Cd also induced cytoskeleton reorganization and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Upregulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin and increased luciferase activity accompanied with transcription of downstream target genes were found in CCT-NPC cells. Treatment of CCT-CNE1 cells with 5-aza-CdR could reverse the hypermethylation of CK1α and attenuate the cell malignancy. CONCLUSION These results support a role for chronic Cd exposure as a driving force for the malignant progression of NPC via epigenetic activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Peng
- Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Teng Huang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Oncological Research Lab, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jiong-Yu Chen
- Oncological Research Lab, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515031, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangzhou and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China,
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16
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Kerns SL, Chuang KH, Hall W, Werner Z, Chen Y, Ostrer H, West C, Rosenstein B. Radiation biology and oncology in the genomic era. Br J Radiol 2018; 91:20170949. [PMID: 29888979 PMCID: PMC6475928 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20170949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiobiology research is building the foundation for applying genomics in precision radiation oncology. Advances in high-throughput approaches will underpin increased understanding of radiosensitivity and the development of future predictive assays for clinical application. There is an established contribution of genetics as a risk factor for radiotherapy side effects. An individual's radiosensitivity is an inherited polygenic trait with an architecture that includes rare mutations in a few genes that confer large effects and common variants in many genes with small effects. Current thinking is that some will be tissue specific, and future tests will be tailored to the normal tissues at risk. The relationship between normal and tumor cell radiosensitivity is poorly understood. Data are emerging suggesting interplay between germline genetic variation and epigenetic modification with growing evidence that changes in DNA methylation regulate the radiosensitivity of cancer cells and histone acetyltransferase inhibitors have radiosensitizing effects. Changes in histone methylation can also impair DNA damage response signaling and alter radiosensitivity. An important effort to advance radiobiology in the genomic era was establishment of the Radiogenomics Consortium to enable the creation of the large radiotherapy cohorts required to exploit advances in genomics. To address challenges in harmonizing data from multiple cohorts, the consortium established the REQUITE project to collect standardized data and genotyping for ~5,000 patients. The collection of detailed dosimetric data is important to produce validated multivariable models. Continued efforts will identify new genes that impact on radiosensitivity to generate new knowledge on toxicity pathogenesis and tests to incorporate into the clinical decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuang-Hsiang Chuang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - William Hall
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin and Clement J Zablocki VA Medical Center Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Yuhchyau Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Harry Ostrer
- Departments of Pathology and Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Catharine West
- Division of Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Christie Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Barry Rosenstein
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Genetics and Genomic Sciences, and Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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17
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Gravina GL, Mancini A, Mattei C, Vitale F, Marampon F, Colapietro A, Rossi G, Ventura L, Vetuschi A, Di Cesare E, Fox JA, Festuccia C. Enhancement of radiosensitivity by the novel anticancer quinolone derivative vosaroxin in preclinical glioblastoma models. Oncotarget 2018; 8:29865-29886. [PMID: 28415741 PMCID: PMC5444710 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor. The activity of vosaroxin, a first-in-class anticancer quinolone derivative that intercalates DNA and inhibits topoisomerase II, was investigated in GBM preclinical models as a single agent and combined with radiotherapy (RT). Results Vosaroxin showed antitumor activity in clonogenic survival assays, with IC50 of 10−100 nM, and demonstrated radiosensitization. Combined treatments exhibited significantly higher γH2Ax levels compared with controls. In xenograft models, vosaroxin reduced tumor growth and showed enhanced activity with RT; vosaroxin/RT combined was more effective than temozolomide/RT. Vosaroxin/RT triggered rapid and massive cell death with characteristics of necrosis. A minor proportion of treated cells underwent caspase-dependent apoptosis, in agreement with in vitro results. Vosaroxin/RT inhibited RT-induced autophagy, increasing necrosis. This was associated with increased recruitment of granulocytes, monocytes, and undifferentiated bone marrow–derived lymphoid cells. Pharmacokinetic analyses revealed adequate blood-brain penetration of vosaroxin. Vosaroxin/RT increased disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) significantly compared with RT, vosaroxin alone, temozolomide, and temozolomide/RT in the U251-luciferase orthotopic model. Materials and Methods Cellular, molecular, and antiproliferative effects of vosaroxin alone or combined with RT were evaluated in 13 GBM cell lines. Tumor growth delay was determined in U87MG, U251, and T98G xenograft mouse models. (DFS) and (OS) were assessed in orthotopic intrabrain models using luciferase-transfected U251 cells by bioluminescence and magnetic resonance imaging. Conclusions Vosaroxin demonstrated significant activity in vitro and in vivo in GBM models, and showed additive/synergistic activity when combined with RT in O6-methylguanine methyltransferase-negative and -positive cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Luca Gravina
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Division of Radiotherapy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.,Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Andrea Mancini
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Claudia Mattei
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Flora Vitale
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Marampon
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Alessandro Colapietro
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giulia Rossi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Ventura
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurosciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Antonella Vetuschi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Chair of Human Anatomy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Cesare
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Division of Radiotherapy, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Judith A Fox
- Sunesis Pharmaceuticals Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudio Festuccia
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, Laboratory of Radiobiology, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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18
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Methylation of promoter of RBL1 enhances the radioresistance of three dimensional cultured carcinoma cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:4422-4435. [PMID: 27779109 PMCID: PMC5354843 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) culture in vitro is a new cell culture model that more closely mimics the physiology features of the in vivo environment and is being used widely in the field of medical and biological research. It has been demonstrated that cancer cells cultured in 3D matrices are more radioresistant compared with cells in monolayer (2D). However, the mechanisms causing this difference remain largely unclear. Here we found that the cell cycle distribution and expression of cell cycle regulation genes in 3D A549 cells are different from the 2D. The higher levels of the promotor methylation of cell cycle regulation genes such as RBL1 were observed in 3D A549 cells compared with cells in 2D. The treatments of irradiation or 5-Aza-CdR activated the demethylation of RBL1 promotor and resulted in the increased expression of RBL1 only in 3D A549 cells. Inhibition of RBL1 enhanced the radioresistance and decreased the G2/M phase arrest induced by irradiation in 2D A549 and MCF7 cells. Overexpression of RBL1 sensitized 3D cultured A549 and MCF7 cells to irradiation. Taken together, to our knowledge, it is the first time to revealthat the low expression of RBL1 due to itself promotor methylation in 3D cells enhances the radioresistance. Our finding sheds a new light on understanding the features of the 3D cultured cell model and its application in basic research into cancer radiotherapy and medcine development.
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19
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Zhang Q, Xiong Y, Lin L, Yuan K. Analysis of related factors of surgical treatment effect on 215 patients with laryngeal cancer. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2786-2791. [PMID: 29456681 PMCID: PMC5795720 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the factors affecting the surgical treatment effect on patients with laryngeal cancer. The clinical data (including the sex, age, smoking index, drinking, primary tumor site, tumor (T) stage, lymph nodes (N) stage, tumor differentiation degree, tumor diameter, surgical method, lymph node metastasis and cervical lymph node dissection) of 215 patients with laryngeal cancer in The Central Hospital of Wuhan were analyzed retrospectively; the survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method; log-rank test was used for single-factor analysis, while Cox proportional hazard regression model was used for multiple-factor analysis. The 215 patients were followed up after surgical treatment. The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 96.2, 78.0 and 72.5%, respectively. The results of single-factor analysis showed that the age, primary tumor site, tumor differentiation degree, T stage, N stage, smoking index, tumor diameter and lymph node metastasis had significant influence on the postoperative curative effect on patients (P<0.05), but the patient's age, drinking and surgical method had no correlation with the postoperative curative effect (P>0.05). Multiple-factor analysis revealed that the primary tumor site, T stage, N stage and lymph node metastasis were the independent risk factors affecting the surgical effect on patients with laryngeal cancer. The survival rate of laryngeal cancer is decreased with the increase of T stage and N stage. The survival rate of patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer is higher than that of patients with glottic laryngeal cancer and subglottic laryngeal cancer, and the survival rate of patients with lymph node metastasis-positive laryngeal cancer is lower than that of patients with lymph node metastasis-negative laryngeal cancer. The main factors affecting the survival rate of laryngeal cancer are primary tumor site, T stage, N stage and lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Ling Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
| | - Kun Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430014, P.R. China
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20
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Zhong JT, Zhou SH. Warburg effect, hexokinase-II, and radioresistance of laryngeal carcinoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14133-14146. [PMID: 27823965 PMCID: PMC5355168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is now widely used as a part of multidisciplinary treatment approaches for advanced laryngeal carcinoma and preservation of laryngeal function. However, the mechanism of the radioresistance is still unclear. Some studies have revealed that the Warburg effect promotes the radioresistance of various malignant tumors, including laryngeal carcinoma. Among the regulators involved in the Warburg effect, hexokinase-II (HK-II) is a crucial glycolytic enzyme that catalyzes the first essential step of glucose metabolism. HK-II is reportedly highly expressed in some human solid carcinomas by many studies. But for laryngeal carcinoma, there is only one. Till now, no studies have directly targeted inhibited HK-II and enhanced the radiosensitivity of laryngeal carcinoma. Accumulating evidence has shown that dysregulated signaling pathways often result in HK-II overexpression. Here, we summarize recent advances in understanding the association among the Warburg effect, HK-II, and the radioresistance of laryngeal carcinoma. We speculate on the feasibility of enhancing radiosensitivity by targeted inhibiting HK-II signaling pathways in laryngeal carcinoma, which may provide a novel anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Tao Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shui-Hong Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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21
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Miura Y, Kaira K, Sakurai R, Imai H, Tomizawa Y, Sunaga N, Minato K, Hisada T, Oyama T, Yamada M. Prognostic effect of class III β-tubulin and Topoisomerase-II in patients with advanced thymic carcinoma who received combination chemotherapy, including taxanes or topoisomerase-II inhibitors. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:2369-2378. [PMID: 28789453 PMCID: PMC5530002 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) and Topoisomerase-II (topo-II) are considered to be the predictors of therapeutic efficacy and outcome in several types of human neoplasm. However, whether TUBB3 or topo-II may predict the response to combination chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with advanced thymic carcinoma (ATC) remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prognostic significance of TUBB3 and topo-II expression levels in ATC. A total of 34 patients with ATC who received combination chemotherapy were enrolled in the present study. Immunohistochemical analysis was used to examine the expression of TUBB3, topo-II and Ki-67 in tumor specimens obtained by surgical resection or biopsy. TUBB3 and topo-II were highly expressed in 38 and 53% of the tumors, respectively. Progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly shorter in patients with high levels of TUBB3 compared with those with low levels of TUBB3 (P<0.01), whereas no significant difference in PFS between patients with high and low topo-II expression levels was observed (P=0.31). Patients with overexpression of TUBB3 or topo-II exhibited significantly shorter overall survival rates (OS) compared with those patients with low levels of expression of these proteins (TUBB3; P=0.01, topo-II; P=0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that a high level of TUBB3 expression was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for OS, and a high level of topo-II expression tended to correlate with poor prognosis without statistical significance. Additionally, a subset analysis demonstrated that the treatment with taxanes, but not topo-II inhibitors, tended to prolong OS in patients with TUBB3 overexpression and there was significant survival advantage of chemoradiotherapy over chemotherapy in patients with topo-II overexpression. It was revealed that an enhanced expression of TUBB3 or topo-II was clearly associated with clinical outcomes in patients with ATC who received combination chemotherapy, including taxanes or topo-II inhibitors, suggesting the prognostic significance of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Miura
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Ota, Gunma 373-8550, Japan
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Kaira
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Department of Oncology Clinical Development, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Reiko Sakurai
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nishigunma Hospital, Shibukawa, Gunma 377-8511, Japan
| | - Hisao Imai
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Ota, Gunma 373-8550, Japan
| | - Yoshio Tomizawa
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Nishigunma Hospital, Shibukawa, Gunma 377-8511, Japan
| | - Noriaki Sunaga
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
- Oncology Center, Gunma University Hospital, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Koichi Minato
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Gunma Prefectural Cancer Center, Ota, Gunma 373-8550, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hisada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masanobu Yamada
- Department of Medicine and Molecular Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
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22
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Pan Y, Liu G, Zhou F, Su B, Li Y. DNA methylation profiles in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics. Clin Exp Med 2017; 18:1-14. [PMID: 28752221 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-017-0467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer initiation and proliferation is regulated by both epigenetic and genetic events with epigenetic modifications being increasingly identified as important targets for cancer research. DNA methylation catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) is one of the essential epigenetic mechanisms that control cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, cell cycle, and transformation in eukaryotes. Recent progress in epigenetics revealed a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and provided biomarkers for early detection, diagnosis, and prognosis in cancer patients. Although DNA methylation biomarker possesses potential contributing to precision medicine, there are still limitations to be overcome before it reaches clinical setting. Hence, the current status of DNA methylation biomarkers was reviewed and the future use in clinic was also predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbao Pan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Breast Tumor Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, Guangdong, China
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Fuling Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Bojin Su
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 6767 Bertner Ave, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Yirong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, No.169 Donghu Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Luo J, Wang W, Tang Y, Zhou D, Gao Y, Zhang Q, Zhou X, Zhu H, Xing L, Yu J. mRNA and methylation profiling of radioresistant esophageal cancer cells: the involvement of Sall2 in acquired aggressive phenotypes. J Cancer 2017; 8:646-656. [PMID: 28367244 PMCID: PMC5370508 DOI: 10.7150/jca.15652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the deadliest malignancies worldwide. Radiotherapy plays a critical role in the curative management of inoperable ESCC patients. However, radioresistance restricts the efficacy of radiotherapy for ESCC patients. The molecules involved in radioresistance remain largely unknown, and new approaches to sensitize cells to irradiation are in demand. Technical advances in analysis of mRNA and methylation have enabled the exploration of the etiology of diseases and have the potential to broaden our understanding of the molecular pathways of ESCC radioresistance. In this study, we constructed radioresistant TE-1 and Eca-109 cell lines (TE-1/R and Eca-109/R, respectively). The radioresistant cells showed an increased migration ability but reduced apoptosis and cisplatin sensitivity compared with their parent cells. mRNA and methylation profiling by microarray revealed 1192 preferentially expressed mRNAs and 8841 aberrantly methylated regions between TE-1/R and TE-1 cells. By integrating the mRNA and methylation profiles, we related the decreased expression of transcription factor Sall2 with a corresponding increase in its methylation in TE-1/R cells, indicating its involvement in radioresistance. Upregulation of Sall2 decreased the growth and migration advantage of radioresistant ESCC cells. Taken together, our present findings illustrate the mRNA and DNA methylation changes during the radioresistance of ESCC and the important role of Sall2 in esophageal cancer malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judong Luo
- Medical college of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,China
| | - Yiting Tang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dandan Zhou
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,China
| | - Yi Gao
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection and Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu,China
| | - Xifa Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ligang Xing
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital affiliated to Shandong University; Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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24
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Gao XH, Li J, Liu Y, Liu QZ, Hao LQ, Liu LJ, Zhang W. ZNF148 modulates TOP2A expression and cell proliferation via ceRNA regulatory mechanism in colorectal cancer. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5845. [PMID: 28072746 PMCID: PMC5228706 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulation is a novel hypothesized mechanism that states RNA molecules share common target microRNAs (miRNAs) and may competitively combine into the same miRNA pool. METHODS Zinc finger protein 148 (ZNF148) and TOP2A expression were analyzed in 742 colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues using immunohistochemistry (IHC). ZNF148 mRNA, TOP2A mRNA, miR101, miR144, miR335, and miR365 expression were estimated in 53 fresh frozen CRC tissues by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Mechanisms underpinning ceRNA were examined using bioinformatics, correlation analysis, RNA interference, gene over-expression, and luciferase assays. RESULTS Protein levels of ZNF148 and TOP2A detected by IHC positively correlated (Spearman correlation coefficient [rs] = 0.431, P < 0.001); mRNA levels of ZNF148 and TOP2A also positively correlated (r = 0.591, P < 0.001). Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that ZNF148 and TOP2A mRNA had 13 common target miRNAs, including miR101, miR144, miR335, and miR365. Correlation analysis demonstrated that levels of ZNF148 mRNA were negatively associated with levels of miR144, miR335, and miR365. Knockdown and overexpression tests showed that ZNF148 mRNA and TOP2A mRNA regulated each other in HCT116 cells, respectively, but not in Dicer-deficient HCT116 cells. Luciferase assays demonstrated that ZNF148 and TOP2A regulated each other through 3'UTR. Overexpression of ZNF148 mRNA and TOP2A mRNA caused significant downregulation of miR101, miR144, miR335, and miR365 in the HCT116 cells. We also found that knockdown of ZNF148 and TOP2A significantly promoted cell growth, and overexpression of ZNF148 and TOP2A inhibited cell proliferation, which was abrogated in Dicer-deficient HCT116 cells. CONCLUSION ZNF148 and TOP2A regulate each other through ceRNA regulatory mechanism in CRC, which has biological effects on cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Hua Gao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Juan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Zhi Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Li Qiang Hao
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Lian Jie Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University
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25
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Kim SY, Shin DY, Kim SM, Lee M, Kim EJ. Aberrant DNA methylation-induced gene inactivation is associated with the diagnosis and/or therapy of T-cell leukemias. Leuk Res 2016; 47:116-22. [PMID: 27318093 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2016.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes is known to play an important role in the development of many tumors, and aberrant DNA hypermethylation was recently identified in hematologic malignancies, where it is thought to hold relevance in leukemogenesis. Here, we report that there are differences in the DNA methylation patterns seen in normal peripheral blood and two T-cell leukemia cell lines. We identify nine genes (CLEC4E, CR1, DBC1, EPO, HAL-DOA, IGF2, IL12B, ITGA1, and LMX1B) that are significantly hypermethylated in T-cell leukemias cell lines, and suggest that aberrant hypermethylation of these normally unmethylated genes may induce their transcriptional and expressional silencing. Furthermore, we observed that the expression levels of DNMT1 and DNMT3a were significantly decreased by 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC), which is a demethylation agent known to deplete DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) in leukemia cancer cells and restore the expression levels of their target genes in Jurkat cells. This result suggests that the overexpression of DNMTs could contribute to the development of T-cell leukemias by inducing hypermethylation of the target genes. Together, our results show that aberrant hypermethylation is an important molecular mechanism in the progression of T-cell leukemias, and thus could prove useful as a prognostic and/or diagnostic marker. Moreover, 5-Aza-dC might be a promising candidate for the treatment of T-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Dong-Yeop Shin
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sang-Man Kim
- Health Services Management, KH School of Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea
| | - Minyoung Lee
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.
| | - Eun Ju Kim
- Division of Radiation Effect, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea; Health Services Management, KH School of Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea.
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