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Casciati A, Pasquali E, De Stefano I, Braga-Tanaka I, Tanaka S, Mancuso M, Antonelli F, Pazzaglia S. Role of Apolipoprotein E in the Hippocampus and Its Impact following Ionizing Radiation Exposure. Cells 2024; 13:899. [PMID: 38891031 PMCID: PMC11171511 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a lipid carrier in both the peripheral and the central nervous systems (CNSs). Lipid-loaded ApoE lipoprotein particles bind to several cell surface receptors to support membrane homeostasis and brain injury repair. In the brain, ApoE is produced predominantly by astrocytes, but it is also abundantly expressed in most neurons of the CNS. In this study, we addressed the role of ApoE in the hippocampus in mice, focusing on its role in response to radiation injury. To this aim, 8-week-old, wild-type, and ApoE-deficient (ApoE-/-) female mice were acutely whole-body irradiated with 3 Gy of X-rays (0.89 Gy/min), then sacrificed 150 days post-irradiation. In addition, age-matching ApoE-/- females were chronically whole-body irradiated (20 mGy/d, cumulative dose of 3 Gy) for 150 days at the low dose-rate facility at the Institute of Environmental Sciences (IES), Rokkasho, Japan. To seek for ApoE-dependent modification during lineage progression from neural stem cells to neurons, we have evaluated the cellular composition of the dentate gyrus in unexposed and irradiated mice using stage-specific markers of adult neurogenesis. Our findings indicate that ApoE genetic inactivation markedly perturbs adult hippocampal neurogenesis in unexposed and irradiated mice. The effect of ApoE inactivation on the expression of a panel of miRNAs with an established role in hippocampal neurogenesis, as well as its transcriptional consequences in their target genes regulating neurogenic program, have also been analyzed. Our data show that the absence of ApoE-/- also influences synaptic functionality and integration by interfering with the regulation of mir-34a, mir-29b, and mir-128b, leading to the downregulation of synaptic markers PSD95 and synaptophysin mRNA. Finally, compared to acute irradiation, chronic exposure of ApoE null mice yields fewer consequences except for the increased microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Exploring the function of ApoE in the hippocampus could have implications for developing therapeutic approaches to alleviate radiation-induced brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Casciati
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (E.P.); (I.D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Emanuela Pasquali
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (E.P.); (I.D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ilaria De Stefano
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (E.P.); (I.D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Ignacia Braga-Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho 039-3212, Japan; (I.B.-T.); (S.T.)
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Rokkasho 039-3212, Japan; (I.B.-T.); (S.T.)
| | - Mariateresa Mancuso
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (E.P.); (I.D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesca Antonelli
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (E.P.); (I.D.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Simonetta Pazzaglia
- Division Health Protection Technologies, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), 00123 Rome, Italy; (A.C.); (E.P.); (I.D.S.); (M.M.)
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Davis TM, Luca K, Sudmeier LJ, Buchwald ZS, Khan MK, Yang X, Schreibmann E, Zhang J, Roper J. Total scalp irradiation: A study comparing multiple types of bolus and VMAT optimization techniques. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2024; 25:e14260. [PMID: 38243628 PMCID: PMC11005987 DOI: 10.1002/acm2.14260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate bolus design and VMAT optimization settings for total scalp irradiation. METHODS Three silicone bolus designs (flat, hat, and custom) from .decimal were evaluated for adherence to five anthropomorphic head phantoms. Flat bolus was cut from a silicone sheet. Generic hat bolus resembles an elongated swim cap while custom bolus is manufactured by injecting silicone into a 3D printed mold. Bolus placement time was recorded. Air gaps between bolus and scalp were quantified on CT images. The dosimetric effect of air gaps on target coverage was evaluated in a treatment planning study where the scalp was planned to 60 Gy in 30 fractions. A noncoplanar VMAT technique based on gEUD penalties was investigated that explored the full range of gEUD alpha values to determine which settings achieve sufficient target coverage while minimizing brain dose. ANOVA and the t-test were used to evaluate statistically significant differences (threshold = 0.05). RESULTS The flat bolus took 32 ± 5.9 min to construct and place, which was significantly longer (p < 0.001) compared with 0.67 ± 0.2 min for the generic hat bolus or 0.53 ± 0.10 min for the custom bolus. The air gap volumes were 38 ± 9.3 cc, 32 ± 14 cc, and 17 ± 7.0 cc for the flat, hat, and custom boluses, respectively. While the air gap differences between the flat and custom boluses were significant (p = 0.011), there were no significant dosimetric differences in PTV coverage at V57Gy or V60Gy. In the VMAT optimization study, a gEUD alpha of 2 was found to minimize the mean brain dose. CONCLUSIONS Two challenging aspects of total scalp irradiation were investigated: bolus design and plan optimization. Results from this study show opportunities to shorten bolus fabrication time during simulation and create high quality treatment plans using a straightforward VMAT template with simple optimization settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanisha M. Davis
- Medical Dosimetry ProgramSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondaleIllinoisUSA
- Department of Radiation OncologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Kirk Luca
- Department of Radiation OncologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Lisa J. Sudmeier
- Department of Radiation OncologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Mohammad K. Khan
- Department of Radiation OncologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Radiation OncologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | | | - Jiahan Zhang
- Department of Radiation OncologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Justin Roper
- Department of Radiation OncologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Dauer LT, Walsh L, Mumma MT, Cohen SS, Golden AP, Howard SC, Roemer GE, Boice JD. Moon, Mars and Minds: Evaluating Parkinson's disease mortality among U.S. radiation workers and veterans in the million person study of low-dose effects. Z Med Phys 2024; 34:100-110. [PMID: 37537100 PMCID: PMC10919963 DOI: 10.1016/j.zemedi.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation is one of the most important stressors related to missions in space beyond Earth's orbit. Epidemiologic studies of exposed workers have reported elevated rates of Parkinson's disease. The importance of cognitive dysfunction related to low-dose rate radiation in humans is not defined. A meta-analysis was conducted of six cohorts in the Million Person Study (MPS) of low-dose health effects to learn whether there is consistent evidence that Parkinson's disease is associated with radiation dose to brain. MATERIALS AND METHODS The MPS evaluates all causes of death among U.S. radiation workers and veterans, including Parkinson's disease. Systematic and consistent methods are applied to study all categories of workers including medical radiation workers, industrial radiographers, nuclear power plant workers, atomic veterans, and Manhattan Projects workers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and at Rocky Flats. Consistent methods for all cohorts are used to estimate organ-specific doses and to obtain vital status and cause of death. RESULTS The meta-analysis include 6 cohorts within the MPS, consisting of 517,608 workers and 17,219,001 person-years of observation. The mean dose to brain ranged from 6.9 to 47.6 mGy and the maximum dose from 0.76 to 2.7 Gy. Five of the 6 cohorts revealed positive associations with Parkinson's disease. The overall summary estimate from the meta-analysis was statistically significant based on 1573 deaths due to Parkinson's disease. The summary excess relative risk at 100 mGy was 0.17 (95% CI: 0.05; 0.29). CONCLUSIONS Parkinson's disease was positively associated with radiation in the MPS cohorts indicating the need for careful evaluation as to causality in other studies, delineation of possible mechanisms, and assessing possible implications for space travel as well as radiation protection guidance for terrestrial workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence T Dauer
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Linda Walsh
- Department of Physics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michael T Mumma
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center's International Epidemiology Field Station, Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Ashley P Golden
- ORISE Health Studies Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Sara C Howard
- ORISE Health Studies Program, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Grace E Roemer
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John D Boice
- National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, USA; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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Arif WM, Elsinga PH, Steenbakkers RJ, Noordzij W, Barazzuol L, Siang KNW, Brouwer CL, Giacobbo BL, Dierckx RA, Borra RJ, Luurtsema G. Effects of proton therapy on regional [ 18F]FDG uptake in non-tumor brain regions of patients treated for head and neck cancer. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2023; 42:100652. [PMID: 37415639 PMCID: PMC10320497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2023.100652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Previous pre-clinical research using [18F]FDG-PET has shown that whole-brain photon-based radiotherapy can affect brain glucose metabolism. This study, aimed to investigate how these findings translate into regional changes in brain [18F]FDG uptake in patients with head and neck cancer treated with intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT). Materials and methods Twenty-three head and neck cancer patients treated with IMPT and available [18F]FDG scans before and at 3 months follow-up were retrospectively evaluated. Regional assessment of the [18F]FDG standardized uptake value (SUV) parameters and radiation dose in the left (L) and right (R) hippocampi, L and R occipital lobes, cerebellum, temporal lobe, L and R parietal lobes and frontal lobe were evaluated to understand the relationship between regional changes in SUV metrics and radiation dose. Results Three months after IMPT, [18F]FDG brain uptake calculated using SUVmean and SUVmax, was significantly higher than that before IMPT. The absolute SUVmean after IMPT was significantly higher than before IMPT in seven regions of the brain (p ≤ 0.01), except for the R (p = 0.11) and L (p = 0.15) hippocampi. Absolute and relative changes were variably correlated with the regional maximum and mean doses received in most of the brain regions. Conclusion Our findings suggest that 3 months after completion of IMPT for head and neck cancer, significant increases in the uptake of [18F]FDG (reflected by SUVmean and SUVmax) can be detected in several individual key brain regions, and when evaluated jointly, it shows a negative correlation with the mean dose. Future studies are needed to assess whether and how these results could be used for the early identification of patients at risk for adverse cognitive effects of radiation doses in non-tumor tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wejdan M. Arif
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
- King Saud University, College of Applied Medical Science, Department of Radiological Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Roel J.H.M. Steenbakkers
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Walter Noordzij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kelvin N.G. Wei Siang
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte L. Brouwer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Radiation Oncology, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Lima Giacobbo
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rudi A.J.O. Dierckx
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald J.H. Borra
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gert Luurtsema
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, the Netherlands
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Oyefeso FA, Goldberg G, Opoku NYPS, Vazquez M, Bertucci A, Chen Z, Wang C, Muotri AR, Pecaut MJ. Effects of acute low-moderate dose ionizing radiation to human brain organoids. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282958. [PMID: 37256873 PMCID: PMC10231836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Human exposure to low-to-moderate dose ionizing radiation (LMD-IR) is increasing via environmental, medical, occupational sources. Acute exposure to LMD-IR can cause subclinical damage to cells, resulting in altered gene expression and cellular function within the human brain. It has been difficult to identify diagnostic and predictive biomarkers of exposure using traditional research models due to factors including lack of 3D structure in monolayer cell cultures, limited ability of animal models to accurately predict human responses, and technical limitations of studying functional human brain tissue. To address this gap, we generated brain/cerebral organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells to study the radiosensitivity of human brain cells, including neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. While organoids have become popular models for studying brain physiology and pathology, there is little evidence to confirm that exposing brain organoids to LMD-IR will recapitulate previous in vitro and in vivo observations. We hypothesized that exposing brain organoids to proton radiation would (1) cause a time- and dose-dependent increase in DNA damage, (2) induce cell type-specific differences in radiosensitivity, and (3) increase expression of oxidative stress and DNA damage response genes. Organoids were exposed to 0.5 or 2 Gy of 250 MeV protons and samples were collected at 30 minute, 24 hour, and 48 hour timepoints. Using immunofluorescence and RNA sequencing, we found time- and dose-dependent increases in DNA damage in irradiated organoids; no changes in cell populations for neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes by 24 hours; decreased expression of genes related to oligodendrocyte lineage, astrocyte lineage, mitochondrial function, and cell cycle progression by 48 hours; increased expression of genes related to neuron lineage, oxidative stress, and DNA damage checkpoint regulation by 48 hours. Our findings demonstrate the possibility of using organoids to characterize cell-specific radiosensitivity and early radiation-induced gene expression changes within the human brain, providing new avenues for further study of the mechanisms underlying acute neural cell responses to IR exposure at low-to-moderate doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foluwasomi A. Oyefeso
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nana Yaa P. S. Opoku
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Marcelo Vazquez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Antonella Bertucci
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Charles Wang
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Alysson R. Muotri
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Pecaut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny (CARTA), Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, Archealization Center (ArchC), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Srivastava T, Chirikova E, Birk S, Xiong F, Benzouak T, Liu JY, Villeneuve PJ, Zablotska LB. Exposure to Ionizing Radiation and Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Radiat Res 2023; 199:490-505. [PMID: 37293601 PMCID: PMC10249679 DOI: 10.1667/rade-22-00153.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The number of people living with dementia is rising globally as life expectancy increases. Dementia is a multifactorial disease. Due to the ubiquity of radiation exposure in medical and occupational settings, the potential association between radiation and dementia, and its subtypes (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease), is of particular importance. There has also been an increased interest in studying radiation induced dementia risks in connection with the long-term manned space travel proposed by The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Our aim was to systematically review the literature on this topic, and use meta-analysis to generate a summary measure of association, assess publication bias and explore sources of heterogeneity across studies. We identified five types of exposed populations for this review: 1. survivors of atomic bombings in Japan; 2. patients treated with radiation therapy for cancer or other diseases; 3. occupationally exposed workers; 4. those exposed to environmental radiation; and 5. patients exposed to radiation from diagnostic radiation imaging procedures. We included studies that considered incident or mortality outcomes for dementia and its subtypes. Following PRISMA guidelines, we systematically searched the published literature indexed in PubMed between 2001 and 2022. We then abstracted the relevant articles, conducted a risk-of-bias assessment, and fit random effects models using the published risk estimates. After we applied our eligibility criteria, 18 studies were identified for review and retained for meta-analysis. For dementia (all subtypes), the summary relative risk was 1.11 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.18; P = 0.001) comparing individuals receiving 100 mSv of radiation to those with no exposure. The corresponding summary relative risk for Parkinson's disease incidence and mortality was 1.12 (95% CI 1.07, 1.17; P <0.001). Our results provide evidence that exposure to ionizing radiation increases the risk of dementia. However, our findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of included studies. Longitudinal studies with improved exposure characterization, incident outcomes, larger sample size, and the ability to adjust for effects of potential confounders are needed to better assess the possible causal link between ionizing radiation and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Srivastava
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Ekaterina Chirikova
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Sapriya Birk
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Fanxiu Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Tarek Benzouak
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Jane Y. Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
| | - Paul J. Villeneuve
- Department of Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
| | - Lydia B. Zablotska
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143
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Benković V, Milić M, Oršolić N, Horvat Knežević A, Brozović G, Borojević N. Brain DNA damaging effects of volatile anesthetics and 1 and 2 Gy gamma irradiation in vivo: Preliminary results. Toxicol Ind Health 2023; 39:67-80. [PMID: 36602468 DOI: 10.1177/07482337221145599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Although both can cause DNA damage, the combined impact of volatile anesthetics halothane/sevoflurane/isoflurane and radiotherapeutic exposure on sensitive brain cells in vivo has not been previously analyzed. Healthy Swiss albino male mice (240 in total, 48 groups) were exposed to either halothane/sevoflurane/isoflurane therapeutic doses alone (2 h); 1 or 2 gray of gamma radiation alone; or combined exposure. Frontal lobe brain samples from five animals were taken immediately and 2, 6, and 24 h after exposure. DNA damage and cellular repair index were analyzed using the alkaline comet assay and the tail intensity parameter. Elevated tail intensity levels for sevoflurane/halothane were the highest at 6 h and returned to baseline within 24 h for sevoflurane, but not for halothane, while isoflurane treatment caused lower tail intensity than control values. Combined exposure demonstrated a slightly halothane/sevoflurane protective and isoflurane protective effect, which was stronger for 2 than for 1 gray. Cellular repair indices and tail intensity histograms indicated different modes of action in DNA damage creation. Isoflurane/sevoflurane/halothane preconditioning demonstrated protective effects in sensitive brain cells in vivo. Owing to the constant increases in the combined use of radiotherapy and volatile anesthetics, further studies should explore the mechanisms behind these effects, including longer and multiple exposure treatments and in vivo brain tumor models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesna Benković
- Faculty of Science, 117036University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, 118938Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nada Oršolić
- Faculty of Science, 117036University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Gordana Brozović
- Department of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and ICU, University Hospital for Tumors, 499232Sestre Milosrdnice University Hospital Centre, Zagreb, Croatia.,Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, 84992University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - Nikola Borojević
- 8256Warrington and Halton Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Warrington, UK
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Kolesnik OV, Rozhko TV, Kudryasheva NS. Marine Bacteria under Low-Intensity Radioactive Exposure: Model Experiments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010410. [PMID: 36613854 PMCID: PMC9820739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioactive contaminants create problems all over world, involving marine ecosystems, with their ecological importance increasing in the future. The review focuses on bioeffects of a series of alpha and beta emitting radioisotopes (americium-241, uranium-(235 + 238), thorium-232, and tritium) and gamma radiation. Low-intensity exposures are under special consideration. Great attention has been paid to luminous marine bacteria as representatives of marine microorganisms and a conventional bioassay system. This bioassay uses bacterial bioluminescence intensity as the main testing physiological parameter; currently, it is widely applied due to its simplicity and sensitivity. Dependences of the bacterial luminescence response on the exposure time and irradiation intensity were reviewed, and applicability of hormetic or threshold models was discussed. A number of aspects of molecular intracellular processes under exposure to low-intensity radiation were analyzed: (a) changes in the rates of enzymatic processes in bacteria with the bioluminescent system of coupled enzymatic reactions of NADH:FMN-oxidoreductase and bacterial luciferase taken as an example; (b) consumption of an intracellular reducer, NADH; (c) active role of reactive oxygen species; (d) repairing of the DNA damage. The results presented confirm the function of humic substances as natural radioprotectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Kolesnik
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center ‘Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS’, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Biophysics Department, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Rozhko
- FSBEI HE V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky KrasSMU MOH, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Nadezhda S. Kudryasheva
- Institute of Biophysics SB RAS, Federal Research Center ‘Krasnoyarsk Science Center SB RAS’, 660036 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Biophysics Department, Siberian Federal University, 660041 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
- Correspondence:
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9
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Pazzaglia S, Eidemüller M, Lumniczky K, Mancuso M, Ramadan R, Stolarczyk L, Moertl S. Out-of-field effects: lessons learned from partial body exposure. RADIATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOPHYSICS 2022; 61:485-504. [PMID: 36001144 PMCID: PMC9722818 DOI: 10.1007/s00411-022-00988-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Partial body exposure and inhomogeneous dose delivery are features of the majority of medical and occupational exposure situations. However, mounting evidence indicates that the effects of partial body exposure are not limited to the irradiated area but also have systemic effects that are propagated outside the irradiated field. It was the aim of the "Partial body exposure" session within the MELODI workshop 2020 to discuss recent developments and insights into this field by covering clinical, epidemiological, dosimetric as well as mechanistic aspects. Especially the impact of out-of-field effects on dysfunctions of immune cells, cardiovascular diseases and effects on the brain were debated. The presentations at the workshop acknowledged the relevance of out-of-field effects as components of the cellular and organismal radiation response. Furthermore, their importance for the understanding of radiation-induced pathologies, for the discovery of early disease biomarkers and for the identification of high-risk organs after inhomogeneous exposure was emphasized. With the rapid advancement of clinical treatment modalities, including new dose rates and distributions a better understanding of individual health risk is urgently needed. To achieve this, a deeper mechanistic understanding of out-of-field effects in close connection to improved modelling was suggested as priorities for future research. This will support the amelioration of risk models and the personalization of risk assessments for cancer and non-cancer effects after partial body irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Pazzaglia
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA CR-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - M. Eidemüller
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K. Lumniczky
- Department of Radiobiology and Radiohygiene, Unit of Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Centre, Albert Florian u. 2-6, 1097 Budapest, Hungary
| | - M. Mancuso
- Laboratory of Biomedical Technologies, ENEA CR-Casaccia, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Rome, Italy
| | - R. Ramadan
- Radiobiology Unit, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), Mol, Belgium
| | - L. Stolarczyk
- Danish Centre for Particle Therapy, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 25, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - S. Moertl
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany
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10
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Kuthala N, Shanmugam M, Yao CL, Chiang CS, Hwang KC. One step synthesis of 10B-enriched 10BPO4 nanoparticles for effective boron neutron capture therapeutic treatment of recurrent head-and-neck tumor. Biomaterials 2022; 290:121861. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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11
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Jebelli J, Hamper MC, Van Quelef D, Caraballo D, Hartmann J, Kumi-Diaka J. The Potential Therapeutic Effects of Low-Dose Ionizing Radiation in Alzheimer's Disease. Cureus 2022; 14:e23461. [PMID: 35371871 PMCID: PMC8958987 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dementia is an umbrella term used to describe a loss of cognitive function which results in the interference of an individual's daily life and activities. The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer’s is classified as a progressive, debilitating neurodegenerative disease that results in disturbances to a patient’s higher executive function, memory, language, and visuospatial orientation. Despite extensive research on Alzheimer’s dementia, including both available and potential therapeutic modalities, this neurodegenerative disease is incurable and will continue to pose a major public health concern. Current treatment options for Alzheimer’s focus on symptom management and/or delaying the progression of the disease. Therefore, new treatment strategies must be developed to combat such a deadly disease. One field of medicine that has garnered significant interest from researchers to potentially treat Alzheimer’s is low-dose ionizing radiation. Various reports suggest that the brain’s exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation may serve as a therapeutic modality for combating neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s dementia. This article serves as a review of the current available treatments for Alzheimer’s disease and discusses recent studies that provide evidence for the potential use of low-dose ionizing radiation as a therapeutic in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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12
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Abstract
During evolution, the cerebral cortex advances by increasing in surface and the introduction of new cytoarchitectonic areas among which the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is considered to be the substrate of highest cognitive functions. Although neurons of the PFC are generated before birth, the differentiation of its neurons and development of synaptic connections in humans extend to the 3rd decade of life. During this period, synapses as well as neurotransmitter systems including their receptors and transporters, are initially overproduced followed by selective elimination. Advanced methods applied to human and animal models, enable investigation of the cellular mechanisms and role of specific genes, non-coding regulatory elements and signaling molecules in control of prefrontal neuronal production and phenotypic fate, as well as neuronal migration to establish layering of the PFC. Likewise, various genetic approaches in combination with functional assays and immunohistochemical and imaging methods reveal roles of neurotransmitter systems during maturation of the PFC. Disruption, or even a slight slowing of the rate of neuronal production, migration and synaptogenesis by genetic or environmental factors, can induce gross as well as subtle changes that eventually can lead to cognitive impairment. An understanding of the development and evolution of the PFC provide insight into the pathogenesis and treatment of congenital neuropsychiatric diseases as well as idiopathic developmental disorders that cause intellectual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Kolk
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour and Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Pasko Rakic
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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13
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Anatomic and metabolic alterations in the rodent frontal cortex caused by clinically relevant fractionated whole-brain irradiation. Neurochem Int 2022; 154:105293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Craeghs L, Callaerts-Vegh Z, Verslegers M, Van der Jeugd A, Govaerts K, Dresselaers T, Wogensen E, Verreet T, Moons L, Benotmane MA, Himmelreich U, D'Hooge R. Prenatal Radiation Exposure Leads to Higher-Order Telencephalic Dysfunctions in Adult Mice That Coincide with Reduced Synaptic Plasticity and Cerebral Hypersynchrony. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:3525-3541. [PMID: 34902856 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher-order telencephalic circuitry has been suggested to be especially vulnerable to irradiation or other developmentally toxic impact. This report details the adult effects of prenatal irradiation at a sensitive time point on clinically relevant brain functions controlled by telencephalic regions, hippocampus (HPC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Pregnant C57Bl6/J mice were whole-body irradiated at embryonic day 11 (start of neurogenesis) with X-ray intensities of 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 Gy. Female offspring completed a broad test battery of HPC-/PFC-controlled tasks that included cognitive performance, fear extinction, exploratory, and depression-like behaviors. We examined neural functions that are mechanistically related to these behavioral and cognitive changes, such as hippocampal field potentials and long-term potentiation, functional brain connectivity (by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging), and expression of HPC vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (by immunohistochemical quantification). Prenatally exposed mice displayed several higher-order dysfunctions, such as decreased nychthemeral activity, working memory defects, delayed extinction of threat-evoked response suppression as well as indications of perseverative behavior. Electrophysiological examination indicated impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Prenatal irradiation also induced cerebral hypersynchrony and increased the number of glutamatergic HPC terminals. These changes in brain connectivity and plasticity could mechanistically underlie the irradiation-induced defects in higher telencephalic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livine Craeghs
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Zsuzsanna Callaerts-Vegh
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mieke Verslegers
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Safety, Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Ann Van der Jeugd
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Kristof Govaerts
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Research Group Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tom Dresselaers
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Research Group Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Elise Wogensen
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Tine Verreet
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Safety, Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Lieve Moons
- Department of Biology, Research Group Neural Circuit Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mohammed A Benotmane
- Department of Radiobiology, Institute for Environmental Health and Safety, Nuclear Research Center (SCK CEN), Mol 2400, Belgium
| | - Uwe Himmelreich
- Department of Imaging & Pathology, Research Group Biomedical MRI, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rudi D'Hooge
- Department of Brain & Cognition, Research Group Biological Psychology, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven 3000, Belgium
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15
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Narasimhamurthy RK, Mumbrekar KD, Satish Rao BS. Effects of low dose ionizing radiation on the brain- a functional, cellular, and molecular perspective. Toxicology 2021; 465:153030. [PMID: 34774978 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.153030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the years, the advancement of radio diagnostic imaging tools and techniques has radically improved the diagnosis of different pathophysiological conditions, accompanied by increased exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation. Though the consequences of high dose radiation exposure on humans are very well comprehended, the more publicly relevant effects of low dose radiation (LDR) (≤100 mGy) exposure on the biological system remain ambiguous. The central nervous system, predominantly the developing brain with more neuronal precursor cells, is exceptionally radiosensitive and thus more liable to neurological insult even at low doses, as shown through several rodent studies. Further molecular studies have unraveled the various inflammatory and signaling mechanisms involved in cellular damage and repair that drive these physiological alterations that lead to functional alterations. Interestingly, few studies also claim that LDR exerts therapeutic effects on the brain by initiating an adaptive response. The present review summarizes the current understanding of the effects of low dose radiation at functional, cellular, and molecular levels and the various risks and benefits associated with it based on the evidence available from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. Although the consensus indicates minimum consequences, the overall evidence suggests that LDR can bring about considerable neurological effects in the exposed individual, and hence a re-evaluation of the LDR usage levels and frequency of exposure is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha K Narasimhamurthy
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Kamalesh D Mumbrekar
- Department of Radiation Biology and Toxicology, Manipal School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - B S Satish Rao
- Research Directorate Office, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
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16
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Kundu P, Zimmerman B, Perez R, Whitlow CT, Cline JM, Olson JD, Andrews RN, Raber J. Apolipoprotein E levels in the amygdala and prefrontal cortex predict relative regional brain volumes in irradiated Rhesus macaques. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22130. [PMID: 34764354 PMCID: PMC8585884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays an important role in lipid transport and response to environmental and age-related challenges, including neuronal repair following injury. While much has been learned from radiation studies in rodents, a gap in our knowledge is how radiation might affect the brain in primates. This is important for assessing risk to the brain following radiotherapy as part of cancer treatment or environmental radiation exposure as part of a nuclear accident, bioterrorism, or a nuclear attack. In this study, we investigated the effects of ionizing radiation on brain volumes and apoE levels in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus of Rhesus macaques that were part of the Nonhuman Primate Radiation Survivor Cohort at the Wake Forest University. This unique cohort is composed of Rhesus macaques that had previously received single total body doses of 6.5-8.05 Gy of ionizing radiation. Regional apoE levels predicted regional volume in the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex. In addition, apoE levels in the amygdala, but not the hippocampus, strongly predicted relative hippocampal volume. Finally, radiation dose negatively affected relative hippocampal volume when apoE levels in the amygdala were controlled for, suggesting a protective compensatory role of regional apoE levels following radiation exposure. In a supplementary analysis, there also was a robust positive relationship between the neuroprotective protein α-klotho and apoE levels in the amygdala, further supporting the potentially protective role of apoE. Increased understanding of the effects of IR in the primate brain and the role of apoE in the irradiated brain could inform future therapies to mitigate the adverse effects of IR on the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payel Kundu
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Benjamin Zimmerman
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ruby Perez
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Christopher T Whitlow
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Informatics & Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest University, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - J Mark Cline
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Informatics & Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest University, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - John D Olson
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Rachel N Andrews
- Department of Radiology, Radiology Informatics & Image Processing Laboratory (RIIPL), Wake Forest University, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
- Division of Neuroscience, Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, ONPRC, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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17
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Mhatre SD, Iyer J, Puukila S, Paul AM, Tahimic CGT, Rubinstein L, Lowe M, Alwood JS, Sowa MB, Bhattacharya S, Globus RK, Ronca AE. Neuro-consequences of the spaceflight environment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 132:908-935. [PMID: 34767877 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As human space exploration advances to establish a permanent presence beyond the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) with NASA's Artemis mission, researchers are striving to understand and address the health challenges of living and working in the spaceflight environment. Exposure to ionizing radiation, microgravity, isolation and other spaceflight hazards pose significant risks to astronauts. Determining neurobiological and neurobehavioral responses, understanding physiological responses under Central Nervous System (CNS) control, and identifying putative mechanisms to inform countermeasure development are critically important to ensuring brain and behavioral health of crew on long duration missions. Here we provide a detailed and comprehensive review of the effects of spaceflight and of ground-based spaceflight analogs, including simulated weightlessness, social isolation, and ionizing radiation on humans and animals. Further, we discuss dietary and non-dietary countermeasures including artificial gravity and antioxidants, among others. Significant future work is needed to ensure that neural, sensorimotor, cognitive and other physiological functions are maintained during extended deep space missions to avoid potentially catastrophic health and safety outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhita D Mhatre
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; KBR, Houston, TX, 77002, USA; COSMIAC Research Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Janani Iyer
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Stephanie Puukila
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA; Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Amber M Paul
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; KBR, Houston, TX, 77002, USA; Department of Biology, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Linda Rubinstein
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD, 21046, USA
| | - Moniece Lowe
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Marianne B Sowa
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Sharmila Bhattacharya
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Ruth K Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - April E Ronca
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA; Wake Forest Medical School, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA.
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18
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Gorbunov NV, Kiang JG. Brain Damage and Patterns of Neurovascular Disorder after Ionizing Irradiation. Complications in Radiotherapy and Radiation Combined Injury. Radiat Res 2021; 196:1-16. [PMID: 33979447 PMCID: PMC8297540 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00147.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to ionizing radiation, mechanical trauma, toxic chemicals or infections, or combinations thereof (i.e., combined injury) can induce organic injury to brain tissues, the structural disarrangement of interactive networks of neurovascular and glial cells, as well as on arrays of the paracrine and systemic destruction. This leads to subsequent decline in cognitive capacity and decompensation of mental health. There is an ongoing need for improvement in mitigating and treating radiation- or combined injury-induced brain injury. Cranial irradiation per se can cause a multifactorial encephalopathy that occurs in a radiation dose- and time-dependent manner due to differences in radiosensitivity among the various constituents of brain parenchyma and vasculature. Of particular concern are the radiosensitivity and inflammation susceptibility of: 1. the neurogenic and oligodendrogenic niches in the subependymal and hippocampal domains; and 2. the microvascular endothelium. Thus, cranial or total-body irradiation can cause a plethora of biochemical and cellular disorders in brain tissues, including: 1. decline in neurogenesis and oligodendrogenesis; 2. impairment of the blood-brain barrier; and 3. ablation of vascular capillary. These changes, along with cerebrovascular inflammation, underlie different stages of encephalopathy, from the early protracted stage to the late delayed stage. It is evident that ionizing radiation combined with other traumatic insults such as penetrating wound, burn, blast, systemic infection and chemotherapy, among others, can exacerbate the radiation sequelae (and vice versa) with increasing severity of neurogenic and microvascular patterns of radiation brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juliann G. Kiang
- Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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19
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Out-of-Field Hippocampus from Partial-Body Irradiated Mice Displays Changes in Multi-Omics Profile and Defects in Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084290. [PMID: 33924260 PMCID: PMC8074756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain undergoes ionizing radiation exposure in many clinical situations, particularly during radiotherapy for brain tumors. The critical role of the hippocampus in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced neurocognitive dysfunction is well recognized. The goal of this study is to test the potential contribution of non-targeted effects in the detrimental response of the hippocampus to irradiation and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. C57Bl/6 mice were whole body (WBI) or partial body (PBI) irradiated with 0.1 or 2.0 Gy of X-rays or sham irradiated. PBI consisted of the exposure of the lower third of the mouse body, whilst the upper two thirds were shielded. Hippocampi were collected 15 days or 6 months post-irradiation and a multi-omics approach was adopted to assess the molecular changes in non-coding RNAs, proteins and metabolic levels, as well as histological changes in the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis. Notably, at 2.0 Gy the pattern of early molecular and histopathological changes induced in the hippocampus at 15 days following PBI were similar in quality and quantity to the effects induced by WBI, thus providing a proof of principle of the existence of out-of-target radiation response in the hippocampus of conventional mice. We detected major alterations in DAG/IP3 and TGF-β signaling pathways as well as in the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity and synapse organization, coupled with defects in neural stem cells self-renewal in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, compared to the persistence of the WBI effects, most of the PBI effects were only transient and tended to decrease at 6 months post-irradiation, indicating important mechanistic difference. On the contrary, at low dose we identified a progressive accumulation of molecular defects that tended to manifest at later post-irradiation times. These data, indicating that both targeted and non-targeted radiation effects might contribute to the pathogenesis of hippocampal radiation-damage, have general implications for human health.
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20
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Saw G, Tang FR. Epigenetic Regulation of the Hippocampus, with Special Reference to Radiation Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249514. [PMID: 33327654 PMCID: PMC7765140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is crucial in learning, memory and emotion processing, and is involved in the development of different neurological and neuropsychological disorders. Several epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, have been shown to regulate the development and function of the hippocampus, and the alteration of epigenetic regulation may play important roles in the development of neurocognitive and neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the epigenetic modifications of various cell types and processes within the hippocampus and their resulting effects on cognition, memory and overall hippocampal function. In addition, the effects of exposure to radiation that may induce a myriad of epigenetic changes in the hippocampus are reviewed. By assessing and evaluating the current literature, we hope to prompt a more thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie radiation-induced epigenetic changes, an area which can be further explored.
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21
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Humic Substances Mitigate the Impact of Tritium on Luminous Marine Bacteria. Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186783. [PMID: 32947870 PMCID: PMC7556015 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper studies the combined effects of beta-emitting radionuclide tritium and Humic Substances (HS) on the marine unicellular microorganism—luminous bacteria—under conditions of low-dose radiation exposures (<0.04 Gy). Tritium was used as a component of tritiated water. Bacterial luminescence intensity was considered as a tested physiological parameter. The bioluminescence response of the marine bacteria to tritium corresponded to the “hormesis” model: it included stages of bioluminescence inhibition and activation, as well as the absence of the effect. HS were shown to decrease the inhibition and activation effects of tritium, similar to those of americium-241, alpha-emitting radionuclide, studied earlier. Correlations between the bioluminescence intensity and the content of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) were found in the radioactive bacterial suspensions. The results demonstrate an important role of HS in natural processes in the regions of low radioactive contamination: HS can mitigate radiotoxic effects and adaptive response of microorganisms to low-dose radioactive exposures. The involvement of ROS in these processes was demonstrated.
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22
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Raviraj R, Nagaraja SS, Selvakumar I, Mohan S, Nagarajan D. The epigenetics of brain tumors and its modulation during radiation: A review. Life Sci 2020; 256:117974. [PMID: 32553924 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The brain tumor is the abnormal growth of heterogeneous cells around the central nervous system and spinal cord. Most clinically prominent brain tumors affecting both adult and pediatric are glioblastoma, medulloblastoma, and ependymoma and they are classified according to their origin of tissue. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery are important treatments available to date. However, these treatments fail due to multiple reasons, including chemoresistance and radiation resistance of cancer cells. Thus, there is a need of new therapeutic designs to target cell signaling and molecular events which are responsible for this resistance. Recently epigenetic changes received increased attention because it helps in understanding chromatin-mediated disease mechanism. The epigenetic modification alters chromatin structure that affects the docking site of many drugs which cause chemo-resistance of cancer therapy. This review centers the mechanism of how epigenetic changes affect the transcription repression and activation of various genes including Polycomb gene, V-Myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene (MYCN). This review also put forth the pathway of radiation-induced reactive oxygen species generation and its role in epigenetic changes in the cellular level and its impact on tissue physiology. Additionally, there is a strong relationship between the behavior of an individual and environment-induced epigenetic regulation of gene expression. The review also discusses Transcriptome heterogeneity and role of tumor microenvironment in glioblastoma. Overall, this review emphasis important and novel epigenetic targets that could be of therapeutic benefit, which helps in overcoming the unsolved chromatin alteration in brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghavi Raviraj
- Radiation Biology Lab, 206, ASK-II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - SunilGowda Sunnaghatta Nagaraja
- Radiation Biology Lab, 206, ASK-II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Ilakya Selvakumar
- Radiation Biology Lab, 206, ASK-II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Suma Mohan
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India
| | - Devipriya Nagarajan
- Radiation Biology Lab, 206, ASK-II, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu 613401, India.
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23
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Colnot J, Barraux V, Loiseau C, Berejny P, Batalla A, Gschwind R, Huet C. A new Monte Carlo model of a Cyberknife ® system for the precise determination of out-of-field doses. Phys Med Biol 2019; 64:195008. [PMID: 31387085 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ab38e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In a previous work, a PENELOPE Monte Carlo model of a Cyberknife system equipped with fixed collimator was developed and validated for in-field dose evaluation. The aim of this work is to extend it to evaluate peripheral doses and to determine the precision of the treatment planning system (TPS) Multiplan in evaluating the off-axis doses. The Cyberknife® head model was completed with surrounding components based on manufacturer drawings. The contribution of the different head parts on the out-of-field dose was studied. To model the attenuation and the modification of particle energy caused by components not modelled, the photon transport was modified in one of the added components. The model was iteratively adjusted to fit dose profiles measured with EBT3 films and an ionization chamber for several collimator sizes. Finally, dose profiles were calculated using the two Multiplan TPS algorithms and were compared to our simulations. The contributions to out-of-field dose were identified as scattered radiation from the phantom and head leakage and scatter originating at the secondary collimator level. Particle transport in the additional pieces was modified to model this radiation. The maximum differences between simulated and measured doses are of 20.4%. Regarding the detector responses away from axis, EBT3 films and the Farmer chamber give similar response (less than 20% difference). The TPS Monte Carlo algorithm underestimates the doses away from axis more importantly for the smaller field sizes (up to 98%). Besides, RayTracing simplifies peripheral dose to a constant value with no inclusion of particle transport. A Monte Carlo model of a Cyberknife system for the determination of out-of-field doses up to 14 cm off-axis was successfully developed and validated for different depths and field sizes in comparison with measurements. This study also confirms that TPS algorithms do not model peripheral dose properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Colnot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), Service de Recherche en Dosimétrie, Laboratoire de Dosimétrie des Rayonnements Ionisants, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France. Author to whom correspondence should be addressed
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Stanisavljevic D, Popovic J, Petrovic I, Davidovic S, Atkinson MJ, Anastasov N, Stevanovic M. Radiation effects on early phase of NT2/D1 neural differentiation in vitro. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:1627-1639. [PMID: 31509479 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1665207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Widespread medical use of radiation in diagnosis, imaging and treatment of different central nervous system malignancies lead to various consequences. Aim of this study was to further elucidate mechanism of cell response to radiation and possible consequence on neural differentiation.Materials and methods: NT2/D1 cells that resemble neural progenitors were used as a model system. Undifferentiated NT2/D1 cells and NT2/D1 cells in the early phase of neural differentiation were irradiated with low (0.2 Gy) and moderate (2 Gy) doses of γ radiation. The effect was analyzed on apoptosis, cell cycle, senescence, spheroid formation and the expression of genes and miRNAs involved in the regulation of pluripotency or neural differentiation.Results: Two grays of irradiation induced apoptosis, senescence and cell cycle arrest of NT2/D1 cells, accompanied with altered expression of several genes (SOX2, OCT4, SOX3, PAX6) and miRNAs (miR-219, miR-21, miR124-a). Presented results show that 2 Gy of radiation significantly affected early phase of neural differentiation in vitro.Conclusions: These results suggest that 2 Gy of radiation significantly affected early phase of neural differentiation and affect the population of neural progenitors. These findings might help in better understanding of side effects of radiotherapy in treatments of central nervous system malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Stanisavljevic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Popovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isidora Petrovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Davidovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Michael J Atkinson
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Radiation Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nataša Anastasov
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Radiation Biology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Milena Stevanovic
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Belgrade, Serbia.,University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
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Klatt A, Salzmann E, Schneider LJ, Reifschneider A, Korneck M, Hermle P, Bürkle A, Stoll D, Kadereit S. Toxicity of ionizing radiation (IR) in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived 3D early neurodevelopmental model. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2879-2893. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Overbey EG, Paul AM, da Silveira WA, Tahimic CGT, Reinsch SS, Szewczyk N, Stanbouly S, Wang C, Galazka JM, Mao XW. Mice Exposed to Combined Chronic Low-Dose Irradiation and Modeled Microgravity Develop Long-Term Neurological Sequelae. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174094. [PMID: 31443374 PMCID: PMC6747492 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight poses many challenges for humans. Ground-based analogs typically focus on single parameters of spaceflight and their associated acute effects. This study assesses the long-term transcriptional effects following single and combination spaceflight analog conditions using the mouse model: simulated microgravity via hindlimb unloading (HLU) and/or low-dose γ-ray irradiation (LDR) for 21 days, followed by 4 months of readaptation. Changes in gene expression and epigenetic modifications in brain samples during readaptation were analyzed by whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-seq) and reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS). The results showed minimal gene expression and cytosine methylation alterations at 4 months readaptation within single treatment conditions of HLU or LDR. In contrast, following combined HLU+LDR, gene expression and promoter methylation analyses showed multiple altered pathways involved in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, the regulation of neuropeptides, and cellular signaling. In brief, neurological readaptation following combined chronic LDR and HLU is a dynamic process that involves pathways that regulate neuronal function and structure and may lead to late onset neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliah G Overbey
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amber M Paul
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- Universities Space Research Association, Columbia, MD 21046, USA
| | - Willian A da Silveira
- Institute for Global Food Security (IGF), School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
- KBR, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Sigrid S Reinsch
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA
| | - Nathaniel Szewczyk
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research & National Institute for Health Research Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Seta Stanbouly
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Charles Wang
- Center for Genomics, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Jonathan M Galazka
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA.
| | - Xiao Wen Mao
- Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA.
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El-Missiry MA, Othman AI, El-Sawy MR, Lebede MF. Neuroprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on radiation-induced damage and apoptosis in the rat hippocampus. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:798-808. [PMID: 29939076 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1492755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the potential neuroprotective effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on radiation-induced cell death and damage in the hippocampus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Adult male Wister rats received oral treatment with EGCG at doses of 2.5 and 5 mg/kg/d for 3 d before 4 Gy γ irradiation. RESULTS The pretreatment of irradiated rats with EGCG significantly ameliorated the increased plasma levels of homocysteine, amyloid β, TNF-α and IL-6 levels and the decrease of dopamine and serotonin. Pretreatment with EGCG also significantly ameliorated the irradiation-induced increase in the 4-HNE and protein carbonyl levels and the decreased antioxidants including glutathione level, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in the hippocampus. EGCG treatment prior to radiation exposure protected against DNA damage and apoptosis in the hippocampus. The increase in the levels of p53, Cytochrome-c, Bax and caspases 3 and 9 in the hippocampus were significantly ameliorated with a significant increase in Bcl-2. These changes were supported by marked protection of the dentate gyrus that exhibited a similar histological structure of the control animals. CONCLUSIONS EGCG can attenuate the severity of radiation-induced damage and cell death in hippocampus recommending polyphenols as successful option for protecting against radiation-induced hippocampal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A El-Missiry
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt.,b Prince Sultan Military Collage of Health Sciences , Dhahran , KSA
| | - Azza I Othman
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - Mamdouh R El-Sawy
- a Zoology Department, Faculty of Science , Mansoura University , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - Mohamad F Lebede
- c Medical Laboratory Department, Faculty of Medical Technology , Tobruk University , Tobruk , Libya
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