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Sanchis C, Plaza M, Checa I, Monleón C. Combined effects of a Mediterranean diet and respiratory muscle training on higher education woodwind musicians: A randomized controlled trial. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35495. [PMID: 39170324 PMCID: PMC11336701 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
A two-factor within subjects and randomized controlled was conducted with three groups (two experimental and one control) to explore the effects of the Mediterranean diet and respiratory muscle training on ventilatory fatigue, stress, and emotional performance of woodwind musicians. 70 students from the Valencia Conservatory of Music were recruited and randomized into three groups: respiratory training group + nutrition program (RTG; n = 17), control group (CG; n = 35) and nutrition program group (NPG; n = 18). The nutritional program was based on Mediterranean a diet. Body composition, emotional intelligence, physiological stress and ventilatory response were assessed for all groups before and after intervention. Mixed ANOVA showed main effects of diet and training interventions on emotional attention (F = 8.042; p = 0.006), clarity (F = 9.306; p = 0.003), repair (F = 5.527; p = 0.022), Forced-Expiratory-Volume (F = 30.196; p < 0.000) and Forced-Vital-Capacity (F = 21.052; p < 0.000), with both interventions improving emotional intelligence and ventilatory variables. Bonferroni post-hoc analysis revealed significant differences of RTG and CG for emotional attention (MD = 4.60; p = 0.023), comprehension (MD = 5.734; p = 0.005), repair (MD = 8.576; p < 0.000), FEV1 (MD = 0.862; p = 0.005), and FCV (MD = 1.608; p < 0.001); with similar results when comparing NTG and CG: emotional attention (MD = 4.156; p = 0.041), comprehension (MD = 4.473; p = 0.033), repair (MD = 6.511; p = 0.001), Forced-Expiratory-Volume (MD = 1.608; p < 0.001), and Forced-Vital-Capacity (MD = 1.183; p < 0.001). No significant effects of experimental groups were observed for physiological stress variables (p > 0.05). This results suggests that respiratory training enhances emotional intelligence and lessens respiratory fatigue in musicians, and a combination of a Mediterranean diet and respiratory muscle training further boosts emotional intelligence, albeit with limited impact on physiological stress. This study represents a novel investigation into the approach by dietary interventions and respiratory muscle training in wind musicians since there are no studies that analyze it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanchis
- Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marcos Plaza
- Doctoral School, Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Checa
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Speech Therapy, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Monleón
- Catholic University of Valencia “San Vicente Mártir”, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Valencia, Spain
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Eliassen I, Trouli H, Steder FB. Prevalence of musculoskeletal pain and associated factors among professional orchestra musicians in Norway. Scand J Public Health 2024:14034948241248496. [PMID: 38842263 DOI: 10.1177/14034948241248496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orchestra musicians have a high risk of experiencing musculoskeletal problems. These problems may lead to sleep and psychological disturbance. OBJECTIVES This study investigated the occurrence of musculoskeletal pain (MSP) among orchestra musicians and the coherence between pain and predictors such as gender, age and instrument. Further, the impact of pain on sleep and mental health was analysed to assess pain as a predictor threatening musicians' wellbeing. METHODS Some 358 musicians in eight different professional orchestras in Norway completed a questionnaire. Questions about pain experienced within the last 30 days were based on a national survey. Standardised screening tools like the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25) and Bergen Insomnia Scale (BIS) were used to assess psychological distress and sleeping problems. Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to analyse the differences in the pain-related variables: experienced pain severity (EPS), number of pain areas, and work being perceived as the source of pain based on age. Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to evaluate the statistical significance between gender and the pain-related variables. Spearman's rank correlations were used to examine the relationship between EPS and BIS, HSCL-25 and pain area. Additionally, simple linear regression models were employed to determine whether EPS can predict higher scores on the HSCL-25 and BIS scales. RESULTS The prevalence of MSP experienced in the last 30 days among orchestra musicians in Norway was 85%. Musicians experienced frequent pain regardless of their gender, age or instrument group. Neck, shoulders and upper back represented the most reported pain areas. Further, it was observed that increased EPS was correlated with an increase in the number of pain areas and in work being perceived as the source of pain. EPS significantly predicted sleep- and psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS Orchestra musicians have a high risk of encountering MSP. Furthermore, their psychological distress and sleeping problems seem to be related to experienced MSP. To deliver optimal health, these problems should be handled simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irem Eliassen
- Performing Arts Medicine, University College London, Norway
| | - Hara Trouli
- Performing Arts Medicine Programme Lead, Division of Surgery/University College London, UK
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3
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Matei R, Phillips K. Health education in conservatoires: what should it consist of? Findings from workshops with experts (Part II). Health Promot Int 2023; 38:6974792. [PMID: 36617293 DOI: 10.1093/heapro/daac179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Although health education programmes have been implemented in higher music education (HME) and their evaluations published in peer-reviewed journals, guidelines as to what ought to be included in these programmes are still missing. This study aimed to document expert discussions on the content of an ideal health education curriculum for HME students in the UK, integrating critical thinking. Four interdisciplinary workshops were conducted, where 67 experts in relevant fields took part, and were asked to discuss four lists of topics and concepts created based on literature reviews (cognitive biases, logical fallacies, critical appraisal tools and health topics). Only the list on health topics is relevant here. Notes taken by the participants and ourselves were thematically analysed. Four themes were identified, two of which are reported in this paper: (i) The health education curriculum and (ii) A settings-based approach to health. Part I of this project (published elsewhere) is focussed on the critical thinking content of health education for conservatoire students. The present paper focusses on the ideal health education curriculum and its implications for the wider context of health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Matei
- Institute of Education, Social and Life Sciences, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Keith Phillips
- Centre for Music Performance Research, Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester, UK
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4
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Tian Y, Yue Y, Yang J, Chen H, Wang J, Liu J, Ding H, Lu L, Zhou J, Li Y. Sociodemographic, occupational, and personal factors associated with sleep quality among Chinese medical staff: A web-based cross-sectional study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1060345. [PMID: 36620291 PMCID: PMC9814119 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1060345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep quality among medical staff affects not only their own health but also the health of their patients. This study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic, occupational, and personal factors associated with sleep quality among medical staff in mainland China. Methods An online survey was conducted from January 10 to February 5, 2019, involving 3,684 medical staff (female: 84.9%; mean age: 31.6 ± 7.7; age range: 18-72). Sleep quality was measured by the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (C-PSQI). Sociodemographic, occupational characteristics, and personal lifestyle factors were measured by standard questions. Binary logistic regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with sleep quality. Results 57.9% (95% CI: 56.3-59.5%) of the study population experienced poor sleep quality (C-PSQI > 5). Binary logistic regression showed that poor sleep quality were associated with lower level of education, higher level of hospital care, longer weekly working hours, more than 30 min of cell phone use at bedtime, shift work (OR 1.33, 95% CI[1.12-1.58], P = 0.001), lack of regular naps (OR 1.46, 95% CI[1.26-1.69], P < 0.001) and lack of routine exercise (OR 1.69, 95% CI[1.46-1.97], P < 0.001). Conclusions Poor sleep quality is highly prevalent among medical staff in mainland China. The findings indicate that appropriate strategies, such as implementing regular breaks, regulating overtime work and vacation interruptions, as well as developing exercise programs, relaxation training, and stress-management programs could help improve the sleep quality of medical staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Tian
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuchen Yue
- Department of Psychiatry, Restigouche Hospital Center, Campbellton, NB, Canada
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jizhi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lulu Lu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiansong Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China,*Correspondence: Jiansong Zhou ✉
| | - Yamin Li
- Clinical Nursing Teaching and Research Section, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China,Yamin Li ✉
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Stanhope J, Pisaniello D, Cook A, Weinstein P. Are music students at 'high-risk' of experiencing musculoskeletal symptom outcomes compared with other students? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022:1-8. [PMID: 35947800 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2111846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Musicians have been described as a 'high-risk' group for experiencing musculoskeletal symptoms (MSSs), yet few studies have tested this assumption. We aimed to determine whether the prevalence and profile of MSS outcomes differed between university music students and a reference group (science students). A survey was conducted with university music and science students. Reported MSS outcomes among the two groups were compared using regression analyses. The majority of participants in both groups reported experiencing MSSs in the last 12 months and 7 days. Music students reported a higher prevalence of wrist/ hand MSSs compared with science students. Compared with symptomatic science students, music students reported a higher emotional impact of MSSs. We recommend prioritising research into interventions for music students that address MSSs in the wrist/ hand region, and the emotional impact of MSSs. Addressing these MSS outcomes could reduce the MSS burden for musicians during and beyond their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stanhope
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dino Pisaniello
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Angus Cook
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Philip Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Niarchou M, Lin GT, Lense MD, Gordon RL, Davis LK. Medical phenome of musicians: an investigation of health records collected on 9803 musically active individuals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1505:156-168. [PMID: 34414577 PMCID: PMC8688228 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that musicians may be at higher risk for a set of medical problems; however, this literature has been limited by relatively small sample sizes, self‐reports, and lack of controls. To address such limitations, we examined trends in the medical care of musicians in an Electronic Health Record database. On the basis of a collection of keywords and regular expressions in the patients’ clinical notes, we identified 9803 “musicians” that we matched for sex, median age (across the medical record), ethnicity, race, the length of record, and the number of visits with 49,015 controls. We fitted 1263 logistic regression models to determine whether the phenotype was correlated with musicianship. Two hundred fifty‐seven phenotypes were more prevalent in musicians than controls after Bonferroni adjustment (P < 7.6 × 10–6), including diseases of the larynx and vocal cords (OR = 2.32 (95% CI: 2.25–2.40)), and hearing loss (OR = 1.36 (95% CI: 1.32–1.39)). Fifteen phenotypes were significantly more prevalent in controls than musicians, including coronary atherosclerosis (OR = 0.91 (95% CI: 0.89–0.94)). Although being a musician was related to many occupational health problems, we identified protective effects of musicianship in which certain disorders were less common in musicians than in controls, indicating that active musical engagement could have health benefits analogous to athletic engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Niarchou
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - George T Lin
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Miriam D Lense
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Reyna L Gordon
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lea K Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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7
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Pukkala E, Peltomaa M, Mäkitie A, Heikkinen S, Kjærheim K, Martinsen JI, Sparén P, Tryggvadottir L, Weiderpass E. Cancer incidence among musicians: 45 years of follow-up in four Nordic countries. Acta Oncol 2021; 60:835-841. [PMID: 34162315 DOI: 10.1080/0284186x.2021.1924403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are studies suggesting that participation in musical activities may protect from cancer. On the other hand, some musicians have a lifestyle that might increase the risk of cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the cancer pattern of musicians in four Nordic countries. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study combines census and cancer registry data from 1961 to 2005 for 13 million people from Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Standardized incidence ratio (SIR) analyses were conducted with the cancer incidence rates for entire national populations used as reference rates. RESULTS There were 11,401 male and 3105 female musicians with 2039 cancer cases. The SIR for all sites combined was 1.02 (95% confidence interval 0.97-1.07) in men and 1.04 (0.94-1.15) in women. In male musicians, there were statistically significant excesses in oropharyngeal cancer (4.36, 2.73-6.60), esophageal cancer (2.08, 1.51-2.81), liver cancer (1.81, 1.26-2.52), and skin melanoma (1.40, 1.10-1.75). The risk was decreased in lip cancer (0.13, 0.02-0.48), stomach cancer (0.66, 0.50-0.82), and lung cancer (0.77, 0.65-0.90). In female musicians, there were no statistically significant SIRs in any of the cancer types studied, but the risk of breast cancer was significantly elevated in the age category of 70+ (1.52, 1.04-2.15). The overall SIR was stable over the 45 year period of observation, but strong decreases were observed in the SIRs of esophageal cancer, liver cancer, laryngeal cancer, and skin melanoma. CONCLUSION Musicians have characteristics of indoor workers such as low incidence of lip cancer and high incidence of skin melanoma. The low incidence of lung cancer suggests that the prevalence of smoking among musicians is lower than in the general population while the elevated risk of alcohol-related cancer types suggest that drinking is likely more common among musicians. The cancer risk for all sites combined is still similar to that of the general population in the four countries studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eero Pukkala
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Miikka Peltomaa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Musician Clinic, Helsinki Music Hall, Helsinki, Finland
- Sibelius Academy, University of the Arts, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sanna Heikkinen
- Finnish Cancer Registry, Institute for Statistical and Epidemiological Cancer Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Pär Sparén
- Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laufey Tryggvadottir
- Icelandic Cancer Registry, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization (IARC/WHO), Lyon, France
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8
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Vaag J, Bjerkeset O, Sivertsen B. Anxiety and Depression Symptom Level and Psychotherapy Use Among Music and Art Students Compared to the General Student Population. Front Psychol 2021; 12:607927. [PMID: 34262500 PMCID: PMC8273161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Previous epidemiological studies have shown higher levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms among professional musicians, compared to the general workforce. Similar findings have been observed for psychotherapy use among musicians. To date, large-scale investigations of prevalence rates among music and arts students are lacking. Methods: Eight hundred and eighty students from music and arts institutions and faculties were derived from a national health student survey for higher education in Norway (the SHoT study). They were compared to a sample of the general student population (n = 48,729). We used logistic regression analysis, adjusting for age, sex, and semesters of study. Results: Music and arts students reported higher rates of anxiety [OR 1.60 (1.38-1.85), Prevalence difference (PD) 9.6 (6.3-12.8)] and depression symptoms [OR 1.41 (1.22-1.62), PD 7.9 (4.5-11.2)] compared to the general student force. Similar patterns were observed for self-reported mental disorders [OR 1.71 (1.46-2.01), PD 8.1 (5.3-11.0)], as well as psychotherapy use [OR 1.91 (1.60-2.29), PD 7.4 (4.9-9.9)] in music and arts students. Conclusions: Our findings are consistent with studies comparing musicians to the general workforce, and indicate that challenges also exist at student level, and not only after becoming a professional in the performing arts, which is important when planning health-related measures. These findings have the potential to inform on health promotion and services in the educational system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Vaag
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Educational Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ottar Bjerkeset
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Research and Innovation, Fonna Hospital Trust, Haugesund, Norway
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9
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Laharnar N, Uibel S, Hild C, Glos M, Penzel T, Fietze I. Overnight polysomnography and the recording of sleep and sleep-related respiration in orchestra musicians - possible protective effects of wind instruments on respiration. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0231549. [PMID: 32294119 PMCID: PMC7159236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study is the first to objectively assess sleep and sleep-related respiration in orchestra musicians. We hypothesized low sleep quality due to high work demands and irregular work-sleep schedules, and a better respiration for wind instrument (WI) players than string instrument (SI) players due to habitual upper airway muscles training. We recorded overnight polysomnography with 29 professional orchestra musicians (21 men, 14 WI/ 15 SI). The musicians presented a sleep efficiency of 88% (IQR 82-92%) with WI having a significant higher sleep efficiency than SI (89%, 85-93% vs. 85%, 74-89%; p = 0.029). The group had a total sleep time around 6 hours (377min, 340-421min) with signs of increased NREM 1 (light sleep) and decreased REM (dream sleep). The musicians displayed an apnea-hypopnea-index of 2.1events/hour (0.7-5.5) and an oxygen saturation of 98% (97-100%). While SI player exhibited declining sleep-related respiration with age (breathing events: r = 0.774, p = 0.001, oxygen: r = -0.647, p = 0.009), WI player showed improved respiration with age (breathing events: r = -0.548, p = 0.043; oxygen: r = 0.610, p = 0.020). Our study is the first objective investigation of sleep pattern and respiration during sleep with overnight polysomnography in professional orchestra musicians. While sleep and respiration were unexpectedly good, our results revealed possible signs of sleep deprivation and an interesting age-related pattern on respiration depending on instrument. While sample size was small and results modest, these findings present first objective evidence towards the assumption that habitual playing of a WI-and training of the upper airway muscles-may have a protective effect on respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Laharnar
- Interdisciplinary Sleep Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Uibel
- Medical Clinic III / Cardiology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Corin Hild
- Interdisciplinary Sleep Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Glos
- Interdisciplinary Sleep Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Penzel
- Interdisciplinary Sleep Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Ingo Fietze
- Interdisciplinary Sleep Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Abstract
Musculoskeletal symptoms, including pain, are often experienced by musicians at all levels. These symptoms may have a detrimental impact on musicians' personal and work lives, and may also impact upon the ensembles they work within. Providing musicians with appropriate, evidence-based advice regarding pain management is therefore paramount. In this review, we aim to improve the advice given to musicians regarding playing when in pain, by answering the question 'should musicians play in pain?'. This multidisciplinary narrative review draws upon contemporary pain science, including factors associated with poorer prognoses for those in pain, as well as the reported experiences of musicians with pain (including those who have taken time off from playing). Our current understanding of pain science provides further support for the potential for consequences related to avoiding activities due to pain. Pain is modulated by a number of neuro-immunological processes and is influenced by a range of psychosocial factors. Taking time off from playing might therefore not have any benefit. Importantly, one of the leading causes of a transition from acute to chronic pain is fear-avoidance behaviour (e.g. not playing when in pain); hence, encouraging such behaviour cannot be supported. Musicians who have taken time off from playing due to pain have experienced a range of consequences, including emotional and financial consequences. These experiences indicate that there are potential negative consequences related to taking time off from playing which need to be weighed against any benefits. We conclude that musicians should not necessarily be advised to take time off from playing to manage their pain, in keeping with current best practice for pain management. Instead, we recommend that musicians be educated on contemporary pain science and when to seek treatment from a health professional for individualised advice to reduce the burden of musicians' pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Stanhope
- School of Public Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Philip Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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11
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Aalberg AL, Saksvik-Lehouillier I, Vaag JR. Demands and resources associated with mental health among Norwegian professional musicians. Work 2019; 63:39-47. [PMID: 31127743 DOI: 10.3233/wor-192906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies indicate a variety of health challenges among musicians. Despite this, less is known concerning the roles of work-related and personal factors associated with the musicians' mental health. OBJECTIVE We wanted to investigate personal and work-related demands and resources associated with psychological distress in professional musicians. METHODS Based on a sample of 1,607 of professional Norwegian musicians, we conducted a hierarchical multiple regression analysis. RESULTS We found that personal factors such as level of neuroticism and sense of mastery had the strongest association with PD. Extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness, job demands and social support did also contribute to distress in our final statistical model, but to a lesser degree. Somewhat surprisingly, work-family conflict, effort-reward imbalance and job control were not associated with PD in our final model. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that both work-related factors (job demands and social support) and personal resources (personality and sense of mastery) are associated with PD among musicians in this cross-sectional study. Prospective research is needed in order to investigate these associations further. Meanwhile, we suggest to emphasize early development of sense of mastery and social support in music education and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Aalberg
- Safetec Nordic, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - I Saksvik-Lehouillier
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - J R Vaag
- Faculty of Nursing and Health Sciences, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
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12
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Ahlberg J, Wiegers JW, van Selms MKA, Peltomaa M, Manfredini D, Lobbezoo F, Savolainen A, Tuomilehto H. Oro-facial pain experience among symphony orchestra musicians in Finland is associated with reported stress, sleep bruxism and disrupted sleep-Independent of the instrument group. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 46:807-812. [PMID: 31081155 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate whether oro-facial pain experience was related to the type of musical instrument and to learn more about the roles of sleep and sleep-related issues in the pain among professional musicians. OBJECTIVES A standard questionnaire was sent to all Finnish symphony orchestras (n = 19), with altogether 1005 professional musicians and other personnel. METHODS The questionnaire covered descriptive data, instrument group, items on perceived quality of sleep, possible sleep bruxism, stress experience and oro-facial pain experience during the past 30 days. RESULTS In the present study, which included the musicians only, the response rate was 58.7% (n = 488). All orchestras participated in the study, and there was no significant difference in the response rate between the orchestras. The mean age of men (52.3%) was 47.7 (SD 10.3) and of women (47.7%) was 43.4 (SD 9.8) years (P < 0.001). Overall, current pain in the oro-facial area was reported by 28.9%, frequent bruxism by 12.1% and frequent stress by 20.8%. According to Somers' d, there were statistically significant but moderate correlations between overall pain reports in the oro-facial area and disrupted sleep (d = 0.127, P = 0.001), sleep bruxism (d = 0.241, P < 0.001) and stress experiences (d = 0.193, P < 0.001). Logistic regression revealed, independent of the instrument group (string, woodwind, brass wind, percussion), that current oro-facial pain experience was significantly associated with disrupted sleep (P = 0.001), frequent sleep bruxism (P < 0.001) and frequent stress (P = 0.002) experiences. CONCLUSIONS Among symphony orchestra musicians, oro-facial pain experience seems to be related to perceptions of stress, sleep bruxism and disrupted sleep rather than the instrument group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jari Ahlberg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jetske W Wiegers
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maurits K A van Selms
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Miikka Peltomaa
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Frank Lobbezoo
- Department of Orofacial Pain and Dysfunction, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aslak Savolainen
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henri Tuomilehto
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Studer RK, Nielsen C, Klumb PL, Hildebrandt H, Nater UM, Wild P, Heinzer R, Haba-Rubio J, Danuser B, Gomez P. The mediating role of mood in the relationship between perseverative cognition, sleep and subjective health complaints in music students. Psychol Health 2019; 34:754-770. [PMID: 30755031 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2019.1574014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Subjective health complaints (SHC) are frequent in musicians. These complaints may be particularly distressing in this population because they are performance relevant. This paper aims at testing a model positing that (a) perseverative cognition (PC) predicts sleep duration/quality, (b) sleep duration/quality predicts SHC and (c) mood is a mediator of these associations. DESIGN Participants were 72 music students (mean age (SD): 22.7 (3.0) years), and the assessment period consisted of seven consecutive days, with a solo performance on the fifth day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported total sleep time (TST) and sleep quality were assessed 30 min after wake-up, and objective TST/sleep quality were assessed with an actigraphy watch. PC and mood were measured five times a day. Daily SHC were assessed at 9 p.m. RESULTS PC did not significantly predict sleep duration/quality. Self-reported and objective TST and sleep quality were all significantly associated with SHC. Mood played a mediating role in each of these relationships with the exception of objective sleep quality. CONCLUSION The tested model on the association among PC, sleep and SHC and the mediating role of mood received partial support, highlighting the importance of sleep and mood in the emergence of SHC among university music students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina K Studer
- a Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (Institute for Work and Health) , University of Lausanne and University of Geneva , Epalinges - Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Carole Nielsen
- a Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (Institute for Work and Health) , University of Lausanne and University of Geneva , Epalinges - Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Petra L Klumb
- b Department of Psychology , University of Fribourg , Switzerland
| | - Horst Hildebrandt
- c Swiss University Centre for Music Physiology, Zurich University of the Arts , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Urs M Nater
- d Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology , University of Vienna , Austria
| | - Pascal Wild
- a Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (Institute for Work and Health) , University of Lausanne and University of Geneva , Epalinges - Lausanne , Switzerland.,e Scientific Management, Institut national de recherche et de sécurité (INRS) , Nancy , France
| | - Raphaël Heinzer
- f Centre d'Investigation et de Recherche sur le Sommeil (CIRS) , Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - José Haba-Rubio
- f Centre d'Investigation et de Recherche sur le Sommeil (CIRS) , Centre hospitalier universitaire vaudois (CHUV) , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Brigitta Danuser
- a Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (Institute for Work and Health) , University of Lausanne and University of Geneva , Epalinges - Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Patrick Gomez
- a Institut universitaire romand de Santé au Travail (Institute for Work and Health) , University of Lausanne and University of Geneva , Epalinges - Lausanne , Switzerland
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14
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Matei R, Broad S, Goldbart J, Ginsborg J. Health Education for Musicians. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1137. [PMID: 30061850 PMCID: PMC6055059 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Context and aims: Many musicians suffer for their art, and health is often compromised during training. The Health Promotion in Schools of Music (HPSM) project has recommended that health education should be included in core curricula, although few such courses have been evaluated to date. The aim of the study was to design, implement and evaluate a compulsory health education course at a UK conservatoire of music. Methods: The course design was informed by a critical appraisal of the literature on musicians' health problems and their management, existing health education courses for musicians, and the HPSM recommendations. It was delivered by a team of appropriately-qualified tutors over 5 months to 104 first-year undergraduate students, and evaluated by means of questionnaires at the beginning and end of the course. Thirty-three students who had been in their first year the year before the course was introduced served as a control group, completing the questionnaire on one occasion only. Items concerned: hearing and use of hearing protection; primary outcomes including perceived knowledge and importance of the topics taught on the course; and secondary outcomes including physical and psychological health and health-promoting behaviors. The content of the essays written by the first-year students as part of their course assessment served as a guide to the topics they found most interesting and relevant. Results: Comparatively few respondents reported using hearing protection when practicing alone, although there was some evidence of hearing loss, tinnitus, and hyperacusis. Perceived knowledge of the topics on the course, and awareness of the risks to health associated with performing music, increased, as did self-efficacy; otherwise, there were negative effects on secondary outcomes, and few differences between the intervention and control groups. The topics most frequently covered in students' essays were managing music performance anxiety, and life skills and behavior change techniques. Conclusion: There is considerable scope for improving music students' physical and psychological health and health-related behaviors through health education, and persuading senior managers, educators and students themselves that health education can contribute to performance enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Matei
- Centre for Music Performance Research, Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Broad
- Research and Knowledge Exchange, Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Juliet Goldbart
- Faculty of Health, Psychology and Social Care, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Ginsborg
- Centre for Music Performance Research, Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester, United Kingdom
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15
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Araújo LS, Wasley D, Perkins R, Atkins L, Redding E, Ginsborg J, Williamon A. Fit to Perform: An Investigation of Higher Education Music Students' Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behaviors toward Health. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1558. [PMID: 29066983 PMCID: PMC5641399 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Making music at the highest international standards can be rewarding, but it is also challenging, with research highlighting pernicious ways in which practicing and performing can affect performers' health and wellbeing. Several studies indicate that music students' perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors toward health and healthy living are less than optimal, especially considering the multiple physical and psychological demands of their day-to-day work. This article presents the results of a comprehensive screening protocol that investigated lifestyle and health-related attitudes and behaviors among 483 undergraduate and postgraduate students (mean age = 21.29 years ± 3.64; 59% women) from ten conservatoires. The protocol included questionnaires measuring wellbeing, general health, health-promoting behaviors, perfectionism, coping, sleep quality, and fatigue. On each measure, the data were compared with existing published data from similar age groups. The results indicate that music students have higher levels of wellbeing and lower fatigue than comparable samples outside of music. However, they also reveal potentially harmful perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors toward health. Specifically, engagement in health responsibility and stress management was low, which along with high perfectionistic strivings, limited use of coping strategies, poor sleep quality, and low self-rated health, paints a troubling picture both for the music students and for those who support their training. The findings point to the need for more (and more effective) health education and promotion initiatives within music education; in particular, musicians should be better equipped with mental skills to cope with constant pressure to excel and high stress levels. In part, this calls for musicians themselves to engage in healthier lifestyles, take greater responsibility for their own health, and be aware of and act upon health information in order to achieve and sustain successful practice and performance. For that to happen, however, music educators, administrators, and policy makers must play an active role in providing supportive environments where health and wellbeing is considered integral to expert music training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana S. Araújo
- Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Wasley
- Cardiff School of Sport, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Rosie Perkins
- Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Atkins
- Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Redding
- Trinity Laban Conservatoire of Music and Dance, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Ginsborg
- Royal Northern College of Music, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron Williamon
- Centre for Performance Science, Royal College of Music, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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16
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Rogenmoser L, Kernbach J, Schlaug G, Gaser C. Keeping brains young with making music. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 223:297-305. [PMID: 28815301 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1491-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Music-making is a widespread leisure and professional activity that has garnered interest over the years due to its effect on brain and cognitive development and its potential as a rehabilitative and restorative therapy of brain dysfunctions. We investigated whether music-making has a potential age-protecting effect on the brain. For this, we studied anatomical magnetic resonance images obtained from three matched groups of subjects who differed in their lifetime dose of music-making activities (i.e., professional musicians, amateur musicians, and non-musicians). For each subject, we calculated a so-called BrainAGE score which corresponds to the discrepancy (in years) between chronological age and the "age of the brain", with negative values reflecting an age-decelerating brain and positive values an age-accelerating brain, respectively. The index of "brain age" was estimated using a machine-learning algorithm that was trained in a large independent sample to identify anatomical correlates of brain-aging. Compared to non-musicians, musicians overall had lower BrainAGE scores, with amateur musicians having the lowest scores suggesting that music-making has an age-decelerating effect on the brain. Unlike the amateur musicians, the professional musicians showed a positive correlation between their BrainAGE scores and years of music-making, possibly indicating that engaging more intensely in just one otherwise enriching activity might not be as beneficial than if the activity is one of several that an amateur musician engages in. Intense music-making activities at a professional level could also lead to stress-related interferences and a less enriched environment than that of amateur musicians, possibly somewhat diminishing the otherwise positive effect of music-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Rogenmoser
- Music, Neuroimaging, and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Julius Kernbach
- Music, Neuroimaging, and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Gottfried Schlaug
- Music, Neuroimaging, and Stroke Recovery Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Christian Gaser
- Structural Brain Mapping Group, Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University Hospital Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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