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Aquino G, Benz F, Dressle RJ, Gemignani A, Alfì G, Palagini L, Spiegelhalder K, Riemann D, Feige B. Towards the neurobiology of insomnia: A systematic review of neuroimaging studies. Sleep Med Rev 2024; 73:101878. [PMID: 38056381 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2023.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia disorder signifies a major public health concern. The development of neuroimaging techniques has permitted to investigate brain mechanisms at a structural and functional level. The present systematic review aims at shedding light on functional, structural, and metabolic substrates of insomnia disorder by integrating the available published neuroimaging data. The databases PubMed, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Web of Science were searched for case-control studies comparing neuroimaging data from insomnia patients and healthy controls. 85 articles were judged as eligible. For every observed finding of each study, the effect size was calculated from standardised mean differences, statistic parameters and figures, showing a marked heterogeneity that precluded a comprehensive quantitative analysis. From a qualitative point of view, considering the findings of significant group differences in the reported regions across the articles, this review highlights the major involvement of the anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, insula, precuneus and middle frontal gyrus, thus supporting some central themes in the debate on the neurobiology of and offering interesting insights into the psychophysiology of sleep in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Aquino
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine - University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Fee Benz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raphael J Dressle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine - University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaspare Alfì
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine - University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Laura Palagini
- Department of Experimental and Clinic Medicine, Section of Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany; Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Altena E, Ellis J, Camart N, Guichard K, Bastien C. Mechanisms of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13860. [PMID: 36866434 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known now about behavioural, cognitive and physiological consequences of insomnia, little is known about changes after cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on these particular factors. We here report baseline findings on each of these factors in insomnia, after which we address findings on their changes after cognitive behavioural therapy. Sleep restriction remains the strongest determinant of insomnia treatment success. Cognitive interventions addressing dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, sleep-related selective attention, worry and rumination further drive effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia. Future studies should focus on physiological changes after cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, such as changes in hyperarousal and brain activity, as literature on these changes is sparse. We introduce a detailed clinical research agenda on how to address this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Ellis
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Nathalie Camart
- UR CLIPSYD, UFR SPSE, Département de psychologie, Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France
- Cabinet Pôle Psy République, Bordeaux, France
- Nouvelle Clinique Bel Air- PEAS, Bordeaux, France
| | - Kelly Guichard
- Nouvelle Clinique Bel Air- PEAS, Bordeaux, France
- CHU Bordeaux, Centre Hypersomnies Rares, Bordeaux, France
| | - Célyne Bastien
- Ecole de Psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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3
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Akram U, Barclay N, Milkins B, Stevenson J, Gardani M. Sleep-related attentional and interpretive-bias in insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 67:101713. [PMID: 36459947 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models of insomnia highlight internal and external cognitive-biases for sleep-related "threat" in maintaining the disorder. This systematic review of the sleep-related attentional and interpretive-bias literature includes meta-analytic calculations of each construct. Searches identified N = 21 attentional-bias and N = 8 interpretive-bias studies meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Seventeen attentional-bias studies compared normal-sleepers and poor-sleepers/insomnia patients. Using a random effects model, meta-analytic data based on standardized mean differences of attentional-bias studies determined the weighted pooled effect size to be moderate at 0.60 (95%CI:0.26-0.93). Likewise, seven of eight interpretive-bias studies involved group comparisons. Meta-analytic data determined the weighted pooled effect size as moderate at .44 (95%CI:0.19-0.69). Considering these outcomes, disorder congruent cognitive-biases appear to be a key feature of insomnia. Despite statistical support, absence of longitudinal data limits causal inference concerning the relative role cognitive-biases in the development and maintenance of insomnia. Methodological factors pertaining to task design, sample and stimuli are discussed in relation to outcome variation. Finally, we discuss the next steps in advancing the understanding of sleep-related biases in insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Akram
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, UK.
| | | | - Bronwyn Milkins
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
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4
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Fabbri M, Simione L, Catalano L, Mirolli M, Martoni M. Attentional Bias for Sleep-Related Words as a Function of Severity of Insomnia Symptoms. Brain Sci 2022; 13:brainsci13010050. [PMID: 36672032 PMCID: PMC9856532 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Attentional bias to sleep-related information is thought to be a core feature for developing and/or maintaining insomnia. This study used a hallmark measure of attentional bias, the dot-probe task, to determine whether this bias toward sleep-related stimuli was a function of the severity of insomnia symptoms. A sample of 231 volunteers (175 females; mean age of 26.91 ± 8.05 years) participated in this online study, filling out the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and performing a visual dot-probe task. After categorizing individuals based on the ISI score into normal, subclinical, and moderate/severe sleep groups, we only found a marginally significant interaction between sleep groups and the type of stimuli on RTs, suggesting that subclinical and moderate/severe sleep groups reported slower RTs for sleep-related words than for neutral words. When we calculated the attentional bias score (ABS), we found that ABS significantly differed from zero in the moderate/severe sleep group only, suggesting a disengagement for sleep-related information as a function of the severity of insomnia symptoms. This finding seems to suggest that insomnia is related to greater difficulties in shifting away from sleep-related stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Fabbri
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0823-275333
| | - Luca Simione
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Technologies, CNR, Via San Martino Della Battaglia 44, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Catalano
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Viale Ellittico 31, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marco Mirolli
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Technologies, CNR, Via San Martino Della Battaglia 44, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Martoni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialized Medicine, University of Bologna, 40121 Bologna, Italy
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5
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The moderating effect of prefrontal response to sleep-related stimuli on the association between depression and sleep disturbance in insomnia disorder. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17739. [PMID: 36272992 PMCID: PMC9587997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated differences in brain activity in response to sleep-related pictures between chronic insomnia disorder (CID) patients and good sleepers (GS), and examined whether brain activity moderated the relationship between depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance in CID patients and GS. This study included 43 patients diagnosed with CID, based on the International Classification of Sleep Disorders-3, and 42 GS. The participants kept a sleep diary, underwent nocturnal polysomnography to measure sleep parameters, and completed self-report questionnaires to assess sleep and psychiatric symptoms. They underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine differences in brain activity in response to sleep-related pictures compared to neutral pictures. A moderated moderation analysis was performed to investigate the moderating role of brain responses to sleep-related pictures in the association between depressive symptoms and sleep disturbance. Compared to GS, the brain responses to sleep-related stimuli were significantly lower in CID patients in the right lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC). More severe depressive symptoms were significantly associated with longer sleep latency only when LPFC activity was low in CID patients, but not in GS. LPFC hypoactivity in response to sleep-related stimuli in CID patients could moderate the relationship between depression and sleep disturbance.
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Lee MH, Kim N, Yoo J, Kim HK, Son YD, Kim YB, Oh SM, Kim S, Lee H, Jeon JE, Lee YJ. Multitask fMRI and machine learning approach improve prediction of differential brain activity pattern in patients with insomnia disorder. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9402. [PMID: 33931676 PMCID: PMC8087661 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88845-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the differential spatial covariance pattern of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) responses to single-task and multitask functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) between patients with psychophysiological insomnia (PI) and healthy controls (HCs), and evaluated features generated by principal component analysis (PCA) for discrimination of PI from HC, compared to features generated from BOLD responses to single-task fMRI using machine learning methods. In 19 patients with PI and 21 HCs, the mean beta value for each region of interest (ROIbval) was calculated with three contrast images (i.e., sleep-related picture, sleep-related sound, and Stroop stimuli). We performed discrimination analysis and compared with features generated from BOLD responses to single-task fMRI. We applied support vector machine analysis with a least absolute shrinkage and selection operator to evaluate five performance metrics: accuracy, recall, precision, specificity, and F2. Principal component features showed the best classification performance in all aspects of metrics compared to BOLD response to single-task fMRI. Bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (orbital), right calcarine cortex, right lingual gyrus, left inferior occipital gyrus, and left inferior temporal gyrus were identified as the most salient areas by feature selection. Our approach showed better performance in discriminating patients with PI from HCs, compared to single-task fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hyun Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nambeom Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Research Center, Gachon University, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeeun Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hang-Keun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Don Son
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Gachon University, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Bo Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gachon University Gil Hospital, Inchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Min Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Dongguk University Hospital, Ilsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gangneung Asan Hospital, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Brain reactivity using fMRI to insomnia stimuli in insomnia patients with discrepancy between subjective and objective sleep. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1592. [PMID: 33452376 PMCID: PMC7810854 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81219-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Subjective–objective discrepancy of sleep (SODS) might be related to the distorted perception of sleep deficit and hypersensitivity to insomnia-related stimuli. We investigated differences in brain activation to insomnia-related stimuli among insomnia patients with SODS (SODS group), insomnia patients without SODS (NOSODS group), and healthy controls (HC). Participants were evaluated for subjective and objective sleep using sleep diary and polysomnography. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted during the presentation of insomnia-related (Ins), general anxiety-inducing (Gen), and neutral (Neu) stimuli. Brain reactivity to the contrast of Ins vs. Neu and Gen vs. Neu was compared among the SODS (n = 13), NOSODS (n = 15), and HC (n = 16) groups. In the SODS group compared to other groups, brain areas including the left fusiform, bilateral precuneus, right superior frontal gyrus, genu of corpus callosum, and bilateral anterior corona radiata showed significantly increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the contrast of Ins vs. Neu. There was no brain region with significantly increased BOLD signal in the Gen vs. Neu contrast in the group comparisons. Increased brain activity to insomnia-related stimuli in several brain regions of the SODS group is likely due to these individuals being more sensitive to sleep-related threat and negative cognitive distortion toward insomnia.
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Schiel JE, Holub F, Petri R, Leerssen J, Tamm S, Tahmasian M, Riemann D, Spiegelhalder K. Affect and Arousal in Insomnia: Through a Lens of Neuroimaging Studies. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2020; 22:44. [PMID: 32661938 PMCID: PMC7359160 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-020-01173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Previous research has struggled with identifying clear-cut, objective counterparts to subjective distress in insomnia. Approaching this discrepancy with a focus on hyperarousal and dysfunctional affective processes, studies examining brain structures and neural networks involved in affect and arousal are reviewed and conclusions for an updated understanding of insomnia are drawn. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies found that amygdala reactivity, morphometry and adaptation in insomnia are altered, indicating that processing of negative stimuli is intensified and more lasting. Also, patients with insomnia show aberrant connectivity in the default mode network (DMN) and the salience network (SN), which is associated with subjective sleep disturbances, hyperarousal, maladaptive emotion regulation and disturbed integration of emotional states. The limbic circuit is assumed to play a crucial role in enhanced recall of negative experiences. There is reason to consider insomnia as a disorder of affect and arousal. Dysregulation of the limbic circuit might perpetuate impaired connectivity in the DMN and the SN. However, the interplay between the networks is yet to be researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian E Schiel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Florian Holub
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roxana Petri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jeanne Leerssen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Tamm
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Masoud Tahmasian
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Hauptstraße 6, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Gerlach F, Ehring T, Werner GG, Takano K. Insomnia‐related interpretational bias is associated with pre‐sleep worry. J Sleep Res 2019; 29:e12938. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Finja Gerlach
- Department of Psychology Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Ehring
- Department of Psychology Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Gabriela G. Werner
- Department of Psychology Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy LMU Munich Munich Germany
| | - Keisuke Takano
- Department of Psychology Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy LMU Munich Munich Germany
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10
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Hwang JY, Kim N, Kim S, Park J, Choi JW, Kim SJ, Kang CK, Lee YJ. Stroop Task-Related Brain Activity in Patients With Insomnia: Changes After Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia. Behav Sleep Med 2019; 17:621-633. [PMID: 29451994 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2018.1435546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective/Background: In the present study, we compared differences in brain activity during the Stroop task between patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID) and good sleepers (GS). Furthermore, we evaluated changes in Stroop task-related brain activity after cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). Participants/Methods: The final analysis included 21 patients with CID and 25 GS. All participants underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing the color-word Stroop task. CBT-I, consisting of 5 sessions, was administered to 14 patients with CID in the absence of medication. After CBT-I, fMRI was repeated in the patients with CID while performing the same task. Sleep-related questionnaires and sleep variables from a sleep diary were also obtained before and after CBT-I. Results: No significant differences in behavioral performance in the Stroop task or task-related brain activation were observed between the CID and GS groups. No changes in behavioral performance or brain activity were found after CBT-I. However, clinical improvement in the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) score was significantly associated with changes in the Stroop task-related regional blood oxygen level-dependent signals in the left supramarginal gyrus. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that cognitive impairment in patients with CID was not detectable by the Stroop task or Stroop task-related brain activation on fMRI. Moreover, there was no altered brain activity during the Stroop task after CBT-I. However, the ISI score reflected changes in the neural correlates of cognitive processes in patients with CID after CBT-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yeon Hwang
- a Seoul National University College of Medicine , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Nambeom Kim
- b Neuroscience Research Institute, Gachon University , Incheon , Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- c Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- d Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo , New York , USA
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- c Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Seog Ju Kim
- e Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center , Seoul , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Ki Kang
- f Department of Radiological Science, College of Health Science, Gachon University , Incheon , Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- c Department of Psychiatry and Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University Hospital , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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11
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Takano K, Poel LV, Raes F. Pre-sleep arousal can be associated with efficient processing of sleep-related information. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2018; 60:13-21. [PMID: 29486370 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Cognitive bias to sleep-related information is thought to be a core feature of sleep disturbances. The bias may enhance pre-sleep arousal, such as excessive worry about sleeplessness, which prevents people from initiating normal sleep onset. The present study focused on (a) attention bias toward sleep-related stimuli and (b) difficulty in updating working memory for sleep-related stimuli as two possible mechanisms underlying pre-sleep cognitive arousal. METHOD Participants (n = 61, a community sample) completed a dot-probe task (with sleep-related and matched control word stimuli) and a 1-back and 2-back task (with sleep-related and non-sleep-related pictorial stimuli). RESULTS For the dot-probe task, the results showed no significant association between pre-sleep cognitive arousal and sleep-related attention bias. However, the results of the 2-back task suggest that pre-sleep arousal is associated with decreased interference by sleep-related stimuli in maintaining non-sleep-related information. That is, individuals with higher levels of pre-sleep arousal are more efficient at processing sleep-related materials. LIMITATIONS The non-clinical nature of the sample may limit the clinical implications of the findings. CONCLUSIONS Although the current results cannot be explained by the extant cognitive theories of insomnia, we offer an alternative explanation based on the idea of worry as mental habit: mental processes that occur frequently (e.g., repetitive thoughts about sleep) require less cognitive resource. Therefore, sleep-related information may be processed easily without consuming much cognitive effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Takano
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
| | - Louise Vanden Poel
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Raes
- Center for the Psychology of Learning and Experimental Psychopathology, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Zheng S, Feng J, Lin R, Yan Y, Zhang R, Huang H, Wang J, Huang R. The impact of negative mood state on sleep‐related attentional bias in insomnia. J Sleep Res 2018; 28:e12748. [DOI: 10.1111/jsr.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Senning Zheng
- School of Psychology, Institute of Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Center for the Study of Applied Psychology and MRI Center, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province South China Normal University Guangzhou China
- School of Psychology Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Juan Feng
- School of Psychology Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Rongmao Lin
- School of Psychology Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Youwei Yan
- School of Psychology Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | | | - Huiyuan Huang
- School of Psychology, Institute of Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Center for the Study of Applied Psychology and MRI Center, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province South China Normal University Guangzhou China
| | - Junjing Wang
- Department of Applied Psychology Guangdong University of Foreign Studies Guangzhou China
| | - Ruiwang Huang
- School of Psychology, Institute of Brain Research and Rehabilitation (IBRR), Center for the Study of Applied Psychology and MRI Center, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province South China Normal University Guangzhou China
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13
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Akram U, Beattie L, Ypsilanti A, Reidy J, Robson A, Chapman AJ, Barclay NL. Sleep-related attentional bias for tired faces in insomnia: Evidence from a dot-probe paradigm. Behav Res Ther 2018; 103:18-23. [PMID: 29407198 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
People with insomnia often display an attentional bias for sleep-specific stimuli. However, prior studies have mostly utilized sleep-related words and images, and research is yet to examine whether people with insomnia display an attentional bias for sleep-specific (i.e. tired appearing) facial stimuli. This study aimed to examine whether individuals with insomnia present an attentional bias for sleep-specific faces depicting tiredness compared to normal-sleepers. Additionally, we aimed to determine whether the presence of an attentional bias was characterized by vigilance or disengagement. Forty-one individuals who meet the DSM-5 criteria for Insomnia Disorder and 41 normal-sleepers completed a dot-probe task comprising of neutral and sleep-specific tired faces. The results demonstrated that vigilance and disengagement scores differed significantly between the insomnia and normal-sleeper groups. Specifically, individuals with insomnia displayed difficulty in both orienting to and disengaging attention from tired faces compared to normal-sleepers. Using tired facial stimuli, the current study provides novel evidence that insomnia is characterized by a sleep-related attentional bias. These outcomes support cognitive models of insomnia by suggesting that individuals with insomnia monitor tiredness in their social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umair Akram
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK.
| | | | - Antonia Ypsilanti
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - John Reidy
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Anna Robson
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Ashley J Chapman
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, UK
| | - Nicola L Barclay
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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Lee YJG, Kim S, Kim N, Choi JW, Park J, Kim SJ, Gwak AR, Lee YJ. Changes in subcortical resting-state functional connectivity in patients with psychophysiological insomnia after cognitive-behavioral therapy: Changes in resting-state FC after CBT for insomnia patients. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 17:115-123. [PMID: 29062688 PMCID: PMC5647526 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To examine the resting-state functional connectivity (FC) between subcortical regions in relation to whole-brain activity in patients with psychophysiological insomnia (PI) and changes following cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTi). METHODS The FC between subcortical seed regions (caudate, putamen, pallidum, amygdala, thalamus, and hippocampus) and whole-brain voxels were compared between the PI group (n = 13, mean age: 51.0 ± 10.2 years) and good sleepers (GS, n = 18, mean age: 42.7 ± 12.3 years). Also, in the PI group, FC was compared before and after 5 weeks of CBTi. RESULTS Compared to the GS group, the PI group exhibited stronger FC between the thalamus and prefrontal cortex and between the pallidum and precuneus but weaker FC between the pallidum and angular gyrus, the caudate and orbitofrontal cortex, and the hippocampus and fusiform gyrus. After CBTi, the PI group exhibited decreased FC between the thalamus and parietal cortex, the putamen and motor cortices, and the amygdala and lingual gyrus, but increased FC between the caudate and supramarginal gyrus, the pallidum and orbitofrontal cortex, and the hippocampus and frontal/parietal gyri. CONCLUSIONS The present findings demonstrate different FC in PI patients compared to GS and provide insight into the neurobiological rationale for CBTi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin G Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Eunpyeong Seoul Metropolitan Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soohyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nambeom Kim
- Gachon University, Neuroresearch Institute, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Park
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Seog Ju Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ah Reum Gwak
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Sleep and Chronobiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Exploration of changes in the brain response to sleep-related pictures after cognitive-behavioral therapy for psychophysiological insomnia. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12528. [PMID: 28970534 PMCID: PMC5624934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychophysiological insomnia (PI) includes arousal to sleep-related stimuli (SS), which can be treated by cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I). The present study was an exploratory, prospective intervention study that aimed to explore brain response to visual SS in PI before and after CBT-I. Blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal differences in response to SS and neutral stimuli (NS) were compared between 14 drug-free PI patients and 18 good sleepers (GS) using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). BOLD changes after CBT-I in patients were also examined. PI patients showed higher BOLD activation to SS in the precentral, prefrontal, fusiform, and posterior cingulate cortices before CBT-I. The increased responses to SS were reduced after CBT-I. The increased response to SS in the precentral cortex was associated with longer wake time after sleep onset (WASO), and its reduction after CBT-I was associated with improvements in WASO. Clinical improvements after CBT-I were correlated with BOLD reduction in the right insula and left paracentral cortex in response to SS. PI showed hyper-responses to SS in the precentral cortex, prefrontal cortex, and default mode network and these brain hyper-responses were normalized after CBT-I. CBT-I may exert its treatment effects on PI by reducing hyper-responses to SS in the precentral cortex and insula.
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Dai XJ. Brain response to sleep-related attentional bias in patients with chronic insomnia. J Thorac Dis 2017; 9:1466-1468. [PMID: 28740660 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2017.05.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Jian Dai
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China
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