1
|
Richardson L, Long E, Goodfellow C, Milicev J, Gardani M. Starting an undergraduate degree amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A mixed-method egocentric network study on student loneliness. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297953. [PMID: 38306333 PMCID: PMC10836688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Students who began their undergraduate university studies in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic (the 'COVID cohort'), may have been particularly at risk for experiencing increased loneliness. This study employed an exploratory egocentric network and mixed-methods approach to investigate the links between social networks and loneliness in the COVID cohort. Of sixty-one respondents meeting inclusion criteria for the study, fifty-eight first-year undergraduate students from the September 2020 intake at a large Scottish University provided egocentric network data via an online survey, as well as responses to three open-ended questions which were aimed at generating qualitative data about participants' experiences of starting university in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Bivariate analyses suggest that having a larger social network, and higher satisfaction with that network, was associated with reduced loneliness. We additionally explored these associations in subsamples of students living on-campus and living off-campus. Our qualitative data adds valuable insight into the impact that pandemic-related social-distancing restrictions had on limiting students' opportunities for meeting their peers and forging meaningful social connections at university. Limitations of this study include a small sample size and an exploratory approach requiring further investigation and replication. However, in the context of universities continuing to use hybrid teaching models, this study provides useful initial insights, highlighting potential avenues for institutions to support students in developing social connections in the transition to higher education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Richardson
- Mental Health and Wellbeing, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Emily Long
- MRC / CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Claire Goodfellow
- MRC / CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Jelena Milicev
- MRC / CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Akram U, Stevenson JC, Gardani M, Allen S, Johann AF. Personality and insomnia: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e14031. [PMID: 37654128 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The inherent nature of personality serves as a predisposing, and possible maintaining, factor of insomnia. However, methodological differences limit the ability to draw causal conclusions regarding the specific traits involved in the aetiology of the disorder. This systematic review of the relationship between insomnia and personality provides a narrative synthesis of the literature to date. Here, we identified N = 76 studies meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria. The outcomes reliably evidenced the experience of insomnia to be associated with personality traits that are typically considered to be negative or maladaptive in nature. More specifically, insomnia was related to neuroticism, introversion, perfectionistic doubts and concerns, elevated personal standards, negative affect, social inhibition and avoidance, hysteria, hypochondriasis, psychasthenia, impulsive behaviour, anger, hostility, and psychopathic tendencies, schizotypal and borderline traits, reduced conscientiousness and self-directedness, and negatively perceived perception of the self. Several studies examined the role that personality plays in predicting the treatment efficacy and adherence of CBTi. Moving forward, longitudinal research, methodological consistency, the mediating role of treatment outcomes and adherence, and clinical and population representative samples should be prioritised. Methodological strengths and limitations of the literature are discussed alongside the next steps that should be taken to advance our understanding of the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umair Akram
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anna F Johann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Akram U, Irvine K, Gardani M, Allen S, Akram A, Stevenson JC. Prevalence of anxiety, depression, mania, insomnia, stress, suicidal ideation, psychotic experiences, & loneliness in UK university students. Sci Data 2023; 10:621. [PMID: 37704598 PMCID: PMC10499890 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite existing wellbeing services, university students remain particularly vulnerable to mental health difficulties. Therefore, this study was designed to provide a comprehensive assessment of the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms by using well validated scales with robust psychometric properties. More specifically, the current data provides crucial information concerning the prevalence of anxiety, depression, mania, insomnia, stress, suicidal ideation, psychotic experiences and loneliness amongst a sample of N = 1408 UK university students. A cross-sectional online questionnaire-based study was implemented. Online recruitment for this dataset began on September 17th, 2018, and ended on the 30th July 2019. Eight validated measures were used: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale; Patient Health Questionnaire; The Mood Disorder Questionnaire; The Sleep Condition Indicator; The Perceived Stress Scale; Suicidal Behaviours Questionnaire-Revised; The Prodromal Questionnaire 16 (PQ-16); and the University of California Loneliness Scale. The dataset is available to other researchers and is provided on figshare. Information concerning the data records, usage notes, code availability and technical validation are presented. Finally, we present demographic information concerning psychiatric symptom prevalence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umair Akram
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK.
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kamila Irvine
- School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Asha Akram
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
McLaren DM, Evans J, Baylan S, Smith S, Gardani M. The effectiveness of the behavioural components of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia in older adults: A systematic review. J Sleep Res 2023; 32:e13843. [PMID: 36802110 PMCID: PMC10909422 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia is more prevalent in older adults (> 60 years) than in the general population. Cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is the gold-standard treatment; however, it may prove too cognitively taxing for some. This systematic review aimed to critically examine the literature exploring the effectiveness of explicitly behavioural interventions for insomnia in older adults, with secondary aims of investigating their effect on mood and daytime functioning. Four electronic databases (MEDLINE - Ovid, Embase - Ovid, CINAHL, and PsycINFO) were searched. All experimental, quasi-experimental and pre-experimental studies were included, provided they: (a) were published in English; (b) recruited older adults with insomnia; (c) used sleep restriction and/or stimulus control; (d) reported outcomes pre-and-post intervention. Database searches returned 1689 articles; 15 studies, summarising the results of 498 older adults, were included - three focused on stimulus control, four on sleep restriction, and eight adopted multicomponent treatments comprised of both interventions. All interventions brought about significant improvements in one or more subjectively measured facets of sleep although, overall, multicomponent therapies demonstrated larger effects (median Hedge's g = 0.55). Actigraphic or polysomnographic outcomes demonstrated smaller or no effects. Improvements in measures of depression were seen in multicomponent interventions, but no intervention demonstrated any statistically significant improvement in measures of anxiety. This corroborates with the existing consensus that multicomponent approaches confer the most benefit, and adds to the literature by demonstrating this to be the case in brief, explicitly behavioural interventions. This review guides future study of treatments for insomnia in populations where cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia is not appropriate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Declan M. McLaren
- School of Psychology and NeuroscienceThe University of GlasgowGlasgowScotland
| | - Jonathan Evans
- School of Health and WellbeingThe University of GlasgowGlasgowScotland
| | - Satu Baylan
- School of Health and WellbeingThe University of GlasgowGlasgowScotland
| | - Sarah Smith
- School of Psychology and NeuroscienceThe University of GlasgowGlasgowScotland
| | - Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social ScienceThe University of EdinburghEdinburghScotland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Renger D, Reinken A, Krys S, Gardani M, Martiny SE. Why the belief in one's equal rights matters: Self-respect, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation in Western and non-Western countries. Health Psychol Open 2023; 10:20551029231206780. [PMID: 37873550 PMCID: PMC10590545 DOI: 10.1177/20551029231206780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present research investigated the relationship between self-respect (i.e., a person's belief of possessing the same rights as others) and depressive symptoms. Based on earlier longitudinal findings that self-respect fosters assertiveness and that assertiveness negatively predicts depressive symptoms, we tested these relationships in Western and non-Western countries. Additionally, we explored associations with suicidal ideation. Across seven countries (N = 2408) we found that self-respect and depressive symptoms were negatively correlated. In addition, we found evidence for an indirect path via assertiveness as well as negative correlations with suicidal ideation in countries with available measures. Finally, within-manuscript meta-analyses confirmed the main path between self-respect and depressive symptoms across all seven countries. This research presents the first evidence for the negative association between self-respect (feeling equal to others) and depressive symptoms and highlights new directions for linking self and self-regard to mental health.
Collapse
|
6
|
Akram U, Barclay N, Milkins B, Stevenson J, Gardani M. Sleep-related attentional and interpretive-bias in insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2023; 67:101713. [PMID: 36459947 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive models of insomnia highlight internal and external cognitive-biases for sleep-related "threat" in maintaining the disorder. This systematic review of the sleep-related attentional and interpretive-bias literature includes meta-analytic calculations of each construct. Searches identified N = 21 attentional-bias and N = 8 interpretive-bias studies meeting the inclusion/exclusion criteria. Seventeen attentional-bias studies compared normal-sleepers and poor-sleepers/insomnia patients. Using a random effects model, meta-analytic data based on standardized mean differences of attentional-bias studies determined the weighted pooled effect size to be moderate at 0.60 (95%CI:0.26-0.93). Likewise, seven of eight interpretive-bias studies involved group comparisons. Meta-analytic data determined the weighted pooled effect size as moderate at .44 (95%CI:0.19-0.69). Considering these outcomes, disorder congruent cognitive-biases appear to be a key feature of insomnia. Despite statistical support, absence of longitudinal data limits causal inference concerning the relative role cognitive-biases in the development and maintenance of insomnia. Methodological factors pertaining to task design, sample and stimuli are discussed in relation to outcome variation. Finally, we discuss the next steps in advancing the understanding of sleep-related biases in insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umair Akram
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, UK.
| | | | - Bronwyn Milkins
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chandler L, Patel C, Lovecka L, Gardani M, Walasek L, Ellis J, Meyer C, Johnson S, Tang NKY. Improving university students' mental health using multi-component and single-component sleep interventions: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med 2022; 100:354-363. [PMID: 36198252 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
University is a time of significant transitions during a young adult's life, with delayed and shortened sleep and poor mental health a common occurrence. This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effect of both multi-component and single-component sleep interventions on improving university students' sleep and mental health. Five databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, CINAHL and Cochrane Library) were searched for relevant literature published until April 2022. Treatment studies including university students aged 18-24 years, participating in a sleep intervention (multi-component, e.g., CBT-I, or single-component, e.g., sleep hygiene) were eligible. Comparator groups were either active, i.e., alternative intervention, or passive, i.e., waitlist control or treatment-as-usual, with study outcomes to include measures of sleep and mental health. Of 3435 references screened, 11 studies involving 5267 participants, with and without insomnia symptoms, were included for a narrative synthesis on intervention designs and methodology. Six studies eligible for meta-analyses showed a moderate effect of sleep interventions in reducing sleep disturbance (SMD = -0.548 [CI: -0.837, -0.258]) at post-treatment, alongside a small effect in improving anxiety (SMD = -0.226 [CI: -0.421, -0.031]) and depression (SMD = -0.295 [CI: -0.513, -0.077]). Meta-regression examining study and intervention characteristics identified subpopulation (experiencing insomnia or not) as a significant moderator for effects on sleep (p = 0.0003) and depression (p = 0.0063), with larger effects in studies with participants experiencing insomnia. Comparison group type (active or passive) was also a significant moderator (p = 0.0474), with larger effects on sleep in studies using passive comparison groups. Study type, delivery format, and intervention duration were not identified as significant moderators. At follow-ups, small but significant effects were sustained for anxiety and depression. Protecting and promoting sleep amongst university students may help safeguard and advance mental health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chloe Patel
- Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, UK
| | - Lia Lovecka
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, UK
| | - Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jason Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Faulkner SM, Drake RJ, Ogden M, Gardani M, Bee PE. A mixed methods expert opinion study on the optimal content and format for an occupational therapy intervention to improve sleep in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269453. [PMID: 35666738 PMCID: PMC9170103 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction People with schizophrenia spectrum disorder diagnoses commonly have poor sleep, which predicts various negative outcomes. The problems are diverse, including substantial circadian dysregulation, sleep-wake timing issues, hypersomnia (excessive sleep), and more classic insomnia. Methods This paper reports on a mixed methods expert opinion study based on the principles of Delphi methodology. The study examines and explores opinion on the optimal contents and format for an occupational therapy intervention to improve poor sleep in this population. Views of clinical and academic topic experts (n = 56), were elicited, examined and explored in three rounds, views from previous rounds being presented back to participants in subsequent rounds. Participants with relevant personal experience (n = 26) then rated and commented on suggestions, with a focus on acceptability. Descriptive statistics and graphs of ratings were triangulated with qualitative content analysis of free-text. Results Participants emphasised the central importance of intervention personalisation, although the manner and extent of personalisation suggested varied. Many components and domains were acknowledged as important, with the challenge being how to keep such an intervention simple, brief, and feasible for end-users, for sustainable implementation. The strongest consensus was to address evening routine, daytime activity, and environmental interventions. Relaxation, mindfulness, thermoregulation, sensory factors, and cognitive or psychological approaches were rated as less important. There was disagreement on whether to include time in bed restriction, and how to address napping, as well as how far to address medication timing. Clinicians and researchers advocated some version of stimulus control, but participants with personal experience reported low levels of acceptability for this, describing entirely negative experiences using ‘the 15-minute rule’ (part of stimulus control). Conclusion These results are informative for clinicians treating sleep problems in people with schizophrenia and related conditions, as well as for decision makers considering the potential contribution of the profession of occupational therapy toward sleep treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie M. Faulkner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Richard J. Drake
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Margaret Ogden
- Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Penny E. Bee
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
MacKenzie M, Scott H, Reid K, Gardani M. Adolescent perspectives of bedtime social media use: a qualitative systematic review and thematic synthesis. Sleep Med Rev 2022; 63:101626. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Montgomery MC, Baylan S, Gardani M. Prevalence of insomnia and insomnia symptoms following mild-traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 61:101563. [PMID: 35033968 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is commonly disrupted following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), however there is a lack of consensus in the existing literature regarding the prevalence of insomnia/insomnia symptoms after injury. The aim of this review was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of insomnia and insomnia symptoms' prevalence following mTBI. Full-text articles published in English in peer-reviewed journals, including adults with a clinical or self-reported mild traumatic brain injury diagnosis, were eligible for inclusion. Studies that assessed insomnia/insomnia symptoms after injury were included. Of the 2091 records identified, 20 studies were included in the review. 19 of these were meta-analysed (n = 95,195), indicating high heterogeneity among studies. Subgroup analyses indicated pooled prevalence estimates of post-mTBI insomnia disorder of 27.0% (95% CI 6.49-54.68) and insomnia symptoms of 71.7% (95% CI 60.31-81.85). The prevalence of insomnia is significantly higher in individuals who have sustained mild traumatic brain injury compared to prevalence estimates reported in the general population but high heterogeneity and methodological differences among studies make it difficult to provide reliable prevalence estimates. Future research should continue to advance our understanding of the onset, progression and impact of post-mild traumatic brain injury insomnia to promote the recovery and wellbeing of affected individuals. PROSPERO registration CRD42020168563.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Satu Baylan
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gardani M, Bradford DRR, Russell K, Allan S, Beattie L, Ellis JG, Akram U. A systematic review and meta-analysis of poor sleep, insomnia symptoms and stress in undergraduate students. Sleep Med Rev 2021; 61:101565. [PMID: 34922108 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
University students experience high prevalence of mental health problems and exacerbation of mental health difficulties, including sleep disturbances and stress during their studies. Stress and poor sleep quality and/or insomnia are interlinked outcomes for this population. The aim was to conduct a systematic review, and meta-analyses, of the relationships between sleep quality and/or insomnia with stress in students. Full-text articles of studies exploring the associations of stress with poor sleep quality and/or insomnia in undergraduate students using validated tools and published in peer-reviewed journals were eligible for inclusion. Thirty-four studies, resulting in 37 effect sizes, included and all were suitable for meta-analysis. The weighted pooled effect size between sleep quality and stress was for 0.39 (25 studies, n = 10,065), whereas a slightly higher pooled association of 0.41 was demonstrated for insomnia and stress (12 studies, n = 5564.5). Pooled associations show moderate effects for associations between sleep quality, insomnia and stress in undergraduate students. High heterogeneity in meta-analyses was found, suggesting the findings should be considered cautiously. Future research should focus on longitudinal studies exploring sleep difficulties across the academic year, whilst university services should consider psychoeducation for stress and sleep in university students, especially during transition to university.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gardani
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | | | - Kirsten Russell
- School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, UK
| | - Stephanie Allan
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Louise Beattie
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Jason G Ellis
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, Northumbria University, UK
| | - Umair Akram
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Allen SF, Gardani M, Akram A, Irvine KR, Akram U. Examining the Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity of the Disturbing Dreams and Nightmare Severity Index (DDNSI) Consequences Sub-component. Behav Sleep Med 2021; 19:783-794. [PMID: 33345617 DOI: 10.1080/15402002.2020.1862848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Background: The Disturbing Dreams and Nightmares Severity Index (DDNSI) is commonly used when assessing the experience of nightmares. It comprises two parts examining i) chronicity and ii) nightmare consequences. The primary aim of the present study was to explore the dimensional structure of the optional and currently unvalidated nightmare consequences component using exploratory factor analysis. Internal reliability and construct validity were also examined. A secondary aim explored the relationships between nightmare chronicity and perceived consequences with measures of anxiety, depression, stress, self-efficacy, and insomnia.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with complete data from N = 757 students from six UK-based universities. Participants completed the chronicity and consequences components of the DDNSI, alongside the Sleep Condition Indicator, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7, Perceived Stress Scale, and General Self-Efficacy Scale.Results: Two nightmare consequences factors emerged; 'Sleep-Interference' (four items; α =.848), and 'Psychosocial Well-being' (six items; α =.946). Significantly moderate correlations were observed between the two emerging factors and the nightmare chronicity component, as well as with insomnia, anxiety, depression, perceived stress, and self-efficacy. Perceived 'Sleep-Interference' (β =-.241) was the strongest predictor of insomnia, and 'Psychosocial wellbeing' was the strongest predictor of anxiety (β =.688) depression (β =.804) perceived stress and lower self-efficacy.Conclusions: The perceived nightmare consequences component of the DDSNI is a multidimensional construct comprising two internally consistent and distinct, but related dimensions. The potential importance of distinguishing between types of perceived nightmare consequences and the associations with mental health outcomes in a student population is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah F Allen
- Psychology Department, School of Social Sciences, Humanities and Law, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Maria Gardani
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Asha Akram
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Umair Akram
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ellis JG, Perlis ML, Espie CA, Grandner MA, Bastien CH, Barclay NL, Altena E, Gardani M. The natural history of insomnia: predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating factors over the early developmental course of insomnia. Sleep 2021; 44:zsab095. [PMID: 33849074 PMCID: PMC8826168 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsab095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
While there is an extensive literature on predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating factors in those with chronic insomnia, very little work has been undertaken to evaluate these factors over the early developmental course of insomnia. The present aim was to determine whether several hypothesized factors in each domain (predisposing, precipitating, coping, and perpetuating), assessed during an episode of acute insomnia (AI), are related to its persistence or remission to normal sleep. Participants comprised n = 140 people with AI and n = 737 normal sleepers (NS) recruited from the general public. Participants completed measures assessing predisposing characteristics (personality traits, arousal predisposition, and insomnia vulnerability), precipitating events and outcomes (life events, perceived stress, anxiety, and depression), coping styles (thought control strategies and coping styles), and perpetuating factors (sleep preoccupation, pre-sleep arousal, dysfunctional beliefs, and fatigue). Additionally, insomnia status (from AI at baseline to its persistence or natural remission [NR]) was assessed 1 month later (n = 129). Baseline differences between NS and individuals with AI were observed in each domain with increasing age, lower openness to experience and conscientiousness, higher insomnia severity, levels of anxiety, and affective sleep preoccupation significantly predicting AI status. Further, a previous episode of insomnia, higher depression scores, and affective sleep preoccupation scores significantly predicted its persistence, as opposed to its NR. Results are discussed with reference to the conceptualization of insomnia and how the findings may influence the design of preventative interventions to circumvent the transition from acute to chronic insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Ellis
- Northumbria Sleep Research, Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael L Perlis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Colin A Espie
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael A Grandner
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychology and Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Célyne H Bastien
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
- CERVO Research Centre, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicola L Barclay
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Maria Gardani
- UMR 5287, Institut de Neurosciences Intégratives et Cognitives d’Aquitaine, Neuroimagerie et Cognition Humaine, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Long E, Gardani M, McCann M, Sweeting H, Tranmer M, Moore L. Mental health disorders and adolescent peer relationships. Soc Sci Med 2020; 253:112973. [PMID: 32283352 PMCID: PMC7248572 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mental health disorders often arise during adolescence, with disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders among the most common. Given the salience of peer relationships during adolescence, and research suggesting that mental health disorders negatively impact social functioning, this study uses novel methodology from social network analysis to uncover the social processes linking disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders with adolescent friendships. In particular, the study focuses on peer withdrawal, peer popularity, and peer homophily in relation to both disorders. METHODS Data come from 15-year old students in four Scottish secondary schools (N = 602). Diagnoses of disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders were produced using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, and peer relationship data were obtained through a friendship nomination survey. Exponential random graph models were used to estimate the probability of peer withdrawal, peer popularity, and peer homophily based on each disorder. RESULTS Results demonstrated that adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders were more popular than their peers without disruptive behavior disorders (OR: 1.47, CI: 1.20, 1.87). Friendship was also more likely between two adolescents both with or both without disruptive behavior disorders (OR: 1.26, CI: 1.07, 1.47), demonstrating peer homophily. There was no evidence that anxiety disorders were related to adolescent peer relationships. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggest that disruptive behavior disorders may be socially rewarded (e.g., peer popularity) and socially clustered (e.g., homophily), whereas anxiety disorders show no such trends. Thus, intervention efforts must account for the peer social status that may be gained from engaging in disruptive behavior during this developmental period. Further, given that similarity in DBD status is associated with an increased likelihood of friendship, adolescents are likely to be surrounded by peers who reinforce their behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Long
- University of Glasgow, School of Social and Political Sciences, MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria Gardani
- University of Glasgow, School of Psychology, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow, G12 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McCann
- University of Glasgow, MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Sweeting
- University of Glasgow, MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Tranmer
- University of Glasgow, School of Social and Political Sciences, Adam Smith Building, Bute Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RT, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Moore
- University of Glasgow, MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3AX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baylan S, Griffiths S, Grant N, Broomfield NM, Evans JJ, Gardani M. Incidence and prevalence of post-stroke insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev 2020; 49:101222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2019.101222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Akram U, Stevenson JC, Gardani M, Akram A, Allen S. Psychopathy and chronotype disposition: the mediating role of depression. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02894. [PMID: 31844760 PMCID: PMC6895668 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between dark triad personality traits and chronotype disposition, whilst incorporating the mediating role of anxiety and/or depression after excluding individuals presenting insomnia and/or physiological sleep-disorder symptoms. Members of the general population (N = 453) completed online measures of dark triad personality traits, chronotype, and anxious and depressive symptoms. Psychopathy and Machiavellianism were independently related to an evening chronotype disposition. However, after accounting for age, sex, anxiety and depression, psychopathy and depression remained the only significant predictors of chronotype. Therefore, whilst psychopathy was the strongest predictor of an evening chronotype preference, this relationship is partially mediated by depression. Individuals presenting an evening disposition may display increased psychopathic traits due to greater emotion dysregulation. This is potentially perpetuated by depressive symptoms stemming from a delayed or blunted affective rhythm. Interacting factors (e.g. reduced light exposure) may also contribute to alterations in the biological rhythm amongst evening-types, resulting in a negative feedback cycle. Targeting chronotype and depressive symptoms amongst individuals presenting psychopathic tendencies could increase the efficacy of existing sleep-based interventions for hostile behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umair Akram
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Maria Gardani
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Asha Akram
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of York, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Akram U, Akram A, Gardani M, Ypsilanti A, McCarty K, Allen S, Lazuras L. The Relationship between Depression and Insomnia Symptoms Amongst a Sample of UK University Students. Sleep Med Res 2019. [DOI: 10.17241/smr.2019.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
18
|
Akram U, McCarty K, Akram A, Gardani M, Tan A, Villarreal D, Bilsborough E, Dooher G, Gibbs G, Hudson JL, Mills R, Subramaniam V, Allen S. The relationship between Type D personality and insomnia. Sleep Health 2018; 4:360-363. [PMID: 30031529 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Type D personality is characterized by the combination of social inhibition and negative affectivity. This study examined the relationship between Type D personality and insomnia symptoms amongst a sample of the general-population. METHODS Adults from the general-population (n = 392) completed online measures of Type D personality (DS14) and insomnia severity. RESULTS Individuals with the Type D personality trait reported significantly greater symptoms of insomnia relative to Non-Type Ds. Moreover, insomnia-symptoms were independently related to negative affectivity (NA) and social inhibition (SI) and the Type D interaction (i.e. synergistic product of SI and NA). Linear regression analysis determined that NA but not SI significantly predicted insomnia symptoms after controlling for age and sex. However, after accounting for the Type D interaction, negative affectivity remained the only significant predictor of insomnia-symptoms. CONCLUSIONS The Type D personality type appears to be related to insomnia-symptoms, both as a categorical and dimensional construct. These outcomes support prior research evidencing that whilst Type D personality is related to poor sleep in adolescents, NA appears to be the main contributor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Umair Akram
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK.
| | - Kristofor McCarty
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, UK
| | - Asha Akram
- Department of Psychology, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | - Alice Tan
- Tunku Abdul Rahman University College, Malaysia, KL
| | - Daniel Villarreal
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Emily Bilsborough
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Grace Dooher
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Grace Gibbs
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Jess L Hudson
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | - Rachel Mills
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Politics, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
| | | | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hatton REM, Gardani M. Maternal perceptions of advice on sleep in young children: How, what, and when? Br J Health Psychol 2018; 23:476-495. [DOI: 10.1111/bjhp.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gardani
- Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre–Karlsruhe Establishment European Institute for Transuranium Elements, 75 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
| | - C. Ronchi
- Commission of the European Communities, Joint Research Centre–Karlsruhe Establishment European Institute for Transuranium Elements, 75 Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is an effective treatment for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). However, uptake and adherence to rehabilitation is poor and non-adherence is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. This study investigated the factors that might predict an individual completing his/her PR programme. Demographic, physiological and psychological data were collected from routine assessment information. Non-completers ( N = 213) who dropped out after initial assessment were compared with completers ( N = 438) who attended all 6 weeks of PR programme. Regression analysis indicated that smoking status was the strongest predictor for completing PR programme, that is, ex-smokers were 2.6 times (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.7–3.9) and those who had never smoked were 2.5 times (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–5.7) more likely to complete in comparison with those who were current smokers. Scoring better on psychological well-being measures (odds ratio = 1.6; 95% CI = 1.2–1.9) was also a strong predictor. The findings suggest the areas that could be addressed to enhance adherence to rehabilitation, for example, targeted interventions for clients who continue to smoke and for those who require support for psychological distress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan Cassidy
- Institute of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Sue Turnbull
- Institute of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Maria Gardani
- Institute of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Kim Kirkwood
- Department of Clinical Health Psychology, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Espie CA, Kyle SD, Hames P, Gardani M, Fleming L, Cape J. The Sleep Condition Indicator: a clinical screening tool to evaluate insomnia disorder. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e004183. [PMID: 24643168 PMCID: PMC3964344 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Describe the development and psychometric validation of a brief scale (the Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI)) to evaluate insomnia disorder in everyday clinical practice. DESIGN The SCI was evaluated across five study samples. Content validity, internal consistency and concurrent validity were investigated. PARTICIPANTS 30 941 individuals (71% female) completed the SCI along with other descriptive demographic and clinical information. SETTING Data acquired on dedicated websites. RESULTS The eight-item SCI (concerns about getting to sleep, remaining asleep, sleep quality, daytime personal functioning, daytime performance, duration of sleep problem, nights per week having a sleep problem and extent troubled by poor sleep) had robust internal consistency (α≥0.86) and showed convergent validity with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Insomnia Severity Index. A two-item short-form (SCI-02: nights per week having a sleep problem, extent troubled by poor sleep), derived using linear regression modelling, correlated strongly with the SCI total score (r=0.90). CONCLUSIONS The SCI has potential as a clinical screening tool for appraising insomnia symptoms against Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) criteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Espie
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences/Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, UK
- Sleepio Limited, London, UK
| | - Simon D Kyle
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Maria Gardani
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Leanne Fleming
- Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - John Cape
- Camden & Islington NHS Trust, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES While many studies have examined the association between insomnia and depression, no studies have evaluated these associations (1) within a narrow time frame, (2) with specific reference to acute and chronic insomnia, and (3) using polysomnography. In the present study, the association between insomnia and first-onset depression was evaluated taking into account these considerations. DESIGN A mixed-model inception design. SETTING Academic research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-four individuals (acute insomnia [n = 33], normal sleepers [n = 21]) with no reported history of a sleep disorder, chronic medical condition, or psychiatric illness. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Participants were assessed at baseline (2 nights of polysomnography and psychometric measures of stress and mood) and insomnia and depression status were reassessed at 3 months. Individuals with acute insomnia exhibited more stress, poorer mood, worse subjective sleep continuity, increased N2 sleep, and decreased N3 sleep. Individuals who transitioned to chronic insomnia exhibited (at baseline) shorter REM latencies and reduced N3 sleep. Individuals who exhibited this pattern in the transition from acute to chronic insomnia were also more likely to develop first-onset depression (9.26%) as compared to those who remitted from insomnia (1.85%) or were normal sleepers (1.85%). CONCLUSION The transition from acute to chronic insomnia is presaged by baseline differences in sleep architecture that have, in the past, been ascribed to Major Depression, either as heritable traits or as acquired traits from prior episodes of depression. The present findings suggest that the "sleep architecture stigmata" of depression may actually develop over the course transitioning from acute to chronic insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason G Ellis
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | | | - Maria Gardani
- Institute of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - Colin A Espie
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences/Sleep & Circadian Neuroscience Institute, University of Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
O'Neill B, Gardani M, Findlay G, Whyte T, Cullen T. Challenging behaviour and sleep cycle disorder following brain injury: a preliminary response to agomelatine treatment. Brain Inj 2013; 28:378-81. [PMID: 24378071 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2013.865264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep disturbances are common after acquired brain injury. Sedatives can exacerbate behavioural disorders. OBJECTIVES This study reports the case of a severely brain damaged man (TM) who developed a non-24 hour sleep cycle disorder that was effectively managed by the administration of a melatonin receptor agonist, agomelatine. METHOD TM suffered significant brain damage as a result of a large subarachnoid haemorrhage of his right anterior cerebral artery complicated by midline shift and subsequent infarction of his left middle cerebral artery. In addition to challenging behaviour and cognitive impairment, TM presented with a recurrent disturbed sleep-wake pattern that significantly worsened his quality-of-life. He was diagnosed as suffering of non-24 hour sleep-wake disorder. Challenge was recorded using the Overt Aggression Scale Modified for Neuro-Rehabilitation (OASMNR). RESULTS Typical hypnotics had no or ill effects. Agomelatine prescription (25 mg) led to significant OASMNR and sleep efficiency change with effects apparent at 1.5 years later. CONCLUSIONS Administration of the melatonin receptor (MT₁ and MT₂) agonist agomelatine each night resulted in an immediate and sustained improvement on sleep and on indices of challenging behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B O'Neill
- Brain Injury Rehabilitation Trust , Glasgow , UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gardani M, Miller C, Ellis J, Von Schantz M, Archer S. M-B-041 THE ASSOCIATION OF SLEEPINESS AND DIURNAL PREFERENCE WITH SALIVARY AMYLASE ACTIVITY. Sleep Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-9457(11)70119-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
With increasing importance being placed on the role of cognitive biases as a maintaining factor in insomnia, the influence of order effects on interpretative responses should be examined and subsequently accounted for. The aim of the present study was to examine whether asking participants about their sleep experiences, prior to testing for a perceptual bias, affects responses on a sleep-related ambiguity task. One hundred and seventeen undergraduate students, blind to the aims of the experiment, were issued either the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes to Sleep scale (DBAS-10) and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) before, or following, completion of an Insomnia Ambiguity Task (IAT). As expected, a multivariate analysis of variance showed that the order in which participants completed the task affected the responses on the IAT with those given the DBAS-10 and ISI first, showing greater insomnia-related interpretations than those given the IAT first. However, on closer examination, this effect was evident only for those who were defined as poor sleepers, and that normal sleepers were largely unaffected by the order in which the tests are given. The results are discussed in terms of design and management of sleep-related research protocols involving implicit cognitive tasks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Ellis
- University of Glasgow Sleep Centre, Sackler Institute of Psychobiological Research, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gardani M, Biello S. The effects of photic and nonphotic stimuli in the 5-HT7 receptor knockout mouse. Neuroscience 2008; 152:245-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
28
|
Gardani M, Blance RN, Biello SM. MDMA alters the response of the mammalian circadian clock in hamsters: effects on re-entrainment and triazolam-induced phase shifts. Brain Res 2005; 1046:105-15. [PMID: 15904898 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 03/21/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is a neurotransmitter that is involved in a wide range of behavioural and physiological processes. Previous work has indicated that serotonin is important in the regulation of the circadian clock, which is located in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or 'Ecstasy'), which is widely used as a recreational drug of abuse, is a serotonin neurotoxin in animals and non-human primates. Previous work has shown that MDMA exposure can alter circadian clock function both in vitro and in vivo. Evidence shows that 5-HT may have a modulatory role in the regulation of the circadian clock by non-photic stimuli, such as the benzodiazepine triazolam (TRZ). Triazolam is a short-acting benzodiazepine that results in phase advances of the wheel running activity in hamsters when administered during the mid-subjective day. In the present study, male Syrian hamsters treated with TRZ (5 mg/kg) at ZT6 significantly phase advanced their clock. Treatment with MDMA significantly diminished the TRZ induced phase shift in hamsters. Previous evidence shows the involvement of 5-HT in the re-synchronisation of the endogenous clock to a new shifted light-dark cycle. Untreated animals were successfully entrained to a new, 6 h advanced light-dark cycle within an average of 4.5 +/- 0.1 days. Following treatment with MDMA, these animals took an average of 8.3 +/- 0.1 days to re-entrain to a shifted environmental cycle. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that animals treated with MDMA showed reduced serotonin staining, as evidenced by a decrease in innervation density in the SCN. No significant differences were found in cell counts within the raphe nuclei. These results demonstrate the importance of the serotonergic system in the modulation of photic and non-photic responses of the circadian pacemaker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gardani
- Department of Psychology, University of Glasgow, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|