1
|
Pattaro S, Bailey N, Williams E, Gibson M, Wells V, Tranmer M, Dibben C. The Impacts of Benefit Sanctions: A Scoping Review of the Quantitative Research Evidence. J Soc Policy 2022; 51:611-653. [PMID: 36000019 PMCID: PMC7613403 DOI: 10.1017/s0047279421001069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades, the use of conditionality backed by benefit sanctions for those claiming unemployment and related benefits has become widespread in the social security systems of high-income countries. Critics argue that sanctions may be ineffective in bringing people back to employment or indeed harmful in a range of ways. Existing reviews largely assess the labour market impacts of sanctions but our understanding of the wider impacts is more limited. We report results from a scoping review of the international quantitative research evidence on both labour market and wider impacts of benefit sanctions. Following systematic search and screening, we extract data for 94 studies reporting on 253 outcome measures. We provide a narrative summary, paying attention to the ability of the studies to support causal inference. Despite variation in the evidence base and study designs, we found that labour market studies, covering two thirds of our sample, consistently reported positive impacts for employment but negative impacts for job quality and stability in the longer term, along with increased transitions to non-employment or economic inactivity. Although largely relying on non-experimental designs, wider-outcome studies reported significant associations with increased material hardship and health problems. There was also some evidence that sanctions were associated with increased child maltreatment and poorer child well-being. Lastly, the review highlights the generally poor quality of the evidence base in this area, with few studies employing research methods designed to identify the causal impact of sanctions, especially in relation to wider impacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Pattaro
- Scottish Centre for Administrative Data Research, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow; Urban Big Data Centre, 7 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Nick Bailey
- Scottish Centre for Administrative Data Research, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow; Urban Big Data Centre, 7 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Evan Williams
- Scottish Centre for Administrative Data Research, School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow; Urban Big Data Centre, 7 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Marcia Gibson
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - Valerie Wells
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Berkeley Square, 99 Berkeley Street, Glasgow G3 7HR, UK
| | - Mark Tranmer
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow; Urban Big Data Centre, 7 Lilybank Gardens, Glasgow G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Chris Dibben
- Scottish Centre for Administrative Data Research, Institute of Geography and the Lived Environment, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond Street, Edinburgh EH8 9XP, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gerogiannis G, Tranmer M, Lee D, Valente T. A Bayesian spatio‐network model for multiple adolescent adverse health behaviours. J R Stat Soc Ser C Appl Stat 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas Valente
- University of South California Los Angeles California USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Long E, Gardani M, McCann M, Sweeting H, Tranmer M, Moore L. Mental health disorders and adolescent peer relationships. Soc Sci Med 2020; 253:112973. [PMID: 32283352 PMCID: PMC7248572 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.112973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mental health disorders often arise during adolescence, with disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders among the most common. Given the salience of peer relationships during adolescence, and research suggesting that mental health disorders negatively impact social functioning, this study uses novel methodology from social network analysis to uncover the social processes linking disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders with adolescent friendships. In particular, the study focuses on peer withdrawal, peer popularity, and peer homophily in relation to both disorders. METHODS Data come from 15-year old students in four Scottish secondary schools (N = 602). Diagnoses of disruptive behavior disorders and anxiety disorders were produced using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, and peer relationship data were obtained through a friendship nomination survey. Exponential random graph models were used to estimate the probability of peer withdrawal, peer popularity, and peer homophily based on each disorder. RESULTS Results demonstrated that adolescents with disruptive behavior disorders were more popular than their peers without disruptive behavior disorders (OR: 1.47, CI: 1.20, 1.87). Friendship was also more likely between two adolescents both with or both without disruptive behavior disorders (OR: 1.26, CI: 1.07, 1.47), demonstrating peer homophily. There was no evidence that anxiety disorders were related to adolescent peer relationships. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study suggest that disruptive behavior disorders may be socially rewarded (e.g., peer popularity) and socially clustered (e.g., homophily), whereas anxiety disorders show no such trends. Thus, intervention efforts must account for the peer social status that may be gained from engaging in disruptive behavior during this developmental period. Further, given that similarity in DBD status is associated with an increased likelihood of friendship, adolescents are likely to be surrounded by peers who reinforce their behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Long
- University of Glasgow, School of Social and Political Sciences, MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Maria Gardani
- University of Glasgow, School of Psychology, 62 Hillhead Street, Glasgow, G12 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Mark McCann
- University of Glasgow, MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Sweeting
- University of Glasgow, MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Tranmer
- University of Glasgow, School of Social and Political Sciences, Adam Smith Building, Bute Gardens, Glasgow, G12 8RT, United Kingdom
| | - Laurence Moore
- University of Glasgow, MRC/CSO Social & Public Health Sciences Unit, 200 Renfield Street, Glasgow, G2 3AX, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kapadia D, Nazroo J, Tranmer M. Ethnic differences in women's use of mental health services: do social networks play a role? Findings from a national survey. Ethn Health 2018; 23:293-306. [PMID: 27892690 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2016.1263283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The reasons for ethnic differences in women's mental health service use in England remain unclear. The aims of this study were to ascertain: ethnic differences in women's usage of mental health services, if social networks are independently associated with service use, and if the association between women's social networks and service use varies between ethnic groups. DESIGN Logistic regression modelling of nationally representative data from the Ethnic Minority Psychiatric Illness Rates in the Community (EMPIRIC) survey conducted in England. The analytic sample (2260 women, aged 16-74 years) was drawn from the representative subsample of 2340 women in EMPIRIC for whom data on mental health services, and social networks were available. RESULTS Pakistani and Bangladeshi women were less likely than White women to have used mental health services (Pakistani OR = 0.23, CI = 0.08-0.65, p = .005; Bangladeshi OR = 0.25, CI = 0.07-0.86, p = .027). Frequent contact with relatives reduced mental health service use (OR = 0.45, CI = 0.23-0.89, p = .023). An increase in perceived inadequate support in women's close networks was associated with increased odds of using mental health services (OR = 1.91, CI = 1.11-3.27, p = .019). The influence of social networks on mental health service use did not differ between ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS The differential treatment of women from Pakistani and Bangladeshi ethnic groups in primary care settings could be a possible reason for the observed differences in mental health service use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmi Kapadia
- a The Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMIST) , The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - James Nazroo
- a The Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMIST) , The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK
| | - Mark Tranmer
- b School of Social and Political Sciences , The University of Glasgow , Glasgow , UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Tranmer M, Lorant V. Network, school and country variations in adolescents’ health behaviour: a network analysis. Eur J Public Health 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckx187.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M Tranmer
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - V Lorant
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kapadia D, Brooks HL, Nazroo J, Tranmer M. Pakistani women's use of mental health services and the role of social networks: a systematic review of quantitative and qualitative research. Health Soc Care Community 2017; 25:1304-1317. [PMID: 26592487 PMCID: PMC6849536 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pakistani women in the UK are an at-risk group with high levels of mental health problems, but low levels of mental health service use. However, the rates of service use for Pakistani women are unclear, partly because research with South Asian women has been incorrectly generalised to Pakistani women. Further, this research has been largely undertaken within an individualistic paradigm, with little consideration of patients' social networks, and how these may drive decisions to seek help. This systematic review aimed to clarify usage rates, and describe the nature of Pakistani women's social networks and how they may influence mental health service use. Ten journal databases (ASSIA, CINAHL Plus, EMBASE, HMIC, IBSS, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Social Sciences Abstracts, Social Science Citation Index and Sociological Abstracts) and six sources of grey literature were searched for studies published between 1960 and the end of March 2014. Twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Ten studies (quantitative) reported on inpatient or outpatient service use between ethnic groups. Seven studies (four quantitative, three qualitative) investigated the nature of social networks, and four studies (qualitative) commented on how social networks were involved in accessing mental health services. Pakistani women were less likely than white (British) women to use most specialist mental health services. No difference was found between Pakistani and white women for the consultation of general practitioners for mental health problems. Pakistani women's networks displayed high levels of stigmatising attitudes towards mental health problems and mental health services, which acted as a deterrent to seeking help. No studies were found which compared stigma in networks between Pakistani women and women of other ethnic groups. Pakistani women are at a considerable disadvantage in gaining access to and using statutory mental health services, compared with white women; this, in part, is due to negative attitudes to mental health problems evident in social support networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dharmi Kapadia
- The Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMIST)The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Helen Louise Brooks
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social WorkThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - James Nazroo
- The Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMIST)The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Mark Tranmer
- The Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research (CMIST)The University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
|
8
|
Tranmer M, Marcum CS, Morton FB, Croft DP, de Kort SR. Using the relational event model (REM) to investigate the temporal dynamics of animal social networks. Anim Behav 2015; 101:99-105. [PMID: 26190856 PMCID: PMC4502436 DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Social dynamics are of fundamental importance in animal societies. Studies on nonhuman animal social systems often aggregate social interaction event data into a single network within a particular time frame. Analysis of the resulting network can provide a useful insight into the overall extent of interaction. However, through aggregation, information is lost about the order in which interactions occurred, and hence the sequences of actions over time. Many research hypotheses relate directly to the sequence of actions, such as the recency or rate of action, rather than to their overall volume or presence. Here, we demonstrate how the temporal structure of social interaction sequences can be quantified from disaggregated event data using the relational event model (REM). We first outline the REM, explaining why it is different from other models for longitudinal data, and how it can be used to model sequences of events unfolding in a network. We then discuss a case study on the European jackdaw, Corvus monedula, in which temporal patterns of persistence and reciprocity of action are of interest, and present and discuss the results of a REM analysis of these data. One of the strengths of a REM analysis is its ability to take into account different ways in which data are collected. Having explained how to take into account the way in which the data were collected for the jackdaw study, we briefly discuss the application of the model to other studies. We provide details of how the models may be fitted in the R statistical software environment and outline some recent extensions to the REM framework.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tranmer
- Social Statistics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Selvino R. de Kort
- School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
We propose to extend the use of penalized likelihood variable selection to hierarchical generalized linear models (HGLMs) for jointly modelling the mean and variance structures. We assume a two-level hierarchical data structure, with subjects nested within groups. A generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) is fitted for the mean, with a structured dispersion in the form of a generalized linear model (GLM) for the between-group variation. To do variable selection, we use the smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD) penalty, which simultaneously shrinks the coefficients of redundant variables to 0 and estimates the coefficients of the remaining important covariates. We run simulation studies and real data analysis for the joint mean–variance models, to assess the performance of the proposed procedure against a similar process which excludes variable selection. The results indicate that our method can successfully identify the zero/non-zero components in our models and can also significantly improve the efficiency of the resulting penalized estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jianxin Pan
- School of Mathematics, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Mark Tranmer
- School of Social Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tranmer M, Steel D, Browne WJ. Multiple-membership multiple-classification models for social network and group dependences. J R Stat Soc Ser A Stat Soc 2014; 177:439-455. [PMID: 25598585 PMCID: PMC4282334 DOI: 10.1111/rssa.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The social network literature on network dependences has largely ignored other sources of dependence, such as the school that a student attends, or the area in which an individual lives. The multilevel modelling literature on school and area dependences has, in turn, largely ignored social networks. To bridge this divide, a multiple-membership multiple-classification modelling approach for jointly investigating social network and group dependences is presented. This allows social network and group dependences on individual responses to be investigated and compared. The approach is used to analyse a subsample of the Adolescent Health Study data set from the USA, where the response variable of interest is individual level educational attainment, and the three individual level covariates are sex, ethnic group and age. Individual, network, school and area dependences are accounted for in the analysis. The network dependences can be accounted for by including the network as a classification in the model, using various network configurations, such as ego-nets and cliques. The results suggest that ignoring the network affects the estimates of variation for the classifications that are included in the random part of the model (school, area and individual), as well as having some influence on the point estimates and standard errors of the estimates of regression coefficients for covariates in the fixed part of the model. From a substantive perspective, this approach provides a flexible and practical way of investigating variation in an individual level response due to social network dependences, and estimating the share of variation of an individual response for network, school and area classifications.
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
"The authors show how data from the 2% Sample of Anonymised Records (SAR) can be combined with data from the Small Area Statistics (SAS) database to investigate the causes of the ecological fallacy in an Enumeration District (ED) level analysis. A range of census variables are examined in three ¿SAR districts'...in England. Results of comparable analyses from the 1986 Australian census are also given. The ecological fallacy arises when results from an analysis based on area-level aggregate statistics are incorrectly assumed to apply at the individual level.... A methodology is introduced which allows aggregate-level statistics to be adjusted by using individual-level information on those variables that explain much of the within-area homogeneity."
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The increase in referrals to a new consultant psychiatrist within a teaching hospital was documented. During 1987/88 there were 279 consecutive referrals from physicians and surgeons (159 out-patients and 120 ward-consultation requests) which were compared with 184 consecutive GP referrals over the same period. Hospital referrals tended to be older, and less socially disadvantaged, but with psychiatric disorder of similar severity to GP referrals. They were more likely to have a concurrent physical diagnosis, and demonstrate somatisation. The latter was not confined to patients without physical disorder; half of the patients classified as 'psychological reaction to physical disorder' showed somatisation. ICD-10 appeared to perform better than ICD-9 or DSM-III for somatoform disorders, but a comprehensive classification system is still needed for liaison psychiatry. Personal discussion with the referring doctor was most common among the ward-consultation requests; in this situation the referring doctor usually continued primary management of the patient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Creed
- Department of Psychiatry, Manchester Royal Infirmary
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Charlton A, Blair V, Tranmer M. A reply to Jarvis, Goddard and McNeill by Charlton, Blair and Tranmer. Soc Sci Med 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(90)90110-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|