1
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Palumbo CT, Gu NX, Bleem AC, Sullivan KP, Katahira R, Stanley LM, Kenny JK, Ingraham MA, Ramirez KJ, Haugen SJ, Amendola CR, Stahl SS, Beckham GT. Catalytic carbon-carbon bond cleavage in lignin via manganese-zirconium-mediated autoxidation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:862. [PMID: 38286984 PMCID: PMC10825196 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Efforts to produce aromatic monomers through catalytic lignin depolymerization have historically focused on aryl-ether bond cleavage. A large fraction of aromatic monomers in lignin, however, are linked by various carbon-carbon (C-C) bonds that are more challenging to cleave and limit the yields of aromatic monomers from lignin depolymerization. Here, we report a catalytic autoxidation method to cleave C-C bonds in lignin-derived dimers and oligomers from pine and poplar. The method uses manganese and zirconium salts as catalysts in acetic acid and produces aromatic carboxylic acids as primary products. The mixtures of the oxygenated monomers are efficiently converted to cis,cis-muconic acid in an engineered strain of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 that conducts aromatic O-demethylation reactions at the 4-position. This work demonstrates that autoxidation of lignin with Mn and Zr offers a catalytic strategy to increase the yield of valuable aromatic monomers from lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad T Palumbo
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Nina X Gu
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Alissa C Bleem
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Kevin P Sullivan
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Rui Katahira
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Lisa M Stanley
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Jacob K Kenny
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, 80303, CO, USA
| | - Morgan A Ingraham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Kelsey J Ramirez
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Stefan J Haugen
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Caroline R Amendola
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Gregg T Beckham
- Renewable Resources and Enabling Sciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
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2
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Bai J, Li H, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Wang C, Wang H, Liao Y. Synthesis of 2,6-Dimethoxy-p-aminophenol from Hardwood Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202300558. [PMID: 37449540 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Although the multiple functional groups in biomass offer notable chances for producing high-value chemicals, most of the current studies focused on the (deep) defunctionalization of biomass and its derivates. Herein, we present a catalytic approach to valorize birch wood lignin with maintaining the methoxy and hydroxy groups in the final product (i. e., 2,6-dimethoxy-p-aminophenol), which has applications in different sectors such as pharmaceuticals. The proved approach involves four steps with a high yield (19.8 wt % on the basis of used lignin) to 2,6-dimethoxy-p-aminophenol. The native lignin in birch wood was first converted using alkaline aerobic oxidation in the presence of copper ions toward high-yield syringaldehyde, which was then selectively oxidized toward 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone using H2 O2 and V2 O5 . Oximation of 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone can selectively form 2,6-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoquinone-4-oxime, which can be quantitatively hydrogenated toward 2,6-dimethoxy-p-aminophenol. This work highlights the unique potential of biomass and its derivates for the sustainable production of high-value products with exploring the value of inherent functional groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Bai
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
- Henan Outstanding Foreign Scientist's Workroom, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chenguang Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yuhe Liao
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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3
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Liaqat F, Xu L, Khazi MI, Ali S, Rahman MU, Zhu D. Extraction, purification, and applications of vanillin: A review of recent advances and challenges. INDUSTRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2023; 204:117372. [DOI: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2023.117372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
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4
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Hu M, Miao M, Li K, Luan Q, Sun G, Zhang T. Human milk oligosaccharide lacto-N-tetraose: Physiological functions and synthesis methods. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 316:121067. [PMID: 37321746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) have attracted considerable attention due to their unique role in boosting infant health. Among the HMOs, lacto-N-tetraose (LNT) is a significant constituent associated with various health benefits, such as prebiotic effects, antiadhesive antimicrobials, antiviral protection, and immune modulators. LNT has received a "Generally Recognized as Safe" status by the American Food and Drug Administration and was approved as a food ingredient for infant formula. However, the limited availability of LNT poses a major challenge for its application in food and medicine. In this review, we first explored the physiological functions of LNT. Next, we describe several synthesis methods for production of LNT, including chemical, enzymatic, and cell factory approaches, and summarize the pivotal research results. Finally, challenges and opportunities for the large-scale synthesis of LNT were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Ming Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Kewen Li
- Baolingbao Biology Co., Ltd., Yucheng, Shandong 251200, China
| | - Qingmin Luan
- Baolingbao Biology Co., Ltd., Yucheng, Shandong 251200, China
| | - Guilian Sun
- Baolingbao Biology Co., Ltd., Yucheng, Shandong 251200, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
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5
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Wu X, De Bruyn M, Barta K. Deriving high value products from depolymerized lignin oil, aided by (bio)catalytic funneling strategies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:9929-9951. [PMID: 37526604 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc01555f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lignin holds tremendous and versatile possibilities to produce value-added chemicals and high performing polymeric materials. Over the years, different cutting-edge lignin depolymerization methodologies have been developed, mainly focusing on achieving excellent yields of mono-phenolic products, some even approaching the theoretical maximum. However, due to lignin's inherent heterogeneity and recalcitrance, its depolymerization leads to relatively complex product streams, also containing dimers, and higher molecular weight fragments in substantial quantities. The subsequent chemo-catalytic valorization of these higher molecular weight streams, containing difficult-to-break, mainly C-C covalent bonds, is tremendously challenging, and has consequently received much less attention. In this minireview, we present an overview of recent advances on the development of sustainable biorefinery strategies aimed at the production of well-defined chemicals and polymeric materials, the prime focus being on depolymerized lignin oils, containing high molecular weight fractions. The key central unit operation to achieve this is (bio)catalytic funneling, which holds great potential to overcome separation and purification challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Wu
- University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario De Bruyn
- University of Graz, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Katalin Barta
- University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Graz, Department of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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6
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Rashid MA, Hasan MN, Kafi MA. Synthesis of novel vanillin-amine hardeners fully derived from renewable bio feedstocks and their curing with epoxy resins to produce recyclable reprocessable vitrimers. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16062. [PMID: 37215916 PMCID: PMC10196524 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobased epoxy vitrimers have reached intense interest in recent decades. The triggerable reverse bonds can be introduced into these crosslinked epoxy vitrimers through epoxy resins or hardeners. This study synthesized two imine hardeners, such as vanillin-butanediamine (V-BDA) and vanillin-hexanediamine (V-HDA), using biobased vanillin, butanediamine, and hexanediamine and their chemical structures were ensured by FTIR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and TOF-MS. The two novel hardeners were used to cure epoxy resins, rendering vitrimers with good reprocessability, self-healing, recyclability, and solvent resistance due to the reversible imine bonds. The flexural strengths and modulus of these cured resins were consistent with those of epoxy resins that were hardened with traditional amine-based hardeners. The cured resins maintained 100% of their Tg and flexural properties after being reprocessed up to three times. It was revealed that the cured epoxy vitrimers could be degraded entirely in a particular acidic solution capable of bond-exchanging reactions within 12 h at 50 ᵒC, allowing the thermoset matrix to be chemically recycled and the monomers regenerated. This versatile recyclability, combined with the use of fully biobased feedstocks to prepare the hardeners, provides an attractive approach to help achieve a sustainable circular composite economy.
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7
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Ke S, Zhang D, Li Y, Gong Z, Tang P, Tang W. One-pot synthesis and fluorescent property of novel syringaldehyde α-aminophosphonate derivatives. PHOSPHORUS SULFUR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10426507.2023.2187798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Si Ke
- Department of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Duanyi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ziwei Gong
- Department of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Pengcheng Tang
- Department of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Wanxia Tang
- Department of Pharmacy Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar, Heilongjiang Province, China
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8
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Hayes G, Laurel M, MacKinnon D, Zhao T, Houck HA, Becer CR. Polymers without Petrochemicals: Sustainable Routes to Conventional Monomers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:2609-2734. [PMID: 36227737 PMCID: PMC9999446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Access to a wide range of plastic materials has been rationalized by the increased demand from growing populations and the development of high-throughput production systems. Plastic materials at low costs with reliable properties have been utilized in many everyday products. Multibillion-dollar companies are established around these plastic materials, and each polymer takes years to optimize, secure intellectual property, comply with the regulatory bodies such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals and the Environmental Protection Agency and develop consumer confidence. Therefore, developing a fully sustainable new plastic material with even a slightly different chemical structure is a costly and long process. Hence, the production of the common plastic materials with exactly the same chemical structures that does not require any new registration processes better reflects the reality of how to address the critical future of sustainable plastics. In this review, we have highlighted the very recent examples on the synthesis of common monomers using chemicals from sustainable feedstocks that can be used as a like-for-like substitute to prepare conventional petrochemical-free thermoplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Laurel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Dan MacKinnon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Tieshuai Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - Hannes A Houck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom.,Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
| | - C Remzi Becer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, CV4 7ALCoventry, United Kingdom
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9
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Wu X, De bruyn M, Trimmel G, Zangger K, Barta K. High-Performance Thermoplastics from a Unique Bicyclic Lignin-Derived Diol. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:2819-2829. [PMID: 36844751 PMCID: PMC9945171 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c05998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyesters are an important class of thermoplastic polymers, and there is a clear demand to find high-performing, recyclable, and renewable alternatives. In this contribution, we describe a range of fully bio-based polyesters obtained upon the polycondensation of the lignin-derived bicyclic diol 4,4'-methylenebiscyclohexanol (MBC) with various cellulose-derived diesters. Interestingly, the use of MBC in combination with either dimethyl terephthalate (DMTA) or dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (DMFD) resulted in polymers with industrially relevant glass transition temperatures in the 103-142 °C range and high decomposition temperatures (261-365 °C range). Since MBC is obtained as a mixture of three distinct isomers, in-depth NMR-based structural characterization of the MBC isomers and thereof derived polymers is provided. Moreover, a practical method for the separation of all MBC isomers is presented. Interestingly, clear effects on the glass transition, melting, and decomposition temperatures, as well as polymer solubility, were evidenced with the use of isomerically pure MBC. Importantly, the polyesters can be efficiently depolymerized by methanolysis with an MBC diol recovery yield of up to 90%. The catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of the recovered MBC into two high-performance specific jet fuel additives was demonstrated as an attractive end-of-life option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyuan Wu
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario De bruyn
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gregor Trimmel
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials (ICTM), NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Klaus Zangger
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Katalin Barta
- Stratingh
Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department
of Chemistry, Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry, University of Graz, Heinrichstrasse 28/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
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10
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Optimizing mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the self-healable and recyclable biobased epoxy thermosets. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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A Critical Review of Sustainable Vanillin-modified Vitrimers: Synthesis, Challenge and Prospects. REACTIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/reactions4010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 90% of thermosets are produced from petroleum resources, they have remarkable mechanical characteristics, are chemically durable, and dimensionally stable. However, they can contribute to global warming, depletion of petroleum reserves, and environmental contamination during manufacture, use, and disposal. Using renewable resources to form thermosetting materials is one of the most crucial aspects of addressing the aforementioned issues. Vanillin-based raw materials have been used in the industrial manufacturing of polymer materials because they are simple to modify structurally. Conversely, traditional thermosetting materials as a broad class of high-molecular-weight molecules are challenging to heal, decompose and recover owing to their permanent 3-D crosslinking network. Once the products are damaged, recycling issues could arise, causing resource loss and environmental impact. It could be solved by inserting dynamic covalent adaptable networks (DCANs) into the polymer chains, increasing product longevity, and minimizing waste. It also improves the attractiveness of these products in the prospective field. Moreover, it is essential to underline that increasing product lifespan and reducing waste is equivalent to reducing the expense of consuming resources. The detailed synthesis, reprocessing, thermal, and mechanical characteristics of partly and entirely biomass thermosetting polymers made from vanillin-modified monomers are covered in the current work. Finally, the review highlights the benefits, difficulties, and application of these emerging vanillin-modified vitrimers as a potential replacement for conventional non-recyclable thermosets.
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12
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Influence of phenolic compounds on color formation at different stages of the VHP sugar manufacturing process. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19922. [PMID: 36402832 PMCID: PMC9675745 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are natural dyes contained in sugarcane juice and represent an important parameter in industrial processing, as they significantly affect the color formation of raw sugar. This study investigated the relationship between color formation and phenolic compounds during a Very High Polarization (VHP) sugar manufacturing process, in which the RB92579 genotype represents about 50% of the processed sugarcane. The products evaluated during the industrial processing of sugarcane were: raw juice, mixed juice, lime-treated juice, clarified juice, syrup, massecuite, and VHP sugar. The polyphenols catechin (CAT), chlorogenic acid (CGA), caffeic acid (CAF), vanillin (VAN), syringaldehyde (SYR), p-coumaric acid (p-COU), coumarin (CUM), and rutin (RUT) were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The highest concentrations of CGA and SYR were obtained from the sucrose crystallization product (massecuite), similarly to the parameters of color, total phenols and the total polyphenol content. CGA was the predominant polyphenol in the samples of clarified juice, syrup, massecuite and VHP sugar, with the latter presenting concentrations above 50%. The presence of phenolic compounds provided different indices of color during the production process. In this context, chlorogenic acid (CGA) was the compound that presented the most expressive results, contributing significantly to the formation of color in sugarcane processing products, which is a fact that has not yet been reported in the literature. The color of the VHP sugar crystals also had a positive relationship with the concentration of phenolics, with greater evidence for CGA.
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Abdelaziz OY, Clemmensen I, Meier S, Costa CAE, Rodrigues AE, Hulteberg CP, Riisager A. On the Oxidative Valorization of Lignin to High-Value Chemicals: A Critical Review of Opportunities and Challenges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201232. [PMID: 36004569 PMCID: PMC9825943 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The efficient valorization of lignin is crucial if we are to replace current petroleum-based feedstock and establish more sustainable and competitive lignocellulosic biorefineries. Pulp and paper mills and second-generation biorefineries produce large quantities of low-value technical lignin as a by-product, which is often combusted on-site for energy recovery. This Review focuses on the conversion of technical lignins by oxidative depolymerization employing heterogeneous catalysts. It scrutinizes the current literature describing the use of various heterogeneous catalysts in the oxidative depolymerization of lignin and includes a comparison of the methods, catalyst loadings, reaction media, and types of catalyst applied, as well as the reaction products and yields. Furthermore, current techniques for the determination of product yields and product recovery are discussed. Finally, challenges and suggestions for future approaches are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Y. Abdelaziz
- Department of Chemical EngineeringLund UniversityNaturvetarvägen 14SE-221 00LundSweden
| | - Ida Clemmensen
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 207DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Sebastian Meier
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 207DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
| | - Carina A. E. Costa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
| | - Alírio E. Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering–Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
- Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering (ALiCE)Department of Chemical EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of PortoRua Dr. Roberto Frias4200-465PortoPortugal
| | | | - Anders Riisager
- Department of ChemistryTechnical University of DenmarkKemitorvet 207DK-2800 Kgs.LyngbyDenmark
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14
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Valério R, Brazinha C, Crespo JG. Comparative Analysis of Bio-Vanillin Recovery from Bioconversion Media Using Pervaporation and Vacuum Distillation. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:801. [PMID: 36005716 PMCID: PMC9416510 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12080801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The increasing demand for natural products has led to biotechnological vanillin production, which requires the recovery of vanillin (and vanillyl alcohol at trace concentrations, as in botanical vanillin) from the bioconversion broth, free from potential contaminants: the substrate and metabolites of bioconversion. This work discusses the recovery and fractionation of bio-vanillin, from a bioconversion broth, by pervaporation and by vacuum distillation, coupled with fractionated condensation. The objective was to recover vanillin free of potential contaminants, with maximised fluxes and selectivity for vanillin against water and minimised energy consumption per mass of vanillin recovered. In vacuum distillation fractionated condensation, adding several consecutive water pulses to the feed increased the percentage of recovered vanillin. In pervaporation-fractionated condensation and vacuum distillation-fractionated condensation processes, it was possible to recover vanillin and traces of vanillyl alcohol without the presence of potential contaminants. Vacuum distillation-experiments presented higher vanillin fluxes than pervaporation fractionated condensation experiments, 2.7 ± 0.1 g·m-2 h-1 and 1.19 ± 0.01 g·m-2 h-1, respectively. However, pervaporation fractionated condensation assures a selectivity of vanillin against water of 4.5 on the pervaporation step (acting as a preconcentration step) and vacuum distillation fractionated condensation requires a higher energy consumption per mass of vanillin recovered when compared with pervaporation- fractionated condensation, 2727 KWh kgVAN-1 at 85 °C and 1361 KWh kgVAN-1 at 75 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Valério
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carla Brazinha
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - João G. Crespo
- LAQV-Requimte, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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15
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Li P, Ren J, Jiang Z, Huang L, Wu C, Wu W. Review on the preparation of fuels and chemicals based on lignin. RSC Adv 2022; 12:10289-10305. [PMID: 35424980 PMCID: PMC8972114 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01341j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin is by far the most abundant natural renewable aromatic polymer in nature, and its reserves are second only to cellulose. In addition to the rich carbon content, the structure of lignin contains functional groups such as benzene rings, methoxyl groups, and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Lignin degradation has become one of the high value, high quality and high efficiency methods to convert lignin, which is of great significance to alleviating the current energy shortage and environmental crisis. This article introduces the hydrolysis methods of lignin in acidic, alkaline, ionic liquids and supercritical fluids, reviews the heating rate, the source of lignin species and the effects of heating rate on the pyrolysis of lignin, and briefly describes the metal catalysis, oxidation methods such as electrochemical degradation and photocatalytic oxidation, and degradation reduction methods using hydrogen and hydrogen supply reagents. The lignin degradation methods for the preparation of fuels and chemicals are systematically summarized. The advantages and disadvantages of different methods, the selectivity under different conditions and the degradation efficiency of different catalytic combination systems are compared. In this paper, a new approach to improve the degradation efficiency is envisioned in order to contribute to the efficient utilization and high value conversion of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Jianpeng Ren
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Zhengwei Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Lijing Huang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Caiwen Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China.,College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
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16
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Vilas-Boas SM, Cordova IW, Kurnia KA, Almeida HH, Gaschi PS, Coutinho JA, Pinho SP, Ferreira O. Comparison of two computational methods for solvent screening in countercurrent and centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1666:462859. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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17
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Sustainable Development: Use of Agricultural Waste Materials for Vanillic Acid Recovery from Wastewater. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14052818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The management of agricultural waste is an important issue related to environment protection, as the inappropriate disposal of this waste yields negative effects on the environment. Proper management of industrial effluents is totally aligned with sustainable development goal (SDG) number six “clean water and sanitation”, as well as partially related to other several SDG. In this work, two agricultural waste materials were used for vanillic acid recovery from wastewater. In this scenario, vanillic acid could be considered as both an organic pollutant present in several industrial effluents and a high added-value product when isolated. Therefore, its removal from wastewaters, as well as its recovery and isolation, are very interesting from environmental and economical points of view. Peanut and pistachio shells were studied as no-cost and readily accessible potential adsorbents for the removal and recovery of vanillic acid from aqueous solutions. The evolution of equilibrium isotherms of vanillic acid on both biosorbents was investigated. Three isotherm models (Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin) were tested to fit the experimental equilibrium data and compared. The Langmuir model provided the best correlation for vanillic acid biosorption onto both peanut and pistachio shells. Finally, the negative values of ΔG indicated that the biosorption process was spontaneous and thermodynamically favorable for both agricultural waste materials. Accordingly, peanut and pistachio shells were shown to be very efficient low-cost adsorbents, and a promising alternative for vanillic acid recovery from industrial wastewaters.
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18
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Fan Y, Lei M, Zhang Z, Kong X, Xu W, Han Y, Li M, Liu C, Xiao R. Unmasking radical-mediated lignin pyrolysis after benzyl hydroxyl shielding. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:125944. [PMID: 34537528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Whether lignin benzyl hydroxyl shielding could promote its pyrolysis to phenolic compounds was investigated in this paper. Lignin benzyl hydroxyl was first preoxidized by 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyano-1,4-benzoquinone and stabilized by propionaldehyde respectively, then pyrolysis was conducted with milled wood lignin as a control. Organic stable radicals in pyrolytic chars were further detected to reveal lignin pyrolysis chemistry. Results showed that benzyl hydroxyl shielding process weakened lignin thermal stability, and decreased liquid yields regardless of the frequency of lignin β-O-4 linkages. In addition, char yield grew after benzyl hydroxyl shielding. Radical concentration was inversely proportional to β-O-4 content which indicated the non-negligible impact of shielded benzyl hydroxyl on lignin pyrolysis. Furthermore, gases from propionaldehyde stabilized lignin quenched its radicals. This work confirmed that lignin β-O-4 linkages and shielded benzyl hydroxyl both played the great role in radical-mediated pyrolysis, but the enhancement of liquid products could not be achieved via benzyl hydroxyl shielding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Zhengxue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xiangchen Kong
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Weicong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Yue Han
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
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19
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Alherech M, Omolabake S, Holland CM, Klinger GE, Hegg EL, Stahl SS. From Lignin to Valuable Aromatic Chemicals: Lignin Depolymerization and Monomer Separation via Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2021; 7:1831-1837. [PMID: 34841056 PMCID: PMC8614103 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lignin has long been recognized as a potential feedstock for aromatic molecules; however, most lignin depolymerization methods create a complex mixture of products. The present study describes an alkaline aerobic oxidation method that converts lignin extracted from poplar into a collection of oxygenated aromatics, including valuable commercial compounds such as vanillin and p-hydroxybenzoic acid. Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) is shown to be an effective method to isolate the individual compounds from the complex product mixture. The liquid-liquid extraction method proceeds in two stages. The crude depolymerization mixture is first subjected to ascending-mode extraction with the Arizona solvent system L (pentane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water 2:3:2:3), enabling isolation of vanillin, syringic acid, and oligomers. The remaining components, syringaldehyde, vanillic acid, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA), were resolved by using ascending-mode extraction with solvent mixture comprising dichloromethane/methanol/water (10:6:4) separation. These results showcase CPC as an effective technology that could provide scalable access to valuable chemicals from lignin and other biomass-derived feedstocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manar Alherech
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Surajudeen Omolabake
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christopher M. Holland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin
Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Gracielou E. Klinger
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Eric L. Hegg
- Department
of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, 603 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Wisconsin
Energy Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
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20
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Wang Z, Kou J, Cao Y, Wang X, Xu S, Wu J, Lv H, Chen K. Transient modeling of column adsorption–desorption processes for pre-concentration of D-1,2,4-butanetriol. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Desvals A, Baudron SA, Bulach V, Hoffmann N. Photocycloadditions of Arenes Derived from Lignin. J Org Chem 2021; 86:13310-13321. [PMID: 34551249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular photocycloaddition reactions of 3,4-alkoxybenzonitriles derived from vanillin with alkenes have been investigated. In contrast to previous reports on photochemical reactions with these compounds, mainly [2 + 3] cycloaddition has been observed. A competing [2 + 2] photocycloaddition plays a minor role. Most probably, these additions occur at the singlet state S1. In the case of a triplet reaction, a different regioselectivity of the [2 + 2] cycloaddition would be observed. Linear and angular [2 + 3] cycloadducts are formed as major products. The first isomer is transformed in the second one by a photochemical vinyl-cyclopropane rearrangement, which increases the selectivity of the reaction. The influence of the substitution pattern on the reactivity and the selectivity has also been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Desvals
- ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Stéphane A Baudron
- CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Véronique Bulach
- CNRS, CMC UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Norbert Hoffmann
- ICMR, Equipe de Photochimie, UFR Sciences, CNRS, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
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22
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Ning P, Lane D, Ghosh Biswas R, Jenne A, Bastawrous M, Soong R, Schmidig D, Frei T, De Castro P, Kovacevic I, Graf S, Wegner S, Bermel W, Busse F, Kuehn T, Kuemmerle R, Struppe J, Fey M, Stronks HJ, Monette M, Simpson MJ, Simpson AJ. Expanding current applications and permitting the analysis of larger intact samples by means of a 7 mm CMP-NMR probe. Analyst 2021; 146:4461-4472. [PMID: 34136891 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive multiphase NMR combines the ability to study and differentiate all phases (solids, gels, and liquids) using a single NMR probe. The general goal of CMP-NMR is to study intact environmental and biological samples to better understand conformation, organization, association, and transfer between and across phases/interfaces that may be lost with conventional sample preparation such as drying or solubilization. To date, all CMP-NMR studies have used 4 mm probes and rotors. Here, a larger 7 mm probehead is introduced which provides ∼3 times the volume and ∼2.4 times the signal over a 4 mm version. This offers two main advantages: (1) the additional biomass reduces experiment time, making 13C detection at natural abundance more feasible; (2) it allows the analysis of larger samples that cannot fit within a 4 mm rotor. Chicken heart tissue and Hyalella azteca (freshwater shrimp) are used to demonstrate that phase-based spectral editing works with 7 mm rotors and that the additional biomass from the larger volumes allows detection with 13C at natural abundance. Additionally, a whole pomegranate seed berry (aril) and an intact softgel capsule of hydroxyzine hydrochloride are used to demonstrate the analysis of samples too large to fit inside a conventional 4 mm CMP probe. The 7 mm version introduced here extends the range of applications and sample types that can be studied and is recommended when 4 mm CMP probes cannot provide adequate signal-to-noise (S/N), or intact samples are simply too big for 4 mm rotors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris Ning
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Daniel Lane
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Rajshree Ghosh Biswas
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Amy Jenne
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Monica Bastawrous
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Ronald Soong
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Daniel Schmidig
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Frei
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Peter De Castro
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Ivan Kovacevic
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Graf
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Wegner
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bermel
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Falko Busse
- Bruker BioSpin GmbH, Silberstreifen 4, 76287 Rheinstetten, Germany
| | - Till Kuehn
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Kuemmerle
- Bruker BioSpin AG, Industriestrasse 26, 8117 Fällanden, Switzerland
| | - Jochem Struppe
- Bruker BioSpin Corp., 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3991, USA
| | - Michael Fey
- Bruker BioSpin Corp., 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, Massachusetts 01821-3991, USA
| | - Henry J Stronks
- Bruker Ltd., 2800 High Point Drive, Milton, ON, L9T 6P4Canada
| | - Martine Monette
- Bruker Ltd., 2800 High Point Drive, Milton, ON, L9T 6P4Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - André J Simpson
- Environmental NMR Centre, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Abstract
Over the last few decades, bio-based polymers have attracted considerable attention from both academic and industrial fields regarding the minimization of the environmental impact arising from the excessive use of petrochemically-based polymeric materials. In this context, poly(ethylene vanillate) (PEV), an alipharomatic polyester prepared from 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-methoxybenzoic acid, a monomer originating from lignin-derived vanillic acid, has shown promising thermal and mechanical properties. Herein, the effects of three different catalysts, namely titanium butoxide (TBT), titanium isopropoxide (TIS), and antimony trioxide (Sb2O3), on the synthesis of PEV via a two-stage melt polycondensation method are investigated. The progress of the reaction is assessed using various complementary techniques, such as intrinsic viscosity measurement (IV), end group analysis (AV), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the produced polyesters is studied by evolved gas analysis mass spectrometry (EGA-MS). Moreover, as the discoloration in polymers affects their applications, color measurement is performed here. Finally, theoretical kinetic studies are carried out to rationalize the experimental observations.
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24
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Guo L, Wang Y, Steinhart M. Porous block copolymer separation membranes for 21st century sanitation and hygiene. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6333-6348. [PMID: 33890584 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00500b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Removing hazardous particulate and macromolecular contaminants as well as viruses with sizes from a few nm up to the 100 nm-range from water and air is crucial for ensuring sufficient sanitation and hygiene for a growing world population. To this end, high-performance separation membranes are needed that combine high permeance, high selectivity and sufficient mechanical stability under operating conditions. However, design features of separation membranes enhancing permeance reduce selectivity and vice versa. Membrane configurations combining high permeance and high selectivity suffer in turn from a lack of mechanical robustness. These problems may be tackled by using block copolymers (BCPs) as a material platform for the design of separation membranes. BCPs are macromolecules that consist of two or more chemically distinct block segments, which undergo microphase separation yielding a wealth of ordered nanoscopic domain structures. Various methods allow the transformation of these nanoscopic domain structures into customized nanopore systems with pore sizes in the sub-100 nm range and with narrow pore size distributions. This tutorial review summarizes design strategies for nanoporous state-of-the-art BCP separation membranes, their preparation, their device integration and their use for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leiming Guo
- Institut für Chemie neuer Materialien and CellNanOs, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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25
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Šrédlová K, Šírová K, Stella T, Cajthaml T. Degradation Products of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Their In Vitro Transformation by Ligninolytic Fungi. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9040081. [PMID: 33918084 PMCID: PMC8070434 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9040081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolites of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)—hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs), chlorobenzyl alcohols (CB-OHs), and chlorobenzaldehydes (CB-CHOs)—were incubated in vitro with the extracellular liquid of Pleurotus ostreatus, which contains mainly laccase and low manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) activity. The enzymes were able to decrease the amount of most of the tested OH-PCBs by > 80% within 1 h; the removal of more recalcitrant OH-PCBs was greatly enhanced by the addition of the laccase mediator syringaldehyde. Conversely, glutathione substantially hindered the reaction, suggesting that it acted as a laccase inhibitor. Hydroxylated dibenzofuran and chlorobenzoic acid were identified as transformation products of OH-PCBs. The extracellular enzymes also oxidized the CB-OHs to the corresponding CB-CHOs on the order of hours to days; however, the mediated and nonmediated setups exhibited only slight differences, and the participating enzymes could not be determined. When CB-CHOs were used as the substrates, only partial transformation was observed. In an additional experiment, the extracellular liquid of Irpex lacteus, which contains predominantly MnP, was able to efficiently transform CB-CHOs with the aid of glutathione; mono- and di-chloroacetophenones were detected as transformation products. These results demonstrate that extracellular enzymes of ligninolytic fungi can act on a wide range of PCB metabolites, emphasizing their potential for bioremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Šrédlová
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.Š.); (K.Š.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
| | - Kateřina Šírová
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.Š.); (K.Š.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
| | - Tatiana Stella
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
- M3R S.r.l., University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Tomáš Cajthaml
- Faculty of Science, Institute for Environmental Studies, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.Š.); (K.Š.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 14220 Prague 4, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
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26
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Wan Y, Lee JM. Toward Value-Added Dicarboxylic Acids from Biomass Derivatives via Thermocatalytic Conversion. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nangyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Jong-Min Lee
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nangyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
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27
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Lee N, Kim YT, Lee J. Recent Advances in Renewable Polymer Production from Lignin-Derived Aldehydes. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:364. [PMID: 33498847 PMCID: PMC7865860 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin directly derived from lignocellulosic biomass has been named a promising source of platform chemicals for the production of bio-based polymers. This review discusses potentially relevant routes to produce renewable aromatic aldehydes (e.g., syringaldehyde and vanillin) from lignin feedstocks (pre-isolated lignin or lignocellulose) that are used to synthesize a range of bio-based polymers. To do this, the processes to make aromatic aldehydes from lignin with their highest available yields are first presented. After that, the routes from such aldehydes to different polymers are explored. Challenges and perspectives of the production the lignin-derived renewable chemicals and polymers are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahyeon Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea;
| | - Yong Tae Kim
- C1 Gas & Carbon Convergent Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Jechan Lee
- Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea;
- Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Ajou University, 206 Worldcup-ro, Suwon 16499, Korea
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28
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Dubé MA, Gabriel VA, Pakdel AS, Zhang Y. Sustainable polymer reaction engineering: Are we there yet? CAN J CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.23865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. Dubé
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Vida A. Gabriel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Amir S. Pakdel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario Canada
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29
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Jeon W, Choi IH, Park JY, Lee JS, Hwang KR. Alkaline wet oxidation of lignin over Cu-Mn mixed oxide catalysts for production of vanillin. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2019.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Gomes E, Rodrigues A. Recovery of vanillin from kraft lignin depolymerization with water as desorption eluent. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Mota IF, Pinto PR, Loureiro JM, Rodrigues AE. Purification of syringaldehyde and vanillin from an oxidized industrial kraft liquor by chromatographic processes. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.116083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Aher A, Sarma R, Crocker M, Bhattacharyya D. Selective molecular separation of lignin model compounds by reduced graphene oxide membranes from solvent-water mixture. Sep Purif Technol 2019; 230. [PMID: 31903045 DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.115865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective separation of lignin depolymerization products is key to fractionating and isolating high-value aromatic compounds from the depolymerization process. The primary aim of this study was to synthesis graphene oxide (GO) membranes for selective separations of lignin oligomeric units from polar organic solvent-water media. GO membranes were synthesized on a polymeric substrate by a shear assisted casting of aqueous GO dispersion using a wire-wound rod. Deposited GO was then reduced to different extents by controlled thermal incubation, and the impact on membrane performance was investigated. The extent of reduction of GO was established by extensive characterization with FTIR, XPS, Raman Spectroscopy, XRD, and contact angle measurements. Impressive performance with the rejection of over 70% for the model compound trimer BMP (2,6-bis[(2-hydroxy-5-methyl phenyl) methyl]-4-methylphenol) was achieved compared to only 20% rejection for the dimer GGE (guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacylether) with isopropanol-water (90-10% by volume) as a solvent. This corresponds to an encouraging selective separation with selective permeation of dimer (GGE) 3.5 times higher compared to trimer (BMP). rGO membranes exhibited a stable performance over 84 h of operation at a shear rate of 1.1 Pa in a cross-flow mode of operation. Selective separation of GO can be effectively modulated by controlling the O/C ratio by the extent of reduction of GO; indeed, the retention of trimeric compounds increased with increasing GO reduction. The remarkable performance of GO membranes could enable energy-efficient fractionation of lignin oligomeric compounds from polar organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Aher
- Dept. Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Rupam Sarma
- Dept. Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Mark Crocker
- Center for Applied Energy Research, Lexington, KY 40511, USA.,Dept. of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Dibakar Bhattacharyya
- Dept. Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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Rahmanivahid B, Pinilla-de Dios M, Haghighi M, Luque R. Mechanochemical Synthesis of CuO/MgAl 2O 4 and MgFe 2O 4 Spinels for Vanillin Production from Isoeugenol and Vanillyl Alcohol. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24142597. [PMID: 31319493 PMCID: PMC6681045 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
CuO/MgAl2O4 and CuO/MgFe2O4 catalysts were successfully synthesized with the use of spinel supports by a very simple and low-cost mechanochemical method. High-speed ball-milling was used to synthesize these catalyst supports for the first time. Materials were subsequently characterized by using XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDS-Dot mapping, XPS, BET-BJH, and Magnetic Susceptibility to investigate the physical-chemical characteristics of the catalysts. Acidity evaluation results indicated that the catalyst with the Mg-Al spinel support had more acid sites. XRD results showed a successful synthesis of the catalysts with large crystal sizes. Both catalysts were used in isoeugenol oxidation and vanillyl alcohol to vanillin reactions, with the CuO/MgAl2O4 showing optimum results. This catalyst provided 67% conversion (74% selectivity) after 2 h and this value improved to 81% (selectivity 100%) with the second reaction after 8 h. The CuO/MgFe2O4 catalyst in the first reaction after five hours revealed 53% conversion (47% selectivity) and after eight hours with the second reaction, the conversion value improved to 64% (100% selectivity). In terms of reusability, CuO/MgAl2O4 showed better results than the CuO/MgFe2O4 catalyst, for both reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behgam Rahmanivahid
- Esfarayen University of Technology, Esfarayen 96619-98195, Iran
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria Pinilla-de Dios
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mohammad Haghighi
- Chemical Engineering Faculty, Sahand University of Technology, P.O. Box 51335-1996, Sahand New Town, Tabriz 53318-11111, Iran
| | - Rafael Luque
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie (C-3), Ctra Nnal IV-A, Km 396, E14014 Córdoba, Spain.
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 6 Miklukho Maklaya str., 117198 Moscow, Russia.
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34
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Adsorption of vanillic and syringic acids onto a macroporous polymeric resin and recovery with ethanol:water (90:10 %V/V) solution. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Lignin biorefinery: Separation of vanillin, vanillic acid and acetovanillone by adsorption. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2019.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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36
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Diez V, DeWeese A, Kalb RS, Blauch DN, Socha AM. Cellulose Dissolution and Biomass Pretreatment Using Quaternary Ammonium Ionic Liquids Prepared from H-, G-, and S-Type Lignin-Derived Benzaldehydes and Dimethyl Carbonate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Diez
- Department of Environmental Science and Chemistry, Queens University of Charlotte, 1900 Selwyn Avenue, Charlotte, North Carolina 28207, United States
| | - Andrew DeWeese
- Department of Environmental Science and Chemistry, Queens University of Charlotte, 1900 Selwyn Avenue, Charlotte, North Carolina 28207, United States
| | | | - David N. Blauch
- Department of Chemistry, Davidson College, 405 North Main Street, Davidson, North Carolina 28035, United States
| | - Aaron M. Socha
- Department of Environmental Science and Chemistry, Queens University of Charlotte, 1900 Selwyn Avenue, Charlotte, North Carolina 28207, United States
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37
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Silverman JR, Danby AM, Subramaniam B. Intensified ozonolysis of lignins in a spray reactor: insights into product yields and lignin structure. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00098d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A safe and efficient spray ozonolysis to valorize grass and hardwood lignins, selectively yielding aromatic aldehydes without their overoxidation or lignin bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian R. Silverman
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | - Andrew M. Danby
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
| | - Bala Subramaniam
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis
- University of Kansas
- Lawrence
- USA
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering
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38
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Bao H, Zhou Z, Kotsalis G, Lan G, Tong Z. Lignin valorization process control under feedstock uncertainty through a dynamic stochastic programming approach. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00176j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we address the feedstock uncertainty for a robust lignin valorization process through a dynamic stochastic programming approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanxi Bao
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Florida
- USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology
- USA
| | - Georgios Kotsalis
- Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology
- USA
| | - Guanghui Lan
- Industrial and Systems Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology
- USA
| | - Zhaohui Tong
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering University of Florida
- USA
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39
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Ren T, Qi W, Su R, He Z. Promising Techniques for Depolymerization of Lignin into Value-added Chemicals. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Ren
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Rongxin Su
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Zhimin He
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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40
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Pérez-Larrán P, Díaz-Reinoso B, Moure A, Alonso JL, Domínguez H. Adsorption technologies to recover and concentrate food polyphenols. Curr Opin Food Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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41
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Vangeel T, Schutyser W, Renders T, Sels BF. Perspective on Lignin Oxidation: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:30. [PMID: 29974271 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignin valorization has gained increasing attention over the past decade. Being the world's largest source of renewable aromatics, its valorization could pave the way towards more profitable and more sustainable lignocellulose biorefineries. Many lignin valorization strategies focus on the disassembly of lignin into aromatic monomers, which can serve as platform molecules for the chemical industry. Within this framework, the oxidative conversion of lignin is of great interest because it enables the formation of highly functionalized, valuable compounds. This work provides a brief overview and critical discussion of lignin oxidation research. In the first part, oxidative conversion of lignin models and isolated lignin streams is reviewed. The second part highlights a number of challenges with respect to the substrate, catalyst, and operating conditions, and proposes some future directions regarding the oxidative conversion of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Vangeel
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Schutyser
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Renders
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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42
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Zhu Y, Bai Z, Phuan WC, Ghaida FA, Hosmane NS, Ding J. Catalytic conversion of vanillic acid to catechol by palladium acetate/bis(aminomethyl)-nido-dicarba-undecaborane (11) system. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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Mota IF, Pinto PR, Ribeiro AM, Loureiro JM, Rodrigues AE. Downstream processing of an oxidized industrial kraft liquor by membrane fractionation for vanillin and syringaldehyde recovery. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Gomes E, Mota M, Rodrigues A. Fractionation of acids, ketones and aldehydes from alkaline lignin oxidation solution with SP700 resin. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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45
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Pérez E, Tuck CO, Poliakoff M. Valorisation of lignin by depolymerisation and fractionation using supercritical fluids and conventional solvents. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Cheng C, Shen D, Gu S, Luo KH. State-of-the-art catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin for the production of aromatic chemicals. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy00845k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalytic hydrogenolysis of lignin is overviewed, concerning the cleavage of typical inter-unit linkages and the production of aromatic chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongbo Cheng
- Key lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Dekui Shen
- Key lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Sai Gu
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences
- University of Surrey
- UK
| | - Kai Hong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- University College London
- London WC1E 7JE
- UK
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47
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Catalytic Oxidation of Lignins into the Aromatic Aldehydes: General Process Trends and Development Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112421. [PMID: 29140301 PMCID: PMC5713389 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses principal patterns that govern the processes of lignins' catalytic oxidation into vanillin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde) and syringaldehyde (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde). It examines the influence of lignin and oxidant nature, temperature, mass transfer, and of other factors on the yield of the aldehydes and the process selectivity. The review reveals that properly organized processes of catalytic oxidation of various lignins are only insignificantly (10-15%) inferior to oxidation by nitrobenzene in terms of yield and selectivity in vanillin and syringaldehyde. Very high consumption of oxygen (and consequentially, of alkali) in the process-over 10 mol per mol of obtained vanillin-is highlighted as an unresolved and unexplored problem: scientific literature reveals almost no studies devoted to the possibilities of decreasing the consumption of oxygen and alkali. Different hypotheses about the mechanism of lignin oxidation into the aromatic aldehydes are discussed, and the mechanism comprising the steps of single-electron oxidation of phenolate anions, and ending with retroaldol reaction of a substituted coniferyl aldehyde was pointed out as the most convincing one. The possibility and development prospects of single-stage oxidative processing of wood into the aromatic aldehydes and cellulose are analyzed.
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48
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Zhu Y, Hosmane NS. Ionic Liquids: Recent Advances and Applications in Boron Chemistry. Eur J Inorg Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201700553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yinghuai Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Northern Illinois University; 60115 DeKalb Illinois USA
| | - Narayan S. Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; Northern Illinois University; 60115 DeKalb Illinois USA
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49
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Dai J, Patti AF, Longé L, Garnier G, Saito K. Oxidized Lignin Depolymerization using Formate Ionic Liquid as Catalyst and Solvent. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201700632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinhuo Dai
- School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Antonio F. Patti
- School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Lionel Longé
- School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Gil Garnier
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Monash University; Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Kei Saito
- School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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50
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Cheng C, Wang J, Shen D, Xue J, Guan S, Gu S, Luo KH. Catalytic Oxidation of Lignin in Solvent Systems for Production of Renewable Chemicals: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E240. [PMID: 30970917 PMCID: PMC6432089 DOI: 10.3390/polym9060240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin as the most abundant source of aromatic chemicals in nature has attracted a great deal of attention in both academia and industry. Solvolysis is one of the promising methods to convert lignin to a number of petroleum-based aromatic chemicals. The process involving the depolymerization of the lignin macromolecule and repolymerization of fragments is complicated influenced by heating methods, reaction conditions, presence of a catalyst and solvent systems. Recently, numerous investigations attempted unveiling the inherent mechanism of this process in order to promote the production of valuable aromatics. Oxidative solvolysis of lignin can produce a number of the functionalized monomeric or oligomeric chemicals. A number of research groups should be greatly appreciated with regard to their contributions on the following two concerns: (1) the cracking mechanism of inter-unit linkages during the oxidative solvolysis of lignin; and (2) the development of novel catalysts for oxidative solvolysis of lignin and their performance. Investigations on lignin oxidative solvolysis are extensively overviewed in this work, concerning the above issues and the way-forward for lignin refinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongbo Cheng
- Key Lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jinzhi Wang
- Key Lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Dekui Shen
- Key Lab of Thermal Energy Conversion and Control of MoE, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jiangtao Xue
- Jiangsu Frontier Electric Power Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211102, China.
| | - Sipian Guan
- Jiangsu Frontier Electric Power Technology Co., Ltd., Nanjing 211102, China.
| | - Sai Gu
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK.
| | - Kai Hong Luo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London WC1E 7JE, UK.
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